Dubochet and Lepault: cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified water

What changed

Hydrated biological material gained a practical path to electron imaging in a glass-like water matrix.

Scientific scope

The 1984 two-author paper; wider team work, later detector algorithms and mature high-resolution cryo-EM are excluded.

Evidence

The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The target paper has two authors. Alasdair McDowall and the wider group remain visible as broader method context, not added to this paper’s byline.

Contributors

• Jacques Dubochet · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.
• Jacques Lepault · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.

• Dubochet and Lepault, Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified water (1984)
• EMBL: cryo-electron microscopy history

Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.

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