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Scope limitation: Fast R-CNN refines earlier R-CNN and SPPnet approaches; it is distinct from the later Faster R-CNN region-proposal network.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:37a55df5-7755-49cd-a0ca-99cbdceba7a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0b235604427b0abf32f13bf3043b2e923789af96fa9d7f358e2e3ac8f8823347"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alphagenome-regulatory-prediction-2026","title":"AlphaGenome: predicting regulatory effects of DNA variants","summary":"AlphaGenome predicts multiple types of genomic activity from long DNA sequences, combining broad sequence context with high-resolution outputs. 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The study reports strong held-out variant-effect prediction and analysis of known regulatory mechanisms.","scope":"AlphaGenome predicts multiple types of genomic activity from long DNA sequences, combining broad sequence context with high-resolution outputs. The study reports strong held-out variant-effect prediction and analysis of known regulatory mechanisms. Scope limitation: This record follows the 2026 published study. Predictions are evaluated against specified genomic datasets; they are not experimental validation of every variant or a clinical diagnosis. Human researchers developed the model, chose the evaluations and interpreted the outputs.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1888a3aa-4ed9-4c3d-af13-23f4c33fe15d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cfa5fcee360c492e64fa8dbf5443cc5ac424249f5c453b79f3bb0ec42b4f6552"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"opencrispr-generated-editors-2025","title":"OpenCRISPR-1: an AI-designed gene editor tested in human cells","summary":"Researchers used protein language models to propose CRISPR-associated proteins and experimentally tested generated editors. The study reports functional genome editing with OpenCRISPR-1 and compatibility with base editing.","boundary":"AI proposed molecular designs; human teams selected, constructed and tested them. Results concern the studied cellular experiments and do not establish clinical safety, therapeutic benefit or universal superiority over natural editors. This is one study-level package, not one achievement per generated sequence.","area":"Genome engineering","topic":"Life & medicine","year":2025,"lane":"AI","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"opencrispr-generated-editors-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ca572114-df70-47ae-a280-dcbe484aa809","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:074fa748fa45d361da6ff63f2825fd845f67e0f7a1a77516853a12d355e0b9ee"},"humans":["Jeffrey A Ruffolo","Stephen Nayfach","Joseph Gallagher","Aadyot Bhatnagar","Joel Beazer","Riffat Hussain","Jordan Russ","Jennifer Yip","Emily Hill","Martin Pacesa","Alexander J Meeske","Peter Cameron","Ali Madani"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Complete named paper byline. 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The study reports functional genome editing with OpenCRISPR-1 and compatibility with base editing.","scope":"Researchers used protein language models to propose CRISPR-associated proteins and experimentally tested generated editors. The study reports functional genome editing with OpenCRISPR-1 and compatibility with base editing. Scope limitation: AI proposed molecular designs; human teams selected, constructed and tested them. Results concern the studied cellular experiments and do not establish clinical safety, therapeutic benefit or universal superiority over natural editors. This is one study-level package, not one achievement per generated sequence.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ca572114-df70-47ae-a280-dcbe484aa809","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:074fa748fa45d361da6ff63f2825fd845f67e0f7a1a77516853a12d355e0b9ee"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"esm3-fluorescent-protein-2025","title":"ESM3: generating a fluorescent protein with laboratory-confirmed function","summary":"ESM3 generated protein candidates conditioned on sequence, structure and function. Human laboratory testing identified a bright fluorescent protein with substantial sequence differences from known fluorescent proteins.","boundary":"The 2025 paper follows a 2024 preprint. The evolutionary-timescale analogy in its title is an estimate, not a literal simulation or experimentally observed evolutionary history. Generation, human selection and wet-lab validation are separate contributions; this does not establish general success across protein functions.","area":"Protein design","topic":"Life & medicine","year":2025,"lane":"AI","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"esm3-fluorescent-protein-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:12b3d1c1-d81c-4497-ab0f-9b93cb04ff54","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d23433ee6f7029a6f02c6461dcb0397ce9ee4b851444f9f91242dda6e51645c"},"humans":["Thomas Hayes","Roshan Rao","Halil Akin","Nicholas J Sofroniew","Deniz Oktay","Zeming Lin","Robert Verkuil","Vincent Q Tran","Jonathan Deaton","Marius Wiggert","Rohil Badkundri","Irhum Shafkat","Jun Gong","Alexander Derry","Raul S Molina","Neil Thomas","Yousuf A Khan","Chetan Mishra","Carolyn Kim","Liam J Bartie","Matthew Nemeth","Patrick D Hsu","Tom Sercu","Salvatore Candido","Alexander Rives"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Complete named paper byline. Human research, source-reported system execution and experimental validation are distinct; individual effort shares are not measured.","agents":[{"provider":"EvolutionaryScale","product":"ESM3","model":"ESM3 (published study)","role":"Generated fluorescent-protein candidates; human researchers selected and experimentally tested them","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"ai27-metadata-esm3-fluorescent-protein-2025"}],"related":["esmfold","proteinmpnn"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai27-primary-esm3-fluorescent-protein-2025","title":"Simulating 500 million years of evolution with a language model","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ads0018"},{"id":"ai27-metadata-esm3-fluorescent-protein-2025","title":"Simulating 500 million years of evolution with a language model — author abstract and complete deposited byline","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39818825/"}],"points":"20000","published_grade":{"id":"esm3-fluorescent-protein-2025","entry_id":"esm3-fluorescent-protein-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:12b3d1c1-d81c-4497-ab0f-9b93cb04ff54","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d23433ee6f7029a6f02c6461dcb0397ce9ee4b851444f9f91242dda6e51645c"},"what_changed":"ESM3 generated protein candidates conditioned on sequence, structure and function. Human laboratory testing identified a bright fluorescent protein with substantial sequence differences from known fluorescent proteins.","scope":"ESM3 generated protein candidates conditioned on sequence, structure and function. Human laboratory testing identified a bright fluorescent protein with substantial sequence differences from known fluorescent proteins. Scope limitation: The 2025 paper follows a 2024 preprint. The evolutionary-timescale analogy in its title is an estimate, not a literal simulation or experimentally observed evolutionary history. Generation, human selection and wet-lab validation are separate contributions; this does not establish general success across protein functions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:12b3d1c1-d81c-4497-ab0f-9b93cb04ff54","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d23433ee6f7029a6f02c6461dcb0397ce9ee4b851444f9f91242dda6e51645c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"aharonov-anandan-cyclic-geometric-phase-1987","title":"Aharonov and Anandan: geometric phase beyond adiabatic cyclic evolution","summary":"Aharonov and Anandan defined a geometric phase for a cyclic pure-state evolution by removing the dynamical phase, identifying its holonomy on the space of Hilbert-space rays without an adiabatic requirement.\n\nA quantum state can return to the same physical ray while its state vector acquires a phase. Some of that phase comes from the energy accumulated along the evolution. This paper separates the remainder as a geometric property of the oriented closed ray path. The state need not follow an instantaneous energy eigenstate, so the construction extends beyond Berry’s adiabatic setting. A precessing two-state example connects this phase with a solid angle. The independence claim keeps the ray path fixed; changing the Hamiltonian can still change the path and therefore its phase. The electromagnetic extension chooses reference paths, and its Aharonov–Bohm application is explicitly approximate. These qualifications belong to the result rather than being details left for the reader to reconstruct.","boundary":"The construction concerns normalized cyclic pure states returning to the same ray. The geometric phase, modulo 2 pi, depends on the oriented ray loop after removal of the dynamical phase; changing the loop can change it. The Berry limit needs its adiabatic/eigenstate assumptions. The electromagnetic application adds a specified reference-path construction and is approximate. Open paths, mixed states, noise and direct experimental confirmation are outside this target. A later published criticism has not been fully assessed here.","area":"Physics","topic":"Cyclic quantum evolution","year":1987,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"aharonov-anandan-cyclic-geometric-phase-1987","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9121bdc7-480c-4b03-af0c-9f353f53f895","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f258d3bd16ec4e788ffe1150738f0e574548508c221f11b85553daa2cc33280"},"humans":["Y. Aharonov","J. Anandan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["berry-geometric-phase-1984","aharonov-bohm-electromagnetic-potentials-1959"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-aharonov-anandan-cyclic-geometric-phase-1987-original","title":"Aharonov and Anandan: geometric phase beyond adiabatic cyclic evolution — original scientific article","url":"https://www.tau.ac.il/~yakir/yahp/yh86"},{"id":"wrs24-aharonov-anandan-cyclic-geometric-phase-1987-publisher","title":"Aharonov and Anandan: geometric phase beyond adiabatic cyclic evolution — publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.58.1593"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"aharonov-anandan-cyclic-geometric-phase-1987","entry_id":"aharonov-anandan-cyclic-geometric-phase-1987","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9121bdc7-480c-4b03-af0c-9f353f53f895","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f258d3bd16ec4e788ffe1150738f0e574548508c221f11b85553daa2cc33280"},"what_changed":"Aharonov and Anandan defined a geometric phase for a cyclic pure-state evolution by removing the dynamical phase, identifying its holonomy on the space of Hilbert-space rays without an adiabatic requirement.","scope":"Aharonov and Anandan defined a geometric phase for a cyclic pure-state evolution by removing the dynamical phase, identifying its holonomy on the space of Hilbert-space rays without an adiabatic requirement. The construction concerns normalized cyclic pure states returning to the same ray. The geometric phase, modulo 2 pi, depends on the oriented ray loop after removal of the dynamical phase; changing the loop can change it. The Berry limit needs its adiabatic/eigenstate assumptions. The electromagnetic application adds a specified reference-path construction and is approximate. Open paths, mixed states, noise and direct experimental confirmation are outside this target. A later published criticism has not been fully assessed here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9121bdc7-480c-4b03-af0c-9f353f53f895","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f258d3bd16ec4e788ffe1150738f0e574548508c221f11b85553daa2cc33280"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ahmed-natarajan-rao-discrete-cosine-transform-1974","title":"Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao: discrete cosine representation for correlated signals","summary":"Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao introduce a discrete cosine transform with an FFT-based computation and report close performance to the Karhunen-Loeve transform for specified correlated-signal models and filtering/rate-distortion comparisons.\n\nA signal can be described by a mixture of slowly and rapidly varying cosine patterns. For correlated samples, much of the variation can concentrate in a smaller set of these coefficients, making selected processing tasks economical. This paper defines the transform and its inverse, connects computation to the FFT, and tests the representation against other transforms for a stated signal model. Keeping every coefficient preserves the signal; dropping or quantizing coefficients can make a smaller but imperfect representation. Later image and video standards use related ideas, but their complete codecs and performance belong to separate contributions.","boundary":"Exact 1974 IEEE Transactions on Computers C-23(1),90-93; the assessed article is on pages 90–93. Adjacent correlation/sequential-machine letters excluded. Finite cosine/Chebyshev basis and inverse, with a 2 M-point FFT computation; Comparisons use Toeplitz covariance rho^abs(i-j),0<rho<1: variance example M 16/rho 0.95; scalar diagonal Wiener filtering with white zero-mean uncorrelated noise, Table I rho 0.9/SNR 1/M 2-64; Gaussian-source rate-distortion example M 16/rho 0.9. Close-to-KLT reported within these settings, not exact eigenvectors/optimal compression for arbitrary covariances or all data. No general vector-filter/JPEG/video-codec validation. Full transform is reversible; loss requires subsequent selection/quantization. Standard tiny DCT-II matrix checks use own normalization, not certified reconstruction of original glyphs. No independent scientific/calibration certification.","area":"Signal transforms and data representation","topic":"Computing","year":1974,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ahmed-natarajan-rao-discrete-cosine-transform-1974","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c352ccdb-8c3a-45a2-a9c4-10dffc18a2dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a9a47dc21a9f64e639eeb9c17a21c3bec26320b893c7666868329277e9d1dd9"},"humans":["Nasir Ahmed","T. Raj Natarajan","K. R. Rao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["cooley-tukey-fft","shannon","ziv-lempel-universal-sequential-compression-1977"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-dct1974-original","title":"Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao, Discrete Cosine Transform, IEEE Trans.Computers C-23(1),90-93(1974), original correspondence","url":"https://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783-2017/DCT-Paper.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-dct1974-crossref","title":"IEEE-deposited Crossref identity for1974 DCT correspondence","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1109%2FT-C.1974.223784"},{"id":"wrs24-dct1974-dblp-byline","title":"DBLP exact DCT paper byline and publication identity","url":"https://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/journals/tc/AhmedNR74.html"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"ahmed-natarajan-rao-discrete-cosine-transform-1974","entry_id":"ahmed-natarajan-rao-discrete-cosine-transform-1974","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c352ccdb-8c3a-45a2-a9c4-10dffc18a2dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a9a47dc21a9f64e639eeb9c17a21c3bec26320b893c7666868329277e9d1dd9"},"what_changed":"Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao introduce a discrete cosine transform with an FFT-based computation and report close performance to the Karhunen-Loeve transform for specified correlated-signal models and filtering/rate-distortion comparisons.","scope":"Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao introduce a discrete cosine transform with an FFT-based computation and report close performance to the Karhunen-Loeve transform for specified correlated-signal models and filtering/rate-distortion comparisons. Exact 1974 IEEE Transactions on Computers C-23(1),90-93; the assessed article is on pages 90–93. Adjacent correlation/sequential-machine letters excluded. Finite cosine/Chebyshev basis and inverse, with a 2 M-point FFT computation; Comparisons use Toeplitz covariance rho^abs(i-j),0<rho<1: variance example M 16/rho 0.95; scalar diagonal Wiener filtering with white zero-mean uncorrelated noise, Table I rho 0.9/SNR 1/M 2-64; Gaussian-source rate-distortion example M 16/rho 0.9. Close-to-KLT reported within these settings, not exact eigenvectors/optimal compression for arbitrary covariances or all data. No general vector-filter/JPEG/video-codec validation. Full transform is reversible; loss requires subsequent selection/quantization. Standard tiny DCT-II matrix checks use own normalization, not certified reconstruction of original glyphs. No independent scientific/calibration certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c352ccdb-8c3a-45a2-a9c4-10dffc18a2dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a9a47dc21a9f64e639eeb9c17a21c3bec26320b893c7666868329277e9d1dd9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alamouti-two-antenna-transmit-diversity-1998","title":"Alamouti: two transmit antennas help a single receiver withstand fading","summary":"Alamouti's1998 paper couples a two-antenna transmission sequence with simple receiver combining to obtain transmit diversity without channel feedback to the transmitter, under its coherent block-fading assumptions.\n\nWireless signals can weaken when reflected paths cancel. Instead of putting two antennas into every receiving device, this construction spreads a pair of symbols across two transmitter antennas and two symbol periods; the receiver combines the observations using its channel estimates. It can obtain the same diversity order as two-branch receive combining, and extends to multiple receive antennas. Diversity order describes resilience to fading, not identical error rates or free extra transmission power.","boundary":"The exact target is the two-transmit-antenna encoding/combining/detection construction and its one/M-receiver extension in Section III, with the 1998 paper's stated coherent-channel conditions. The channel is assumed constant across the two consecutive encoded symbol periods, and receiver channel knowledge is needed even though no receiver-to-transmitter channel feedback is required. The 2 M diversity order and reference error-rate comparisons rely on the stated independent/uncorrelated fading setting; no guarantee for arbitrary correlated or fast-varying channels is admitted. Section IV assumes uncorrelated Rayleigh amplitudes, equal average branch powers and perfect channel knowledge. Equal diversity order does not imply equal BER at equal total radiated power: the paper reports a 3 d B disadvantage against the specified MRRC comparison when total transmit power is held fixed. Pilot-based channel estimation needs extra pilots; the time-domain scheme has a two-symbol decoding delay. 'No bandwidth expansion' is not absence of hardware, channel-estimation or energy cost. Antenna spacing suggestions are environment-dependent, not universal design rules; interference-cancellation effects are explicitly unresolved. Earlier transmit-diversity and space-time trellis schemes, and later general orthogonal designs and standards, remain distinct contributions.","area":"Wireless communications","topic":"Engineering","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"alamouti-two-antenna-transmit-diversity-1998","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c6ae14e1-5ec0-491a-a836-f4c266e262e4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a694781f984f37db74fb74a7ac781834711a6b5aa5010b33f77effa0384655e7"},"humans":["Siavash M. Alamouti"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["viterbi-convolutional-decoding-1967","reed-solomon-polynomial-codes-1960"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-alamouti-1998-original-tufts","title":"Siavash M. Alamouti, A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications, IEEE JSAC16(8)(October1998),1451–1458","url":"https://www.ece.tufts.edu/ee/108/alamouti.pdf"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"alamouti-two-antenna-transmit-diversity-1998","entry_id":"alamouti-two-antenna-transmit-diversity-1998","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c6ae14e1-5ec0-491a-a836-f4c266e262e4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a694781f984f37db74fb74a7ac781834711a6b5aa5010b33f77effa0384655e7"},"what_changed":"Supplies an explicit two-transmitter symbol sequence and simple coherent combiner, with a receiver-count diversity extension and implementation/power qualifications.","scope":"Supplies an explicit two-transmitter symbol sequence and simple coherent combiner, with a receiver-count diversity extension and implementation/power qualifications. The exact target is the two-transmit-antenna encoding/combining/detection construction and its one/M-receiver extension in Section III, with the 1998 paper's stated coherent-channel conditions. The channel is assumed constant across the two consecutive encoded symbol periods, and receiver channel knowledge is needed even though no receiver-to-transmitter channel feedback is required. The 2 M diversity order and reference error-rate comparisons rely on the stated independent/uncorrelated fading setting; no guarantee for arbitrary correlated or fast-varying channels is admitted. Section IV assumes uncorrelated Rayleigh amplitudes, equal average branch powers and perfect channel knowledge. Equal diversity order does not imply equal BER at equal total radiated power: the paper reports a 3 d B disadvantage against the specified MRRC comparison when total transmit power is held fixed. Pilot-based channel estimation needs extra pilots; the time-domain scheme has a two-symbol decoding delay. 'No bandwidth expansion' is not absence of hardware, channel-estimation or energy cost. Antenna spacing suggestions are environment-dependent, not universal design rules; interference-cancellation effects are explicitly unresolved. Earlier transmit-diversity and space-time trellis schemes, and later general orthogonal designs and standards, remain distinct contributions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c6ae14e1-5ec0-491a-a836-f4c266e262e4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a694781f984f37db74fb74a7ac781834711a6b5aa5010b33f77effa0384655e7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alon-matias-szegedy-frequency-moments-1996","title":"Alon, Matias and Szegedy: frequency moments with streaming memory","summary":"Alon, Matias and Szegedy developed a randomized small-memory estimator for the second frequency moment and a framework relating one-pass frequency-moment approximation to space complexity.\n\nSuppose a database receives items one by one and cannot keep the full history. Counting every item type needs a large table, while the second frequency moment measures how concentrated or repetitive the stream is. The method assigns a reproducible random sign to each type, adds those signs as items arrive, and squares the resulting counter. Its expectation is the desired second moment. Four-wise independence controls the variance; several independent counters and a median of averages reduce relative error and failure probability. Keeping the seed and counter can require only logarithmic memory for fixed accuracy. The work also gives a sampled-position estimator for general integer moments and studies which other estimates necessarily need more space. These are probabilistic approximation guarantees for a stated stream model, rather than exact answers or protection against every adaptive adversary. The contribution appeared in 1996 and a journal version in 1999; the complete scientific text inspected here is the authors’ separately dated 2002 public manuscript.","boundary":"The F2 streaming estimator uses four-wise independent signs and independent averaging/amplification. Pairwise independence suffices for its mean, but not the stated variance bound. Memory depends on accuracy, failure probability and the size of the stream/universe; this is neither exact nor deterministic sublinear counting. The source read is a 2002 author manuscript representing the 1996/1999 publication lineage, whose complete revision equivalence is unresolved. Adaptive adversarial-query guarantees and later sketch results are separate.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Streaming algorithms","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"alon-matias-szegedy-frequency-moments-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:70e396ce-7815-4b8f-aff7-80fc551f827b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd46e97c4e3b9bc44d2adc021076db198afbde69b5b702a094c7aa101830acf5"},"humans":["Noga Alon","Yossi Matias","Mario Szegedy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["codd-relational-model","shannon"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-alon-matias-szegedy-frequency-moments-1996-author-version","title":"Alon, Matias and Szegedy: frequency moments with streaming memory — author manuscript dated 2002","url":"https://web.math.princeton.edu/~nalon/PDFS/amsz4.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-alon-matias-szegedy-frequency-moments-1996-conference-publisher","title":"Alon, Matias and Szegedy: frequency moments with streaming memory — 1996 conference publisher metadata","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1145%2F237814.237823"},{"id":"wrs24-alon-matias-szegedy-frequency-moments-1996-journal-publisher","title":"Alon, Matias and Szegedy: frequency moments with streaming memory — 1999 journal publisher metadata","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1006%2Fjcss.1997.1545"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"alon-matias-szegedy-frequency-moments-1996","entry_id":"alon-matias-szegedy-frequency-moments-1996","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:70e396ce-7815-4b8f-aff7-80fc551f827b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd46e97c4e3b9bc44d2adc021076db198afbde69b5b702a094c7aa101830acf5"},"what_changed":"Alon, Matias and Szegedy developed a randomized small-memory estimator for the second frequency moment and a framework relating one-pass frequency-moment approximation to space complexity.","scope":"Alon, Matias and Szegedy developed a randomized small-memory estimator for the second frequency moment and a framework relating one-pass frequency-moment approximation to space complexity. The F2 streaming estimator uses four-wise independent signs and independent averaging/amplification. Pairwise independence suffices for its mean, but not the stated variance bound. Memory depends on accuracy, failure probability and the size of the stream/universe; this is neither exact nor deterministic sublinear counting. The source read is a 2002 author manuscript representing the 1996/1999 publication lineage, whose complete revision equivalence is unresolved. Adaptive adversarial-query guarantees and later sketch results are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:70e396ce-7815-4b8f-aff7-80fc551f827b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd46e97c4e3b9bc44d2adc021076db198afbde69b5b702a094c7aa101830acf5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alphageometry2-geometry-search-2025","title":"AlphaGeometry2: broader symbolic geometry and shared proof search","summary":"AlphaGeometry2 expanded geometric language, symbolic deduction and knowledge-sharing search, reporting solutions to 42/50 formalized 2000–2024 IMO geometry cases, up from 27/50 for AlphaGeometry1 on that set.\n\nA difficult geometry problem often becomes manageable after adding the right auxiliary point. AlphaGeometry2 combines Gemini-based language models that propose constructions with a symbolic engine, DDAR2, that derives geometric consequences. A broader language represents angle and distance equations, constrained and moving-point configurations; multiple search trees share relevant proven facts. The selected preprint reports 42 of50 formalized geometry cases derived from 45 IMO problems in 2000–2024, an 84% case solve rate. This is geometry-only, and some original problems were split into multiple cases. It separately reports 20/30 selected hard shortlist cases. The system builds on AlphaGeometry1 and earlier automated geometric reasoning rather than inventing formal proof search. Its symbolic deductions are not a Lean-kernel certificate. Later appendices report 33/44 natural-language formalizations and 43/44 diagram constructions, with distinct tasks and denominators. The full search and Gemini training infrastructure were not released with the paper. Proposed inequality rules in Appendix H were explicitly not included in the assessed solver. These are reported benchmark advances; WRS has not independently replayed the experiments.","boundary":"This assesses arXiv 2502.03544v3, the December 2025 version. The reported 42/50 result concerns 50 formalized cases drawn from 45 IMO geometry problems, not 50 new open problems. The system combines a customized Gemini 1.5 language model with DDAR2 symbolic search. Formalization success, diagram generation and shortlist benchmarks are separate measurements with their own denominators. Human-authored mathematical libraries and problem translations remain essential. Inequalities are not implemented in the reported system. WRS has not replayed these experiments or independently certified the translations.","area":"Artificial intelligence","topic":"Automated geometric reasoning","year":2025,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"alphageometry2-geometry-search-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2d117a93-b151-4e5b-a67d-aca481dbf508","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2755f94e87c7cd3e11df7271867ddb75f9d9063c324bf3f90e113d29fecf54c6"},"humans":["Yuri Chervonyi","Trieu H. Trinh","Miroslav Olšák","Xiaomeng Yang","Hoang Nguyen","Marcelo Menegali","Junehyuk Jung","Junsu Kim","Vikas Verma","Quoc V. Le","Thang Luong"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[{"provider":"Google DeepMind","product":"AlphaGeometry2","model":"AlphaGeometry2 custom Gemini 1.5-based ensemble","role":"Auxiliary geometric construction and shared search with DDAR2 on source-reported geometry benchmarks.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"wrs24-alphageometry2-geometry-search-2025-original"}],"related":["alphageometry-2024"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-alphageometry2-geometry-search-2025-original","title":"Chervonyi et al., Gold-medalist Performance in Solving Olympiad Geometry with AlphaGeometry2 — arXiv2502.03544v3","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.03544v3"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"alphageometry2-geometry-search-2025","entry_id":"alphageometry2-geometry-search-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2d117a93-b151-4e5b-a67d-aca481dbf508","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2755f94e87c7cd3e11df7271867ddb75f9d9063c324bf3f90e113d29fecf54c6"},"what_changed":"AlphaGeometry2 expanded geometric language, symbolic deduction and knowledge-sharing search, reporting solutions to 42/50 formalized 2000–2024 IMO geometry cases, up from 27/50 for AlphaGeometry1 on that set.","scope":"AlphaGeometry2 expanded geometric language, symbolic deduction and knowledge-sharing search, reporting solutions to 42/50 formalized 2000–2024 IMO geometry cases, up from 27/50 for AlphaGeometry1 on that set. This assesses arXiv 2502.03544v3, the December 2025 version. The reported 42/50 result concerns 50 formalized cases drawn from 45 IMO geometry problems, not 50 new open problems. The system combines a customized Gemini 1.5 language model with DDAR2 symbolic search. Formalization success, diagram generation and shortlist benchmarks are separate measurements with their own denominators. Human-authored mathematical libraries and problem translations remain essential. Inequalities are not implemented in the reported system. WRS has not replayed these experiments or independently certified the translations.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2d117a93-b151-4e5b-a67d-aca481dbf508","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2755f94e87c7cd3e11df7271867ddb75f9d9063c324bf3f90e113d29fecf54c6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alphaproof-lean-test-time-reinforcement-learning-2025","title":"AlphaProof: learning local proof strategies through Lean-grounded test-time training","summary":"AlphaProof combined Lean-grounded reinforcement learning, AND–OR proof search and test-time training on related problem variants, proving three non-geometry problems from the 2024 IMO with expert formalization and multi-day computation.\n\nAn unsolved formal theorem can be surrounded by related, easier statements that teach a prover useful local strategies. AlphaProof uses a three-billion-parameter policy/value network and search in Lean, first learning from a large auto-formalized curriculum and then adapting to difficult targets through test-time reinforcement learning. It builds on Lean, Mathlib, AlphaZero, earlier neural theorem proving and established mathematical problem-solving heuristics. At the 2024 IMO, experts formalized the non-geometry questions; Gemini 1.5 Pro generated candidate answers, and AlphaProof proved P1, P2 and P6 after 2–3 days of adaptation for each. AlphaGeometry2 separately solved P4. Together they achieved 28/42 points, a silver-equivalent score under the judging protocol, without the human competition time constraint. The paper reports improved corrected formal benchmarks, with its strongest results using hundreds of TPU days per target on average. The reported training required roughly 100000 TPU days for auto-formalization and 80000 for main reinforcement learning, beyond general pretraining. Final proof terms were checked with standard Lean and an allowed-axiom check. That establishes the formal statements under the declared trust assumptions; it does not automatically prove correspondence to every informal question, broad research-mathematics novelty or independent WRS replication. The paper appeared online in November2025 and in a March2026 Nature issue.","boundary":"The target is the Nature paper published online in November 2025. AlphaProof uses Lean, search and test-time reinforcement learning; humans formalized the competition problems. It solved IMO 2024 problems 1, 2 and 6 after roughly two to three days. The combined 28/42 score also includes AlphaGeometry2 on problem 4 and was not obtained within normal competition time. Reported training and test-time resources are part of the method. Lean acceptance depends on the actual statement and allowed logical assumptions; it does not certify that every natural-language problem was translated faithfully. WRS has not replayed the training or certified every proof/translation.","area":"Artificial intelligence","topic":"Formal theorem proving and test-time learning","year":2025,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"alphaproof-lean-test-time-reinforcement-learning-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7702b47-dd3d-4f5e-a53d-80c974622eb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e052505ba1212aba39da6a14c57e7bad098eaaef42deabb8b9293a86e5ff9b40"},"humans":["Thomas Hubert","Rishi Mehta","Laurent Sartran","Miklós Z. Horváth","Goran Žužić","Eric Wieser","Aja Huang","Julian Schrittwieser","Yannick Schroecker","Hussain Masoom","Ottavia Bertolli","Tom Zahavy","Amol Mandhane","Jessica Yung","Iuliya Beloshapka","Borja Ibarz","Vivek Veeriah","Lei Yu","Oliver Nash","Paul Lezeau","Salvatore Mercuri","Calle Sönne","Bhavik Mehta","Alex Davies","Daniel Zheng","Fabian Pedregosa","Yin Li","Ingrid von Glehn","Mark Rowland","Samuel Albanie","Ameya Velingker","Simon Schmitt","Edward Lockhart","Edward Hughes","Henryk Michalewski","Nicolas Sonnerat","Demis Hassabis","Pushmeet Kohli","David Silver"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[{"provider":"Google DeepMind","product":"AlphaProof","model":"AlphaProof 3B encoder–decoder policy/value network","role":"Lean tactic proof/disproof search with general and test-time reinforcement learning under reported budgets.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"wrs24-alphaproof-lean-test-time-reinforcement-learning-2025-original"},{"provider":"Google DeepMind","product":"Gemini","model":"Gemini 1.5 Pro and source-described Gemini variant-generation models","role":"Auto-formalization, candidate answer generation and problem variants; distinct from AlphaProof formal proof execution.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"wrs24-alphaproof-lean-test-time-reinforcement-learning-2025-original"}],"related":["alphageometry2-geometry-search-2025","deepseek-prover-v2-recursive-lean-search-2025"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-alphaproof-lean-test-time-reinforcement-learning-2025-original","title":"Hubert et al., Olympiad-level formal mathematical reasoning with reinforcement learning — Nature651,607–613 and Methods/Extended Data","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09833-y.pdf"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"alphaproof-lean-test-time-reinforcement-learning-2025","entry_id":"alphaproof-lean-test-time-reinforcement-learning-2025","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7702b47-dd3d-4f5e-a53d-80c974622eb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e052505ba1212aba39da6a14c57e7bad098eaaef42deabb8b9293a86e5ff9b40"},"what_changed":"AlphaProof combined Lean-grounded reinforcement learning, AND–OR proof search and test-time training on related problem variants, proving three non-geometry problems from the 2024 IMO with expert formalization and multi-day computation.","scope":"AlphaProof combined Lean-grounded reinforcement learning, AND–OR proof search and test-time training on related problem variants, proving three non-geometry problems from the 2024 IMO with expert formalization and multi-day computation. The target is the Nature paper published online in November 2025. AlphaProof uses Lean, search and test-time reinforcement learning; humans formalized the competition problems. It solved IMO 2024 problems 1, 2 and 6 after roughly two to three days. The combined 28/42 score also includes AlphaGeometry2 on problem 4 and was not obtained within normal competition time. Reported training and test-time resources are part of the method. Lean acceptance depends on the actual statement and allowed logical assumptions; it does not certify that every natural-language problem was translated faithfully. WRS has not replayed the training or certified every proof/translation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7702b47-dd3d-4f5e-a53d-80c974622eb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e052505ba1212aba39da6a14c57e7bad098eaaef42deabb8b9293a86e5ff9b40"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alpher-herman-relic-radiation-expanding-universe-1949","title":"Alpher and Herman: an early relic-radiation calculation","summary":"Alpher and Herman integrate an expanding matter-and-radiation cosmological model and explicitly interpret its estimated present few-kelvin radiation as a thermal background left by universal expansion, with strong dependence on assumed density conditions.