Pearl: Causal diagrams for empirical research

What changed

Used causal diagrams to test identifiability and derive causal-effect expressions from observational assumptions.

Scientific scope

The record is Pearl's sole-author 1995 Biometrika paper and its nonparametric graphical identification framework. It does not absorb the whole history of causal inference, every later do-calculus result or all causal-discovery methods.

Evidence

The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is Pearl's sole-author 1995 Biometrika paper and its nonparametric graphical identification framework. It does not absorb the whole history of causal inference, every later do-calculus result or all causal-discovery methods.

Contributors

• Judea Pearl · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.

• Oxford Academic DOI for Causal diagrams for empirical research

Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.

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