AWhat changed
Stern and colleagues described integrating biological and chemical control rather than treating them as competing approaches. Pest abundance, natural enemies and economic injury informed when and how to intervene.
Scientific scope
Stern and colleagues described integrating biological and chemical control rather than treating them as competing approaches. Pest abundance, natural enemies and economic injury informed when and how to intervene. Scope limitation: The article is anchored in the spotted alfalfa aphid problem. Later integrated pest management broadened the framework; this record is not a universal pesticide prescription or an assurance that every labelled programme works.
Evidence
Assessment uses the catalogue-linked source evidence for the stated contribution. The article is anchored in the spotted alfalfa aphid problem. Later integrated pest management broadened the framework; this record is not a universal pesticide prescription or an assurance that every labelled programme works.
Contributors
- Vernon M. Stern · SCIENCE: Named source contributor; exact labor shares are not measured.
- Ray F. Smith · SCIENCE: Named source contributor; exact labor shares are not measured.
- Robert van den Bosch · SCIENCE: Named source contributor; exact labor shares are not measured.
- Kenneth S. Hagen · SCIENCE: Named source contributor; exact labor shares are not measured.
- The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: The integrated control concept
- The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: The integrated control concept — deposited bibliography
- Stern and colleagues: The Integrated Control Concept
- Author retrospective on the integrated-control paper
Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.
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