\n\nIf the early universe contained hot thermal radiation, expansion would cool it while leaving radiation throughout space. Alpher and Herman connect an early element-formation model to the later matter and radiation densities, rather than extending a radiation-dominated approximation indefinitely. Their 1949 paper explains a background temperature of order 5 K for one set of assumptions; a second scenario shows how strongly the estimate changes with density choices. These are historical theoretical estimates, not the precise temperature measured decades later. Their paper also exposes uncertainty in its neutron-capture abundance model and questions the gravitational-instability criterion used for galaxy estimates. The earlier 1948 letter retains prediction priority; this entry assesses the fuller 1949 calculation and interpretation. Later nucleosynthesis theory, microwave observations and precision cosmology retain separate authorship. A valuable surviving idea can coexist with assumptions and numerical claims that required major revision.","boundary":"PDF 1 preceding matrix-paper fragment excluded. Homogeneous/isotropic perfect-fluid mixture, non-interconverting matter/radiation, negligible matter pressure, cosmological constant zero, adiabatic blackbody assumptions. Matter density scales as inverse volume, radiation as inverse fourth power of length; inferred temperature depends on initial/current density choices. Original two density scenarios and limitations retained; not a modern precision CMB prediction or complete valid all-elements nucleosynthesis model. Nuclear evaporation/photo-disintegration absent from displayed build-up equations, singular starting-time problem and rough expansion-density correction acknowledged. Early-time approximation cannot be extrapolated past its validity. Authors question static Jeans criterion in expanding relativistic radiation medium; no galaxy-formation certification. The quoted 5 K estimate and the earlier 1948 priority are supported here by the linked Peebles historical reconstruction alongside the selected 1949 paper. The account does not claim an independent reconstruction of the 1948 derivation. Later observations and modern light-element theory separate.","area":"Early-universe thermal history","topic":"Cosmology","year":1949,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"alpher-herman-relic-radiation-expanding-universe-1949","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c8cd1a02-33e9-4953-a4e8-3f38fcb2a061","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69d8e0ff3f921ae3e71c6518102ffd34f5d2860aadb192316d4ec4f8eb328878"},"humans":["Ralph A. Alpher","Robert C. Herman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lemaitre-expanding-universe","friedmann-positive-curvature-dynamics-1922","penzias-wilson-excess-temperature"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-alpher-herman1949-complete-original-ocr","title":"Alpher and Herman, Remarks on the Evolution of the Expanding Universe,1949 original","url":"https://www.hep.shef.ac.uk/cartwright/phy306/papers/alpherherman1949.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-alpher-herman1949-publisher-identity","title":"APS original1949 bibliography and abstract","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.75.1089"},{"id":"wrs24-alpher-herman1949-crossref-identity","title":"Publisher-deposited1949 completeauthor/page/date identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103/PhysRev.75.1089"},{"id":"wrs24-peebles2013-hotbigbang-selected-history","title":"Peebles, Discovery of the hot Big Bang: What happened in1948, exact2013v2 selected historical reconstruction","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.2146v2"},{"id":"wrs24-alpher-herman1948-prior-preview","title":"Earlier1948 Alpher-Herman prediction letter, original publisher preview only","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/162774b0"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"alpher-herman-relic-radiation-expanding-universe-1949","entry_id":"alpher-herman-relic-radiation-expanding-universe-1949","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c8cd1a02-33e9-4953-a4e8-3f38fcb2a061","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69d8e0ff3f921ae3e71c6518102ffd34f5d2860aadb192316d4ec4f8eb328878"},"what_changed":"Reformulates radiation/matter expansion withdensity boundaryconditions andinterprets survivingfewkelvin radiation asbackground, while exposing model/initial-condition limits.","scope":"Reformulates radiation/matter expansion withdensity boundaryconditions andinterprets survivingfewkelvin radiation asbackground, while exposing model/initial-condition limits. PDF 1 preceding matrix-paper fragment excluded. Homogeneous/isotropic perfect-fluid mixture, non-interconverting matter/radiation, negligible matter pressure, cosmological constant zero, adiabatic blackbody assumptions. Matter density scales as inverse volume, radiation as inverse fourth power of length; inferred temperature depends on initial/current density choices. Original two density scenarios and limitations retained; not a modern precision CMB prediction or complete valid all-elements nucleosynthesis model. Nuclear evaporation/photo-disintegration absent from displayed build-up equations, singular starting-time problem and rough expansion-density correction acknowledged. Early-time approximation cannot be extrapolated past its validity. Authors question static Jeans criterion in expanding relativistic radiation medium; no galaxy-formation certification. The quoted 5 K estimate and the earlier 1948 priority are supported here by the linked Peebles historical reconstruction alongside the selected 1949 paper. The account does not claim an independent reconstruction of the 1948 derivation. Later observations and modern light-element theory separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c8cd1a02-33e9-4953-a4e8-3f38fcb2a061","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69d8e0ff3f921ae3e71c6518102ffd34f5d2860aadb192316d4ec4f8eb328878"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"arikan-polar-capacity-codes-2009","title":"Arıkan: polar codes approach a channel’s symmetric capacity","summary":"Arıkan introduced channel polarization and polar codes that achieve the symmetric capacity of binary-input discrete memoryless channels, with encoding and successive cancellation decoding costs of O(N log N) under the stated operation model.\n\nA noisy communication link cannot reliably carry arbitrary amounts of information. Shannon had identified its capacity; the remaining challenge was to exhibit code families with provable performance and manageable encoding and decoding. Arıkan recursively combined independent copies of a binary-input channel, then split the result into channels seen by a successive decoder. Most resulting channels become either nearly perfect or nearly useless. Sending information through the good channels and freezing the other inputs gives polar codes. The 2009 paper proves asymptotic symmetric-capacity achievability and O(N log N) encoding and decoding; its initial error bound is polynomial in block length. Symmetric capacity uses equally likely input symbols and need not equal unrestricted capacity for an asymmetric channel. The original paper also says exact general code construction lacks an efficient algorithm and that its basic successive decoder may require impractically long blocks. It proposes approximations and stronger decoders for further study. Reed–Muller coding, Plotkin constructions and Shannon’s framework remain separately credited. The stronger error-rate result credited to Arıkan and Telatar is a separate contribution, not exclusively assigned to this sole-author paper.","boundary":"The capacity result concerns independent uses of a binary-input discrete memoryless channel, block lengths N=2^n and fixed rate below symmetric mutual information. This equals unrestricted capacity for symmetric channels. The original successive-cancellation error rate and operation count are asymptotic; general code construction, finite-block optimality and physical implementation costs remain separate. Frozen-bit averaging in general channels differs from the symmetric-channel bound. Later sharper rates, list decoding and 5G implementations are not credited to this paper alone.","area":"Coding theory and reliable communication","topic":"Information theory","year":2009,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"arikan-polar-capacity-codes-2009","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f72325fd-7ced-4854-ae0e-cbe09b9c3910","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b6be2ef65c907ba09e42f96b315523f0d489bad5e31e646ac84e7f7b4c7e3036"},"humans":["Erdal Arıkan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["shannon","reed-solomon-polynomial-codes-1960","hamming-error-correction"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-arikan2009-polar-journal","title":"Arıkan,ChannelPolarization,IEEETransactionsInformationTheory55(7),3051-3073(2009),originaljournal","url":"https://www.mit.edu/~medard/bakeraward/05075875.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-arikan2009-polar-arxiv-metadata","title":"AuthorarXiv0807.3917v5 metadata,abstract andversionhistory","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3917v5"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"arikan-polar-capacity-codes-2009","entry_id":"arikan-polar-capacity-codes-2009","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f72325fd-7ced-4854-ae0e-cbe09b9c3910","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b6be2ef65c907ba09e42f96b315523f0d489bad5e31e646ac84e7f7b4c7e3036"},"what_changed":"Arıkan introduced channel polarization and polar codes that achieve the symmetric capacity of binary-input discrete memoryless channels, with encoding and successive cancellation decoding costs of O(N log N) under the stated operation model.","scope":"Arıkan introduced channel polarization and polar codes that achieve the symmetric capacity of binary-input discrete memoryless channels, with encoding and successive cancellation decoding costs of O(N log N) under the stated operation model. The capacity result concerns independent uses of a binary-input discrete memoryless channel, block lengths N=2^n and fixed rate below symmetric mutual information. This equals unrestricted capacity for symmetric channels. The original successive-cancellation error rate and operation count are asymptotic; general code construction, finite-block optimality and physical implementation costs remain separate. Frozen-bit averaging in general channels differs from the symmetric-channel bound. Later sharper rates, list decoding and 5G implementations are not credited to this paper alone.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f72325fd-7ced-4854-ae0e-cbe09b9c3910","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b6be2ef65c907ba09e42f96b315523f0d489bad5e31e646ac84e7f7b4c7e3036"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"arlazarov-dinitz-kronrod-faradzhev-tabulated-closure-1970","title":"Arlazarov, Dinitz, Kronrod and Faradzhev: faster graph reachability through subset tabulation","summary":"Arlazarov, Dinitz, M.A.Kronrod and Faradzhev tabulated unions over small blocks of intermediate vertices to compute Boolean relation products and acyclic graph closure in O(n^3/ln n) elementary operations.\n\nA directed network answers questions such as whether one place can reach another by following arrows. Computing every answer by checking every possible intermediate vertex takes cubic work in a familiar baseline. This1970 note groups intermediate vertices into small blocks. For each block it precomputes the possible unions of outgoing destinations, so a later row can select a stored result instead of rebuilding the same union. Choosing blocks of logarithmic size keeps those tables manageable and saves a logarithmic factor in the authors’ operation count. The note applies the composition lemma along the ranks of an acyclic graph. A graph with a directed cycle cannot be ranked this way directly: the paper relies on existing reductions through a graph whose vertices represent strongly connected components. The construction later became associated with the name method of Four Russians. That nickname is not a nationality attribution. The original identifies M.Kronrod as the source of its lemma, while all four authors remain responsible for the article. This is a historical algorithmic improvement under a declared representation and operation model, not a claim that it is always the fastest practical method today.","boundary":"The original direct result concerns acyclic graph closure with O(n^3/log n) elementary operations and table lookup; general graphs require the cited condensation/rank reductions. Lookup, storage and bit-operation assumptions remain part of the computational model. This account follows a transcription of the short original; it does not supply a certified formula transcription or independent proof reconstruction. Finite examples do not certify the complete asymptotic argument or a modern runtime benchmark. M. A. Kronrod is Mikhail Kronrod.","area":"Computing","topic":"Graph reachability and Boolean relation composition","year":1970,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"arlazarov-dinitz-kronrod-faradzhev-tabulated-closure-1970","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dbd9ae21-8dc3-4320-a5cd-6c8f55b61926","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:355284fa362f1cad09f561a9362d0bfb8a43dd985cfd3fb673c0a6cd846d46a4"},"humans":["Vladimir L'vovich Arlazarov","Yefim Dinitz","Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kronrod","Igor Aleksandrovich Faradzhev"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-arlazarov-dinitz-kronrod-faradzhev-tabulated-closure-1970-original","title":"Arlazarov, Dinitz, M.A.Kronrod and Faradzhev, economical transitive closure (1970) — original Russian web extraction","url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/getFT.phtml?jrnid=dan&option_lang=eng&paperid=35675&what=fullt"},{"id":"wrs24-arlazarov-dinitz-kronrod-faradzhev-tabulated-closure-1970-transcription","title":"Modern English transcription of the1970 two-page closure note — auxiliary reading aid","url":"https://minorfree.github.io/assets/figs/Method_of_Four_Russians.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-arlazarov-dinitz-kronrod-faradzhev-tabulated-closure-1970-metadata","title":"Math-Net original bibliographic entry and full byline","url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/eng/dan35675"},{"id":"wrs24-arlazarov-dinitz-kronrod-faradzhev-tabulated-closure-1970-author-identity","title":"Math-Net linked author identities: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kronrod","url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=98440"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"arlazarov-dinitz-kronrod-faradzhev-tabulated-closure-1970","entry_id":"arlazarov-dinitz-kronrod-faradzhev-tabulated-closure-1970","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dbd9ae21-8dc3-4320-a5cd-6c8f55b61926","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:355284fa362f1cad09f561a9362d0bfb8a43dd985cfd3fb673c0a6cd846d46a4"},"what_changed":"Arlazarov, Dinitz, M.A.Kronrod and Faradzhev tabulated unions over small blocks of intermediate vertices to compute Boolean relation products and acyclic graph closure in O(n^3/ln n) elementary operations.","scope":"Arlazarov, Dinitz, M.A.Kronrod and Faradzhev tabulated unions over small blocks of intermediate vertices to compute Boolean relation products and acyclic graph closure in O(n^3/ln n) elementary operations. The original direct result concerns acyclic graph closure with O(n^3/log n) elementary operations and table lookup; general graphs require the cited condensation/rank reductions. Lookup, storage and bit-operation assumptions remain part of the computational model. This account follows a transcription of the short original; it does not supply a certified formula transcription or independent proof reconstruction. Finite examples do not certify the complete asymptotic argument or a modern runtime benchmark. M. A. Kronrod is Mikhail Kronrod.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dbd9ae21-8dc3-4320-a5cd-6c8f55b61926","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:355284fa362f1cad09f561a9362d0bfb8a43dd985cfd3fb673c0a6cd846d46a4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"arora-euclidean-tsp-portal-ptas-1998","title":"Arora’s geometric approximation scheme for the traveling salesman","summary":"A randomly shifted geometric dissection has a near-optimal Euclidean tour with few boundary crossings; portal-based dynamic programming gives an approximation scheme in any fixed dimension.\n\nA delivery route can have far too many possible visiting orders to check them all. Arora showed that, when locations lie in a fixed-dimensional geometric space, one can search a much smaller structured family and still obtain a route arbitrarily close to the optimum. Randomly shifted squares and a limited set of boundary portals make the smaller problems fit together. For fixed accuracy, the planar algorithm has nearly linear asymptotic running time, with substantial dependence on the requested accuracy. The guarantee applies to approximation, not exact optimality, and does not extend to every abstract distance table. It succeeds with probability at least one half for a random dissection; repeating independent trials raises the success probability. The paper acknowledges that straightforward implementations are slow. Mitchell independently developed a related planar approximation scheme, while earlier work supplied partitioning, patching and approximation ideas. WRS has not independently implemented the full algorithm or certified the proof.","boundary":"The approximation scheme concerns Euclidean TSP in fixed dimension with fixed requested accuracy. Its randomized structural theorem succeeds with a stated probability over shifts, not for every shift. Portals, crossing bounds, preprocessing and rounding have costs; the method is neither an exact solver nor a uniform efficient scheme in dimension/accuracy. General metric TSP and later practical improvements are separate. Theoretical parallelism is not a measured hardware speedup.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Approximation algorithms","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"arora-euclidean-tsp-portal-ptas-1998","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2bac8865-cfcd-4fb9-a92e-253ec91329b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e99af81d2ff205df58211a0c1e895db377c2f21f92e7981a018f04411cbad8cf"},"humans":["Sanjeev Arora"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["cook-completeness"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-arora-euclidean-tsp-portal-ptas-1998-original","title":"Arora: Polynomial Time Approximation Schemes for Euclidean Traveling Salesman and other Geometric Problems (1998 article family)","url":"https://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs468-06-winter/Papers/arora-tsp.pdf"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"arora-euclidean-tsp-portal-ptas-1998","entry_id":"arora-euclidean-tsp-portal-ptas-1998","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2bac8865-cfcd-4fb9-a92e-253ec91329b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e99af81d2ff205df58211a0c1e895db377c2f21f92e7981a018f04411cbad8cf"},"what_changed":"A randomly shifted geometric dissection has a near-optimal Euclidean tour with few boundary crossings; portal-based dynamic programming gives an approximation scheme in any fixed dimension.","scope":"A randomly shifted geometric dissection has a near-optimal Euclidean tour with few boundary crossings; portal-based dynamic programming gives an approximation scheme in any fixed dimension. The approximation scheme concerns Euclidean TSP in fixed dimension with fixed requested accuracy. Its randomized structural theorem succeeds with a stated probability over shifts, not for every shift. Portals, crossing bounds, preprocessing and rounding have costs; the method is neither an exact solver nor a uniform efficient scheme in dimension/accuracy. General metric TSP and later practical improvements are separate. Theoretical parallelism is not a measured hardware speedup.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2bac8865-cfcd-4fb9-a92e-253ec91329b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e99af81d2ff205df58211a0c1e895db377c2f21f92e7981a018f04411cbad8cf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"aumasson-bernstein-siphash-short-input-prf-2012","title":"SipHash: fast secret-key hashing for short messages","summary":"SipHash combines a compact keyed ARX construction with fast short-input processing and an explicit PRF security goal for message authentication and secret-key hash-table defenses.\n\nA hash table can slow dramatically when many incoming names land in the same bucket. Choosing a public fast hash, or merely adding a weak secret salt, can leave that pattern predictable. Aumasson and Bernstein designed SipHash to make short-input hashing fast while treating the secret-key output as a cryptographic prediction problem. Their principal SipHash-2-4 proposal uses a 128-bit key, a 64-bit output and a four-word state, with two compression rounds per block and four finalization rounds. The original reports platform-specific speed measurements and preliminary cryptanalysis. Its security is an expectation supported by analysis, not a mathematical proof of the complete primitive. It is explicitly not collision-resistant, and secret hashing reduces rather than eliminates hash-flooding damage. This historical account does not independently certify cryptographic security or a deployed implementation.","boundary":"SipHash is a keyed short-input pseudorandom-function/MAC design, not a collision-resistant unkeyed hash or password-hashing scheme. The default SipHash-2-4 and more conservative SipHash-4-8 have different round counts. Security is limited by the 128-bit key and 64-bit output, and assumes no key/state leakage or related-key access. The paper offers cryptanalytic evidence and stated expectations, not a proof that every variant is unbreakable. WRS has not independently replayed the attacks or benchmarks, and this historical entry is not current deployment guidance.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Cryptography","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"aumasson-bernstein-siphash-short-input-prf-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:657e68fc-6813-442a-a0aa-1d7a23fc850b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ba6a7ff5f9f4132350eb10050d8a5b593fefe71f1c725566917dedc86e35512"},"humans":["Jean-Philippe Aumasson","Daniel J. Bernstein"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-aumasson-bernstein-siphash-short-input-prf-2012-original","title":"Aumasson and Bernstein: SipHash, a fast short-input PRF (author version2012.09.18)","url":"https://cr.yp.to/siphash/siphash-20120918.pdf"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"aumasson-bernstein-siphash-short-input-prf-2012","entry_id":"aumasson-bernstein-siphash-short-input-prf-2012","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:657e68fc-6813-442a-a0aa-1d7a23fc850b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ba6a7ff5f9f4132350eb10050d8a5b593fefe71f1c725566917dedc86e35512"},"what_changed":"SipHash combines a compact keyed ARX construction with fast short-input processing and an explicit PRF security goal for message authentication and secret-key hash-table defenses.","scope":"SipHash combines a compact keyed ARX construction with fast short-input processing and an explicit PRF security goal for message authentication and secret-key hash-table defenses. SipHash is a keyed short-input pseudorandom-function/MAC design, not a collision-resistant unkeyed hash or password-hashing scheme. The default SipHash-2-4 and more conservative SipHash-4-8 have different round counts. Security is limited by the 128-bit key and 64-bit output, and assumes no key/state leakage or related-key access. The paper offers cryptanalytic evidence and stated expectations, not a proof that every variant is unbreakable. WRS has not independently replayed the attacks or benchmarks, and this historical entry is not current deployment guidance.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:657e68fc-6813-442a-a0aa-1d7a23fc850b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ba6a7ff5f9f4132350eb10050d8a5b593fefe71f1c725566917dedc86e35512"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ba-kiros-hinton-layer-normalization-2016","title":"LayerNorm: normalize each example without batch statistics","summary":"Ba, Kiros and Hinton introduced layer normalization, computing activation mean and variance within each example instead of across a mini-batch, with learnable gains and biases and a recurrent-network formulation.\n\nBatch normalization uses statistics from other examples, which can complicate small-batch and recurrent training. LayerNorm instead computes its statistics from the hidden activations of the current example. The same normalization rule can run at training and test time, and recurrent networks can apply it separately at each step without storing a different set of batch statistics for every sequence position. The original 2016 paper reports useful training and generalization results across sequence, text-image, handwriting and digit tasks. It also reports that BatchNorm performs better in its preliminary convolutional-network experiments. LayerNorm changes the network computation, rather than merely rewriting the parameters of the same network. Its invariance analysis and practical benefits have conditions; it does not guarantee a global optimum or faster training for every architecture. The original three authors receive credit for this method, while later Transformer designs, implementations and refinements remain distinct.","boundary":"Normalization is within one example, with learnable gain/bias and specified recurrent statistics. The stated invariances need their scaling/shift and nonzero-variance assumptions; they do not include arbitrary input translations or every per-unit transformation. Fixed numerical stabilizers can alter exact invariance. The experiments concern the reported architectures and training settings, not a universal performance or convergence guarantee.","area":"Normalization for neural-network training","topic":"Machine learning methods","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ba-kiros-hinton-layer-normalization-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:85f219a3-23e7-4a88-a676-782811305d0f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da5e7915609f7742d3a2eae3e887005b9921efba347ff44d21f89c6cd3706bcf"},"humans":["Jimmy Lei Ba","Jamie Ryan Kiros","Geoffrey E. Hinton"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ioffe-szegedy-batch-normalization-2015"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-layernorm2016-v1-original","title":"Ba,KirosandHinton,LayerNormalization,exact2016arXiv1607.06450v1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.06450v1"},{"id":"wrs24-layernorm2016-v1-original-metadata","title":"Ba,KirosandHinton,LayerNormalization,exact2016arXiv1607.06450v1 repositoryidentity","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06450v1"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"ba-kiros-hinton-layer-normalization-2016","entry_id":"ba-kiros-hinton-layer-normalization-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:85f219a3-23e7-4a88-a676-782811305d0f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da5e7915609f7742d3a2eae3e887005b9921efba347ff44d21f89c6cd3706bcf"},"what_changed":"Ba, Kiros and Hinton introduced layer normalization, computing activation mean and variance within each example instead of across a mini-batch, with learnable gains and biases and a recurrent-network formulation.","scope":"Ba, Kiros and Hinton introduced layer normalization, computing activation mean and variance within each example instead of across a mini-batch, with learnable gains and biases and a recurrent-network formulation. Normalization is within one example, with learnable gain/bias and specified recurrent statistics. The stated invariances need their scaling/shift and nonzero-variance assumptions; they do not include arbitrary input translations or every per-unit transformation. Fixed numerical stabilizers can alter exact invariance. The experiments concern the reported architectures and training settings, not a universal performance or convergence guarantee.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:85f219a3-23e7-4a88-a676-782811305d0f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da5e7915609f7742d3a2eae3e887005b9921efba347ff44d21f89c6cd3706bcf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"banach-norm-preserving-functional-extension-1929","title":"Banach: extending a bounded linear measurement without increasing its norm","summary":"Banach proves that a bounded real-linear scalar functional on a subspace of a real normed space extends to the whole space with the same norm, and derives separation and closure criteria.\n\nSuppose a linear measurement is understood only on a small part of a larger space, and its size is bounded by the size of its input. Can it be extended to all inputs without making that bound worse? Banach answers yes for real normed spaces. He first chooses a compatible value on one new direction, then extends through a well-ordering. The result also constructs measurements that distinguish a point from a subspace when their distance is positive. The space need not be complete or separable. This is an existence and structure result: it neither selects a unique extension nor supplies a general numerical algorithm. Earlier related work by Riesz, Helly and Hahn remains part of the attribution context.","boundary":"The assessed result extends a bounded real-linear functional on a subspace of a real normed space while preserving its norm. Completeness, separability and a closed-subspace assumption are not required. The selected 1929 paper is distinct from its sequel and later complex/vector-valued extensions. Hahn’s earlier contribution and the other inherited tools retain credit. WRS has not independently reconstructed every original proof step.","area":"Functional analysis and normed spaces","topic":"Mathematics","year":1929,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"banach-norm-preserving-functional-extension-1929","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a739823f-8bd0-4d39-a499-1338aa8c2c69","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f91cbbe9e83b49e57fef90ec106a5167e19b4e32b68c38c4ef8085395abdf1a2"},"humans":["Stefan Banach"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["banach-abstract-operations-1922"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-banach-functional-extension-1929-original","title":"S. Banach, Sur les fonctionnelles linéaires, Studia Mathematica 1 (1929), 211–216","url":"https://www.impan.pl/shop/en/publication/transaction/download/product/92799"},{"id":"wrs24-banach-1929-publisher-metadata","title":"IMPAN publisher notice for Banach1929 functional-extension article","url":"https://www.impan.pl/en/publishing-house/journals-and-series/studia-mathematica/all/1/1/92799/sur-les-fonctionnelles-lineaires"},{"id":"wrs24-hahn-functional-theory-1927-metadata","title":"Hans Hahn, Über lineare Gleichungssysteme in linearen Räumen, publisher bibliographic record (1927)","url":"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/de/document/doi/10.1515/crll.1927.157.214/html"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"banach-norm-preserving-functional-extension-1929","entry_id":"banach-norm-preserving-functional-extension-1929","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a739823f-8bd0-4d39-a499-1338aa8c2c69","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f91cbbe9e83b49e57fef90ec106a5167e19b4e32b68c38c4ef8085395abdf1a2"},"what_changed":"Banach proves that a bounded real-linear scalar functional on a subspace of a real normed space extends to the whole space with the same norm, and derives separation and closure criteria.","scope":"Banach proves that a bounded real-linear scalar functional on a subspace of a real normed space extends to the whole space with the same norm, and derives separation and closure criteria. The assessed result extends a bounded real-linear functional on a subspace of a real normed space while preserving its norm. Completeness, separability and a closed-subspace assumption are not required. The selected 1929 paper is distinct from its sequel and later complex/vector-valued extensions. Hahn’s earlier contribution and the other inherited tools retain credit. WRS has not independently reconstructed every original proof step.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a739823f-8bd0-4d39-a499-1338aa8c2c69","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f91cbbe9e83b49e57fef90ec106a5167e19b4e32b68c38c4ef8085395abdf1a2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"basu-bounded-complete-sufficient-independence-1955","title":"Basu: when an ancillary statistic is independent of a sufficient summary","summary":"Basu's1955 Theorem2 shows that a boundedly complete sufficient statistic is independent of any statistic whose distribution does not depend on the model parameter.\n\nA statistic may summarize everything in a model about its unknown parameter, while another has the same distribution for every parameter value. These properties alone need not make the two independent. Basu identifies bounded completeness as the extra condition, gives a short conditional-probability proof and uses it to recover specified normal and Gamma distribution independence results.","boundary":"The exact target is Theorem 2 under the measurable-family and conditional-probability/sufficiency definitions of original 377–379, together with its stated illustrative use. Bounded completeness is required; arbitrary sufficient statistics do not yield the converse, as the original explicitly warns. Independence holds for each member of the model family, with the source's almost-everywhere conventions; no simultaneous pointwise strengthening across every conditional event/parameter is asserted. Parameter-independent distribution is the meaning of ancillary here, not absence of all scientific information. The normal and Gamma examples retain their distribution/model assumptions. The paper's Gaussian characterization draws on Darmois's earlier result and its Gamma characterization invokes Laha; neither is newly attributed wholesale to this criterion. No independent proof reconstruction or formal verification is recorded. Later generalizations and every statistical use of completeness remain separate.","area":"Mathematical statistics","topic":"Mathematics","year":1955,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"basu-bounded-complete-sufficient-independence-1955","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cd95635-fb7f-42af-a2be-8029a8c8fe6f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f255c74b6398b70fbaf354cc1ebc28c41a8a95c11feebfb48497b7b398fc96b6"},"humans":["Debabrata Basu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["fisher-mathematical-foundations-statistics-1922","neyman-pearson-testing"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-basu-1955-four-page-facsimile","title":"D.Basu, On Statistics Independent of a Complete Sufficient Statistic, Sankhya15(1955),377–380; facsimile in2011 Selected Works","url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-4419-5825-9_14.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-basu-1955-bibliographic-date","title":"University of Washington statistics reading note: Basu1955 original citation","url":"https://sites.stat.washington.edu/peter/582/basu.html"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"basu-bounded-complete-sufficient-independence-1955","entry_id":"basu-bounded-complete-sufficient-independence-1955","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cd95635-fb7f-42af-a2be-8029a8c8fe6f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f255c74b6398b70fbaf354cc1ebc28c41a8a95c11feebfb48497b7b398fc96b6"},"what_changed":"Connects bounded completeness and sufficiency to independence of every parameter-distribution-invariant statistic within the stated model, with a short general argument and distribution-theory illustrations.","scope":"Connects bounded completeness and sufficiency to independence of every parameter-distribution-invariant statistic within the stated model, with a short general argument and distribution-theory illustrations. The exact target is Theorem 2 under the measurable-family and conditional-probability/sufficiency definitions of original 377–379, together with its stated illustrative use. Bounded completeness is required; arbitrary sufficient statistics do not yield the converse, as the original explicitly warns. Independence holds for each member of the model family, with the source's almost-everywhere conventions; no simultaneous pointwise strengthening across every conditional event/parameter is asserted. Parameter-independent distribution is the meaning of ancillary here, not absence of all scientific information. The normal and Gamma examples retain their distribution/model assumptions. The paper's Gaussian characterization draws on Darmois's earlier result and its Gamma characterization invokes Laha; neither is newly attributed wholesale to this criterion. No independent proof reconstruction or formal verification is recorded. Later generalizations and every statistical use of completeness remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cd95635-fb7f-42af-a2be-8029a8c8fe6f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f255c74b6398b70fbaf354cc1ebc28c41a8a95c11feebfb48497b7b398fc96b6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bellman-routing-successive-approximation-1958","title":"Bellman: improve a route by updating what remains","summary":"Bellman applies dynamic-programming cost-to-go equations to positive-time finite routing and gives policy-initialized monotone successive approximations that reach the optimal travel cost after a bounded number of iterations.