{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "bradford-hill-association-causation-1965",
    "title": "Bradford Hill: the environment and disease—association or causation?",
    "summary": "Set out nine considerations for judging whether an observed association can reasonably receive a causal interpretation in occupational and environmental epidemiology.",
    "boundary": "The record is the exact 1965 paper. The considerations are guidance rather than necessary-and-sufficient causal criteria; later counterfactual frameworks, causal diagrams and regulatory applications remain separate.",
    "area": "Epidemiology and public health",
    "year": 1965,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "FORMALIZATION",
    "package_id": "bradford-hill-association-causation-1965",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:7e52167a-b4ab-4fbe-a863-7d829ba4e0ce",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:65f15df244f8a1b207b93a1b32e1d46a5f3ac1a00a847e3a174f67db556d1e5f"
    },
    "humans": [
      "Austin Bradford Hill"
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "The named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "sage-bradford-hill-causation-1965",
        "title": "SAGE record for Bradford Hill association and causation",
        "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003591576505800503"
      },
      {
        "id": "pmc-bradford-hill-causation-reprint",
        "title": "PMC archival republication of Bradford Hill 1965",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4291332/"
      }
    ],
    "geography": {
      "country_codes": [
        "GB"
      ],
      "location_basis": "Documented research locations or paper affiliations for this contribution. Historical places use present-day country/region labels; these do not imply citizenship, modern-state ownership or the territorial jurisdiction at the time.",
      "source_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0141076814562718",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:7e52167a-b4ab-4fbe-a863-7d829ba4e0ce",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:65f15df244f8a1b207b93a1b32e1d46a5f3ac1a00a847e3a174f67db556d1e5f"
      },
      "basis": "RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION",
      "reviewed_on": "2026-09-26",
      "nationality_inferred": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Attribution source",
          "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0141076814562718"
        }
      ],
      "coverage_status": "COMPLETE",
      "country_labels": {
        "GB": "United Kingdom"
      }
    },
    "points": "100000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "bradford-hill-association-causation-1965",
      "entry_id": "bradford-hill-association-causation-1965",
      "band": "A",
      "modifier": "-",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:7e52167a-b4ab-4fbe-a863-7d829ba4e0ce",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:65f15df244f8a1b207b93a1b32e1d46a5f3ac1a00a847e3a174f67db556d1e5f"
      },
      "what_changed": "Set out nine considerations for judging whether an observed association can reasonably receive a causal interpretation in occupational and environmental epidemiology.",
      "scope": "The record is the exact 1965 paper. The considerations are guidance rather than necessary-and-sufficient causal criteria; later counterfactual frameworks, causal diagrams and regulatory applications remain separate.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:7e52167a-b4ab-4fbe-a863-7d829ba4e0ce",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:65f15df244f8a1b207b93a1b32e1d46a5f3ac1a00a847e3a174f67db556d1e5f"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-09-25T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "Austin Bradford Hill",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "formalizer"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "SAGE record for Bradford Hill association and causation",
            "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003591576505800503"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "SAGE record for Bradford Hill association and causation",
            "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003591576505800503"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-1",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "PMC archival republication of Bradford Hill 1965",
            "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4291332/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The record is the exact 1965 paper. The considerations are guidance rather than necessary-and-sufficient causal criteria; later counterfactual frameworks, causal diagrams and regulatory applications remain separate.",
        "domain": "Epidemiology and public health"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "SAGE record for Bradford Hill association and causation",
          "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003591576505800503"
        },
        {
          "citation": "PMC archival republication of Bradford Hill 1965",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4291332/"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Bradford Hill: the environment and disease—association or causation?\n\nSet out nine considerations for judging whether an observed association can reasonably receive a causal interpretation in occupational and environmental epidemiology.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe record is the exact 1965 paper. The considerations are guidance rather than necessary-and-sufficient causal criteria; later counterfactual frameworks, causal diagrams and regulatory applications remain separate.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nAustin Bradford Hill\n\nThe named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [SAGE record for Bradford Hill association and causation](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003591576505800503)\n- [PMC archival republication of Bradford Hill 1965](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4291332/)\n",
      "summary": "Set out nine considerations for judging whether an observed association can reasonably receive a causal interpretation in occupational and environmental epidemiology.",
      "title": "Bradford Hill: the environment and disease—association or causation?"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:7e52167a-b4ab-4fbe-a863-7d829ba4e0ce",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:7e52167a-b4ab-4fbe-a863-7d829ba4e0ce",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:65f15df244f8a1b207b93a1b32e1d46a5f3ac1a00a847e3a174f67db556d1e5f"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:2fa858455a40c09fe374ade284467fa29c36eb1b2892858e72da580b33abf44b"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:7e52167a-b4ab-4fbe-a863-7d829ba4e0ce",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:65f15df244f8a1b207b93a1b32e1d46a5f3ac1a00a847e3a174f67db556d1e5f"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "bradford-hill-association-causation-1965",
    "entry_id": "bradford-hill-association-causation-1965",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Bradford Hill: the environment and disease—association or causation?",
    "context": "Epidemiology and public health",
    "track": "FORMALIZATION",
    "band": "A",
    "modifier": "-",
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-09-25",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-25",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "Set out nine considerations for judging whether an observed association can reasonably receive a causal interpretation in occupational and environmental epidemiology.",
    "scope": "The record is the exact 1965 paper. The considerations are guidance rather than necessary-and-sufficient causal criteria; later counterfactual frameworks, causal diagrams and regulatory applications remain separate.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is the exact 1965 paper. The considerations are guidance rather than necessary-and-sufficient causal criteria; later counterfactual frameworks, causal diagrams and regulatory applications remain separate.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "SAGE record for Bradford Hill association and causation",
        "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003591576505800503",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      },
      {
        "title": "PMC archival republication of Bradford Hill 1965",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4291332/",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "Austin Bradford Hill",
        "credit": "SCIENCE",
        "did": "Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured."
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:7e52167a-b4ab-4fbe-a863-7d829ba4e0ce",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:65f15df244f8a1b207b93a1b32e1d46a5f3ac1a00a847e3a174f67db556d1e5f"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "100000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": null,
  "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE"
}