Codd: the relational model of data

What changed

Organized data through n-ary relations, separated users and programs from internal storage representation, and discussed relational operations, normal form, redundancy and consistency.

Scientific scope

The 1970 relational model of data, including data independence and relation-based organization.

Evidence

Original sources and institutional historical accounts support the stated contribution. The reading boundary is recorded at each source; this assessment is not an independent scientific verification.

Contributors

• Edgar F. Codd · SCIENCE: Named source contributor to this scoped work; individual labor shares are not measured.

• Codd, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks, Communications of the ACM (1970), IBM author archive

Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.

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