\n\nThe quickest route is not necessarily the shortest in distance or the road that looks best at the first junction. Bellman assigns each city the best remaining travel time to the destination. Updating a city means comparing its outgoing road time plus the currently known remaining time from the next city. Repeating these local comparisons improves the whole route estimate. For the positive travel times of the original finite model, an optimal route does not need a cycle, giving a bound on the necessary iterations. The paper explains initialization and monotone convergence and acknowledges an independently obtained version of the same iteration. Modern negative-edge variants and distributed routing systems are later, separate developments.","boundary":"The original model uses finitely many cities with strictly positive pairwise travel times and a fixed destination. Its initialization, recursion and iteration bound belong to that model. Nonnegative/negative weights, sparse-graph implementations and modern Bellman–Ford variants need their own conditions. The result does not provide a universal routing guarantee under arbitrary changing network conditions.","area":"Finite positive-time routing","topic":"Computing","year":1958,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"bellman-routing-successive-approximation-1958","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:812eb85e-b1ec-4d69-a6f8-c4e8f21c54dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:86b6bb4d60e0b7f99c5a8fa332ab68226fa867791e94cf444638625315b4d61f"},"humans":["Richard Bellman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dijkstra-shortest-path","bellman-dynamic-programming"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-bellman1958-routing-original","title":"Richard Bellman, On a Routing Problem (1958),87-90","url":"https://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/lans/readings/routing/bellman-routing-1958.pdf"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"bellman-routing-successive-approximation-1958","entry_id":"bellman-routing-successive-approximation-1958","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:812eb85e-b1ec-4d69-a6f8-c4e8f21c54dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:86b6bb4d60e0b7f99c5a8fa332ab68226fa867791e94cf444638625315b4d61f"},"what_changed":"Bellman applies dynamic-programming cost-to-go equations to positive-time finite routing and gives policy-initialized monotone successive approximations that reach the optimal travel cost after a bounded number of iterations.","scope":"Bellman applies dynamic-programming cost-to-go equations to positive-time finite routing and gives policy-initialized monotone successive approximations that reach the optimal travel cost after a bounded number of iterations. The original model uses finitely many cities with strictly positive pairwise travel times and a fixed destination. Its initialization, recursion and iteration bound belong to that model. Nonnegative/negative weights, sparse-graph implementations and modern Bellman–Ford variants need their own conditions. The result does not provide a universal routing guarantee under arbitrary changing network conditions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:812eb85e-b1ec-4d69-a6f8-c4e8f21c54dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:86b6bb4d60e0b7f99c5a8fa332ab68226fa867791e94cf444638625315b4d61f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ben-or-randomized-asynchronous-consensus-1983","title":"Ben-Or: randomized agreement without a common clock","summary":"Ben-Or presents randomized binary-agreement protocols for fully asynchronous message-passing systems: crash tolerance with N>2t and a Byzantine construction with N>5t, with probability-one termination under the stated admissible scheduling model.\n\nIf computers cannot distinguish a crashed peer from a slow one, a deterministic agreement algorithm may wait forever. Ben-Or changes one ingredient: unresolved participants can make random choices, while messages carry round information and quorum conditions protect agreement. The result is an early concrete route to eventual agreement without a shared timing bound. Randomness changes the termination guarantee; it does not make every possible sequence finish by a deadline. The Byzantine variant also requires participants to identify message senders. These are mathematical protocols, not a ready-made permissionless network or a mechanism for deciding which scientific claim is true.","boundary":"The 1983 target is a four-page extended abstract, not a full proof article. N is a fixed process population and t a fault bound; fair admissible schedules eventually deliver messages to continuing correct receivers. Crash and Byzantine protocols have different sufficient thresholds, N>2 t and N>5 t. Byzantine senders must be identifiable; no Sybil/open-membership guarantee follows. The scheduler may use past/current state, not unspecified foreknowledge of future random choices. Probability-one termination does not mean every random tape terminates or impose a wall-clock deadline. The efficiency discussion allows exponential expected rounds; the introduction explicitly limits constant expected rounds for t=O(sqrt(N)) to synchronous execution. Source theorem wording sometimes says all processes in the crash case, but already crashed processes need not decide. The account does not certify a complete pseudocode transcription or reconstruct the omitted proof details. Its 1983 uncertainty about the 5 t bound is not a claim that this remains optimal or open today. No proof/model checking or live protocol replay was performed. FLP, prior randomized synchronization and later improved protocols retain separate ownership. Agreement does not establish scientific correctness.","area":"Randomized asynchronous agreement","topic":"Computing","year":1983,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ben-or-randomized-asynchronous-consensus-1983","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1770ce0-1977-4b48-a2f8-aa09d01ddc6d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95a89e6aa8b9b9887837517d5b0462860f4dbd4994e4f7241d8f311845663cf2"},"humans":["Michael Ben-Or"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["flp-consensus-limit","byzantine-generals","chandra-toueg-unreliable-failure-detectors-1996","dwork-lynch-stockmeyer-partial-synchrony-1988"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-ben-or-asynchronous-consensus-1983","title":"Ben-Or, Another Advantage of Free Choice: Completely Asynchronous Agreement Protocols, PODC1983 extended abstract","url":"https://homepage.cs.uiowa.edu/~ghosh/BenOr.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-ben-or-1983-huji-metadata","title":"Hebrew University research output: Ben-Or1983 original byline, year and pages","url":"https://cris.huji.ac.il/en/publications/another-advantage-of-free-choice-completely-asynchronous-agreemen/"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"ben-or-randomized-asynchronous-consensus-1983","entry_id":"ben-or-randomized-asynchronous-consensus-1983","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1770ce0-1977-4b48-a2f8-aa09d01ddc6d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95a89e6aa8b9b9887837517d5b0462860f4dbd4994e4f7241d8f311845663cf2"},"what_changed":"Ben-Or presents randomized binary-agreement protocols for fully asynchronous message-passing systems: crash tolerance with N>2t and a Byzantine construction with N>5t, with probability-one termination under the stated admissible scheduling model.","scope":"Ben-Or presents randomized binary-agreement protocols for fully asynchronous message-passing systems: crash tolerance with N>2t and a Byzantine construction with N>5t, with probability-one termination under the stated admissible scheduling model. The 1983 target is a four-page extended abstract, not a full proof article. N is a fixed process population and t a fault bound; fair admissible schedules eventually deliver messages to continuing correct receivers. Crash and Byzantine protocols have different sufficient thresholds, N>2 t and N>5 t. Byzantine senders must be identifiable; no Sybil/open-membership guarantee follows. The scheduler may use past/current state, not unspecified foreknowledge of future random choices. Probability-one termination does not mean every random tape terminates or impose a wall-clock deadline. The efficiency discussion allows exponential expected rounds; the introduction explicitly limits constant expected rounds for t=O(sqrt(N)) to synchronous execution. Source theorem wording sometimes says all processes in the crash case, but already crashed processes need not decide. The account does not certify a complete pseudocode transcription or reconstruct the omitted proof details. Its 1983 uncertainty about the 5 t bound is not a claim that this remains optimal or open today. No proof/model checking or live protocol replay was performed. FLP, prior randomized synchronization and later improved protocols retain separate ownership. Agreement does not establish scientific correctness.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1770ce0-1977-4b48-a2f8-aa09d01ddc6d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95a89e6aa8b9b9887837517d5b0462860f4dbd4994e4f7241d8f311845663cf2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"benders-mixed-variable-partitioning-1962","title":"Benders: separating a hard decision from a linear subproblem","summary":"Benders partitions a mixed-variable optimization problem into a master problem and a linear subproblem, generating only the dual constraints needed to identify an optimum or detect infeasibility or unboundedness, under explicit solution and compactness assumptions.\n\nA large optimization problem may combine difficult choices with a simpler linear calculation. Benders separates the two. The master proposes a choice; the linear subproblem checks what that choice makes possible. A successful check sends back a bound on the objective. An impossible choice sends back a constraint explaining why it must be excluded. These constraints accumulate, so the master learns from earlier proposals without constructing every possible constraint in advance. The method also keeps upper and lower bounds, showing how much uncertainty remains. It does not make the difficult master disappear: that problem must still be solved correctly. The original paper gives a finite theoretical procedure and small computer experiments, while stating that useful general estimates of the number of steps were not yet available.","boundary":"The partitioned subproblem is linear; the remaining master problem may still be difficult. The computational argument assumes the stated boundedness/continuity and correctly solved master/subproblems. Finite polyhedral generators support feasibility-ray and optimality-point cuts, not polynomial runtime for every mixed problem. A big-M variant requires a sufficiently large/adapted value or a separate phase. Reported test cases are not an independently reproduced performance study.","area":"Optimization and operations research","topic":"Mathematics and computing","year":1962,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"benders-mixed-variable-partitioning-1962","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:999c108a-482b-454b-aa62-5e12ed27a4b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c195c95689a4ba5d96a4a87bce346916905c19c1578994beaa6a9eeed5ba39ef"},"humans":["J. F. Benders"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dantzig-simplex-1947","karmarkar-polynomial-linear-programming-1984"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-benders-partition1962-original","title":"J. F. Benders, Partitioning procedures for solving mixed-variables programming problems; exact1962 original","url":"https://www.im-uff.mat.br/puc-rio/disciplinas/2006.1/soe/arquivos/benders-numerische-mathematik-1962.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-benders1962-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited identity for the exact1962 Benders partitioning paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF01386316"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"benders-mixed-variable-partitioning-1962","entry_id":"benders-mixed-variable-partitioning-1962","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:999c108a-482b-454b-aa62-5e12ed27a4b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c195c95689a4ba5d96a4a87bce346916905c19c1578994beaa6a9eeed5ba39ef"},"what_changed":"Benders partitions a mixed-variable optimization problem into a master problem and a linear subproblem, generating only the dual constraints needed to identify an optimum or detect infeasibility or unboundedness, under explicit solution and compactness assumptions.","scope":"Benders partitions a mixed-variable optimization problem into a master problem and a linear subproblem, generating only the dual constraints needed to identify an optimum or detect infeasibility or unboundedness, under explicit solution and compactness assumptions. The partitioned subproblem is linear; the remaining master problem may still be difficult. The computational argument assumes the stated boundedness/continuity and correctly solved master/subproblems. Finite polyhedral generators support feasibility-ray and optimality-point cuts, not polynomial runtime for every mixed problem. A big-M variant requires a sufficiently large/adapted value or a separate phase. Reported test cases are not an independently reproduced performance study.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:999c108a-482b-454b-aa62-5e12ed27a4b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c195c95689a4ba5d96a4a87bce346916905c19c1578994beaa6a9eeed5ba39ef"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"berrou-glavieux-thitimajshima-turbo-codes-1993","title":"Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima: iterative turbo error-correcting codes","summary":"Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima combine interleaved recursive convolutional encoders with iterative soft-information decoding and report close-to-channel-limit error performance under a specified long-block Gaussian-channel simulation.\n\nA noisy message can be encoded twice, with the second encoder seeing its bits in a different order. Two decoders then exchange information about uncertain bits. Each tries to pass new evidence rather than simply repeating the same received information. This paper shows striking simulation performance for a carefully chosen code, channel, long interleaver and iteration schedule. The exchange is approximate: more iterations can worsen results at low signal levels, and long blocks require memory and delay. The result opens a powerful coding route without proving every such decoder reaches channel capacity.","boundary":"Exact 1993 ICC conference paper 1064-1070/PDF 1-7 all original technical/annex/reference text read. Parallel recursive convolutional codes, interleaving and iterative extrinsic soft information use discrete Gaussian memoryless/binary-channel assumptions and approximate weak correlation/Gaussian feedback. Reported Monte Carlo uses rate 1/2, componentrate 2/3, constraintlength 5/16 states,65536-bit 256 x 256 interleaver,128 blocks and iterations up to 18. Close-to-limit headline is specific reported performance, not universal capacity/global convergence or hardware-efficiency proof. Low-SNR BER can worsen with iteration; weighting/interleaver choices and storage/delay matter. No exact headline Eb/N0 value or independently certified formula transcription is supplied here. Crossref date is null;1993 established by source copyright/conference identity. No independent certification.","area":"Signal computation and communication","topic":"Computing","year":1993,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"berrou-glavieux-thitimajshima-turbo-codes-1993","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f210b25b-5792-4f6b-a82e-12a407a1fe80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:526ec33ec1030eea9a5077f6dd05701b386d6f20d24ffdae56295b5b7343ba11"},"humans":["Claude Berrou","Alain Glavieux","Punya Thitimajshima"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["viterbi-convolutional-decoding-1967","shannon"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-turbo1993-original","title":"Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima: iterative turbo error-correcting codes; exact original contribution text","url":"https://archive.reu.dimacs.rutgers.edu/2008/alexo/public_html/turbo.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-turbo1993-crossref","title":"IEEE-deposited exact turbo-code conference identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1109%2FICC.1993.397441"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"berrou-glavieux-thitimajshima-turbo-codes-1993","entry_id":"berrou-glavieux-thitimajshima-turbo-codes-1993","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f210b25b-5792-4f6b-a82e-12a407a1fe80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:526ec33ec1030eea9a5077f6dd05701b386d6f20d24ffdae56295b5b7343ba11"},"what_changed":"Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima combine interleaved recursive convolutional encoders with iterative soft-information decoding and report close-to-channel-limit error performance under a specified long-block Gaussian-channel simulation.","scope":"Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima combine interleaved recursive convolutional encoders with iterative soft-information decoding and report close-to-channel-limit error performance under a specified long-block Gaussian-channel simulation. Exact 1993 ICC conference paper 1064-1070/PDF 1-7 all original technical/annex/reference text read. Parallel recursive convolutional codes, interleaving and iterative extrinsic soft information use discrete Gaussian memoryless/binary-channel assumptions and approximate weak correlation/Gaussian feedback. Reported Monte Carlo uses rate 1/2, componentrate 2/3, constraintlength 5/16 states,65536-bit 256 x 256 interleaver,128 blocks and iterations up to 18. Close-to-limit headline is specific reported performance, not universal capacity/global convergence or hardware-efficiency proof. Low-SNR BER can worsen with iteration; weighting/interleaver choices and storage/delay matter. No exact headline Eb/N0 value or independently certified formula transcription is supplied here. Crossref date is null;1993 established by source copyright/conference identity. No independent certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f210b25b-5792-4f6b-a82e-12a407a1fe80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:526ec33ec1030eea9a5077f6dd05701b386d6f20d24ffdae56295b5b7343ba11"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"birkhoff-neumann-quantum-logic-1936","title":"Birkhoff and von Neumann: a lattice framework for quantum propositions","summary":"Birkhoff and von Neumann associated quantum propositions with closed linear subspaces and studied meet, join and orthogonal complement. They used nondistributivity to distinguish this structure from the Boolean algebra of classical propositions and explored projective-geometric models under additional assumptions.\n\nThe joint paper turns relations between quantum propositions into algebraic objects that can be compared with classical set logic. Its mathematical investigation offers several possible models and identifies an obstruction to extending the finite-dimensional modular picture unchanged. The framework is distinct from von Neumann's computing, minimax and joint operator-ring works.","boundary":"The physical interpretation is explicitly heuristic and includes postulates. Finite-dimensional modular/projective reconstruction requires stated extra assumptions; infinite-dimensional closed-subspace lattices need not be modular, as the paper itself shows. No unique quantum theory, experimentally mandated replacement of all classical logic, or complete later quantum-logic theory is claimed.","area":"Quantum logic","topic":"Mathematics","year":1936,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"birkhoff-neumann-quantum-logic-1936","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5191b394-b097-4c88-af9a-b0933e8e79da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12acef4e634592ed715989f45b8caf1e8a93ffb4505eb82400f7f1a9bc40d2b6"},"humans":["Garrett Birkhoff","John von Neumann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["von-neumann-minimax-games-1928"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-birkhoff-neumann-quantum-logic-1936","title":"Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann, The Logic of Quantum Mechanics, Annals of Mathematics 37 (1936), 823–843","url":"https://sites.unimi.it/carati/didattica/fondamenti/BirkhoffVanNeumann.pdf"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"birkhoff-neumann-quantum-logic-1936","entry_id":"birkhoff-neumann-quantum-logic-1936","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5191b394-b097-4c88-af9a-b0933e8e79da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12acef4e634592ed715989f45b8caf1e8a93ffb4505eb82400f7f1a9bc40d2b6"},"what_changed":"Closed-subspace lattice operations express a proposed quantum-proposition calculus, expose nondistributivity and explore finite-dimensional projective reconstruction under explicit extra assumptions.","scope":"Closed-subspace lattice operations express a proposed quantum-proposition calculus, expose nondistributivity and explore finite-dimensional projective reconstruction under explicit extra assumptions. The physical interpretation is explicitly heuristic and includes postulates. Finite-dimensional modular/projective reconstruction requires stated extra assumptions; infinite-dimensional closed-subspace lattices need not be modular, as the paper itself shows. No unique quantum theory, experimentally mandated replacement of all classical logic, or complete later quantum-logic theory is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5191b394-b097-4c88-af9a-b0933e8e79da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12acef4e634592ed715989f45b8caf1e8a93ffb4505eb82400f7f1a9bc40d2b6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bjerknes-physical-weather-prediction-programme-1904","title":"Bjerknes: weather forecasting as a physical state-evolution problem","summary":"Bjerknes’s1904 programme connects weather prediction to a sufficiently observed atmospheric state and the physical laws governing its evolution. It proposes graphical or mixed numerical updates, alternating dynamical and thermodynamic calculations, with later observations used to improve the method.\n\nTo predict tomorrow’s weather, first construct a picture of the atmosphere now—not just at ground level, but at different heights and over the sea. Then advance that picture using motion, conservation, state and heat relations. Bjerknes proposes separating the calculation into linked pieces and comparing predicted fields with later measurements. The article describes a research programme and its unresolved data and parameter needs, rather than presenting a working computerized forecasting service.","boundary":"Exact target is the 1904 physical prediction/research programme in the complete 2009 scholarly English translation; German original unread and editor notes are later context. Listing seven variables/equation groups is a proposed modeling organization, not a proof of closure, existence, uniqueness, numerical stability or accurate prediction. Ocean/upper-air observations, effective friction, radiation and moisture budgets remain explicit gaps. Dynamical/thermodynamic alternation and suggested hourly/six-hour updates are proposals awaiting experience, not validated convergence or forecast-skill guarantees. Mean-scale mapping/interpolation discards detail; initial-state and model errors are not removed by determinism. Historical surface-fraction and thermodynamic claims are not adopted as modern quantitative facts. No completed operational forecast, computer implementation or claimed first-ever weather-prediction idea; earlier physical/observational work and later numerical implementations remain separate.","area":"Atmospheric science","topic":"Earth science","year":1904,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"bjerknes-physical-weather-prediction-programme-1904","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d19bb4a-eef2-4eaf-a147-f111f3f954e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e5b5d6da76e796d7e63a17b15072bbe96ac9a1b0609b2b2106c4a05ebf9721ea"},"humans":["Vilhelm Bjerknes"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["kalman-filter","lorenz-deterministic-nonperiodic-flow-1963","pangu-weather"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-bjerknes-1904-translated-original-2009","title":"Vilhelm Bjerknes,1904 weather-prediction programme, translated/edited by Esther Volken and Stefan Brönnimann in Meteorologische Zeitschrift18(2009),663–667","url":"https://math.nyu.edu/~gerber/courses/2018-fruhling/bjerknes-physical_basis_NWP-MeteoZ-1904-english.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-bjerknes-1904-metoffice-bibliographic-record","title":"UK Met Office library original1904Bjerknes bibliographic record","url":"https://library.metoffice.gov.uk/portal/Default/en-GB/RecordView/Index/288166"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"bjerknes-physical-weather-prediction-programme-1904","entry_id":"bjerknes-physical-weather-prediction-programme-1904","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d19bb4a-eef2-4eaf-a147-f111f3f954e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e5b5d6da76e796d7e63a17b15072bbe96ac9a1b0609b2b2106c4a05ebf9721ea"},"what_changed":"Organizes atmospheric diagnosis, coupled physical time advance, approximate computation and later observational correction into a coherent research programme with named unresolved needs.","scope":"Organizes atmospheric diagnosis, coupled physical time advance, approximate computation and later observational correction into a coherent research programme with named unresolved needs. Exact target is the 1904 physical prediction/research programme in the complete 2009 scholarly English translation; German original unread and editor notes are later context. Listing seven variables/equation groups is a proposed modeling organization, not a proof of closure, existence, uniqueness, numerical stability or accurate prediction. Ocean/upper-air observations, effective friction, radiation and moisture budgets remain explicit gaps. Dynamical/thermodynamic alternation and suggested hourly/six-hour updates are proposals awaiting experience, not validated convergence or forecast-skill guarantees. Mean-scale mapping/interpolation discards detail; initial-state and model errors are not removed by determinism. Historical surface-fraction and thermodynamic claims are not adopted as modern quantitative facts. No completed operational forecast, computer implementation or claimed first-ever weather-prediction idea; earlier physical/observational work and later numerical implementations remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d19bb4a-eef2-4eaf-a147-f111f3f954e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e5b5d6da76e796d7e63a17b15072bbe96ac9a1b0609b2b2106c4a05ebf9721ea"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bond-cole-efstathiou-kaiser-excursion-set-first-crossing-1991","title":"Excursion sets: follow the first threshold crossing to avoid nested double counting","summary":"Bond, Cole, Efstathiou and Kaiser replace single-scale threshold counting with first crossings across smoothing scales, derive the Press-Schechter factor of two for sharp-k Gaussian walks, and extend the framework to conditional mass histories.\n\nA small dense region can sit inside a larger region that also collapses. Counting each scale separately risks assigning the same matter more than once. This paper follows the smoothed initial density at each position as the smoothing scale changes, and assigns it using the first crossing of a collapse threshold. With a sharp cutoff in Fourier space and Gaussian fluctuations, the changes are independent: a Brownian first-passage calculation recovers the earlier Press-Schechter mass formula, including its factor of two. Other filters give correlated histories, so the same analytic answer does not automatically apply; the authors use bounds and numerical trajectories instead. A two-threshold construction also describes conditional mass distributions at two epochs. Comparisons with existing simulations support some average mass statistics over their tested range, while particle-by-particle identification, especially for small groups, performs poorly. The statistical construction is a reusable cosmological model, with filter, mass-calibration and collapse assumptions explicitly retained.","boundary":"The halo mapping assumes a homogeneous isotropic Gaussian initial field and a specified collapse threshold. Sharp-k filtering supplies independent increments and the Brownian first-crossing calculation; other filters produce correlated, non-Markov histories and require approximations or numerics. Filter-radius/mass calibration and finite simulation comparisons have limits. This is not an exact physical collapse theory, complete merger-history model or independently verified prediction for every mass range.","area":"Astronomy","topic":"Cosmological excursion sets","year":1991,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"bond-cole-efstathiou-kaiser-excursion-set-first-crossing-1991","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:293bc591-dcb8-4b83-a483-219008501a77","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f0d4d58c43bbaf4da333883d20254ea76d0b662c230c339a4aae8c0e1896bcb"},"humans":["J. R. Bond","S. Cole","G. Efstathiou","N. Kaiser"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["press-schechter-self-similar-condensation-model-1974"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-bond-cole-efstathiou-kaiser-excursion-set-first-crossing-1991-original","title":"Bond/Cole/Efstathiou/Kaiser1991: Excursionsetmassfunctions, complete440-460","url":"https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1991ApJ...379..440B"},{"id":"wrs24-bond-cole-efstathiou-kaiser-excursion-set-first-crossing-1991-original-later","title":"Maggiore/Riotto2009v3: nonMarkovexcursion/boundary formulation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0903.1249v3"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"bond-cole-efstathiou-kaiser-excursion-set-first-crossing-1991","entry_id":"bond-cole-efstathiou-kaiser-excursion-set-first-crossing-1991","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:293bc591-dcb8-4b83-a483-219008501a77","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f0d4d58c43bbaf4da333883d20254ea76d0b662c230c339a4aae8c0e1896bcb"},"what_changed":"Bond, Cole, Efstathiou and Kaiser replace single-scale threshold counting with first crossings across smoothing scales, derive the Press-Schechter factor of two for sharp-k Gaussian walks, and extend the framework to conditional mass histories.","scope":"Bond, Cole, Efstathiou and Kaiser replace single-scale threshold counting with first crossings across smoothing scales, derive the Press-Schechter factor of two for sharp-k Gaussian walks, and extend the framework to conditional mass histories. The halo mapping assumes a homogeneous isotropic Gaussian initial field and a specified collapse threshold. Sharp-k filtering supplies independent increments and the Brownian first-crossing calculation; other filters produce correlated, non-Markov histories and require approximations or numerics. Filter-radius/mass calibration and finite simulation comparisons have limits. This is not an exact physical collapse theory, complete merger-history model or independently verified prediction for every mass range.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:293bc591-dcb8-4b83-a483-219008501a77","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f0d4d58c43bbaf4da333883d20254ea76d0b662c230c339a4aae8c0e1896bcb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bondi-spherical-polytropic-accretion-family-1952","title":"Bondi: balance gravity and pressure in spherical gas accretion","summary":"Bondi solves the steady spherical polytropic accretion problem, identifies subsonic and critical transonic branches, and derives the mass-rate scaling and critical coefficient under an explicit inner-domain assumption.\n\nHow quickly can a star collect gas that is initially at rest far away? Gravity pulls it inward, while gas pressure resists compression. Bondi combines mass conservation with the energy equation to describe this competition using dimensionless variables. The accretion rate scales as the square of the central mass and the ambient gas density, divided by the cube of the ambient sound speed. A dimensionless coefficient labels the possible steady flows. When the modeled domain reaches the critical radius, that coefficient cannot exceed a gamma-dependent limit. At the critical value, a smooth solution can pass from subsonic to supersonic flow; smaller values also permit steady subsonic flows. The steady equations therefore do not uniquely select the physically realized rate. Bondi proposes an energy-based preference for the critical flow but expressly notes difficulties for an open, infinitely extended system. The result became a widely used reference model, although rotating flows, relativistic gravity, feedback and non-steady gas require additional physics.","boundary":"The family assumes steady spherical Newtonian flow onto a fixed central mass, a polytropic gas at rest at infinity and 1<=gamma<=5/3. Rotation, self-gravity and mass growth are omitted. The critical rate depends on the inner-boundary domain; steady equations alone do not select it. The isothermal and gamma=5/3 endpoints require their own limits. The source’s energy/stability selection and moving-star interpolation are provisional, not universal proven theorems.","area":"Astronomy","topic":"Spherical gas accretion","year":1952,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"bondi-spherical-polytropic-accretion-family-1952","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e01ba65-0f61-490d-aadb-0034f181a9e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a36405ff46132cac121242254d892db4fd7433b91c6e1a807f3b795bbec35699"},"humans":["H. Bondi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-bondi-spherical-polytropic-accretion-family-1952-original","title":"H. Bondi1952, On spherically symmetrical accretion, completeoriginal195-204","url":"https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1952MNRAS.112..195B"},{"id":"wrs24-bondi-spherical-polytropic-accretion-family-1952-original-publisher","title":"RAS/Oxford1952original bibliographicidentity/abstract","url":"https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/112/2/195/2601964"},{"id":"wrs24-bondi-spherical-polytropic-accretion-family-1952-original-modern-history","title":"Philip J. Armitage2020: Bondi’s accretion model as a continuing astrophysical reference","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.00203"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"bondi-spherical-polytropic-accretion-family-1952","entry_id":"bondi-spherical-polytropic-accretion-family-1952","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e01ba65-0f61-490d-aadb-0034f181a9e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a36405ff46132cac121242254d892db4fd7433b91c6e1a807f3b795bbec35699"},"what_changed":"Bondi solves the steady spherical polytropic accretion problem, identifies subsonic and critical transonic branches, and derives the mass-rate scaling and critical coefficient under an explicit inner-domain assumption.","scope":"Bondi solves the steady spherical polytropic accretion problem, identifies subsonic and critical transonic branches, and derives the mass-rate scaling and critical coefficient under an explicit inner-domain assumption. The family assumes steady spherical Newtonian flow onto a fixed central mass, a polytropic gas at rest at infinity and 1<=gamma<=5/3. Rotation, self-gravity and mass growth are omitted. The critical rate depends on the inner-boundary domain; steady equations alone do not select it. The isothermal and gamma=5/3 endpoints require their own limits. The source’s energy/stability selection and moving-star interpolation are provisional, not universal proven theorems.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e01ba65-0f61-490d-aadb-0034f181a9e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a36405ff46132cac121242254d892db4fd7433b91c6e1a807f3b795bbec35699"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"booth-signed-binary-multiplication-1951","title":"Booth: multiplying positive and negative binary numbers uniformly","summary":"Booth’s1951 paper gives an add/subtract/shift procedure for signed binary multiplication that avoids a separate sign-detection and correction routine. It adapts a shortcut idea from decimal desk calculators to complementary binary representation.