Spectroscopy reveals Bose-Einstein condensation in trapped atomic hydrogen

What changed

Fried and colleagues reported Bose–Einstein condensation in magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen. Two-photon spectroscopy showed a shifted, high-density component as the gas cooled; the team used the spectral shift and a trap model to estimate condensate density and population.

Scientific scope

Fried and colleagues reported Bose–Einstein condensation in magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen. Two-photon spectroscopy showed a shifted, high-density component as the gas cooled; the team used the spectral shift and a trap model to estimate condensate density and population. The experiment followed the earlier alkali-gas condensates. Density estimates extrapolated a separately measured collision shift to a denser regime, and the population estimate used a trap model. Thermal equilibrium and the origin of a normal-gas spectral asymmetry were not fully resolved. The companion shift measurement is supporting work with its own author ordering.

Evidence

The linked original works support the scoped statement and contribution attribution. WRS has not independently replayed experiments or reconstructed a full mathematical proof. The experiment followed the earlier alkali-gas condensates. Density estimates extrapolated a separately measured collision shift to a denser regime, and the population estimate used a trap model. Thermal equilibrium and the origin of a normal-gas spectral asymmetry were not fully resolved. The companion shift measurement is supporting work with its own author ordering.

Contributors

• The named authors in the research record · SCIENCE: These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.

• Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen
• Cold Collision Frequency Shift of the 1S-2S Transition in Hydrogen
• Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen

Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-28.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.

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