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Rubin, Ford & Thonnard: how spiral galaxies rotate

Contribution grade

Earth & space · Scoped scientific or research-capability contribution

Reference score90,000Provisional editorial estimate of this exact contribution; its grade is assessed separately.

What changed

Measured extended rotation curves across 21 spiral galaxies, strengthening evidence for substantial mass beyond the bright central regions.

Scientific scope

Measured extended rotation curves across 21 spiral galaxies, strengthening evidence for substantial mass beyond the bright central regions. Scope limitation: The selected 1980 study is part of a broader dark-matter evidence base. It does not identify the dark-matter particle or assign all dark-matter discovery credit to one team.

Evidence

Assessment uses the catalogue-linked source evidence for the stated contribution. The selected 1980 study is part of a broader dark-matter evidence base. It does not identify the dark-matter particle or assign all dark-matter discovery credit to one team.

Contributors

Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.

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