\n\nA computer should multiply two negative numbers just as reliably as two positive ones, without first switching to a separate routine. Booth looks at transitions between neighboring multiplier digits. Those transitions tell the machine whether to add, subtract or simply shift the accumulated partial result. The same pattern handles all sign combinations in the paper’s representation, making the control procedure more uniform.","boundary":"Exact target is the original finite signed-binary complement/mod 2 fractional representation and pair-transition add/subtract/right-shift process, including its start/end conventions. Correctness relies on the stated modular arithmetic and shift/register conventions; converting it to bounded-width integer hardware needs explicit sign extension, width and overflow rules. The account does not supply an executable transcription or extreme-value certification. The original motivates simpler sign handling, not a universal speed, energy or circuit-area advantage. It does not imply subquadratic complexity; later modified higher-radix Booth recoding and modern multiplier layouts are separate. Earlier complementary representation, non-restoring division and Rey/Spencer sign-correction work retain credit.","area":"Computer arithmetic","topic":"Computing","year":1951,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"booth-signed-binary-multiplication-1951","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa53bfe7-7161-446b-a562-3a77d3459a59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d4dcf0bb64a6879df2c9d237a467bcf0c1b344ea732ff5cab5387bc95790d7b4"},"humans":["Andrew D. Booth"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dijkstra-shortest-path","hoare-quicksort-1962","goldstine-von-neumann-planning-coding-1947"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-booth-1951-original-ucdavis","title":"Andrew D. Booth, A Signed Binary Multiplication Technique, QJMAM 4(2),236–240 (1951), institution-hosted original scan","url":"https://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~bbaas/281/papers/Booth.1951.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-booth-1951-publisher-metadata","title":"Oxford Academic: Booth signed-binary multiplication publication record","url":"https://academic.oup.com/qjmam/article-abstract/4/2/236/1874893"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"booth-signed-binary-multiplication-1951","entry_id":"booth-signed-binary-multiplication-1951","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa53bfe7-7161-446b-a562-3a77d3459a59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d4dcf0bb64a6879df2c9d237a467bcf0c1b344ea732ff5cab5387bc95790d7b4"},"what_changed":"Replaces explicit sign-correction branching with a uniform pair-transition signed binary add/subtract/shift procedure.","scope":"Replaces explicit sign-correction branching with a uniform pair-transition signed binary add/subtract/shift procedure. Exact target is the original finite signed-binary complement/mod 2 fractional representation and pair-transition add/subtract/right-shift process, including its start/end conventions. Correctness relies on the stated modular arithmetic and shift/register conventions; converting it to bounded-width integer hardware needs explicit sign extension, width and overflow rules. The account does not supply an executable transcription or extreme-value certification. The original motivates simpler sign handling, not a universal speed, energy or circuit-area advantage. It does not imply subquadratic complexity; later modified higher-radix Booth recoding and modern multiplier layouts are separate. Earlier complementary representation, non-restoring division and Rey/Spencer sign-correction work retain credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa53bfe7-7161-446b-a562-3a77d3459a59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d4dcf0bb64a6879df2c9d237a467bcf0c1b344ea732ff5cab5387bc95790d7b4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"born-oppenheimer-molecular-mass-expansion-1927","title":"Born and Oppenheimer: separate the energy scales of electrons, vibration and rotation","summary":"Born and Oppenheimer organized electronic, vibrational and rotational energies of stable molecules into a perturbation expansion in the fourth root of the electron-to-nuclear mass ratio.\n\nA molecule contains light electrons and much heavier nuclei. Their motions have different energy scales, so treating everything at once obscures useful structure. Born and Oppenheimer used quantum mechanics to organize the calculation: first solve the electronic problem with the nuclei fixed, then use that electronic energy as a potential for small nuclear vibrations near a stable equilibrium and for rotation. In their expansion, vibration enters at second order and rotation at fourth order in the fourth root of the mass ratio. They illustrated the method for two-atom molecules and connected transition intensities to earlier Franck-Condon work. This is an approximation scheme with explicit exclusions, rather than an exact universal separation. The paper set aside electronic degeneracies and detailed higher-order coupling. The body read here is an identified, later English translation with named emendations; a literal comparison against the original German formulas remains outstanding.","boundary":"This is a stationary perturbation scheme based on the small electron/nuclear mass ratio, a stable electronic equilibrium and a smooth nondegenerate electronic branch. Small localized vibrations and fixed small quantum numbers matter. It is not a proven uniformly convergent expansion for arbitrary molecular states, crossings or reaction dynamics. Later adiabatic corrections and general formulations remain separate.","area":"Quantum mechanics","topic":"Electronic and nuclear energy scales","year":1927,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"born-oppenheimer-molecular-mass-expansion-1927","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e6180d3-6135-4d39-a714-c29c2a1461d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:adb85f2ce300a2e6a46e9c72ba693b9d57871ee39606fb9e66ccb060680fa634"},"humans":["M. Born","R. Oppenheimer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["schrodinger","kohn-sham-equations"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-bornoppenheimer1927-translated-body","title":"Born andOppenheimer, On the Quantum Theory of Molecules,identifiedBlindertranslation withemendations,Radboudcopy","url":"https://www.theochem.ru.nl/files/dbase/born-oppenheimer-translated-s-m-blinder.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-bornoppenheimer1927-publisher-metadata","title":"Wiley Crossrefdeposit for1927Born/Oppenheimeroriginal","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fandp.19273892002"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"born-oppenheimer-molecular-mass-expansion-1927","entry_id":"born-oppenheimer-molecular-mass-expansion-1927","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e6180d3-6135-4d39-a714-c29c2a1461d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:adb85f2ce300a2e6a46e9c72ba693b9d57871ee39606fb9e66ccb060680fa634"},"what_changed":"Born and Oppenheimer organized electronic, vibrational and rotational energies of stable molecules into a perturbation expansion in the fourth root of the electron-to-nuclear mass ratio.","scope":"Born and Oppenheimer organized electronic, vibrational and rotational energies of stable molecules into a perturbation expansion in the fourth root of the electron-to-nuclear mass ratio. This is a stationary perturbation scheme based on the small electron/nuclear mass ratio, a stable electronic equilibrium and a smooth nondegenerate electronic branch. Small localized vibrations and fixed small quantum numbers matter. It is not a proven uniformly convergent expansion for arbitrary molecular states, crossings or reaction dynamics. Later adiabatic corrections and general formulations remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e6180d3-6135-4d39-a714-c29c2a1461d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:adb85f2ce300a2e6a46e9c72ba693b9d57871ee39606fb9e66ccb060680fa634"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"boyer-brassard-hoyer-tapp-unknown-count-search-1996","title":"BBHT: how to stop quantum search without knowing the solution count","summary":"Boyer, Brassard, Hoyer and Tapp analyze quantum-search success after a specified number of iterations and give a randomized procedure with order sqrt(N/t) expected query cost when the positive number t of marked items is unknown.\n\nA quantum search can fail because it runs too long, not only because it runs too briefly. BBHT derive an explicit success curve, allowing useful stopping points when the number of marked items is known. When that number is unknown, they randomize the iteration count and gradually enlarge its range, checking the observed candidate before continuing. The expected query cost scales with the square root of the ratio of candidates to solutions, under the stated oracle model. Large solution fractions can be handled by ordinary sampling. If no solution exists, a timeout gives a bounded-error absence decision, not an unconditional proof that a solution is impossible. The same 1996 preprint sketches approximate quantum counting but explicitly leaves important details for further work. This entry credits the analysis and unknown-count search procedure, while the underlying search iteration remains Grover's contribution.","boundary":"The target is the May 1996 preprint. The unknown-count procedure randomizes iteration counts, grows their range and checks observed candidates in the coherent unit-query oracle model. For a positive number t of marked items, its expected cost is O(sqrt(N/t)), not a deterministic deadline for every run. A zero-solution timeout is a bounded-error decision, not an unconditional absence proof. The counting section is a sketch rather than the complete later amplitude-estimation theory. Grover’s underlying iteration and earlier lower-bound work retain separate credit.","area":"Quantum search and query complexity","topic":"Quantum computing","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"boyer-brassard-hoyer-tapp-unknown-count-search-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c2e21976-dcec-4812-a8f3-68e611091346","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e8d0edbdece017c2155f5ebe132ef35aedacb0e8e50bc9630aedcc61b504832"},"humans":["Michel Boyer","Gilles Brassard","Peter Høyer","Alain Tapp"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["grover-unstructured-quantum-search-1996","shor-algorithm"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-bbht1996-complete-v1-original","title":"Boyer, Brassard, Hoyer and Tapp, Tight bounds on quantum searching, exact1996arXivv1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9605034v1"},{"id":"wrs24-grover1996-complete-v3-original","title":"Grover, A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search, exact1996arXivv3","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9605043v3"},{"id":"wrs24-bbht1996-exact-version-metadata","title":"BBHT exactv1 repository identity and complete4author byline","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9605034v1"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"boyer-brassard-hoyer-tapp-unknown-count-search-1996","entry_id":"boyer-brassard-hoyer-tapp-unknown-count-search-1996","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c2e21976-dcec-4812-a8f3-68e611091346","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e8d0edbdece017c2155f5ebe132ef35aedacb0e8e50bc9630aedcc61b504832"},"what_changed":"Boyer, Brassard, Hoyer and Tapp analyze quantum-search success after a specified number of iterations and give a randomized procedure with order sqrt(N/t) expected query cost when the positive number t of marked items is unknown.","scope":"Boyer, Brassard, Hoyer and Tapp analyze quantum-search success after a specified number of iterations and give a randomized procedure with order sqrt(N/t) expected query cost when the positive number t of marked items is unknown. The target is the May 1996 preprint. The unknown-count procedure randomizes iteration counts, grows their range and checks observed candidates in the coherent unit-query oracle model. For a positive number t of marked items, its expected cost is O(sqrt(N/t)), not a deterministic deadline for every run. A zero-solution timeout is a bounded-error decision, not an unconditional absence proof. The counting section is a sketch rather than the complete later amplitude-estimation theory. Grover’s underlying iteration and earlier lower-bound work retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c2e21976-dcec-4812-a8f3-68e611091346","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e8d0edbdece017c2155f5ebe132ef35aedacb0e8e50bc9630aedcc61b504832"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bresenham-integer-grid-line-plotting-1965","title":"Bresenham: drawing straight lines with integer decisions","summary":"Bresenham described a compact integer-update algorithm that selects adjacent plotter-grid points to follow a straight line between integer-coordinate endpoints, handling all eight octants without per-step multiplication or division.\n\nA digital plotter can move from a grid point to one of eight neighboring points. To draw a straight segment, it must repeatedly choose which neighbor stays closest to the intended line. Bresenham replaced repeated geometric calculations with a signed integer decision value: in a normalized shallow octant it starts at twice the vertical change minus the horizontal change, then changes only by additions after each horizontal or diagonal move. The paper derives the recurrence and supplies an octant-selection table. Its historical implementation reports 333 IBM1401 core locations and about1.5milliseconds per increment; these are contemporary measurements, not modern performance tests. The article acknowledges a functionally similar1963 algorithm by F.G.Stockton, so it is not presented here as the first integer plotting method. The claim assumes integer grid endpoints and a straight segment. Approximating a curved dataset additionally requires suitably chosen sample points. Tie conventions matter: reversing the endpoints can select a different equally close pixel. This discrete plotting contribution does not provide antialiasing, a guarantee for arbitrary curves, or ownership of later raster-graphics algorithms.","boundary":"The target is integer-grid plotting of straight segments with the specified nearest-grid decision and tie conventions. Endpoint ordering and half-grid ties can affect reversal symmetry. Finite examples do not establish a universal rasterization theorem, subpixel antialiasing or performance for arbitrary curves. The original device assumptions and later generalized algorithms remain distinct.","area":"Computing","topic":"Computer graphics and discrete algorithms","year":1965,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"bresenham-integer-grid-line-plotting-1965","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7e64104e-7594-423a-a074-c591e6a5b1f2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:53d7ca3f047075f180df2e844f2c6684b4a0006040a2b783c4c48fa2c7a95fad"},"humans":["J. E. Bresenham"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-bresenham-integer-grid-line-plotting-1965-original","title":"J.E.Bresenham, Algorithm for computer control of a digital plotter (1965) — completeoriginalarticle","url":"https://ibm-1401.info/Pics3/bresenham1965.pdf"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"bresenham-integer-grid-line-plotting-1965","entry_id":"bresenham-integer-grid-line-plotting-1965","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7e64104e-7594-423a-a074-c591e6a5b1f2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:53d7ca3f047075f180df2e844f2c6684b4a0006040a2b783c4c48fa2c7a95fad"},"what_changed":"Bresenham described a compact integer-update algorithm that selects adjacent plotter-grid points to follow a straight line between integer-coordinate endpoints, handling all eight octants without per-step multiplication or division.","scope":"Bresenham described a compact integer-update algorithm that selects adjacent plotter-grid points to follow a straight line between integer-coordinate endpoints, handling all eight octants without per-step multiplication or division. The target is integer-grid plotting of straight segments with the specified nearest-grid decision and tie conventions. Endpoint ordering and half-grid ties can affect reversal symmetry. Finite examples do not establish a universal rasterization theorem, subpixel antialiasing or performance for arbitrary curves. The original device assumptions and later generalized algorithms remain distinct.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7e64104e-7594-423a-a074-c591e6a5b1f2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:53d7ca3f047075f180df2e844f2c6684b4a0006040a2b783c4c48fa2c7a95fad"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"buckingham-dimensional-similarity-1914","title":"Buckingham: dimensionless products and physically similar systems","summary":"Buckingham organizes a complete dimensionally homogeneous physical relation into independent dimensionless products and derives conditional scaling rules for geometrically and physically similar systems.\n\nA small model can help predict a full-sized machine only when the relevant physical ratios are preserved. The paper explains how a complete list of variables and independent dimensions yields a smaller set of dimensionless products. Experiments or theory must still determine the relation between those products. Its heat-transfer and propeller examples show both the usefulness of scaling and the practical limit: in the same fluid and gravity, a differently sized propeller cannot generally preserve viscous and gravity similarity at once.","boundary":"For n variables with dimensional rank k, there are n-k independent products; k is the rank of the declared variables, not automatically three or every conceivable base unit. The variable list, geometric/material ratios and dimensionful constants must be complete, and similarity concerns a common physical law, not unrelated mechanisms with matching numbers. The theorem does not determine the unknown function, numerical coefficients or a globally unique solved form. Some heat-transfer examples are hypothetical; turbulence/viscosity simplifications are conditional approximations. Propeller scaling excludes cavitation and may neglect skin friction. In the same fluid and gravity, matching both Reynolds and Froude ratios at different size is obstructed unless an effect is legitimately omitted or resources change. The final gravitational-unit discussion uses a declared physical constraint, not a universal modern two-unit rule. Full formula/proof and experimental replay were not certified.","area":"Dimensional analysis and physical similarity","topic":"Engineering","year":1914,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"buckingham-dimensional-similarity-1914","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f17a9c03-4a3a-4a90-aa68-f4bf67de769c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02ed7684b9879111b1ccf409f160a57c32e7547224ff535e609a71e1271008ec"},"humans":["E. Buckingham"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["reynolds-viscous-flow-criterion-1895"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-buckingham-similar-systems-1914-original","title":"Buckingham: dimensionless products and physically similar systems — original article scan","url":"https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/research/papers/others/1914/buckingham1914a.pdf"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"buckingham-dimensional-similarity-1914","entry_id":"buckingham-dimensional-similarity-1914","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f17a9c03-4a3a-4a90-aa68-f4bf67de769c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02ed7684b9879111b1ccf409f160a57c32e7547224ff535e609a71e1271008ec"},"what_changed":"Buckingham organizes a complete dimensionally homogeneous physical relation into independent dimensionless products and derives conditional scaling rules for geometrically and physically similar systems.","scope":"Buckingham organizes a complete dimensionally homogeneous physical relation into independent dimensionless products and derives conditional scaling rules for geometrically and physically similar systems. For n variables with dimensional rank k, there are n-k independent products; k is the rank of the declared variables, not automatically three or every conceivable base unit. The variable list, geometric/material ratios and dimensionful constants must be complete, and similarity concerns a common physical law, not unrelated mechanisms with matching numbers. The theorem does not determine the unknown function, numerical coefficients or a globally unique solved form. Some heat-transfer examples are hypothetical; turbulence/viscosity simplifications are conditional approximations. Propeller scaling excludes cavitation and may neglect skin friction. In the same fluid and gravity, matching both Reynolds and Froude ratios at different size is obstructed unless an effect is legitimately omitted or resources change. The final gravitational-unit discussion uses a declared physical constraint, not a universal modern two-unit rule. Full formula/proof and experimental replay were not certified.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f17a9c03-4a3a-4a90-aa68-f4bf67de769c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02ed7684b9879111b1ccf409f160a57c32e7547224ff535e609a71e1271008ec"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"canny-edge-detection-computational-design-1986","title":"Canny: find boundaries while balancing noise and precision","summary":"An edge-detector design balances detection, localization and duplicate responses, leading to an efficient Gaussian-gradient approximation with hysteresis and multiscale integration.\n\nFinding a boundary in a noisy photograph involves a tradeoff: averaging can make an edge easier to detect while making its position less precise. Canny turned these competing goals, plus avoiding duplicate responses, into a mathematical design problem. The resulting practical detector smooths the image, looks for gradient peaks across an edge, and links strong responses to connected weaker ones using two thresholds. Additional scales and elongated operators address different noise levels and locally straight contours. The familiar Gaussian derivative is an efficient approximation rather than a universal optimum. The theory assumes specified edge profiles and Gaussian noise; texture, corners and mixed edge types need further care. The image experiments and complete optimization have not been independently reproduced or certified here.","boundary":"The filter criteria use a specified edge cross-section, additive white Gaussian noise and a small-noise localization approximation. Expected peak spacing is not a guarantee of exactly one response. Numerical filter design, Gaussian-derivative approximation, nonmaximum suppression and hysteresis require parameter choices. Scale trades signal-to-noise against localization. The method does not promise universal optimum detection across textures, corners or all noise models; combined edge/ridge results were inconclusive.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Computer vision","year":1986,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"canny-edge-detection-computational-design-1986","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9393a77b-1a5b-423c-a8ec-2ba121514485","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a542fa8545181d531d4b51fb5cfd525c6cb5b4e95f300a3f5828118e6e35b2bd"},"humans":["John Canny"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["harris-stephens-corner-edge-detector-1988","lowe-sift-keypoints-2004"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-canny-edge-detection-computational-design-1986-original","title":"John Canny: A Computational Approach to Edge Detection (1986)","url":"https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall13/cos429/papers/Canny86.pdf"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"canny-edge-detection-computational-design-1986","entry_id":"canny-edge-detection-computational-design-1986","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9393a77b-1a5b-423c-a8ec-2ba121514485","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a542fa8545181d531d4b51fb5cfd525c6cb5b4e95f300a3f5828118e6e35b2bd"},"what_changed":"An edge-detector design balances detection, localization and duplicate responses, leading to an efficient Gaussian-gradient approximation with hysteresis and multiscale integration.","scope":"An edge-detector design balances detection, localization and duplicate responses, leading to an efficient Gaussian-gradient approximation with hysteresis and multiscale integration. The filter criteria use a specified edge cross-section, additive white Gaussian noise and a small-noise localization approximation. Expected peak spacing is not a guarantee of exactly one response. Numerical filter design, Gaussian-derivative approximation, nonmaximum suppression and hysteresis require parameter choices. Scale trades signal-to-noise against localization. The method does not promise universal optimum detection across textures, corners or all noise models; combined edge/ridge results were inconclusive.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9393a77b-1a5b-423c-a8ec-2ba121514485","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a542fa8545181d531d4b51fb5cfd525c6cb5b4e95f300a3f5828118e6e35b2bd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chandra-toueg-unreliable-failure-detectors-1996","title":"Chandra and Toueg: unreliable failure detectors for reliable systems","summary":"Chandra and Toueg define unreliable failure detectors through completeness and accuracy, construct crash-tolerant consensus algorithms using them, and reduce consensus and atomic broadcast to one another under the stated asynchronous model.\n\nA timeout supplies a suspicion, not proof that another computer has stopped. The paper makes that distinction part of the system model: a failure detector may repeatedly accuse working processes yet still provide enough limited information for a carefully designed consensus algorithm. Its abstraction separates application reasoning from the detector’s physical implementation. Different accuracy assumptions tolerate different numbers of crashes, and an eventually accurate detector still needs a correct majority for the stated message-passing solution. The algorithms preserve agreement without forcing falsely suspected correct processes to crash.","boundary":"The main model has fixed known processes, reliable pairwise channels, fair eventual delivery/steps and crash-stop failures without recovery, not arbitrary Byzantine behavior or Sybil membership. Perpetual and eventual accuracy are distinct: the eventual class used for consensus needs a strict correct majority; stronger perpetual accuracy can tolerate n-1 crashes. These are quantified history properties, not a measured detection-success percentage. The detector is additional information, so this does not refute FLP. Growing timeouts implement the claimed class only under additional timing assumptions; pure asynchrony permits endlessly recurring false suspicions. Initial message loss invalidates the unmodified Figure 6 consensus algorithm, as the paper explicitly notes. Some classification and appendix proofs are omitted/sketched; repentance depends on algorithm/knowledge and extends the earlier failure-pattern-only formalism. The weakest-detector necessity result belongs to a separately credited three-author companion. The read 44-page author manuscript has pagination placeholders; equality to every final publisher-page detail is unverified. Full proof/model checking and claimed implementation efficiency were not independently replayed. Agreement is not scientific correctness.","area":"Failure detection and asynchronous agreement","topic":"Computing","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"chandra-toueg-unreliable-failure-detectors-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:84e3ce2c-ba35-4d04-a185-05012bba5ac2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69199eccf5cbc03075a7c9942ebf3b9b5cf17d31d40e904c7ce30b462046394b"},"humans":["Tushar Deepak Chandra","Sam Toueg"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["flp-consensus-limit","dwork-lynch-stockmeyer-partial-synchrony-1988","lamport-logical-clocks","lamport-part-time-parliament-paxos-1998"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-chandra-toueg-failure-detectors-1996-author","title":"Chandra and Toueg, Unreliable Failure Detectors for Reliable Distributed Systems: public44-page author manuscript","url":"https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall07/cos518/papers/unreliable.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-chandra-toueg-1996-jacm-bibliography","title":"MIT Journal of the ACM Bibliography: Chandra and Toueg1996 publication and abstract","url":"https://projects.csail.mit.edu/jacm/References/chandrat1996:225.html"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"chandra-toueg-unreliable-failure-detectors-1996","entry_id":"chandra-toueg-unreliable-failure-detectors-1996","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:84e3ce2c-ba35-4d04-a185-05012bba5ac2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69199eccf5cbc03075a7c9942ebf3b9b5cf17d31d40e904c7ce30b462046394b"},"what_changed":"Chandra and Toueg define unreliable failure detectors through completeness and accuracy, construct crash-tolerant consensus algorithms using them, and reduce consensus and atomic broadcast to one another under the stated asynchronous model.","scope":"Chandra and Toueg define unreliable failure detectors through completeness and accuracy, construct crash-tolerant consensus algorithms using them, and reduce consensus and atomic broadcast to one another under the stated asynchronous model. The main model has fixed known processes, reliable pairwise channels, fair eventual delivery/steps and crash-stop failures without recovery, not arbitrary Byzantine behavior or Sybil membership. Perpetual and eventual accuracy are distinct: the eventual class used for consensus needs a strict correct majority; stronger perpetual accuracy can tolerate n-1 crashes. These are quantified history properties, not a measured detection-success percentage. The detector is additional information, so this does not refute FLP. Growing timeouts implement the claimed class only under additional timing assumptions; pure asynchrony permits endlessly recurring false suspicions. Initial message loss invalidates the unmodified Figure 6 consensus algorithm, as the paper explicitly notes. Some classification and appendix proofs are omitted/sketched; repentance depends on algorithm/knowledge and extends the earlier failure-pattern-only formalism. The weakest-detector necessity result belongs to a separately credited three-author companion. The read 44-page author manuscript has pagination placeholders; equality to every final publisher-page detail is unverified. Full proof/model checking and claimed implementation efficiency were not independently replayed. Agreement is not scientific correctness.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:84e3ce2c-ba35-4d04-a185-05012bba5ac2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69199eccf5cbc03075a7c9942ebf3b9b5cf17d31d40e904c7ce30b462046394b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chandrasekhar-stellar-dynamical-friction-coefficient-1943","title":"Chandrasekhar: gravitational encounters produce systematic stellar slowing","summary":"Chandrasekhar connects stellar gravitational fluctuations to systematic velocity deceleration and derives an approximate dynamical-friction coefficient from binary encounters in an isotropic stellar background.\n\nA star passing through other stars receives many small gravitational deflections. Random kicks alone would keep spreading the velocity distribution without limit. Chandrasekhar explains why the same statistical description must also contain systematic slowing if a Maxwellian equilibrium is to remain unchanged. He then calculates this slowing by summing idealized two-star encounters. The calculation needs a finite maximum impact parameter and a leading logarithmic approximation. In that approximation, the friction depends on the number of background stars moving more slowly than the star being considered; it does not say that faster stars have exactly zero effect in every encounter calculation. A Maxwellian background gives a familiar error-function velocity dependence. The coefficient is of the order of the inverse relaxation time. The paper also identifies limitations in its isotropic fluctuation model and leaves a more complete statistical treatment for later work. This provides a major stellar-dynamics tool, with a declared range rather than a universal drag law for every galaxy or gas.","boundary":"The coefficient uses local isotropic stellar velocities and binary Newtonian encounters with a finite impact-parameter cutoff. The leading large-log approximation does not imply exactly zero contribution from every faster star. Maxwellian and diffusion assumptions constrain the result. Inhomogeneous cores, gas drag, collective wakes and a uniquely justified cutoff are outside this target. Later core-stalling results caution against universal application.","area":"Astronomy","topic":"Stellar dynamical friction","year":1943,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"chandrasekhar-stellar-dynamical-friction-coefficient-1943","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f9a7f8c2-e47f-46f7-a949-e7a299493281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b85d262bd85206ac9e54ebcbe2a6ffede45c0ac23d525fff4f569701f7c691db"},"humans":["S. Chandrasekhar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-chandrasekhar-stellar-dynamical-friction-coefficient-1943-original","title":"S. Chandrasekhar1943DynamicalfrictionI original255-262completewebtext","url":"https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1943ApJ....97..255C"},{"id":"wrs24-chandrasekhar-stellar-dynamical-friction-coefficient-1943-original-modern-boundary","title":"Readetal2006: Dynamicalfrictioninconstantdensitycores, explicitmodel-limit evidence","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0606636v2"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"chandrasekhar-stellar-dynamical-friction-coefficient-1943","entry_id":"chandrasekhar-stellar-dynamical-friction-coefficient-1943","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f9a7f8c2-e47f-46f7-a949-e7a299493281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b85d262bd85206ac9e54ebcbe2a6ffede45c0ac23d525fff4f569701f7c691db"},"what_changed":"Chandrasekhar connects stellar gravitational fluctuations to systematic velocity deceleration and derives an approximate dynamical-friction coefficient from binary encounters in an isotropic stellar background.","scope":"Chandrasekhar connects stellar gravitational fluctuations to systematic velocity deceleration and derives an approximate dynamical-friction coefficient from binary encounters in an isotropic stellar background. The coefficient uses local isotropic stellar velocities and binary Newtonian encounters with a finite impact-parameter cutoff. The leading large-log approximation does not imply exactly zero contribution from every faster star. Maxwellian and diffusion assumptions constrain the result. Inhomogeneous cores, gas drag, collective wakes and a uniquely justified cutoff are outside this target. Later core-stalling results caution against universal application.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f9a7f8c2-e47f-46f7-a949-e7a299493281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b85d262bd85206ac9e54ebcbe2a6ffede45c0ac23d525fff4f569701f7c691db"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"charney-baroclinic-long-wave-stability-1947","title":"Charney: why a vertically sheared current can grow weather-scale waves","summary":"Charney added continuous vertical shear and latitude-dependent rotation to an idealized atmospheric model, deriving bounded long-wave stability and structure rather than treating all waves as stable barotropic motion.\n\nA wind can be faster higher in the atmosphere, with that shear tied to a horizontal temperature gradient. Charney studied how a small wave grows or travels in such a current. After excluding fast oscillations under stated inequalities, he reduced the vertical structure to an eigenvalue problem with ground and upper-air boundary conditions. Graphical calculations distinguish neutral waves from growing waves and relate the threshold to shear and wavelength. Near the onset of growth, the calculation produces thermal asymmetry and a westward tilt with height. The paper also identifies where the simplified upper atmosphere distorts the result, leaves the link to frontal disturbances unresolved and credits the theories it builds on.","boundary":"Small linear disturbances of an adiabatic compressible hydrostatic midlatitude zonal current; curvature neglected, meridional-independent perturbations with background coefficients evaluated at a mean latitude, prescribed lapse rate and continuous vertical shear. Ground impermeability, vanishing upper momentum and tropopause matching imposed. Slow-wave inequalities filter acoustic/shearing-gravity components and imply approximate meridional geostrophy. Further mean-temperature and continued-shear simplifications support graphical stability curves; unstable-wave speed/structure uses a near-critical expansion, not an unrestricted exact solution. Original 138–139/158 flags unrealistic upper-level extrema, unresolved frontal coupling, unfinished tropical extension and schematic values valid only in order of magnitude. Seasonal weather comparisons are not held-out forecast skill or proof for every real cyclone. exact equations, plotted curves and tables not independently certified/replayed. No nonlinear saturation, later Eady theory or numerical forecast implementation absorbed.","area":"Atmospheric dynamics","topic":"Earth science","year":1947,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"charney-baroclinic-long-wave-stability-1947","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f253a9e-6f11-4db7-abdc-09c57e2a9085","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:140fba8364718989bee9a21f8a52b0e4720a14b24387f6d9122225710a176a26"},"humans":["J. G. Charney"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["milankovitch-insolation"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-charney-1947-original","title":"J.G.Charney, The Dynamics of Long Waves in a Baroclinic Westerly Current (1947), original135–162","url":"https://empslocal.ex.ac.uk/people/staff/gv219/classics.d/Charney47.pdf"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"charney-baroclinic-long-wave-stability-1947","entry_id":"charney-baroclinic-long-wave-stability-1947","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f253a9e-6f11-4db7-abdc-09c57e2a9085","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:140fba8364718989bee9a21f8a52b0e4720a14b24387f6d9122225710a176a26"},"what_changed":"A continuous vertical-shear atmosphere can generate growing long waves; the paper connects a constrained stability eigenproblem to wave speed, thermal asymmetry and near-onset vertical structure.","scope":"A continuous vertical-shear atmosphere can generate growing long waves; the paper connects a constrained stability eigenproblem to wave speed, thermal asymmetry and near-onset vertical structure. Small linear disturbances of an adiabatic compressible hydrostatic midlatitude zonal current; curvature neglected, meridional-independent perturbations with background coefficients evaluated at a mean latitude, prescribed lapse rate and continuous vertical shear. Ground impermeability, vanishing upper momentum and tropopause matching imposed. Slow-wave inequalities filter acoustic/shearing-gravity components and imply approximate meridional geostrophy. Further mean-temperature and continued-shear simplifications support graphical stability curves; unstable-wave speed/structure uses a near-critical expansion, not an unrestricted exact solution. Original 138–139/158 flags unrealistic upper-level extrema, unresolved frontal coupling, unfinished tropical extension and schematic values valid only in order of magnitude. Seasonal weather comparisons are not held-out forecast skill or proof for every real cyclone. exact equations, plotted curves and tables not independently certified/replayed. No nonlinear saturation, later Eady theory or numerical forecast implementation absorbed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f253a9e-6f11-4db7-abdc-09c57e2a9085","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:140fba8364718989bee9a21f8a52b0e4720a14b24387f6d9122225710a176a26"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"charney-fjortoft-neumann-barotropic-numerical-forecasts-1950","title":"Charney, Fjörtoft and von Neumann: test numerical forecasts of large-scale weather","summary":"Charney, Fjörtoft and von Neumann implement a limited-area barotropic-vorticity forecast on ENIAC, reporting four 24-hour experiments from observed 500-mb charts and analysing numerical, observational and model errors.