Knoll and Ruska: the electron microscope

What changed

Electron optics became an integrated microscopy method rather than only a lens experiment.

Scientific scope

The 1932 paper; earlier lens work, later superior resolution and commercial instruments are excluded.

Evidence

The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The target is the exact 1932 two-author paper; the 1931 lens work, later resolution milestones and commercial instruments are distinct.

Contributors

• Max Knoll · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.
• Ernst Ruska · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.

• Knoll and Ruska, Das Elektronenmikroskop (1932)
• Ernst Ruska archive: bibliography

Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.

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