BWhat changed
Synthesized defining principles of direct manipulation for interface design.
Scientific scope
The record is Shneiderman's sole-author 1983 IEEE Computer article. It is a design framework and synthesis rather than a universal usability law, and it does not absorb the systems, interface techniques or earlier demonstrations discussed in the article.
Evidence
The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is Shneiderman's sole-author 1983 IEEE Computer article. It is a design framework and synthesis rather than a universal usability law, and it does not absorb the systems, interface techniques or earlier demonstrations discussed in the article.
Contributors
- Ben Shneiderman · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.
- Ben Shneiderman publication record for direct manipulation
- University-hosted full text of direct-manipulation article
Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.
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