\n\nA forecast can be treated as the evolution of a measured physical state. This work turns that idea into electronic calculations of large atmospheric patterns. It advances a simplified vorticity equation and solves a spatial equation to recover the height field, while treating the artificial regional boundary carefully. Some predicted developments agree well with observations; others fail. Coarse resolution, uncertain starting data and omitted vertical structure each matter. The paper reports that a24-hour forecast took about24hours including substantial punch-card handling, and distinguishes measured costs from proposed faster implementations. Its importance lies in making numerical prediction a concrete, testable research programme, with failures helping identify the next model. It does not claim modern operational accuracy or ownership of all later forecasting.","boundary":"The experiment uses a nondivergent, quasi-geostrophic barotropic model at a chosen atmospheric level. Boundary conditions, frozen linearization, differencing and observational inputs matter. The historical forecast cases and compute time are limited demonstrations, not held-out skill for a modern full-atmosphere model. Baroclinic dynamics and later numerical forecasting systems remain separate.","area":"Earth Science","topic":"Atmospheric dynamics and electronic numerical prediction","year":1950,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"charney-fjortoft-neumann-barotropic-numerical-forecasts-1950","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:448dea9c-b917-4643-a1bc-a4643f44ba89","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ed5b2e5ee05a276a46783e0a27612baac734c6f417be38619b860c702f5aa229"},"humans":["J. G. Charney","R. Fjörtoft","J. von Neumann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["bjerknes-physical-weather-prediction-programme-1904","charney-baroclinic-long-wave-stability-1947","rossby-collaborators-zonal-planetary-waves-1939"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-charney-fjortoft-neumann-barotropic-numerical-forecasts-1950-journal","title":"J.G.Charney, R.Fjörtoft, J.vonNeumann, Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation — full1950journal article in publisher-reissuedPDF","url":"https://www.vorticity.de/_edu/charney_et_al_numerical_integration_of_the_barotropic_vorticity_equation.pdf"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"charney-fjortoft-neumann-barotropic-numerical-forecasts-1950","entry_id":"charney-fjortoft-neumann-barotropic-numerical-forecasts-1950","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:448dea9c-b917-4643-a1bc-a4643f44ba89","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ed5b2e5ee05a276a46783e0a27612baac734c6f417be38619b860c702f5aa229"},"what_changed":"Charney, Fjörtoft and von Neumann implement a limited-area barotropic-vorticity forecast on ENIAC, reporting four 24-hour experiments from observed 500-mb charts and analysing numerical, observational and model errors.","scope":"Charney, Fjörtoft and von Neumann implement a limited-area barotropic-vorticity forecast on ENIAC, reporting four 24-hour experiments from observed 500-mb charts and analysing numerical, observational and model errors. The experiment uses a nondivergent, quasi-geostrophic barotropic model at a chosen atmospheric level. Boundary conditions, frozen linearization, differencing and observational inputs matter. The historical forecast cases and compute time are limited demonstrations, not held-out skill for a modern full-atmosphere model. Baroclinic dynamics and later numerical forecasting systems remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:448dea9c-b917-4643-a1bc-a4643f44ba89","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ed5b2e5ee05a276a46783e0a27612baac734c6f417be38619b860c702f5aa229"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chebyshev-quantitative-prime-bounds-1852","title":"Chebyshev: rigorous bounds on how often primes appear","summary":"The1852 memoir replaces prime-table conjectures with quantitative bounds on weighted prime counts and uses them to prove Bertrand’s interval claim beyond the finite range covered by tables.\n\nA table can show many examples of primes between a number and roughly twice that number, but it cannot rule out an exception farther away. Chebyshev links the logarithm of a factorial to sums over primes and prime powers, then bounds those sums. That turns a pattern in a table into a statement about every sufficiently large input. He closes the remaining finite cases using prime tables, preserving Bertrand’s role in posing the conjecture. The bounds also constrain how many primes occur, while remaining weaker than the exact asymptotic relation proved later in the prime number theorem.","boundary":"The target is quantitative upper/lower weighted-prime and interval-count bounds and the original Bertrand proof for integer a>3: a prime lies strictly between a and 2 a−2. Original 381–382 treats a>160 analytically and smaller admissible integers by prime tables; finite table checks alone do not prove the infinite range. Theta sums natural logarithms over primes up to x, distinct from the auxiliary prime-power sum. These bounds do not prove pi(x)~x/log(x), a zero-free zeta theorem or general primes in every shorter interval. Later series applications impose positivity/monotonicity conditions and are not advertised here as universal convergence criteria. no independent full proof replay. Presentation 1850 and publication 1852 are distinguished without duplicate counting.","area":"Number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1852,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"chebyshev-quantitative-prime-bounds-1852","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d98508b9-f8bd-4efd-a96c-2e38cca6af07","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e3d8596bfb45b083ea9a1dfa2427a172b2925909a29258652c09e3113db6c80"},"humans":["Tchebichef (Chebyshev)"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dirichlet-primes-arithmetic-progressions-1837"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-chebyshev-primes-1852-original","title":"Tchebichef, Mémoire sur les nombres premiers (1852), original366–390","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/JMPA_1852_1_17__366_0.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-chebyshev-primes-1852-numdam-metadata","title":"Numdam/BnF Mathdoc catalogue of the1852 Tchebichef memoir","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/JMPA_1852_1_17__366_0/"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"chebyshev-quantitative-prime-bounds-1852","entry_id":"chebyshev-quantitative-prime-bounds-1852","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d98508b9-f8bd-4efd-a96c-2e38cca6af07","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e3d8596bfb45b083ea9a1dfa2427a172b2925909a29258652c09e3113db6c80"},"what_changed":"Factorial/prime-power identities yield rigorous weighted-prime bounds and an all-admissible-integer Bertrand proof with explicit analytic/finite-case separation.","scope":"Factorial/prime-power identities yield rigorous weighted-prime bounds and an all-admissible-integer Bertrand proof with explicit analytic/finite-case separation. The target is quantitative upper/lower weighted-prime and interval-count bounds and the original Bertrand proof for integer a>3: a prime lies strictly between a and 2 a−2. Original 381–382 treats a>160 analytically and smaller admissible integers by prime tables; finite table checks alone do not prove the infinite range. Theta sums natural logarithms over primes up to x, distinct from the auxiliary prime-power sum. These bounds do not prove pi(x)~x/log(x), a zero-free zeta theorem or general primes in every shorter interval. Later series applications impose positivity/monotonicity conditions and are not advertised here as universal convergence criteria. no independent full proof replay. Presentation 1850 and publication 1852 are distinguished without duplicate counting.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d98508b9-f8bd-4efd-a96c-2e38cca6af07","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e3d8596bfb45b083ea9a1dfa2427a172b2925909a29258652c09e3113db6c80"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chern-intrinsic-gauss-bonnet-proof-1944","title":"Chern: an intrinsic proof connecting curvature to Euler characteristic","summary":"Chern gives an intrinsic differential-form proof that integrates curvature to the Euler characteristic for closed oriented even-dimensional Riemannian manifolds, avoiding the earlier proof's use of local Euclidean embeddings.\n\nLocal curvature and the overall shape of a space can appear to be unrelated. This proof connects them by lifting the problem to the space of unit tangent directions. There, a curvature form becomes the derivative of another form. A vector field with an isolated singularity lets Stokes' theorem turn the integral into a count expressed by that singularity's index. The equality was already known in general closed cases; Chern's contribution here is an intrinsic route to it. The paper offers a clear method for connecting geometric quantities and topological invariants, rather than claiming every later characteristic-class result.","boundary":"Exact 1944 Annals 45(4),747-752 original: all six article pages/PDF 2-7 text and footnotes read, PDF 1 archive cover metadata only. Closed orientable even-dimensional Riemannian manifold, with the differentiability/metric regularity stated in the paper; no boundary/noncompact/odd-dimensional or lowered-regularity extension imported. Curvature top form is pulled back to the unit tangent sphere bundle, where transgression makes it exact; it is not claimed exact on the closed base. Vector-field index theorem and Stokes are inherited. General formula already attributed in the introduction to Allendoerfer/Weil; Chern supplies an intrinsic proof, not sole first discovery of all cases. Later polyhedral extensions, all Chern/characteristic classes, index theory and downstream applications separate. The complete symbolic proof and its coefficients have not been independently reconstructed or certified here. independent scientific/calibration certification NONE.","area":"Intrinsic curvature and topology","topic":"Mathematics","year":1944,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"chern-intrinsic-gauss-bonnet-proof-1944","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a3b0bea-d2e2-48e4-aa4e-8adc64e09101","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b0e3adb2afa2148b47febeff589d2f5190436dafb08529813c72fc237a8cf65"},"humans":["Shiing-Shen Chern"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["riemann-geometry-foundations","atiyah-singer-index-compact-manifolds-1963","gauss-curved-surfaces-1827"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-chern1944-intrinsic-original","title":"Chern, A Simple Intrinsic Proof of the Gauss-Bonnet Formula for Closed Riemannian Manifolds, Annals45(4),747-752(1944), original scan","url":"https://webhomes.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/chern7.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-chern1944-crossref-identity","title":"Publisher-deposited Crossref identity for Chern1944 intrinsic proof","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.2307%2F1969302"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"chern-intrinsic-gauss-bonnet-proof-1944","entry_id":"chern-intrinsic-gauss-bonnet-proof-1944","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a3b0bea-d2e2-48e4-aa4e-8adc64e09101","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b0e3adb2afa2148b47febeff589d2f5190436dafb08529813c72fc237a8cf65"},"what_changed":"Chern gives an intrinsic differential-form proof that integrates curvature to the Euler characteristic for closed oriented even-dimensional Riemannian manifolds, avoiding the earlier proof's use of local Euclidean embeddings.","scope":"Chern gives an intrinsic differential-form proof that integrates curvature to the Euler characteristic for closed oriented even-dimensional Riemannian manifolds, avoiding the earlier proof's use of local Euclidean embeddings. Exact 1944 Annals 45(4),747-752 original: all six article pages/PDF 2-7 text and footnotes read, PDF 1 archive cover metadata only. Closed orientable even-dimensional Riemannian manifold, with the differentiability/metric regularity stated in the paper; no boundary/noncompact/odd-dimensional or lowered-regularity extension imported. Curvature top form is pulled back to the unit tangent sphere bundle, where transgression makes it exact; it is not claimed exact on the closed base. Vector-field index theorem and Stokes are inherited. General formula already attributed in the introduction to Allendoerfer/Weil; Chern supplies an intrinsic proof, not sole first discovery of all cases. Later polyhedral extensions, all Chern/characteristic classes, index theory and downstream applications separate. The complete symbolic proof and its coefficients have not been independently reconstructed or certified here. independent scientific/calibration certification NONE.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a3b0bea-d2e2-48e4-aa4e-8adc64e09101","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b0e3adb2afa2148b47febeff589d2f5190436dafb08529813c72fc237a8cf65"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"clarke-transmission-line-graphical-calculator-1925","title":"Clarke: a graphical calculator for long transmission lines","summary":"Clarke's charts and movable arms support graphical evaluation of inherited distributed-parameter transmission-line equations, yielding voltage/current ratios and phase relations.\n\nEngineers could set line and load characteristics on a physical diagram rather than repeat the whole calculation by hand. The patent describes approximations for its chosen line model; a constructed instrument's performance is a separate evidentiary question.","boundary":"The target is the apparatus described in selected passages of US 1552113, filed 1921/published 1925. Heaviside's equations are inherited. Neglected leakance, near-constant LC and other stated approximations limit the chart model. Patent accuracy statements and later tenfold-speed claims are not independently replayed. The Clarke transform, every power-grid advance and all calculator history are separate.","area":"Electrical power-system calculation","topic":"Energy & engineering","year":1925,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"clarke-transmission-line-graphical-calculator-1925","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce974e1b-6ed9-4125-ae69-8709f54cdb9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:20a1807b6b1454acafe3ef53115b62da9d7b3903da0f45c12ea8fa3c80b3632c"},"humans":["Edith Clarke"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["richardson-finite-differences-masonry-dam-1911","jevons-numerical-discrimination-1871"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-clarke-calculator-us1552113","title":"Edith Clarke, Calculator, US1552113, filed8 June1921, published1 September1925","url":"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ad/d9/9b/8f8a776516f5af/US1552113.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-clarke-ni-hall-calculator","title":"National Inventors Hall of Fame, Edith Clarke: Graphical Calculator, US1552113","url":"https://www.invent.org/inductees/edith-clarke"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"clarke-transmission-line-graphical-calculator-1925","entry_id":"clarke-transmission-line-graphical-calculator-1925","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce974e1b-6ed9-4125-ae69-8709f54cdb9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:20a1807b6b1454acafe3ef53115b62da9d7b3903da0f45c12ea8fa3c80b3632c"},"what_changed":"A practical graphical procedure integrates selected line/load variables and vector terms into an apparatus for voltage/current ratios and phase relations.","scope":"A practical graphical procedure integrates selected line/load variables and vector terms into an apparatus for voltage/current ratios and phase relations. The target is the apparatus described in selected passages of US 1552113, filed 1921/published 1925. Heaviside's equations are inherited. Neglected leakance, near-constant LC and other stated approximations limit the chart model. Patent accuracy statements and later tenfold-speed claims are not independently replayed. The Clarke transform, every power-grid advance and all calculator history are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce974e1b-6ed9-4125-ae69-8709f54cdb9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:20a1807b6b1454acafe3ef53115b62da9d7b3903da0f45c12ea8fa3c80b3632c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"codd-further-normalization-1971","title":"Codd: further normalization through functional dependencies","summary":"Codd's RJ909 report developed second and third normal forms by examining dependencies on candidate keys and transitive dependencies of nonprime attributes.\n\nSeparating dependencies helps identify relations that mix different facts and can suffer update anomalies. The report adds design criteria beyond the 1970 relational-model paper, while acknowledging limitations of removing transitive dependencies.","boundary":"This entry covers the inspected definitions and examples, not every later theorem in the report. Conditions concern all candidate keys. Normalization does not guarantee an optimal application design or remove every dependency without loss.","area":"Database design","topic":"Database design","year":1971,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"codd-further-normalization-1971","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b88a4534-9571-4483-af34-fed9b6c7e65c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f32c2164c5227ffbc34caeefc1e4e565cc071a86de3f39d1b4d3582833dc1b65"},"humans":["Edgar F. Codd"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["codd-relational-model"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-codd-further-normalization-1971","title":"Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational Model, IBM RJ909 (1971)","url":"https://apollo.inf.upol.cz/~urbanec/teaching/2021/data2/files/codd2.pdf"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"codd-further-normalization-1971","entry_id":"codd-further-normalization-1971","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b88a4534-9571-4483-af34-fed9b6c7e65c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f32c2164c5227ffbc34caeefc1e4e565cc071a86de3f39d1b4d3582833dc1b65"},"what_changed":"Candidate-key and transitive-dependency criteria articulate second and third normal forms to distinguish relations combining different facts.","scope":"Candidate-key and transitive-dependency criteria articulate second and third normal forms to distinguish relations combining different facts. This entry covers the inspected definitions and examples, not every later theorem in the report. Conditions concern all candidate keys. Normalization does not guarantee an optimal application design or remove every dependency without loss.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b88a4534-9571-4483-af34-fed9b6c7e65c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f32c2164c5227ffbc34caeefc1e4e565cc071a86de3f39d1b4d3582833dc1b65"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"coppersmith-winograd-progression-free-matrix-method-1990","title":"Coppersmith–Winograd: using progression-free sets to bound matrix multiplication","summary":"Coppersmith and Winograd combined trilinear tensor constructions with progression-free hashing and pruning to obtain an asymptotic matrix-multiplication exponent below2.376, extending earlier Strassen and Schönhage machinery.\n\nMultiplying two n-by-n matrices by the elementary method takes cubic arithmetic work. Coppersmith and Winograd sought a smaller asymptotic exponent by starting from a compact trilinear form rather than a small ordinary matrix product. Tensor powers produce many interacting blocks. They hash block indices into a set without nontrivial three-term arithmetic progressions, then remove conflicting blocks so that independent matrix products remain. Schönhage’s asymptotic-sum theorem converts those products into an upper bound on the exponent. The1990 article develops successive constructions near2.404,2.388 and finally below2.376, with a displayed refined estimate below2.375477. This is an upper bound on field-arithmetic complexity, not a measured wall-clock speed or proof that the exponent equals that number. The authors explicitly describe the construction as impractical for conceivable applications at the time. Their final conditional route to exponent2 depends on an unresolved combinatorial construction and is not a solution. Earlier1986 and1987 versions are acknowledged; the assessed source is the full1990 journal article. Later improvements and implementations are separate contributions.","boundary":"The result is an asymptotic bound on matrix multiplication in its field-arithmetic model, using inherited tensor and progression-free-set tools. It is not a measured practical runtime or a proof that the exponent equals two. The paper explicitly describes practicality limits, and its exponent-two discussion is conditional. Later improvements and implementations receive separate credit.","area":"Computing","topic":"Algebraic complexity and matrix multiplication","year":1990,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"coppersmith-winograd-progression-free-matrix-method-1990","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a3ada243-9090-4204-a026-9d9d1c1c7e9d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:812d6055c30f0f45914d2429c1219d468aaa84e8a16cc250e4330d3d5d2a4f03"},"humans":["Don Coppersmith","Shmuel Winograd"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-coppersmith-winograd-progression-free-matrix-method-1990-original","title":"D.Coppersmith and S.Winograd, Matrix Multiplication via Arithmetic Progressions (1990) — complete journal article","url":"https://deltadbu.github.io/UCAS_algorithm_course/Lectures/Lec5-Matrix-Multiplication-Coppersmith-Winograd1990.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-coppersmith-winograd-progression-free-matrix-method-1990-ibm","title":"IBM Research publication identity: Matrix multiplication via arithmetic progressions","url":"https://research.ibm.com/publications/matrix-multiplication-via-arithmetic-progressions"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"coppersmith-winograd-progression-free-matrix-method-1990","entry_id":"coppersmith-winograd-progression-free-matrix-method-1990","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a3ada243-9090-4204-a026-9d9d1c1c7e9d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:812d6055c30f0f45914d2429c1219d468aaa84e8a16cc250e4330d3d5d2a4f03"},"what_changed":"Coppersmith and Winograd combined trilinear tensor constructions with progression-free hashing and pruning to obtain an asymptotic matrix-multiplication exponent below2.376, extending earlier Strassen and Schönhage machinery.","scope":"Coppersmith and Winograd combined trilinear tensor constructions with progression-free hashing and pruning to obtain an asymptotic matrix-multiplication exponent below2.376, extending earlier Strassen and Schönhage machinery. The result is an asymptotic bound on matrix multiplication in its field-arithmetic model, using inherited tensor and progression-free-set tools. It is not a measured practical runtime or a proof that the exponent equals two. The paper explicitly describes practicality limits, and its exponent-two discussion is conditional. Later improvements and implementations receive separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a3ada243-9090-4204-a026-9d9d1c1c7e9d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:812d6055c30f0f45914d2429c1219d468aaa84e8a16cc250e4330d3d5d2a4f03"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"courant-triangular-net-variational-1943","title":"Courant: approximate deformation with a flexible triangular mesh","summary":"Courant described variational approximations using continuous piecewise-linear functions on flexible triangular nets and demonstrated them on planar torsion problems, an early step toward finite-element methods.\n\nTo estimate how a membrane or structure deforms, one can minimize an energy rather than solve the differential equation directly. Rayleigh and Ritz had already developed this approach. Courant’s 1943 address described using functions that are linear inside each triangle of a mesh, with their values at the mesh points as unknowns. The energy integral then becomes a finite calculation and minimization gives linear equations. Flexible triangular meshes can fit the shape of the domain better than a rectangular grid or a few global formulas. An appendix applied this idea to the torsional stiffness of square sections with holes. The paper also warned that a good energy value does not automatically give an accurate local deformation or its derivatives, especially with very few elements. Higher-derivative problems require additional admissibility and were left for separate extension. This entry credits the scoped triangular-net construction and examples, preserving earlier variational methods and later finite-element engineering as distinct contributions.","boundary":"The triangular trial functions are continuous and piecewise linear, suitable for the stated variational energies involving first derivatives and appropriate boundaries. They are not a universal conforming basis for higher-derivative plate problems or every PDE. Existence/minimum-attainment assumptions remain necessary. The contribution is distinct from all later finite-element convergence and mesh-quality theory.","area":"Numerical analysis","topic":"Variational mesh methods","year":1943,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"courant-triangular-net-variational-1943","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44a92c17-922b-45d3-a2fc-85887422753c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:508e30d7f08f0ef84039600558a4ad3e71b913de596962c9dc47f30c59c7f6d3"},"humans":["R. Courant"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["courant-friedrichs-lewy-difference-equations-1928"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-courant1943-stanford-reprint","title":"Courant, Variational Methods for Equilibrium and Vibrations,1943author text in1994reprint2165-2187,Stanford course copy","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cme324/classics/courant.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-courant1943-publisher-metadata","title":"AMS publisherCrossrefdepositfor1943original","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1943-07818-4"},{"id":"wrs24-felippa1994-reprint-identity","title":"Wiley metadata forFelippa1994appreciation andclassicreprint composite","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fnme.1620371303"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"courant-triangular-net-variational-1943","entry_id":"courant-triangular-net-variational-1943","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44a92c17-922b-45d3-a2fc-85887422753c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:508e30d7f08f0ef84039600558a4ad3e71b913de596962c9dc47f30c59c7f6d3"},"what_changed":"Courant described variational approximations using continuous piecewise-linear functions on flexible triangular nets and demonstrated them on planar torsion problems, an early step toward finite-element methods.","scope":"Courant described variational approximations using continuous piecewise-linear functions on flexible triangular nets and demonstrated them on planar torsion problems, an early step toward finite-element methods. The triangular trial functions are continuous and piecewise linear, suitable for the stated variational energies involving first derivatives and appropriate boundaries. They are not a universal conforming basis for higher-derivative plate problems or every PDE. Existence/minimum-attainment assumptions remain necessary. The contribution is distinct from all later finite-element convergence and mesh-quality theory.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44a92c17-922b-45d3-a2fc-85887422753c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:508e30d7f08f0ef84039600558a4ad3e71b913de596962c9dc47f30c59c7f6d3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"crank-nicolson-centred-implicit-heat-scheme-1947","title":"Crank and Nicolson: a practical implicit method for evolving heat flow","summary":"Crank and Nicolson develop a time-centred implicit finite-difference procedure for heat-conduction-type equations, combining a stable linear error treatment with practical iteration for nonlinear terms and boundary conditions.\n\nTo calculate how heat spreads, a numerical method advances temperatures from one time to the next. An earlier overlapping-step procedure could amplify tiny alternating errors. Crank and Nicolson instead average spatial differences across the old and new time levels, solving coupled equations at each step. For the linear heat problem this controls error amplitudes without a fixed upper time-step stability limit. Large steps can still leave slowly fading oscillations. Nonlinear heat terms require iteration, while singular starting conditions and narrow rapidly changing regions require careful initialization and resolution. Their comparison of numerical and mechanical procedures made these tradeoffs concrete. The method became a reusable numerical tool; later convergence theorems, fast solvers and remedies for stiff oscillations remain separate contributions.","boundary":"The centered implicit discretization and nonlinear iterative solve are separate parts of the method. The original error analysis concerns the stated linear heat equation and boundary/symmetry conditions, not universal nonlinear convergence. Large steps can yield slowly decaying oscillations and need not preserve positivity. Singular starting gradients require special treatment. The reviewed source is a permissioned later reprint/transcription of the 1947 work. Reported mesh comparisons and computational costs have not been independently replayed by WRS.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Implicit time integration and heat-conduction finite differences","year":1947,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"crank-nicolson-centred-implicit-heat-scheme-1947","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f7fb864-351b-45f0-a21c-918fe9bb139b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:320d0be865be937433282e36e48e6fde4b7fbec05aa05084463c2ebcadcee065"},"humans":["J. Crank","P. Nicolson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-crank-nicolson-centred-implicit-heat-scheme-1947-reprint","title":"J.Crank and P.Nicolson, practical heat-conduction numerical method — complete1996permissioned reprint of1947work, webOCRtranscription","url":"https://doczz.net/doc/7748002/a-practical-method-for-numerical-evaluation-of-solutions-..."},{"id":"wrs24-crank-nicolson-centred-implicit-heat-scheme-1947-publisher","title":"Publisher reprint notice and twoauthorbyline for Crank/Nicolson original1947work","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02127704"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"crank-nicolson-centred-implicit-heat-scheme-1947","entry_id":"crank-nicolson-centred-implicit-heat-scheme-1947","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f7fb864-351b-45f0-a21c-918fe9bb139b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:320d0be865be937433282e36e48e6fde4b7fbec05aa05084463c2ebcadcee065"},"what_changed":"Crank and Nicolson develop a time-centred implicit finite-difference procedure for heat-conduction-type equations, combining a stable linear error treatment with practical iteration for nonlinear terms and boundary conditions.","scope":"Crank and Nicolson develop a time-centred implicit finite-difference procedure for heat-conduction-type equations, combining a stable linear error treatment with practical iteration for nonlinear terms and boundary conditions. The centered implicit discretization and nonlinear iterative solve are separate parts of the method. The original error analysis concerns the stated linear heat equation and boundary/symmetry conditions, not universal nonlinear convergence. Large steps can yield slowly decaying oscillations and need not preserve positivity. Singular starting gradients require special treatment. The reviewed source is a permissioned later reprint/transcription of the 1947 work. Reported mesh comparisons and computational costs have not been independently replayed by WRS.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f7fb864-351b-45f0-a21c-918fe9bb139b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:320d0be865be937433282e36e48e6fde4b7fbec05aa05084463c2ebcadcee065"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"curie-polonium-report-1898","title":"Curie and Curie: radioactive fractionation and the polonium proposal","summary":"Pierre and Marie Curie tracked radioactivity through chemical fractions of pitchblende. An active fraction associated with bismuth led them to propose another element, conditionally named polonium.\n\nA mineral can emit more radiation than its uranium content predicts. Measurements of air conductivity let the authors follow the excess activity through chemical separations. The proposed element remained to be confirmed. This paper provides the experimental clue and inference, independently of their later radium work.","boundary":"The July 1898 report establishes activity enrichment and an element inference. It does not report pure isolation, complete chemical separation or an identified new spectral line.","area":"Radiochemistry","topic":"Radiochemistry","year":1898,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"curie-polonium-report-1898","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:22c1113f-6c78-4ade-a1d7-7aa5207142ce","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f32bf4e6212f34d3db645c627f8bbfe17d7f6860b70e03a01156634937456c4c"},"humans":["Pierre Curie","Marie Curie"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["radium-discovery"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-curie-polonium","title":"P. Curie and S. Curie, Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (1898)","url":"https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Curie/Curie_pdf/CR1898_p175_178.pdf"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"curie-polonium-report-1898","entry_id":"curie-polonium-report-1898","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:22c1113f-6c78-4ade-a1d7-7aa5207142ce","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f32bf4e6212f34d3db645c627f8bbfe17d7f6860b70e03a01156634937456c4c"},"what_changed":"Excess activity is followed through pitchblende fractions to a bismuth-associated concentrate, supporting a conditional inference of another element named polonium.","scope":"Excess activity is followed through pitchblende fractions to a bismuth-associated concentrate, supporting a conditional inference of another element named polonium. The July 1898 report establishes activity enrichment and an element inference. It does not report pure isolation, complete chemical separation or an identified new spectral line.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:22c1113f-6c78-4ade-a1d7-7aa5207142ce","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f32bf4e6212f34d3db645c627f8bbfe17d7f6860b70e03a01156634937456c4c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cytron-dominance-frontier-ssa-construction-1991","title":"Cytron and colleagues: dominance frontiers for constructing SSA and control dependence","summary":"Cytron, Ferrante, Rosen, Wegman and Zadeck used dominance frontiers to place merge functions and rename variables into minimal static single-assignment form, and reused the reverse-graph construction to compute control dependence.