Goldwasser and Micali: probabilistic encryption

What changed

Formulated probabilistic encryption and computational indistinguishability with a quadratic-residuosity-based scheme.

Scientific scope

The record is the exact two-author 1984 Journal of Computer and System Sciences paper, distinct from its STOC 1982 precursor. Its construction and guarantees depend on stated computational assumptions and do not encompass all modern encryption notions or schemes.

Evidence

The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is the exact two-author 1984 Journal of Computer and System Sciences paper, distinct from its STOC 1982 precursor. Its construction and guarantees depend on stated computational assumptions and do not encompass all modern encryption notions or schemes.

Contributors

• Shafi Goldwasser · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.
• Silvio Micali · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.

• ScienceDirect page for probabilistic encryption
• MIT author-hosted copy of probabilistic encryption

Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.

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