AWhat changed
Organized costs and harms of large-language-model scaling and recommended documentation and stakeholder-oriented alternatives.
Scientific scope
The record is the exact four-author FAccT 2021 paper. It records a structured risk analysis and research argument, not an empirical proof that every language model behaves identically or a claim that all language-model outputs lack every form of meaning.
Evidence
The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is the exact four-author FAccT 2021 paper. It records a structured risk analysis and research argument, not an empirical proof that every language model behaves identically or a claim that all language-model outputs lack every form of meaning.
Contributors
- Emily M. Bender · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.
- Timnit Gebru · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.
- Angelina McMillan-Major · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.
- Shmargaret Shmitchell · SCIENCE: Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured.
Provisional WRS assessment, edition 2026-10-16.1. Independent expert calibration is pending. This grade does not certify correctness or assign ownership.
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