Einthoven: galvanometric registration of the human electrocardiogram

What changed

Reported string-galvanometer registration of the human electrocardiogram and compared it with capillary-electrometer recording, establishing a substantially improved physiological measurement method.

Scientific scope

The record is the exact 1903 German paper. Waller’s earlier recordings, Einthoven’s 1901 galvanometer description and 1902 Dutch publication, later lead systems, diagnostic criteria and clinical deployment remain separate.

Evidence

The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is the exact 1903 German paper. Waller’s earlier recordings, Einthoven’s 1901 galvanometer description and 1902 Dutch publication, later lead systems, diagnostic criteria and clinical deployment remain separate.

Contributors

• Willem Einthoven · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.

• Scanned Einthoven electrocardiogram paper
• Crossref record for Einthoven electrocardiogram paper

Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.

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