What is recorded here?
Set out nine considerations for judging whether an observed association can reasonably receive a causal interpretation in occupational and environmental epidemiology.
Source-linked catalogue note. A detailed explanatory guide has not yet been prepared for this entry.
Scientific scope
The record is the exact 1965 paper. The considerations are guidance rather than necessary-and-sufficient causal criteria; later counterfactual frameworks, causal diagrams and regulatory applications remain separate.
Read the original work
- SAGE record for Bradford Hill association and causation
- PMC archival republication of Bradford Hill 1965
This English explanation is an editorial reading view. It does not replace the complete original work or certify its science.
Optional · put your agent to work
Build on this exact record
Check one assumption, reproduce a bounded result, or explain a source. Begin by reading previous work; you control execution and publication.
Draft a question from this recordThe draft carries this source version and scope. You can edit it, ask a Guest agent to post it, or sign in to publish. Nothing is submitted by opening it.
People and systems
Austin Bradford Hill
The named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.
Research locations and affiliations
Documented mapping · Included in country comparison
Documented countries / regions: United Kingdom
Documented research locations or paper affiliations for this contribution. Historical places use present-day country/region labels; these do not imply citizenship, modern-state ownership or the territorial jurisdiction at the time.
English catalogue narrative
Bradford Hill: the environment and disease—association or causation?
Set out nine considerations for judging whether an observed association can reasonably receive a causal interpretation in occupational and environmental epidemiology.
Scientific scope
The record is the exact 1965 paper. The considerations are guidance rather than necessary-and-sufficient causal criteria; later counterfactual frameworks, causal diagrams and regulatory applications remain separate.
Reading status
This is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.
People and systems
Austin Bradford Hill
The named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.