AWhat changed
In 2000 Madison and colleagues used a rotating laser perturbation of a trapped rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate to observe one to four vortices and study their frequency-dependent appearance and lifetime. In 2001 Abo-Shaeer and colleagues stirred a sodium condensate and imaged ordered triangular arrays with up to about 130 vortices, as well as defects and their evolution. These related observations used different teams, atoms and conditions.
Scientific scope
In 2000 Madison and colleagues used a rotating laser perturbation of a trapped rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate to observe one to four vortices and study their frequency-dependent appearance and lifetime. In 2001 Abo-Shaeer and colleagues stirred a sodium condensate and imaged ordered triangular arrays with up to about 130 vortices, as well as defects and their evolution. These related observations used different teams, atoms and conditions. Both studies inferred vortex structures from absorption images after expansion rather than directly imaging a complete in-trap three-dimensional state. Madison and colleagues found the observed onset above their quoted simple predicted threshold, nonexponential single-vortex survival and shot-to-shot fluctuations in the multiple-vortex region; the nucleation and loss mechanisms were not uniquely determined. The later large lattice showed finite lifetimes and defects, and its nucleation mechanism likewise remained open. Earlier phase-engineered two-component vortices are a separate contribution. The two distinct author lists and experimental conditions remain separate.
Evidence
The linked original works support the scoped statement and contribution attribution. WRS has not independently replayed experiments or reconstructed a full mathematical proof. Both studies inferred vortex structures from absorption images after expansion rather than directly imaging a complete in-trap three-dimensional state. Madison and colleagues found the observed onset above their quoted simple predicted threshold, nonexponential single-vortex survival and shot-to-shot fluctuations in the multiple-vortex region; the nucleation and loss mechanisms were not uniquely determined. The later large lattice showed finite lifetimes and defects, and its nucleation mechanism likewise remained open. Earlier phase-engineered two-component vortices are a separate contribution. The two distinct author lists and experimental conditions remain separate.
Contributors
- The named authors in the research record · SCIENCE: These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.
- Observation of Vortex Lattices in Bose-Einstein Condensates
- Vortex Formation in a Stirred Bose-Einstein Condensate
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