\n\nCompilers need to know which assignment supplies the value used at a particular place. Static single-assignment form gives every variable name one defining assignment. Branches and loops still require merge functions: a φ-function chooses the value arriving along the predecessor edge actually followed. This 1991 paper provides a dominance-frontier construction for placing those functions. A frontier identifies where control can leave a region dominated by an assignment. Placement must repeat through the frontiers of newly introduced merge functions; a single pass can miss later merges. A dominator-tree traversal then renames assignments and uses while preserving their values along control-flow paths. Reversing the graph lets the same machinery describe control dependence. The paper assumes normalized control-flow graphs whose nodes are reachable from Entry and can reach Exit, with implicit uses and modifications made explicit or conservatively modeled. It shows favorable results for restricted structured programs and reports measurements on 221 FORTRAN procedures. This is not a universal linear worst-case claim: its one-parameter bounds are quadratic for frontier construction and cubic for SSA translation. SSA and control dependence had antecedents; the assessed advance is the construction framework and analysis, not invention of every underlying concept.","boundary":"The construction assumes the stated reachable-entry/exit control-flow graph, definitions and modeling of implicit effects. The paper’s minimal SSA notion differs from liveness-pruned SSA. Output/frontier size can make general construction costs larger than a simple linear claim; restricted structured programs are a narrower case. Aliasing, renaming semantics and complete compiler correctness need separate treatment. Reported compiler observations have not been reproduced here.","area":"Computing","topic":"Compiler intermediate representations and program analysis","year":1991,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"cytron-dominance-frontier-ssa-construction-1991","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e25d41bd-1409-4398-a1cd-aa605a1ae84c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:481b6a57d5d9cb67ab5d84b1f98984083b575c9cec09f6c35461c80969099167"},"humans":["Ron Cytron","Jeanne Ferrante","Barry K. Rosen","Mark N. Wegman","F. Kenneth Zadeck"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-cytron-dominance-frontier-ssa-construction-1991-original","title":"Cytron, Ferrante, Rosen, Wegman and Zadeck, Efficiently Computing Static Single Assignment Form and the Control Dependence Graph (1991) — complete original","url":"https://rsim.cs.uiuc.edu/arch/qual_papers/compilers/toplas91.pdf"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"cytron-dominance-frontier-ssa-construction-1991","entry_id":"cytron-dominance-frontier-ssa-construction-1991","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e25d41bd-1409-4398-a1cd-aa605a1ae84c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:481b6a57d5d9cb67ab5d84b1f98984083b575c9cec09f6c35461c80969099167"},"what_changed":"Cytron, Ferrante, Rosen, Wegman and Zadeck used dominance frontiers to place merge functions and rename variables into minimal static single-assignment form, and reused the reverse-graph construction to compute control dependence.","scope":"Cytron, Ferrante, Rosen, Wegman and Zadeck used dominance frontiers to place merge functions and rename variables into minimal static single-assignment form, and reused the reverse-graph construction to compute control dependence. The construction assumes the stated reachable-entry/exit control-flow graph, definitions and modeling of implicit effects. The paper’s minimal SSA notion differs from liveness-pruned SSA. Output/frontier size can make general construction costs larger than a simple linear claim; restricted structured programs are a narrower case. Aliasing, renaming semantics and complete compiler correctness need separate treatment. Reported compiler observations have not been reproduced here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e25d41bd-1409-4398-a1cd-aa605a1ae84c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:481b6a57d5d9cb67ab5d84b1f98984083b575c9cec09f6c35461c80969099167"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"damas-milner-principal-type-schemes-1982","title":"Damas and Milner: principal type-schemes for functional programs","summary":"Damas and Milner state the completeness theorem for Algorithm W in a skeletal applicative language with let binding: if a type-scheme is derivable, inference succeeds and computes a principal scheme from which the others are instantiated.\n\nThe inference rules distinguish outer generic quantification from free variables constrained by the environment. The result resolves the most-general-inference question left open in the1978 Milner paper and yields typeability decidability within this discipline.","boundary":"The target is the purely applicative skeletal language, its specified inference system and environment substitutions—not unrestricted higher-rank polymorphism, mutable-reference ML, termination or all program correctness. Detailed proofs are deferred to Damas's thesis and were not reconstructed here. Hindley's combinatory theorem and Milner 1978 soundness remain separate inherited contributions.","area":"Programming languages and type inference","topic":"Computer science","year":1982,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"damas-milner-principal-type-schemes-1982","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:30132c0d-a7db-4b9b-a3e6-df1fcd6e0c7f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:885ea69244852e3551b486289b3b0b3cfe68e998803887983b5034c480f15d57"},"humans":["Luis Damas","Robin Milner"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["milner-type-polymorphism-soundness-1978","robinson-resolution-principle-1965"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-damas-milner-principal-types-1982","title":"Luis Damas and Robin Milner, Principal type-schemes for functional programs, POPL'82, 207–212 (1982), DOI10.1145/582153.582176","url":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~crary/819-f09/DamasMilner82.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-acm-damas-milner-metadata","title":"ACM Digital Library: Principal type-schemes for functional programs","url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/582153.582176"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"damas-milner-principal-type-schemes-1982","entry_id":"damas-milner-principal-type-schemes-1982","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:30132c0d-a7db-4b9b-a3e6-df1fcd6e0c7f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:885ea69244852e3551b486289b3b0b3cfe68e998803887983b5034c480f15d57"},"what_changed":"The published completeness theorem factors any derivable instance judgment through W's result and yields principal schemes/typeability decidability for the chosen discipline.","scope":"The published completeness theorem factors any derivable instance judgment through W's result and yields principal schemes/typeability decidability for the chosen discipline. The target is the purely applicative skeletal language, its specified inference system and environment substitutions—not unrestricted higher-rank polymorphism, mutable-reference ML, termination or all program correctness. Detailed proofs are deferred to Damas's thesis and were not reconstructed here. Hindley's combinatory theorem and Milner 1978 soundness remain separate inherited contributions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:30132c0d-a7db-4b9b-a3e6-df1fcd6e0c7f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:885ea69244852e3551b486289b3b0b3cfe68e998803887983b5034c480f15d57"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"debye-solid-vibration-spectrum-heat-capacity-1912","title":"Debye: a vibration spectrum explains the heat capacity of solids","summary":"Debye replaces a single atomic vibration frequency with an elastic-continuum mode spectrum and a finite3N cutoff, yielding the low-temperature cubic lattice heat-capacity law and the classical high-temperature limit within the model.\n\nWhy does a cold solid absorb less heat than classical physics predicts? Einstein had shown that quantized vibrations could explain part of the effect, but his single-frequency model predicted the wrong very-low-temperature trend. Debye instead treats a solid as many collective vibrations. Long-wavelength waves are described by elasticity; their frequency density grows as the square of frequency. A cutoff retains three vibration degrees of freedom per atom. Combining this spectrum with Planck oscillator energies gives a heat-capacity curve that approaches the classical limit at high temperature and a cubic temperature dependence in the macroscopic low-temperature acoustic regime. The characteristic temperature can also be estimated from elastic properties. Debye compares the model with existing measurements of diamond and several metals, while reporting correction uncertainties and mismatches. This is a model of lattice vibrations, not a complete theory of every source of heat capacity.","boundary":"The model uses harmonic elastic-continuum modes and a cutoff matching the number of atomic degrees of freedom. The low-temperature behavior and high-temperature limit depend on these approximations. The sphere calculation and large-mode asymptotics are not an exact finite-atom spectrum. Real materials, anharmonicity, electronic heat capacity and every experimental fit are outside this scoped model.","area":"Solid-state physics and quantum statistical mechanics","topic":"Physics","year":1912,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"debye-solid-vibration-spectrum-heat-capacity-1912","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b19a6b9b-e969-4a20-a721-8770a27fd392","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6658a23f0bfc2d1c9257c573c4271cebabfc6eabe4448f5cce559066434e6e2"},"humans":["P. Debye"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["einstein-solid-specific-heat","bloch-electrons-crystal-lattices-1929"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-debye1912-original","title":"P. Debye, Zur Theorie der spezifischen Warmen; complete original1912 Annalen der Physik789-839","url":"https://gilles.montambaux.com/files/histoire-physique/Debye-1912.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-debye1912-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited DOI10.1002/andp.19123441404 identity and references","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002/andp.19123441404"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"debye-solid-vibration-spectrum-heat-capacity-1912","entry_id":"debye-solid-vibration-spectrum-heat-capacity-1912","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b19a6b9b-e969-4a20-a721-8770a27fd392","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6658a23f0bfc2d1c9257c573c4271cebabfc6eabe4448f5cce559066434e6e2"},"what_changed":"An acoustic elastic-mode spectrum with finite3N cutoff replaces a single frequency and predicts a cubic lowT lattice law, highT classical limit and elastic-property characteristic temperature within one model.","scope":"An acoustic elastic-mode spectrum with finite3N cutoff replaces a single frequency and predicts a cubic lowT lattice law, highT classical limit and elastic-property characteristic temperature within one model. The model uses harmonic elastic-continuum modes and a cutoff matching the number of atomic degrees of freedom. The low-temperature behavior and high-temperature limit depend on these approximations. The sphere calculation and large-mode asymptotics are not an exact finite-atom spectrum. Real materials, anharmonicity, electronic heat capacity and every experimental fit are outside this scoped model.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b19a6b9b-e969-4a20-a721-8770a27fd392","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6658a23f0bfc2d1c9257c573c4271cebabfc6eabe4448f5cce559066434e6e2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dedekind-continuity-irrational-cuts-1872","title":"Dedekind: real numbers constructed through rational cuts","summary":"Dedekind constructed irrational numbers from gaps in the rational order and organized the resulting real-number system around cut completeness. He connected that continuity property with convergence of bounded increasing quantities.\n\nA rational order may contain partitions that no rational number realizes. Dedekind introduces a real number for such a gap, distinguishes order-equivalent cuts at rational endpoints and argues that the completed number system has a unique boundary for every proper cut. This gives analysis an arithmetic continuity principle instead of borrowing geometric intuition. His later construction of natural-number arithmetic is a different contribution.","boundary":"The admitted target is the cut construction, order-completeness statement and its analytic connection. Cuts are proper nonempty order partitions; equivalent rational-endpoint cuts represent the same number. The cited source is a university transcription of the 1912 fourth edition, with formula/glyph defects, rather than the 1872 facsimile. It does not prove the continuity of physical space, certify every arithmetic-operation proof or assert a modern well-order of the reals.","area":"Foundations of real analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1872,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"dedekind-continuity-irrational-cuts-1872","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e6a4cc0-65ef-43c2-ad2e-6700d13037c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:292f6f13bc78b0f976c30a5baee5fd122ab07f340093642b00cbc144a050249b"},"humans":["Richard Dedekind"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dedekind-nature-meaning-numbers-1888","cantor-uncountability-1874"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-dedekind-continuity-1872","title":"Richard Dedekind, Stetigkeit und irrationale Zahlen (1872); Radboud University literal German transcription of the fourth edition (1912)","url":"https://www.math.ru.nl/werkgroepen/gmfw/bronnen/dedekind2.html"}],"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"dedekind-continuity-irrational-cuts-1872","entry_id":"dedekind-continuity-irrational-cuts-1872","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e6a4cc0-65ef-43c2-ad2e-6700d13037c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:292f6f13bc78b0f976c30a5baee5fd122ab07f340093642b00cbc144a050249b"},"what_changed":"Proper rational cuts define real numbers, equivalent rational-endpoint partitions are identified, and the completed order supports a cut-completeness principle linked to bounded monotone convergence.","scope":"Proper rational cuts define real numbers, equivalent rational-endpoint partitions are identified, and the completed order supports a cut-completeness principle linked to bounded monotone convergence. The admitted target is the cut construction, order-completeness statement and its analytic connection. Cuts are proper nonempty order partitions; equivalent rational-endpoint cuts represent the same number. The cited source is a university transcription of the 1912 fourth edition, with formula/glyph defects, rather than the 1872 facsimile. It does not prove the continuity of physical space, certify every arithmetic-operation proof or assert a modern well-order of the reals.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e6a4cc0-65ef-43c2-ad2e-6700d13037c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:292f6f13bc78b0f976c30a5baee5fd122ab07f340093642b00cbc144a050249b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"deepseek-prover-v2-recursive-lean-search-2025","title":"DeepSeek-Prover-V2: recursively building Lean-checked proof-search training","summary":"DeepSeek-Prover-V2 used recursive subgoal decomposition and Lean-checked training traces for formal proof search, reporting 217/244 miniF2F test problems at 8192 samples and 47 PutnamBench problems in the selected corrected v2 evaluation.\n\nA long formal proof can be split into smaller lemmas that are easier to solve and check. DeepSeek-Prover-V2 uses DeepSeek-V3 to propose subgoals, a smaller prover to solve them, and composed Lean-checked proofs to build training examples for reinforcement learning. The671B prover reports 217/244 miniF2F test problems, 88.9%, when allowed 8192 samples per problem; this is not a single-attempt success rate. The selected July2025v2 paper reports 47 PutnamBench problems after excluding two incorrectly formalized statements from an initial 49. It advertises 658 problems but actually attempted 649 compatible with Lean4.9.0-rc2. The live arXiv abstract still displays 49; the figures here follow the selected PDF version. The authors disclose buggy7B proofs and vacuous proofs of misformulated benchmarks, illustrating why compiler success and correspondence to the intended question must be checked separately. Its 15-task formal AIME subset supplies the correct answers and excludes geometry/combinatorics, so the reported 6/15 proof result cannot be ranked directly against an informal answer-finding model. The Lean proofs and large-model benchmark have not been independently replayed here.","boundary":"The target is arXiv 2504.21801v2. Lean proof search is evaluated on specified formal statements and sampling budgets; it does not establish autonomous resolution of an unrelated open mathematical problem. The final Putnam result retains 47 accepted problems after two misformalizations were removed from the earlier 49. The 649 compatible problems used in the filtered dataset differ from the advertised 658. MiniF2F and FormalAIME results have separate denominators and budgets; supplied answers in FormalAIME matter. The paper discloses a Lean 4.9 release-candidate bug affecting the 7B experiment. Statement vacuity and kernel/environment correctness must be checked separately. WRS has not independently rerun the benchmarks.","area":"Artificial intelligence","topic":"Formal mathematical reasoning","year":2025,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"deepseek-prover-v2-recursive-lean-search-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a50eeaed-328a-4035-a7a3-a01b823d95b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44bc0a0c141191839c71db9a4977109ae7d69edd55321db3a809d31a8742d7ee"},"humans":["Z.Z. Ren","Zhihong Shao","Junxiao Song","Huajian Xin","Haocheng Wang","Wanjia Zhao","Liyue Zhang","Zhe Fu","Qihao Zhu","Dejian Yang","Z.F. Wu","Zhibin Gou","Shirong Ma","Hongxuan Tang","Yuxuan Liu","Wenjun Gao","Daya Guo","Chong Ruan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[{"provider":"DeepSeek-AI","product":"DeepSeek-Prover-V2","model":"DeepSeek-Prover-V2-671B","role":"Formal proof generation on the reported corrected benchmark with explicit sample budgets.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"wrs24-deepseek-prover-v2-recursive-lean-search-2025-original"},{"provider":"DeepSeek-AI","product":"DeepSeek-V3","model":"DeepSeek-V3","role":"Proposed subgoal decompositions and informal/formal plans for the reported cold-start training pipeline.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"wrs24-deepseek-prover-v2-recursive-lean-search-2025-original"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-deepseek-prover-v2-recursive-lean-search-2025-original","title":"Ren et al., DeepSeek-Prover-V2: Advancing Formal Mathematical Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning for Subgoal Decomposition — arXiv2504.21801v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.21801v2"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"deepseek-prover-v2-recursive-lean-search-2025","entry_id":"deepseek-prover-v2-recursive-lean-search-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a50eeaed-328a-4035-a7a3-a01b823d95b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44bc0a0c141191839c71db9a4977109ae7d69edd55321db3a809d31a8742d7ee"},"what_changed":"DeepSeek-Prover-V2 used recursive subgoal decomposition and Lean-checked training traces for formal proof search, reporting 217/244 miniF2F test problems at 8192 samples and 47 PutnamBench problems in the selected corrected v2 evaluation.","scope":"DeepSeek-Prover-V2 used recursive subgoal decomposition and Lean-checked training traces for formal proof search, reporting 217/244 miniF2F test problems at 8192 samples and 47 PutnamBench problems in the selected corrected v2 evaluation. The target is arXiv 2504.21801v2. Lean proof search is evaluated on specified formal statements and sampling budgets; it does not establish autonomous resolution of an unrelated open mathematical problem. The final Putnam result retains 47 accepted problems after two misformalizations were removed from the earlier 49. The 649 compatible problems used in the filtered dataset differ from the advertised 658. MiniF2F and FormalAIME results have separate denominators and budgets; supplied answers in FormalAIME matter. The paper discloses a Lean 4.9 release-candidate bug affecting the 7B experiment. Statement vacuity and kernel/environment correctness must be checked separately. WRS has not independently rerun the benchmarks.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a50eeaed-328a-4035-a7a3-a01b823d95b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44bc0a0c141191839c71db9a4977109ae7d69edd55321db3a809d31a8742d7ee"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dehn-finite-polyhedral-dissection-obstruction-1900","title":"Dehn: equal volume does not guarantee a finite cut-and-reassemble solution","summary":"Dehn established a necessary angle relation for finite polyhedral dissection into congruent pieces and proved that a regular tetrahedron cannot be reassembled into a prism, even when their volumes agree.\n\nTwo flat polygons of the same area can be cut into finitely many polygonal pieces and reassembled into one another. The analogous claim fails in three dimensions. Dehn used relations among edge lengths and dihedral angles to constrain any finite polyhedral dissection. A regular tetrahedron has a dihedral angle whose cosine is1/3 and which is not a rational multiple of pi; this obstructs the angle relations required for a rectangular box or prism. Thus equal volume alone cannot guarantee a finite reassembly. His1900 article constructs a normal form for a proposed dissection and proves necessary conditions; its language predates the later familiar tensor-product presentation of the Dehn invariant. Bricard had published an earlier approach in1896, which is retained as an antecedent rather than silently transferred to Dehn. The later classification that volume and Dehn invariant together suffice is a separate contribution of Sydler and subsequent simplifiers. The result concerns finite pieces that are polyhedra, not arbitrary nonmeasurable pieces, infinite limiting cuts or physical manufacture.","boundary":"The obstruction concerns finite dissections of polyhedra into the stated class of pieces, preserving volume and the relevant angle/length invariant. Equal volume alone does not guarantee that such a dissection exists. This is not a prohibition of every infinite decomposition or arbitrary nonmeasurable construction. Hilbert presented the paper; that does not make him its coauthor.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Geometric dissection and invariants","year":1900,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"LIMITATION","package_id":"dehn-finite-polyhedral-dissection-obstruction-1900","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:20d6e51c-1c15-453e-a85e-140ac7e2b620","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d4faf766eb60e4ae8f13e34fea1e58afba7d0b8f3b926b259da075d571751f6"},"humans":["M. Dehn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-dehn-finite-polyhedral-dissection-obstruction-1900-original","title":"M.Dehn, Ueber raumgleiche Polyeder (1900) — original10page article","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN252457811_1900/LOG_0044.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-dehn-finite-polyhedral-dissection-obstruction-1900-bricard","title":"R.Bricard, Sur une question de geometrie relative aux polyedres (1896) — originalprecursor","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/NAM_1896_3_15__331_1.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-dehn-finite-polyhedral-dissection-obstruction-1900-review","title":"Pierre Cartier, Decomposition des polyedres (1986) — partiallaterreview","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/SB_1984-1985__27__261_0.pdf"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"dehn-finite-polyhedral-dissection-obstruction-1900","entry_id":"dehn-finite-polyhedral-dissection-obstruction-1900","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:20d6e51c-1c15-453e-a85e-140ac7e2b620","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d4faf766eb60e4ae8f13e34fea1e58afba7d0b8f3b926b259da075d571751f6"},"what_changed":"Dehn established a necessary angle relation for finite polyhedral dissection into congruent pieces and proved that a regular tetrahedron cannot be reassembled into a prism, even when their volumes agree.","scope":"Dehn established a necessary angle relation for finite polyhedral dissection into congruent pieces and proved that a regular tetrahedron cannot be reassembled into a prism, even when their volumes agree. The obstruction concerns finite dissections of polyhedra into the stated class of pieces, preserving volume and the relevant angle/length invariant. Equal volume alone does not guarantee that such a dissection exists. This is not a prohibition of every infinite decomposition or arbitrary nonmeasurable construction. Hilbert presented the paper; that does not make him its coauthor.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:20d6e51c-1c15-453e-a85e-140ac7e2b620","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d4faf766eb60e4ae8f13e34fea1e58afba7d0b8f3b926b259da075d571751f6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dijkstra-cooperating-processes-1968","title":"Dijkstra: semaphore coordination of sequential processes","summary":"Dijkstra's Cooperating Sequential Processes explained atomic semaphore operations and used them to coordinate independently executing processes, including producer–consumer examples.\n\nA process can wait for a resource without treating a shared variable update as safely divisible. Atomic P and V operations supply a coordination mechanism. The text separately acknowledges Scholten's contribution to the general applicability of semaphores.","boundary":"This record concerns the 1965 manuscript published in 1968. It is distinct from the THE system, guarded-command calculus and shortest-path algorithm. No independent correctness replay of every example is claimed.","area":"Concurrent programming","topic":"Concurrent programming","year":1968,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"dijkstra-cooperating-processes-1968","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:424c3ee0-1541-490b-afb8-33bb4202d09a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:52dee195dab86878d989c784f9e972519729a0d96d10944f0d2405b875c83363"},"humans":["Edsger W. Dijkstra"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dijkstra-the-multiprogramming-system-1968"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-dijkstra-cooperating-processes-1968","title":"Cooperating Sequential Processes, EWD123 (1965 manuscript; 1968 publication)","url":"https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~EWD/transcriptions/EWD01xx/EWD123.html"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"dijkstra-cooperating-processes-1968","entry_id":"dijkstra-cooperating-processes-1968","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:424c3ee0-1541-490b-afb8-33bb4202d09a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:52dee195dab86878d989c784f9e972519729a0d96d10944f0d2405b875c83363"},"what_changed":"Atomic semaphore P/V operations and systematic examples express resource waiting and producer–consumer coordination among independently executing processes.","scope":"Atomic semaphore P/V operations and systematic examples express resource waiting and producer–consumer coordination among independently executing processes. This record concerns the 1965 manuscript published in 1968. It is distinct from the THE system, guarded-command calculus and shortest-path algorithm. No independent correctness replay of every example is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:424c3ee0-1541-490b-afb8-33bb4202d09a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:52dee195dab86878d989c784f9e972519729a0d96d10944f0d2405b875c83363"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dijkstra-guarded-commands-1975","title":"Dijkstra: guarded commands and a calculus for deriving programs","summary":"Dijkstra introduced guarded alternatives and loops with nondeterministic choice, then described their semantics through weakest preconditions. Invariants and decreasing integer variants provide a discipline for deriving programs that satisfy a requested result and terminate.\n\nA program can allow several actions while requiring every permitted choice to remain correct. Dijkstra attached a Boolean guard to each action, gave alternatives and loops different behavior when all guards are false, and used predicate transformers to work backward from the desired result. His maximum and greatest-common-divisor examples connect the rules to program construction.","boundary":"The 1975 calculus applies to its specified program constructs. Invariants and variants still require invention; it is not an automatic program-synthesis algorithm or a proof that every program can be developed this way.","area":"Programming languages and formal methods","topic":"Computer science","year":1975,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"dijkstra-guarded-commands-1975","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0d85af0-a7d4-44f5-a988-c58f2eacb371","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:196c654d8034a0600f7cbd2743938fcc3998c6549b604498052c399af0d570c7"},"humans":["Edsger W. Dijkstra"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dijkstra-self-stabilizing-systems-1974"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-dijkstra-ewd472","title":"Edsger W. Dijkstra, Guarded commands, non-determinacy and formal derivation of programs (1975)","url":"https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~EWD/transcriptions/EWD04xx/EWD472.html"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"dijkstra-guarded-commands-1975","entry_id":"dijkstra-guarded-commands-1975","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0d85af0-a7d4-44f5-a988-c58f2eacb371","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:196c654d8034a0600f7cbd2743938fcc3998c6549b604498052c399af0d570c7"},"what_changed":"A guarded-command language linked nondeterministic alternatives and repetition to weakest-precondition reasoning, with invariants and variants connecting desired results to program construction.","scope":"A guarded-command language linked nondeterministic alternatives and repetition to weakest-precondition reasoning, with invariants and variants connecting desired results to program construction. The 1975 calculus applies to its specified program constructs. Invariants and variants still require invention; it is not an automatic program-synthesis algorithm or a proof that every program can be developed this way.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0d85af0-a7d4-44f5-a988-c58f2eacb371","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:196c654d8034a0600f7cbd2743938fcc3998c6549b604498052c399af0d570c7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dinitz-referent-maintenance-maxflow-1970","title":"Dinitz: a capacity-independent polynomial maximum-flow method using shortest-path referents","summary":"Dinitz organized shortest augmenting paths into a maintained layered referent, deleting saturated arcs and dead ends until the shortest source-to-sink distance increases, obtaining an O(n²m) arithmetic-operation maximum-flow bound.\n\nA maximum-flow algorithm must deliver as much flow as possible without exceeding capacities or losing flow at intermediate vertices. Arbitrary augmenting-path choices can take a number of steps tied to capacity magnitudes and can even fail to terminate with general real capacities. Dinitz’s 1970 article chooses shortest residual augmenting paths and maintains their union, called a referent. Each augmentation deletes at least one arc from the current shortest-path structure; recursively removing dead ends preserves the useful part. Once that structure is empty, the next shortest-path distance increases. There are fewer than n distance levels and only finitely many deletions at each level. The article bounds arithmetic/machine operations by O(n²m), independently of numerical capacity magnitudes. This is an exact-arithmetic model claim, not a bound on arbitrary-precision bit costs. The widely taught BFS-plus-DFS blocking-flow implementation is related but has a later contribution: the author’s retrospective credits Shimon Even and Alon Itai with that modification, using Karzanov’s blocking-flow concept. The current record assesses the original maintained-referent method rather than silently attributing every later implementation to 1970.","boundary":"The original method uses nonnegative capacities, opposite residual arcs and shortest-path referent maintenance. Its O(n^2 m) bound is an arithmetic/machine-operation count, not arbitrary-precision bit complexity or a measured modern runtime. Later DFS and blocking-flow modifications are credited separately. Finite graph tests do not independently certify the original amortized proof for every real-capacity network.","area":"Computing","topic":"Network optimization and maximum flow","year":1970,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"dinitz-referent-maintenance-maxflow-1970","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a1bca2c6-8e63-4201-a20f-58fa68351f55","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2823e6fcc0810e8db9a7a47ae817dba9cc4a4d269e4ebbf141e686dc284eee2d"},"humans":["Yefim Dinitz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["goldberg-tarjan-preflow-push-relabel-1988"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-dinitz-referent-maintenance-maxflow-1970-translation","title":"E.A.Dinic, Algorithm for Solution of a Problem of Maximum Flow in a Network with Power Estimation —1970 English translation","url":"https://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~dinitz/D70.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-dinitz-referent-maintenance-maxflow-1970-retrospective","title":"Yefim Dinitz, The Original Version and Even’s Version — author retrospective manuscript","url":"https://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~dinitz/Papers/Dinitz_alg.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-dinitz-referent-maintenance-maxflow-1970-identity","title":"Yefim Dinitz institutional selected publications: historical E.A.Dinic spelling and1970 article","url":"https://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~dinitz/pub.html"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"dinitz-referent-maintenance-maxflow-1970","entry_id":"dinitz-referent-maintenance-maxflow-1970","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a1bca2c6-8e63-4201-a20f-58fa68351f55","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2823e6fcc0810e8db9a7a47ae817dba9cc4a4d269e4ebbf141e686dc284eee2d"},"what_changed":"Dinitz organized shortest augmenting paths into a maintained layered referent, deleting saturated arcs and dead ends until the shortest source-to-sink distance increases, obtaining an O(n²m) arithmetic-operation maximum-flow bound.","scope":"Dinitz organized shortest augmenting paths into a maintained layered referent, deleting saturated arcs and dead ends until the shortest source-to-sink distance increases, obtaining an O(n²m) arithmetic-operation maximum-flow bound. The original method uses nonnegative capacities, opposite residual arcs and shortest-path referent maintenance. Its O(n^2 m) bound is an arithmetic/machine-operation count, not arbitrary-precision bit complexity or a measured modern runtime. Later DFS and blocking-flow modifications are credited separately. Finite graph tests do not independently certify the original amortized proof for every real-capacity network.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a1bca2c6-8e63-4201-a20f-58fa68351f55","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2823e6fcc0810e8db9a7a47ae817dba9cc4a4d269e4ebbf141e686dc284eee2d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dirac-magnetic-pole-quantization-1931","title":"Dirac: magnetic poles and charge quantization","summary":"Dirac examined nonintegrable phases in quantum wavefunctions. Permitted magnetic singularities impose a quantization relation between electric charge and magnetic-pole strength.\n\nPhase consistency links a topological obstruction with discrete charge. The paper also discusses a new anti-electron interpretation, but this entry centers on the magnetic-pole argument rather than counting every passage as a separate achievement.","boundary":"The argument permits quantized magnetic poles conditionally; it does not establish that monopoles exist, report their detection, or derive the numerical fine-structure constant.","area":"Quantum theory","topic":"Quantum theory","year":1931,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"dirac-magnetic-pole-quantization-1931","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0e18ff9-3e71-4866-aff8-33b7b23b403d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f7417d72f3a774a2aa6f13a1870ae098aaa3298c92e4c03f5f8a2a2ae013bdba"},"humans":["Paul A. M. Dirac"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dirac-electron"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-dirac-magnetic-pole-quantization-1931","title":"Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field (1931)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1931.0130"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"dirac-magnetic-pole-quantization-1931","entry_id":"dirac-magnetic-pole-quantization-1931","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0e18ff9-3e71-4866-aff8-33b7b23b403d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f7417d72f3a774a2aa6f13a1870ae098aaa3298c92e4c03f5f8a2a2ae013bdba"},"what_changed":"Nonintegrable phases and permitted magnetic singularities lead to a quantization relation between electric charge and magnetic-pole strength.","scope":"Nonintegrable phases and permitted magnetic singularities lead to a quantization relation between electric charge and magnetic-pole strength. The argument permits quantized magnetic poles conditionally; it does not establish that monopoles exist, report their detection, or derive the numerical fine-structure constant.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0e18ff9-3e71-4866-aff8-33b7b23b403d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f7417d72f3a774a2aa6f13a1870ae098aaa3298c92e4c03f5f8a2a2ae013bdba"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dwork-lynch-stockmeyer-partial-synchrony-1988","title":"Dwork, Lynch and Stockmeyer: consensus with partial synchrony","summary":"Dwork, Lynch and Stockmeyer define partial synchrony and give deterministic consensus constructions and fault-tolerance bounds when timing bounds are unknown or start holding after an unknown stabilization time.\n\nA slow message need not mean a failed computer. Fully asynchronous consensus has a termination obstruction, but practical systems often have more structure than unlimited delays. This paper separates two precise possibilities: timing bounds exist but are unknown, or known bounds eventually hold after an unknown time. It builds protocols and distributed clocks for these settings, keeping agreement safety distinct from eventual decision. The fault threshold changes with the timing and failure model; the paper does not make arbitrary unreliable networks safe merely by waiting longer.","boundary":"Deterministic fixed-membership, fully connected message-passing models and specified process/delivery bounds are required. Unknown fixed bounds differ from known bounds after unknown GST; the combined processor/communication results use the corresponding declared timing cases. For partially synchronous communication, fail-stop/omission require N>=2 t+1 and Byzantine faults require N>=3 t+1, even with authentication. Synchronous communication with only partial processor synchrony has different thresholds and signed-initial-value/weak-versus-strong unanimity distinctions. In its synchronous-communication omission case, the paper leaves a one-processor gap; this is not a claim that it remains open today. Decide is not halt: with pre-GST message loss, some correct process may have to keep communicating. Polynomial time is relative to N, bounds and GST, not a known deadline from startup. Signatures and sender identity are assumed capabilities; arbitrary Sybil membership, crash recovery and permanently asynchronous termination are excluded. Some clock/protocol proofs are sketched or left to the reader; constants are not fully optimized. No full proof reconstruction, model checking or live-network implementation was certified. Agreement does not establish scientific truth.","area":"Distributed consensus under timing assumptions","topic":"Computing","year":1988,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"dwork-lynch-stockmeyer-partial-synchrony-1988","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:129f38cc-51cb-42b4-a03d-0f842eadbce4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca0739a3e5c32966a668ccc050a735c28fe8dbcba4666d203d5ece8e8334826d"},"humans":["Cynthia Dwork","Nancy A. Lynch","Larry Stockmeyer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["flp-consensus-limit","lamport-logical-clocks","byzantine-generals","lamport-part-time-parliament-paxos-1998"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-dwork-lynch-stockmeyer-partial-synchrony-1988-original","title":"Dwork, Lynch and Stockmeyer, Consensus in the Presence of Partial Synchrony, JACM35(2),288-323,April1988: original article","url":"https://groups.csail.mit.edu/tds/papers/Lynch/jacm88.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-nancy-lynch-primary-name-20261004","title":"Nancy A. Lynch: MIT primary homepage name identification","url":"https://people.csail.mit.edu/lynch/"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"dwork-lynch-stockmeyer-partial-synchrony-1988","entry_id":"dwork-lynch-stockmeyer-partial-synchrony-1988","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:129f38cc-51cb-42b4-a03d-0f842eadbce4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca0739a3e5c32966a668ccc050a735c28fe8dbcba4666d203d5ece8e8334826d"},"what_changed":"Dwork, Lynch and Stockmeyer define partial synchrony and give deterministic consensus constructions and fault-tolerance bounds when timing bounds are unknown or start holding after an unknown stabilization time.","scope":"Dwork, Lynch and Stockmeyer define partial synchrony and give deterministic consensus constructions and fault-tolerance bounds when timing bounds are unknown or start holding after an unknown stabilization time. Deterministic fixed-membership, fully connected message-passing models and specified process/delivery bounds are required. Unknown fixed bounds differ from known bounds after unknown GST; the combined processor/communication results use the corresponding declared timing cases. For partially synchronous communication, fail-stop/omission require N>=2 t+1 and Byzantine faults require N>=3 t+1, even with authentication. Synchronous communication with only partial processor synchrony has different thresholds and signed-initial-value/weak-versus-strong unanimity distinctions. In its synchronous-communication omission case, the paper leaves a one-processor gap; this is not a claim that it remains open today. Decide is not halt: with pre-GST message loss, some correct process may have to keep communicating. Polynomial time is relative to N, bounds and GST, not a known deadline from startup. Signatures and sender identity are assumed capabilities; arbitrary Sybil membership, crash recovery and permanently asynchronous termination are excluded. Some clock/protocol proofs are sketched or left to the reader; constants are not fully optimized. No full proof reconstruction, model checking or live-network implementation was certified. Agreement does not establish scientific truth.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:129f38cc-51cb-42b4-a03d-0f842eadbce4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca0739a3e5c32966a668ccc050a735c28fe8dbcba4666d203d5ece8e8334826d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"edmonds-blossom-maximum-cardinality-matching-1965","title":"Edmonds: finding the largest pairing in a general graph","summary":"The1965paper gives a conceptual polynomial-time method for maximum-cardinality matching in finite general graphs. Alternating trees and conditionally safe blossom contraction deal with odd cycles, with expansion rules that lift augmentations to the original graph.\n\nSuppose every edge represents an allowed pair and each participant may belong to at most one pair. In a general network, odd cycles can trap a simple search. Edmonds temporarily replaces an appropriate odd-cycle structure by one vertex, continues the search, and then expands it to recover a valid larger pairing. The paper also produces a matching/odd-set-cover duality certificate. It distinguishes proving an efficient algorithm exists from supplying complete production code.","boundary":"Finite general graph, maximum cardinality rather than maximum weight or hypergraph matching. Original 450–452 gives a conceptual algorithm and n^4 time/n^2 memory upper bounds under its step/storage accounting; no modern tightbound or measured runtime is claimed. Safe maximality preservation uses a blossom belonging to a flower/stem; arbitrary odd-cycle contraction is not a universal equivalence. Retained pseudovertices may need expansion when inner vertices, as 465–466 explain. The odd-set-cover duality is proved here; the stronger full matching-polytope/weighted optimization proof is explicitly deferred to another paper and excluded from this target. Original discussion of polynomial efficiency is informal foundational reasoning, not a formal proof that every polynomial algorithm is practical or a solution of Pversus NP. no independent proof reconstruction, runnable implementation or benchmark certification. Berge, Norman/Rabin, Tutte, network-flow predecessors, Dantzig discussions and Witzgall’s proof suggestion remain distinct inputs.","area":"Graph algorithms","topic":"Computer science","year":1965,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"edmonds-blossom-maximum-cardinality-matching-1965","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28510140-c982-4ba9-a028-a51d879ea3aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22c837a5559a7b7c6351a091f465a914e4eaee02e4402286b90283aecb1dd193"},"humans":["Jack Edmonds"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hopcroft-karp-bipartite-matching-1973","ford-fulkerson-maximal-flow-network-1956","tutte-perfect-matching-characterization-1947"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-edmonds-1965-publisher-original","title":"Edmonds:Paths,Trees,and Flowers(1965), original449–467","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/08B492B72322C4130AE800C0610E0E21/S0008414X00039419a.pdf/paths_trees_and_flowers.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-edmonds-1965-publisher-metadata","title":"Cambridge:Paths,Trees,and Flowers original1965publication metadata","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-mathematics/article/paths-trees-and-flowers/08B492B72322C4130AE800C0610E0E21"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"edmonds-blossom-maximum-cardinality-matching-1965","entry_id":"edmonds-blossom-maximum-cardinality-matching-1965","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28510140-c982-4ba9-a028-a51d879ea3aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22c837a5559a7b7c6351a091f465a914e4eaee02e4402286b90283aecb1dd193"},"what_changed":"Conditioned blossom contraction,alternating-tree search and expansion give a conceptual polynomial cardinality-matching method in general graphs, together with odd-set-cover duality.","scope":"Conditioned blossom contraction,alternating-tree search and expansion give a conceptual polynomial cardinality-matching method in general graphs, together with odd-set-cover duality. Finite general graph, maximum cardinality rather than maximum weight or hypergraph matching. Original 450–452 gives a conceptual algorithm and n^4 time/n^2 memory upper bounds under its step/storage accounting; no modern tightbound or measured runtime is claimed. Safe maximality preservation uses a blossom belonging to a flower/stem; arbitrary odd-cycle contraction is not a universal equivalence. Retained pseudovertices may need expansion when inner vertices, as 465–466 explain. The odd-set-cover duality is proved here; the stronger full matching-polytope/weighted optimization proof is explicitly deferred to another paper and excluded from this target. Original discussion of polynomial efficiency is informal foundational reasoning, not a formal proof that every polynomial algorithm is practical or a solution of Pversus NP. no independent proof reconstruction, runnable implementation or benchmark certification. Berge, Norman/Rabin, Tutte, network-flow predecessors, Dantzig discussions and Witzgall’s proof suggestion remain distinct inputs.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28510140-c982-4ba9-a028-a51d879ea3aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22c837a5559a7b7c6351a091f465a914e4eaee02e4402286b90283aecb1dd193"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"edmonds-karp-flow-efficiency-potentials-scaling-1972","title":"Edmonds and Karp: shortest augmenting paths, cost potentials and scaling for network flows","summary":"Edmonds and Karp bounded shortest-path flow augmentations independently of capacity precision, used nonnegative reduced costs for minimum-cost flow, and developed capacity scaling with repair of lost optimality.\n\nA transport network may have plenty of capacity but still be hard to optimize if an algorithm repeatedly makes poor choices. Edmonds and Karp studied rules for choosing the next adjustment. For maximum flow, scanning nodes in the order they were reached produces a residual path with the fewest arcs. Distances cannot decrease, so repeated bottlenecks are limited independently of how large or precise the capacities are. A different rule takes the largest available augmentation and has a separate bound requiring integer capacities. For minimum-cost flow, node potentials change arc weights without changing which path is cheapest; compatible potentials make the reduced weights nonnegative. The paper then solves progressively finer capacity problems instead of counting up one unit at a time. This is not simply doubling the previous answer: doubling can preserve feasibility while losing minimum cost, and the general method includes a kilter-reduction repair. The paper recognizes the related shortest-path work of Dinitz published in1970 and cites its own abstract presented in1969. The assessed contribution is this1972 analysis and family of methods, not invention of network flow, all shortest paths or every modern complexity refinement.","boundary":"The original algorithms concern finite flow networks with stated capacities/costs and arithmetic accounting. Shortest augmenting paths, potential updates and scaling variants have separate assumptions and bounds. They are not a universal strongly polynomial guarantee for every later min-cost-flow formulation, nor an independently measured implementation speedup. Later refinements retain separate credit.","area":"Computing","topic":"Network optimization and algorithm analysis","year":1972,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"edmonds-karp-flow-efficiency-potentials-scaling-1972","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4a21d59-4caf-4137-a2b8-246d5f2eeec9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:62a8393f28ee1d54ab9227a84390d41c87552ce5015a518fe2efd2c14873ccaa"},"humans":["Jack Edmonds","Richard M. Karp"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-edmonds-karp-flow-efficiency-potentials-scaling-1972-original","title":"Edmonds and Karp, Theoretical Improvements in Algorithmic Efficiency for Network Flow Problems (1972) — complete original scan","url":"https://deltadbu.github.io/UCAS_algorithm_course/Lectures/EdmondsKarp1972.pdf"}],"points":"175000","published_grade":{"id":"edmonds-karp-flow-efficiency-potentials-scaling-1972","entry_id":"edmonds-karp-flow-efficiency-potentials-scaling-1972","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4a21d59-4caf-4137-a2b8-246d5f2eeec9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:62a8393f28ee1d54ab9227a84390d41c87552ce5015a518fe2efd2c14873ccaa"},"what_changed":"Edmonds and Karp bounded shortest-path flow augmentations independently of capacity precision, used nonnegative reduced costs for minimum-cost flow, and developed capacity scaling with repair of lost optimality.","scope":"Edmonds and Karp bounded shortest-path flow augmentations independently of capacity precision, used nonnegative reduced costs for minimum-cost flow, and developed capacity scaling with repair of lost optimality. The original algorithms concern finite flow networks with stated capacities/costs and arithmetic accounting. Shortest augmenting paths, potential updates and scaling variants have separate assumptions and bounds. They are not a universal strongly polynomial guarantee for every later min-cost-flow formulation, nor an independently measured implementation speedup. Later refinements retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4a21d59-4caf-4137-a2b8-246d5f2eeec9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:62a8393f28ee1d54ab9227a84390d41c87552ce5015a518fe2efd2c14873ccaa"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"efron-stein-jackknife-variance-1981","title":"Efron and Stein: jackknife variance through interaction decomposition","summary":"Efron and Stein used orthogonal interaction decomposition to characterize the expected upward bias of the natural deletion-based jackknife variance estimate and distinguish its sample-size target and nonlinear correction limits.\n\nDeleting one observation at a time reveals how strongly a statistic changes, but the resulting dispersion needs a precise target. The paper separates the natural variance estimate for a statistic on n−1 observations from the usual scaled estimate intended for n observations. An ANOVA-like expansion decomposes the statistic into main effects and higher-order interactions. The natural estimate is unbiased for additive components but counts quadratic interactions twice and cubic interactions three times in expectation. A more general deletion-function inequality allows independent observations with different distributions and nonsymmetric functions. The source also warns that scaling to the n-observation target is not always upward biased. For a centered squared Bernoulli sample mean at n=2, every one-observation deletion has the same value, so the jackknife reports zero despite positive target variance. This does not contradict the natural n−1 theorem.","boundary":"The variance arguments require independent observations and finite second moments; the natural jackknife result has its stated symmetry/iid setting and separately generalized cases. Conservativeness is in expectation, not a pointwise upper bound or a confidence interval. Changing the scaling or target sample size can remove that property. Dependent observations and bootstrap proofs deferred to an unread report are outside the verified source scope.","area":"Mathematics and statistics","topic":"Variance and resampling theory","year":1981,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"efron-stein-jackknife-variance-1981","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae541319-2178-4f72-a2e3-a943d0384f86","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1b65bc786b0bb279207d54c63857722737d7a8176642b2833236fecfee46b1b5"},"humans":["B. Efron","C. Stein"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["efron-bootstrap-methods-1979","akaike-information-criterion-1974"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-efron-stein-jackknife-variance-1981-original","title":"Efron and Stein: jackknife variance through interaction decomposition — original scientific article","url":"https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/files/papers/others/1981/efron1981a.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-efron-stein-jackknife-variance-1981-publisher","title":"Efron and Stein: jackknife variance through interaction decomposition — publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176345462"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"efron-stein-jackknife-variance-1981","entry_id":"efron-stein-jackknife-variance-1981","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae541319-2178-4f72-a2e3-a943d0384f86","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1b65bc786b0bb279207d54c63857722737d7a8176642b2833236fecfee46b1b5"},"what_changed":"Efron and Stein used orthogonal interaction decomposition to characterize the expected upward bias of the natural deletion-based jackknife variance estimate and distinguish its sample-size target and nonlinear correction limits.","scope":"Efron and Stein used orthogonal interaction decomposition to characterize the expected upward bias of the natural deletion-based jackknife variance estimate and distinguish its sample-size target and nonlinear correction limits. The variance arguments require independent observations and finite second moments; the natural jackknife result has its stated symmetry/iid setting and separately generalized cases. Conservativeness is in expectation, not a pointwise upper bound or a confidence interval. Changing the scaling or target sample size can remove that property. Dependent observations and bootstrap proofs deferred to an unread report are outside the verified source scope.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae541319-2178-4f72-a2e3-a943d0384f86","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1b65bc786b0bb279207d54c63857722737d7a8176642b2833236fecfee46b1b5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"elgamal-encryption-signature-construction-1985","title":"ElGamal: discrete-logarithm encryption and signature constructions","summary":"ElGamal turns a Diffie–Hellman-style shared value into a randomized public-key encryption construction and gives a separate signature/verification relation over a prime finite field.\n\nFresh secret randomness produces different ciphertext pairs, while signatures can be checked with a public key. The original conference paper analyzes costs and limitations rather than granting an unconditional proof against every attack.","boundary":"This target is CRYPTO'84 proceedings pages 10–18, published 1985; the journal edition is not another credited contribution. The paper explicitly leaves general signature-breaking/discrete-log equivalence unproved, requires fresh nonce use and notes a forgery/message-structure caveat. Historical hardness estimates are not current deployment guidance, modern chosen-ciphertext security or post-quantum protection.","area":"Public-key cryptography and digital signatures","topic":"Computer science","year":1985,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"elgamal-encryption-signature-construction-1985","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:30f25342-2630-4984-ad33-318624c102fa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ea05138680b2ca171f888c6f41a885e719f6aad3b175687296f669c1df8606a"},"humans":["Taher ElGamal"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["diffie-hellman-key-exchange","shannon-secrecy-systems-1949"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-elgamal-crypto84-paper","title":"Taher ElGamal, A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms, Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO'84, LNCS196,10–18 (1985)","url":"https://people.csail.mit.edu/alinush/6.857-spring-2015/papers/elgamal.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-springer-elgamal-crypto84-metadata","title":"Springer original-chapter metadata: ElGamal, CRYPTO1984 proceedings, LNCS196, DOI10.1007/3-540-39568-7_2","url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-39568-7_2"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"elgamal-encryption-signature-construction-1985","entry_id":"elgamal-encryption-signature-construction-1985","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:30f25342-2630-4984-ad33-318624c102fa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ea05138680b2ca171f888c6f41a885e719f6aad3b175687296f669c1df8606a"},"what_changed":"The original conference work provides randomized encrypted-message pairs based on inherited key exchange and a distinct publicly verifiable signature relation with signing/verification procedures.","scope":"The original conference work provides randomized encrypted-message pairs based on inherited key exchange and a distinct publicly verifiable signature relation with signing/verification procedures. This target is CRYPTO'84 proceedings pages 10–18, published 1985; the journal edition is not another credited contribution. The paper explicitly leaves general signature-breaking/discrete-log equivalence unproved, requires fresh nonce use and notes a forgery/message-structure caveat. Historical hardness estimates are not current deployment guidance, modern chosen-ciphertext security or post-quantum protection.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:30f25342-2630-4984-ad33-318624c102fa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ea05138680b2ca171f888c6f41a885e719f6aad3b175687296f669c1df8606a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"eswaran-gray-lorie-traiger-predicate-locks-1976","title":"Eswaran, Gray, Lorie and Traiger: consistency through two-phase and predicate locks","summary":"The paper formalized schedule consistency and proved two-phase locking guarantees under well-formed transaction assumptions, then proposed predicate locks to protect logical sets including phantom records.\n\nTwo transactions can each preserve a database constraint when run alone and still break it when their actions interleave. The authors defined consistency through equivalence to a serial schedule. A transaction that first acquires locks and then releases them gives a simple ordering argument: conflicting dependencies follow the order in which transactions begin shrinking. The necessity claim has a precise quantifier. A particular non-two-phase transaction can run safely, but it cannot guarantee consistency against every unknown companion transaction. Existing-row locks also miss records that another transaction might create. Predicate locks therefore cover all possible tuples matching a logical condition, including absent tuples. The proposed implementable class uses Boolean combinations of simple field-to-constant comparisons; unrestricted predicate overlap is not generally decidable. This is a formal concurrency contribution and proposed mechanism, not a completed solution to every recovery, deadlock or distributed database problem.","boundary":"The serial-equivalence result assumes well-formed two-phase transactions and a specified tuple/predicate access model. Predicate locks must cover matching tuples and changed old/new values. Necessity is against arbitrary companion transactions; some restricted non-two-phase executions can still be safe. Predicate overlap may be expensive or undecidable in a general language. Deadlock policy, crash recovery and production database correctness are separate.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Database concurrency","year":1976,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"eswaran-gray-lorie-traiger-predicate-locks-1976","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:304dacf6-bf50-4d44-a4bc-71a4db640f5b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6aedbcea7b664388b3ff4cb3356c21c2f0a1d0741d4d63b8455e0415448ecbc7"},"humans":["K. P. Eswaran","J. N. Gray","R. A. Lorie","I. L. Traiger"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["acid-transactions","codd-relational-model"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-eswaran-gray-lorie-traiger-predicate-locks-1976-original","title":"Eswaran, Gray, Lorie and Traiger: consistency through two-phase and predicate locks — exact original scientific paper","url":"https://people.csail.mit.edu/tdanford/6830papers/eswaran-notions-of-consistency.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-eswaran-gray-lorie-traiger-predicate-locks-1976-publisher","title":"Eswaran, Gray, Lorie and Traiger: consistency through two-phase and predicate locks — publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1145%2F360363.360369"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"eswaran-gray-lorie-traiger-predicate-locks-1976","entry_id":"eswaran-gray-lorie-traiger-predicate-locks-1976","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:304dacf6-bf50-4d44-a4bc-71a4db640f5b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6aedbcea7b664388b3ff4cb3356c21c2f0a1d0741d4d63b8455e0415448ecbc7"},"what_changed":"The paper formalized schedule consistency and proved two-phase locking guarantees under well-formed transaction assumptions, then proposed predicate locks to protect logical sets including phantom records.","scope":"The paper formalized schedule consistency and proved two-phase locking guarantees under well-formed transaction assumptions, then proposed predicate locks to protect logical sets including phantom records. The serial-equivalence result assumes well-formed two-phase transactions and a specified tuple/predicate access model. Predicate locks must cover matching tuples and changed old/new values. Necessity is against arbitrary companion transactions; some restricted non-two-phase executions can still be safe. Predicate overlap may be expensive or undecidable in a general language. Deadlock policy, crash recovery and production database correctness are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:304dacf6-bf50-4d44-a4bc-71a4db640f5b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6aedbcea7b664388b3ff4cb3356c21c2f0a1d0741d4d63b8455e0415448ecbc7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"euler-basel-series-e41","title":"Euler: the reciprocal-square sum and the circle constant","summary":"Euler evaluated the sum of reciprocal squares of the positive integers as π²/6. His E41 paper developed connections between even reciprocal-power series and trigonometric expansions.\n\nA simple arithmetic series had resisted an exact expression. Euler related its sum to the circle constant through trigonometric expansions and their roots. The surviving paper identifies a specific analytic result and historical derivation, independently of the bridges problem.","boundary":"This is a historical evaluation without an independent WRS proof audit. The paper's infinite factor reasoning is its original derivation; no claim is made that odd reciprocal-power sums were all evaluated.","area":"Infinite series","topic":"Infinite series","year":1740,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"euler-basel-series-e41","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f242ed8-783e-4d59-a5e4-605da1623822","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0fbd163963a82108b6a56acb7880d74c00d1b0a2ba5b2237541ea14210a59c1d"},"humans":["Leonhard Euler"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-euler-e41","title":"Leonhard Euler, De summis serierum reciprocarum, E41 (1735/1740), translation by Jordan Bell","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0506415"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"euler-basel-series-e41","entry_id":"euler-basel-series-e41","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f242ed8-783e-4d59-a5e4-605da1623822","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0fbd163963a82108b6a56acb7880d74c00d1b0a2ba5b2237541ea14210a59c1d"},"what_changed":"An exact reciprocal-square value connects an arithmetic infinite series with the circle constant, together with specified even-power extensions in the work.","scope":"An exact reciprocal-square value connects an arithmetic infinite series with the circle constant, together with specified even-power extensions in the work. This is a historical evaluation without an independent WRS proof audit. The paper's infinite factor reasoning is its original derivation; no claim is made that odd reciprocal-power sums were all evaluated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f242ed8-783e-4d59-a5e4-605da1623822","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0fbd163963a82108b6a56acb7880d74c00d1b0a2ba5b2237541ea14210a59c1d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"euler-fluid-motion-equations-1757","title":"Euler: general equations for inviscid fluid motion","summary":"Euler formulated fluid motion using spatial velocity and density fields, mass conservation, material acceleration, pressure gradients and body forces. He also gave a rotational example showing that velocity-potential flow is only a special case.\n\nMass balance and force balance become coupled equations for fields rather than a description of one pipe or trajectory. The paper identifies pressure as part of the dynamical system and recognizes that boundary conditions are needed to select a flow. It explicitly retracts an earlier overgeneralization of potential motion. Writing equations did not solve the full initial-boundary-value problem.","boundary":"The source concerns classical smooth inviscid flow. A state relation and any additional temperature-like field are assumed; a modern compressible energy equation, viscosity, weak-solution theory and global existence are outside this contribution. The inspected English translation has modern corrective notes, which are separated from Euler's original authorship.","area":"Fluid dynamics","topic":"Physics","year":1757,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"euler-fluid-motion-equations-1757","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed30ccfb-2025-4b9d-adeb-71f86532b024","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fedf46a5ed6d0df58f5a9d1f4be0284e565c7c16e99bfdafbdbc91d69eb6f01"},"humans":["Leonhard Euler"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["euler-konigsberg-bridges","euler-basel-series-e41","newton"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-euler-fluid-equations-1757","title":"Leonhard Euler, Principes généraux du mouvement des fluides (written 1755, printed 1757); Uriel Frisch adaptation of Thomas E. Burton's English translation","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0802.2383"}],"points":"500000","published_grade":{"id":"euler-fluid-motion-equations-1757","entry_id":"euler-fluid-motion-equations-1757","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed30ccfb-2025-4b9d-adeb-71f86532b024","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fedf46a5ed6d0df58f5a9d1f4be0284e565c7c16e99bfdafbdbc91d69eb6f01"},"what_changed":"Mass continuity and pressure/body-force momentum balance organize three-dimensional fluid motion in spatial velocity/density fields; nonpotential examples establish the broader admissible flow class.","scope":"Mass continuity and pressure/body-force momentum balance organize three-dimensional fluid motion in spatial velocity/density fields; nonpotential examples establish the broader admissible flow class. The source concerns classical smooth inviscid flow. A state relation and any additional temperature-like field are assumed; a modern compressible energy equation, viscosity, weak-solution theory and global existence are outside this contribution. The inspected English translation has modern corrective notes, which are separated from Euler's original authorship.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed30ccfb-2025-4b9d-adeb-71f86532b024","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fedf46a5ed6d0df58f5a9d1f4be0284e565c7c16e99bfdafbdbc91d69eb6f01"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fagin-multivalued-fourth-normal-form-1977","title":"Fagin: multivalued dependencies and lossless fourth-normal-form decomposition","summary":"Fagin connected multivalued dependencies to lossless projection joins, defined fourth normal form beyond Boyce–Codd normal form, and proved finite-schema decomposition can reach it without information loss.\n\nA table can repeat combinations of facts even when no ordinary functional dependency detects the redundancy. Multivalued dependencies describe a different structure: for a fixed group of key fields, two groups of remaining values vary independently. Fagin proved that this tuple-swapping condition is exactly what allows the table to be reconstructed from two projections by a natural join. Fourth normal form requires nontrivial multivalued dependencies to arise from keys. Splitting a violating schema reduces the number of fields on each branch, so repeated lossless splits terminate in a fourth-normal-form family. The paper distinguishes constraints on all allowed instances from patterns in one table, and shows that a dependency’s meaning can change when other columns are projected away. It does not settle the best decomposition for every workload. Carlo Zaniolo’s independently discovered multivalued dependencies and the earlier relational/normalization framework retain their credit.","boundary":"The result concerns finite set-valued relations, schema constraints and multivalued dependencies in a specified attribute context. Fourth normal form is stronger than BCNF for this redundancy. Lossless decomposition need not preserve every constraint locally or optimize queries. A property observed in one finite relation does not establish an integrity constraint for all future data. Independent related work retains credit.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Relational database theory","year":1977,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"fagin-multivalued-fourth-normal-form-1977","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d6c406c-edb5-41b8-abc5-bce1273a1ef0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad554244f00094e9432a920f1262a4993afbb3f3969e9b208a7fc229cfb3b291"},"humans":["Ronald Fagin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["codd-relational-model","codd-further-normalization-1971"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-fagin-multivalued-fourth-normal-form-1977-original","title":"Fagin: multivalued dependencies and lossless fourth-normal-form decomposition — exact original scientific paper","url":"https://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~lingtw/papers/fagin.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-fagin-multivalued-fourth-normal-form-1977-publisher","title":"Fagin: multivalued dependencies and lossless fourth-normal-form decomposition — publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1145%2F320557.320571"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"fagin-multivalued-fourth-normal-form-1977","entry_id":"fagin-multivalued-fourth-normal-form-1977","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d6c406c-edb5-41b8-abc5-bce1273a1ef0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad554244f00094e9432a920f1262a4993afbb3f3969e9b208a7fc229cfb3b291"},"what_changed":"Fagin connected multivalued dependencies to lossless projection joins, defined fourth normal form beyond Boyce–Codd normal form, and proved finite-schema decomposition can reach it without information loss.","scope":"Fagin connected multivalued dependencies to lossless projection joins, defined fourth normal form beyond Boyce–Codd normal form, and proved finite-schema decomposition can reach it without information loss. The result concerns finite set-valued relations, schema constraints and multivalued dependencies in a specified attribute context. Fourth normal form is stronger than BCNF for this redundancy. Lossless decomposition need not preserve every constraint locally or optimize queries. A property observed in one finite relation does not establish an integrity constraint for all future data. Independent related work retains credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d6c406c-edb5-41b8-abc5-bce1273a1ef0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad554244f00094e9432a920f1262a4993afbb3f3969e9b208a7fc229cfb3b291"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"faraday-electrochemical-equivalents-1834","title":"Faraday: electrochemical equivalents and measured charge","summary":"Faraday compared electrolytic products with a water-based electrical measurement in the same circuit. His experiments related chemical decomposition to the quantity of electricity and compared substances through their chemical equivalents.\n\nA common circuit made unlike decompositions comparable. Faraday weighed metal changes, measured evolved gas and altered electrodes to distinguish the principal electrical action from secondary reactions. These comparisons connected electricity quantitatively with chemical change, a different contribution from electromagnetic induction.","boundary":"This entry concerns the 1834 Seventh Series, building on earlier work. Side reactions, gas losses and electrode chemistry affect measured products. Historical chemical categories are not all retained in modern chemistry.","area":"Electrochemistry","topic":"Electrochemistry","year":1834,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"faraday-electrochemical-equivalents-1834","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ce25bcb-55c7-4da0-af34-4a1b61a24694","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93a23f5181f6d067f8260888f7e6549ed6cd10cf23a4b96ed3cbfeb63a0f57e8"},"humans":["Michael Faraday"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["faraday-induction"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-faraday-electrolysis","title":"Michael Faraday, Experimental Researches in Electricity, Seventh Series (1834), collected second edition (1849)","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14986/pg14986-images.html"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"faraday-electrochemical-equivalents-1834","entry_id":"faraday-electrochemical-equivalents-1834","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ce25bcb-55c7-4da0-af34-4a1b61a24694","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93a23f5181f6d067f8260888f7e6549ed6cd10cf23a4b96ed3cbfeb63a0f57e8"},"what_changed":"Common-circuit comparisons organize decomposition by passed electricity and chemical equivalents, with secondary reactions distinguished through experimental controls.","scope":"Common-circuit comparisons organize decomposition by passed electricity and chemical equivalents, with secondary reactions distinguished through experimental controls. This entry concerns the 1834 Seventh Series, building on earlier work. Side reactions, gas losses and electrode chemistry affect measured products. Historical chemical categories are not all retained in modern chemistry.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ce25bcb-55c7-4da0-af34-4a1b61a24694","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93a23f5181f6d067f8260888f7e6549ed6cd10cf23a4b96ed3cbfeb63a0f57e8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"faraday-magnetic-polarization-rotation-1846","title":"Faraday: magnetic rotation of polarized light in matter","summary":"Faraday observed that a magnetic field applied along a light path through heavy glass rotated its polarization. Switching off the field removed the effect, while reversing the magnetic poles reversed the rotation. The paper connected magnetic action to an optical response in matter.\n\nFaraday placed transparent material between magnetic poles and examined a polarized lamp beam with an analyzer. Field-dependent appearance and extinction, together with reversal tests, distinguished magnetic rotation from ordinary optical activity. The result supplied a way to observe magnetic action through optical changes in matter. Faraday's induction experiments, electrochemical work and the separate diamagnetic-force series retain distinct scientific targets.","boundary":"The experiments were reported to the Royal Society in November 1845 and published in 1846; the inspected author-collected reprint is from 1855. The effect concerns light transmitted through material, not direct deflection in empty space or a complete electromagnetic theory of light. Early proportionality observations were scoped to tested materials and field strengths.","area":"Magneto-optics","topic":"Physics","year":1846,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"faraday-magnetic-polarization-rotation-1846","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:04fd6413-f871-4d28-acf4-b2f80b697866","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e6939e940bd99b131e3b6620ce6a74544eaea8e23ca783b758c490ae970090fe"},"humans":["Michael Faraday"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["faraday-induction","faraday-electrochemical-equivalents-1834","maxwell"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-faraday-magnetic-light-1846","title":"Michael Faraday, Experimental Researches in Electricity, Nineteenth Series (1846); author-collected Volume III (1855), pp.1–26","url":"https://fisica.unipv.it/percorsi/pdf/Faraday_III.pdf"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"faraday-magnetic-polarization-rotation-1846","entry_id":"faraday-magnetic-polarization-rotation-1846","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:04fd6413-f871-4d28-acf4-b2f80b697866","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e6939e940bd99b131e3b6620ce6a74544eaea8e23ca783b758c490ae970090fe"},"what_changed":"Controlled field switching and reversal connect a magnetic field to polarization rotation in transparent matter, distinguishing its directional behavior from natural optical rotation.","scope":"Controlled field switching and reversal connect a magnetic field to polarization rotation in transparent matter, distinguishing its directional behavior from natural optical rotation. The experiments were reported to the Royal Society in November 1845 and published in 1846; the inspected author-collected reprint is from 1855. The effect concerns light transmitted through material, not direct deflection in empty space or a complete electromagnetic theory of light. Early proportionality observations were scoped to tested materials and field strengths.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:04fd6413-f871-4d28-acf4-b2f80b697866","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e6939e940bd99b131e3b6620ce6a74544eaea8e23ca783b758c490ae970090fe"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fermi-ideal-gas-statistics-1926","title":"Fermi: exclusion-based statistics of an ideal gas","summary":"Fermi imposed at most one particle per specified quantum state in an ideal monoatomic gas. Counting occupations in a harmonic confinement model produced a statistical distribution and low-temperature changes in pressure and specific heat.\n\nClassical gas laws leave the low-temperature entropy and heat capacity unresolved. Limiting state occupation changes the counting: low-energy levels fill, so additional particles must occupy higher states. This creates degeneracy effects while recovering classical behavior at high temperature. The contribution extends exclusion-based reasoning to gas thermodynamics, distinct from Fermi's later beta-decay and cosmic-ray work.","boundary":"The 1926 note states principles and results, reserving mathematical details for a later work. It assumes an ideal gas and the exclusion hypothesis; it is not an experimental validation or a model of every interacting gas. The inspected English translation dates from 1999.","area":"Quantum statistical mechanics","topic":"Quantum statistics","year":1926,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"fermi-ideal-gas-statistics-1926","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:971d059e-e503-4151-a26f-ceddfcd53ff7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ea94e3bcf81b822bd4717ac02da2578295ba4b00cb762b6f2f3f92f41b1d053"},"humans":["Enrico Fermi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["fermi-beta-decay-theory-1934","bose-quantum-statistics"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-fermi-ideal-gas-1926-translation","title":"Enrico Fermi (1926), On the Quantization of the Monoatomic Ideal Gas; English translation by Alberto Zannoni (1999)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9912229"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"fermi-ideal-gas-statistics-1926","entry_id":"fermi-ideal-gas-statistics-1926","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:971d059e-e503-4151-a26f-ceddfcd53ff7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ea94e3bcf81b822bd4717ac02da2578295ba4b00cb762b6f2f3f92f41b1d053"},"what_changed":"An at-most-one occupation hypothesis is extended to ideal-gas state counting and thermodynamics, yielding a degeneracy distribution and low-temperature pressure/heat-capacity consequences.","scope":"An at-most-one occupation hypothesis is extended to ideal-gas state counting and thermodynamics, yielding a degeneracy distribution and low-temperature pressure/heat-capacity consequences. The 1926 note states principles and results, reserving mathematical details for a later work. It assumes an ideal gas and the exclusion hypothesis; it is not an experimental validation or a model of every interacting gas. The inspected English translation dates from 1999.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:971d059e-e503-4151-a26f-ceddfcd53ff7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ea94e3bcf81b822bd4717ac02da2578295ba4b00cb762b6f2f3f92f41b1d053"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"feynman-gellmann-weak-interaction-1958","title":"Feynman and Gell-Mann: a vector–axial weak-interaction proposal","summary":"Feynman and Gell-Mann proposed a weak-interaction theory using two-component spinors and a beta interaction without gradients. Their stated assumptions lead to vector and axial couplings of equal magnitude.\n\nA common interaction structure sought to connect beta decay, muon decay and neutrino processes. The proposal is a distinct theoretical step beyond Fermi's beta-decay model; subsequent confirmation and revision require their own evidence.","boundary":"Only the original abstract, bibliography and byline were inspected. The abstract does not theoretically fix the relative sign and reports disagreements with some contemporary measurements. This is not the complete electroweak theory.","area":"Weak interactions","topic":"Weak interactions","year":1958,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"feynman-gellmann-weak-interaction-1958","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4dd233e-bf03-40d1-a7bb-b14cd4a4e030","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3bcf07143feb6bb6c672d3f220a582b616ff8db2c5771dcaba0dbecca8e9b6ae"},"humans":["Richard P. Feynman","Murray Gell-Mann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["fermi-beta-decay-theory-1934"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-feynman-gellmann-weak-interaction-1958","title":"Theory of the Fermi Interaction (1958)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.109.193"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"feynman-gellmann-weak-interaction-1958","entry_id":"feynman-gellmann-weak-interaction-1958","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4dd233e-bf03-40d1-a7bb-b14cd4a4e030","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3bcf07143feb6bb6c672d3f220a582b616ff8db2c5771dcaba0dbecca8e9b6ae"},"what_changed":"Specified two-component and no-gradient assumptions yield equal-magnitude vector and axial weak couplings in a proposal connecting several decay processes.","scope":"Specified two-component and no-gradient assumptions yield equal-magnitude vector and axial weak couplings in a proposal connecting several decay processes. Only the original abstract, bibliography and byline were inspected. The abstract does not theoretically fix the relative sign and reports disagreements with some contemporary measurements. This is not the complete electroweak theory.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4dd233e-bf03-40d1-a7bb-b14cd4a4e030","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3bcf07143feb6bb6c672d3f220a582b616ff8db2c5771dcaba0dbecca8e9b6ae"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"finkelstein-schwarzschild-horizon-causal-extension-1958","title":"Finkelstein: the Schwarzschild surface as a one-way causal boundary","summary":"Finkelstein constructs a regular analytic continuation across the Schwarzschild surface and explains its one-way causal character in time-reversed branches, while the paper itself records that this continuation is not the complete Schwarzschild spacetime.\n\nThe familiar Schwarzschild formula fails at a particular radius. Is that a physical catastrophe, or a failure of the coordinates used to describe it? Finkelstein showed how an analytic continuation connects the outer region with the region beyond that surface. His causal analysis made the surface understandable as a boundary that influences can cross in one direction. The displayed branch permits outward crossing; reversing its time orientation gives the inward-crossing version familiar from black-hole descriptions. This distinction matters: the paper is not a complete model of a collapsing star. Its note added in proof acknowledges a remaining incomplete geodesic and a larger, time-symmetric construction described by Kruskal. Earlier regular coordinate forms remain predecessor work. The recorded contribution is the scoped continuation and causal interpretation, with its correction intact.","boundary":"The coordinates describe the stated classical Schwarzschild spacetime and make the horizon’s causal asymmetry explicit. Regularity at the horizon is not regularity at the central singularity. This is not a model of every rotating/charged collapse, a quantum resolution or the full later maximal extension. Other coordinate and causal contributions remain separate.","area":"Physics","topic":"Horizons and causal spacetime extensions","year":1958,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"finkelstein-schwarzschild-horizon-causal-extension-1958","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d83f445e-f26d-4de2-a9ca-2507c52fa66d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:502701c76340a7489191af5cd08de66de2f128e56913a68c5a858b3e3ed936a5"},"humans":["David Finkelstein"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-finkelstein-schwarzschild-horizon-causal-extension-1958-original","title":"David Finkelstein: Past-Future Asymmetry of the Gravitational Field of a Point Particle,1958 original965-967 reprint","url":"https://www.strangepaths.com/files/finkelstein.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-finkelstein-schwarzschild-horizon-causal-extension-1958-original-publisher","title":"APS1958 original bibliographic identity and sole byline","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.110.965"},{"id":"wrs24-finkelstein-schwarzschild-horizon-causal-extension-1958-original-modern","title":"Anıl Zenginoğlu2025: selected history and mathematics of horizon-penetrating coordinates","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10714-025-03410-4"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"finkelstein-schwarzschild-horizon-causal-extension-1958","entry_id":"finkelstein-schwarzschild-horizon-causal-extension-1958","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d83f445e-f26d-4de2-a9ca-2507c52fa66d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:502701c76340a7489191af5cd08de66de2f128e56913a68c5a858b3e3ed936a5"},"what_changed":"Finkelstein constructs a regular analytic continuation across the Schwarzschild surface and explains its one-way causal character in time-reversed branches, while the paper itself records that this continuation is not the complete Schwarzschild spacetime.","scope":"Finkelstein constructs a regular analytic continuation across the Schwarzschild surface and explains its one-way causal character in time-reversed branches, while the paper itself records that this continuation is not the complete Schwarzschild spacetime. The coordinates describe the stated classical Schwarzschild spacetime and make the horizon’s causal asymmetry explicit. Regularity at the horizon is not regularity at the central singularity. This is not a model of every rotating/charged collapse, a quantum resolution or the full later maximal extension. Other coordinate and causal contributions remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d83f445e-f26d-4de2-a9ca-2507c52fa66d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:502701c76340a7489191af5cd08de66de2f128e56913a68c5a858b3e3ed936a5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fizeau-toothed-wheel-light-speed-1849","title":"Fizeau: timing light with a rotating toothed wheel","summary":"Fizeau measures light propagation over a terrestrial round-trip path by observing when a rotating toothed wheel blocks or transmits the returning beam.\n\nLight returns so quickly that an ordinary clock cannot resolve its journey. Fizeau uses regularly spaced gaps and teeth as a rapid mechanical timing device. A beam leaves through a gap, reflects at a distant station and returns; depending on wheel speed, the return meets a tooth or another gap. The succession of disappearances and reappearances links a measured rotation rate to light travel time. This is an early physical measurement with explicit apparatus conditions, rather than the later definition of an exact constant.","boundary":"The target is the 1849 toothed-wheel experiment in air, not the 1851 moving-water interference experiment or a universal invariant-speed theorem. Light travels to a distant reflector and back through a rotating wheel; eclipse and reappearance depend on its speed and round-trip delay. The paper reports approximately 8633 m separation, 720 teeth, a first eclipse near 12.6 turns per second and a mean from 28 observations in historical units. These are author observations, not a modern exact constant or reconstructed uncertainty budget. Fizeau explicitly promises a fuller memoir after studying the conditions more completely. The speed is a round-trip, path-dependent measurement in air, not a separately synchronized one-way measurement. Formula glyphs and pictures were not certified, and no experiment was replayed. The appended page 132 corrects commission attribution, not the measured speed. Neighboring journal material is outside the target.","area":"Optics and physical measurement","topic":"Physics","year":1849,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"fizeau-toothed-wheel-light-speed-1849","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72711eb2-a4c6-4370-ad69-241bf45d7495","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21f3249ef7e62f41720ce94469f3a4e5543f24e93c917861d844791fda07b665"},"humans":["Hippolyte Fizeau"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["fizeau-moving-water-light-1851"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-fizeau-speed-light-1849-academie-original","title":"H. Fizeau, Sur une expérience relative à la vitesse de propagation de la lumière (1849), Académie original facsimile","url":"https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Fizeau/Fizeau_pdf/CR1849_p90.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-fizeau-1849-academie-target-bibliography","title":"Académie des sciences Fizeau bibliography:1849light-speed versus1851moving-water work","url":"https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Fizeau/Fizeau_pubd1.htm"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"fizeau-toothed-wheel-light-speed-1849","entry_id":"fizeau-toothed-wheel-light-speed-1849","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72711eb2-a4c6-4370-ad69-241bf45d7495","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21f3249ef7e62f41720ce94469f3a4e5543f24e93c917861d844791fda07b665"},"what_changed":"Fizeau measures light propagation over a terrestrial round-trip path by observing when a rotating toothed wheel blocks or transmits the returning beam.","scope":"Fizeau measures light propagation over a terrestrial round-trip path by observing when a rotating toothed wheel blocks or transmits the returning beam. The target is the 1849 toothed-wheel experiment in air, not the 1851 moving-water interference experiment or a universal invariant-speed theorem. Light travels to a distant reflector and back through a rotating wheel; eclipse and reappearance depend on its speed and round-trip delay. The paper reports approximately 8633 m separation, 720 teeth, a first eclipse near 12.6 turns per second and a mean from 28 observations in historical units. These are author observations, not a modern exact constant or reconstructed uncertainty budget. Fizeau explicitly promises a fuller memoir after studying the conditions more completely. The speed is a round-trip, path-dependent measurement in air, not a separately synchronized one-way measurement. Formula glyphs and pictures were not certified, and no experiment was replayed. The appended page 132 corrects commission attribution, not the measured speed. Neighboring journal material is outside the target.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72711eb2-a4c6-4370-ad69-241bf45d7495","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21f3249ef7e62f41720ce94469f3a4e5543f24e93c917861d844791fda07b665"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"flajolet-et-al-hyperloglog-cardinality-2007","title":"HyperLogLog: counting distinct items with a small sketch","summary":"HyperLogLog estimates the number of distinct stream items by combining per-bucket bit-pattern registers through a normalized harmonic mean, reducing variance while keeping a small mergeable state.\n\nA stream may contain billions of entries but far fewer distinct items. Instead of storing every item, HyperLogLog hashes them into buckets and remembers an extreme bit pattern in each bucket. A harmonic combination turns those small registers into an approximate distinct count. Compatible sketches can be merged by taking registerwise maxima, making the approach useful for distributed data. The compactness comes from accepting probabilistic error and a hash-model assumption, rather than recovering the complete set.","boundary":"The estimator assumes a sufficiently uniform, shared hash function and fixed register configuration. Its approximately 1.04/sqrt(m) relative standard error is an asymptotic distributional statement, not a deterministic error bound for every stream. The analysis orders the large-cardinality and large-register limits. Small-range and hash-collision corrections have their own conditions. Registerwise maximum merges compatible streams but does not support deletion. The original extended abstract sketches some analytic steps. Later HyperLogLog++ improvements are separate. WRS has not reconstructed the full probability proof or replayed the published simulations.","area":"Approximate distinct counting","topic":"Computer science","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"flajolet-et-al-hyperloglog-cardinality-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7c48209-29e5-4895-aabd-b22049c171b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5cfbd562736f5eb7927df4f15872128fc302699808847fae0b28d76f46d5d6c6"},"humans":["Philippe Flajolet","Éric Fusy","Olivier Gandouet","Frédéric Meunier"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["mapreduce-2004"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hyperloglog-2007-original","title":"Flajolet, Fusy, Gandouet and Meunier, HyperLogLog: the analysis of a near-optimal cardinality estimation algorithm (AofA07,DMTCS AH,127-146), original author copy","url":"https://algo.inria.fr/flajolet/Publications/FlFuGaMe07.pdf"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"flajolet-et-al-hyperloglog-cardinality-2007","entry_id":"flajolet-et-al-hyperloglog-cardinality-2007","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7c48209-29e5-4895-aabd-b22049c171b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5cfbd562736f5eb7927df4f15872128fc302699808847fae0b28d76f46d5d6c6"},"what_changed":"HyperLogLog estimates the number of distinct stream items by combining per-bucket bit-pattern registers through a normalized harmonic mean, reducing variance while keeping a small mergeable state.","scope":"HyperLogLog estimates the number of distinct stream items by combining per-bucket bit-pattern registers through a normalized harmonic mean, reducing variance while keeping a small mergeable state. The estimator assumes a sufficiently uniform, shared hash function and fixed register configuration. Its approximately 1.04/sqrt(m) relative standard error is an asymptotic distributional statement, not a deterministic error bound for every stream. The analysis orders the large-cardinality and large-register limits. Small-range and hash-collision corrections have their own conditions. Registerwise maximum merges compatible streams but does not support deletion. The original extended abstract sketches some analytic steps. Later HyperLogLog++ improvements are separate. WRS has not reconstructed the full probability proof or replayed the published simulations.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7c48209-29e5-4895-aabd-b22049c171b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5cfbd562736f5eb7927df4f15872128fc302699808847fae0b28d76f46d5d6c6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"flajolet-martin-bitmap-distinct-counting-1983","title":"Flajolet–Martin: estimate distinct records with small mergeable sketches","summary":"Hashed-bit occupancy and stochastic averaging estimate distinct cardinalities in one pass with small mergeable bitmap summaries, supported by asymptotic analysis under an independent uniform-hash model.\n\nCounting every record is easy; counting how many different records exist can require storing a large set. Flajolet and Martin instead record patterns in hashed values. Repeated copies of the same record set the same bits, so duplicates do not change the summary. The first missing pattern provides a rough indication of cardinality. Distributing records among several bitmaps and averaging improves the estimate without running a separate hash experiment for every bitmap. Compatible summaries from overlapping files can be merged with bitwise OR. The family first appeared at FOCS in 1983 and received an expanded journal treatment in 1985, the source used for this account. Precision depends on a suitable hash model, enough bitmap capacity and corrections for small cardinalities; the paper warns that its asymptotic errors are not uniform in both cardinality and bitmap count. The error analysis is distributional, not a universal deterministic accuracy guarantee. Later LogLog and HyperLogLog improvements remain separate contributions.","boundary":"This records the 1983 method family through the expanded 1985 paper. PCSA uses approximately uniform hash bits and stochastic averaging; its roughly 0.78/sqrt(m) relative error is a typical asymptotic standard error, not a deterministic promise for every input. Compatible bitmaps can be merged by bitwise OR, but this does not provide deletion. Small-cardinality corrections and implementation/hash assumptions matter. Results stated only in the expanded 1985 text are not assigned to the unread 1983 preliminary paper. WRS has not independently reconstructed the complete analytic proof or replayed the reported experiments.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Streaming algorithms","year":1983,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"flajolet-martin-bitmap-distinct-counting-1983","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a8a10ec-069b-4699-a817-8043a763e79b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1629f81c0f7cf8bd264b1498301b0194cfb02e40fc4b1b7842e049f30574fc4"},"humans":["Philippe Flajolet","G. Nigel Martin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-flajolet-martin-bitmap-distinct-counting-1983-original","title":"Flajolet and G. Nigel Martin: Probabilistic Counting Algorithms for Data Base Applications (1985expanded1983family)","url":"https://algo.inria.fr/flajolet/Publications/FlMa85.pdf"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"flajolet-martin-bitmap-distinct-counting-1983","entry_id":"flajolet-martin-bitmap-distinct-counting-1983","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a8a10ec-069b-4699-a817-8043a763e79b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1629f81c0f7cf8bd264b1498301b0194cfb02e40fc4b1b7842e049f30574fc4"},"what_changed":"Hashed-bit occupancy and stochastic averaging estimate distinct cardinalities in one pass with small mergeable bitmap summaries, supported by asymptotic analysis under an independent uniform-hash model.","scope":"Hashed-bit occupancy and stochastic averaging estimate distinct cardinalities in one pass with small mergeable bitmap summaries, supported by asymptotic analysis under an independent uniform-hash model. This records the 1983 method family through the expanded 1985 paper. PCSA uses approximately uniform hash bits and stochastic averaging; its roughly 0.78/sqrt(m) relative error is a typical asymptotic standard error, not a deterministic promise for every input. Compatible bitmaps can be merged by bitwise OR, but this does not provide deletion. Small-cardinality corrections and implementation/hash assumptions matter. Results stated only in the expanded 1985 text are not assigned to the unread 1983 preliminary paper. WRS has not independently reconstructed the complete analytic proof or replayed the reported experiments.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a8a10ec-069b-4699-a817-8043a763e79b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1629f81c0f7cf8bd264b1498301b0194cfb02e40fc4b1b7842e049f30574fc4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"flynn-request-service-computer-organizations-1972","title":"Flynn: computer organization as a hierarchy of requests and resources","summary":"Flynn developed a hierarchical request/service model and used explicit workload and resource assumptions to compare the effectiveness of single- and multiple-stream computer organizations.\n\nTwo computers with many execution units can still finish the same program at very different speeds. Flynn described programs as requests for services and organized those services into a hierarchy down to physical operations and storage. He distinguished logical dependencies from physical resource access, then examined how branching, communication, vector size and shared resources affect different organizations. The paper reused the instruction/data-stream categories from earlier work. Its performance conclusions depend on the modeled programs: logarithmic SIMD scaling is a conditional explanation of an earlier conjecture, rather than a law for every parallel workload. Input/output bottlenecks and detailed instruction-set differences were set aside. This record credits the1972 organization and analysis, not the invention of every category, processor or later architecture.","boundary":"This is a classification and analytical description of computer organization using instruction/data streams and service models. A category label is not an algorithmic complexity result, a universal efficiency ranking or proof that all hybrid architectures fit one rigid category. Historical examples and reported implementation observations are not new WRS measurements.","area":"Computer architecture","topic":"Internal resource coordination","year":1972,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"flynn-request-service-computer-organizations-1972","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80ea31c6-c36b-462f-a92c-bd670f5f9fee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1aea52e770854035e76a0ddcea80eb15e138cd3b2ba9e81f489432db5a2de3bb"},"humans":["Michael J. Flynn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["amdahl-single-processor-limit-1967","amdahl-blaauw-brooks-system360-1964"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-flynn1972-original-body","title":"Michael J. Flynn, Some Computer Organizations and Their Effectiveness, original IEEE paper, NTNU copy","url":"https://wiki.math.ntnu.no/_media/tma4280/2017v/1972_flynn_computerorganization.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-flynn1972-publisher-metadata","title":"IEEE Crossref deposit for Flynn1972 organization paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1109%2FTC.1972.5009071"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"flynn-request-service-computer-organizations-1972","entry_id":"flynn-request-service-computer-organizations-1972","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80ea31c6-c36b-462f-a92c-bd670f5f9fee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1aea52e770854035e76a0ddcea80eb15e138cd3b2ba9e81f489432db5a2de3bb"},"what_changed":"Flynn developed a hierarchical request/service model and used explicit workload and resource assumptions to compare the effectiveness of single- and multiple-stream computer organizations.","scope":"Flynn developed a hierarchical request/service model and used explicit workload and resource assumptions to compare the effectiveness of single- and multiple-stream computer organizations. This is a classification and analytical description of computer organization using instruction/data streams and service models. A category label is not an algorithmic complexity result, a universal efficiency ranking or proof that all hybrid architectures fit one rigid category. Historical examples and reported implementation observations are not new WRS measurements.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80ea31c6-c36b-462f-a92c-bd670f5f9fee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1aea52e770854035e76a0ddcea80eb15e138cd3b2ba9e81f489432db5a2de3bb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fock-wave-equation-potential-phase-covariance-1926","title":"Fock: electromagnetic-potential changes and wavefunction phase","summary":"Fock connected changes of electromagnetic potentials with a compensating phase factor in the charged scalar wavefunction. An additional coordinate parameter made the combined transformation explicit in his invariant wave-equation representation.\n\nFock changes the vector/scalar potentials by derivatives of an arbitrary function and compensates with a shift of the extra coordinate. Exponential dependence on that coordinate becomes a unit-modulus phase factor for the wavefunction. His note in proof explicitly acknowledges Klein’s independently obtained results as identical in principle. Weyl’s later spinor and local-phase field organization is a related, distinct contribution.","boundary":"The target is the 1926 potential/phase relation within the stated scalar-wave and extra-coordinate ansatz. Stationary energy-level discussion uses time-independent coefficients and suitable finiteness/continuity requirements; it is not invariance of every energy label under arbitrary time-dependent gauges. No full modern gauge-field theory, Dirac-spinor extension, physical extra-dimension evidence, independent certification of translated equations or exclusive priority is claimed.","area":"Wave-equation gauge covariance","topic":"Physics","year":1926,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"fock-wave-equation-potential-phase-covariance-1926","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d9ab90aa-3be5-4ab5-a792-3b0828ccc8b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0393f2a22246b2dda3ac7e56b1bf062231e76c2d54a870045f5538483b3d62ce"},"humans":["Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["weyl-local-phase-electromagnetic-connection-1929","aharonov-bohm-electromagnetic-potentials-1959"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-fock-invariant-wave-1926","title":"V. Fock, Über die invariante Form der Wellen- und der Bewegungsgleichungen für einen geladenen Massenpunkt (1926), English translation in Selected Works (CRC2004),pp.21–28","url":"https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781134422005_A38205403/preview-9781134422005_A38205403.pdf"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"fock-wave-equation-potential-phase-covariance-1926","entry_id":"fock-wave-equation-potential-phase-covariance-1926","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d9ab90aa-3be5-4ab5-a792-3b0828ccc8b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0393f2a22246b2dda3ac7e56b1bf062231e76c2d54a870045f5538483b3d62ce"},"what_changed":"The extra-coordinate transformation exposes a compensating unit-modulus scalar-wavefunction phase under changes of electromagnetic potentials in the stated representation.","scope":"The extra-coordinate transformation exposes a compensating unit-modulus scalar-wavefunction phase under changes of electromagnetic potentials in the stated representation. The target is the 1926 potential/phase relation within the stated scalar-wave and extra-coordinate ansatz. Stationary energy-level discussion uses time-independent coefficients and suitable finiteness/continuity requirements; it is not invariance of every energy label under arbitrary time-dependent gauges. No full modern gauge-field theory, Dirac-spinor extension, physical extra-dimension evidence, independent certification of translated equations or exclusive priority is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d9ab90aa-3be5-4ab5-a792-3b0828ccc8b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0393f2a22246b2dda3ac7e56b1bf062231e76c2d54a870045f5538483b3d62ce"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"foucault-pendulum-earth-rotation-1851","title":"Foucault: making Earth rotation visible with a pendulum","summary":"Foucault observes a gradual change in the direction of a carefully released pendulum swing and interprets its local precession as an observable consequence of Earth rotation.\n\nA long pendulum supplies a direction that changes relative to the floor as Earth turns. Foucault minimizes unwanted twist and sideways release, then follows the swing against a fixed marker. The effect accumulates, making a planetary motion visible within a room. Its rate depends on latitude: the polar picture cannot simply be applied everywhere. The short 1851 note connects observed direction and approximate size to that dependence, while acknowledging earlier mechanics and the help needed to build the apparatus.","boundary":"The target is Foucault's February 1851 pendulum note, read in its contemporary English translation and French transcription. An initially planar swing requires controlled release, a suitable homogeneous round suspension wire and minimized torsion. The ideal polar argument is distinct from the approximate local-latitude law: angular precession is Earth's angular motion multiplied by the sine of latitude, with secondary effects neglected. It vanishes at the equator and reverses in the other hemisphere; it is not a full 24-hour revolution at every site or a fixed three-dimensional plane everywhere. The brief note announces the law without a full derivation. It reports a 2 m cellar apparatus and an 11 m observatory apparatus, with qualitative and approximate amount comparisons. The later Panthéon installation appears only in an editorial addition. No calibrated uncertainty, apparatus replay, orbital-motion test or independent transcription certification is claimed. Poisson's prior theory and later optical rotation tests retain distinct credit.","area":"Mechanics and physical Earth rotation","topic":"Physics","year":1851,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"foucault-pendulum-earth-rotation-1851","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:581c9b35-8dcc-4736-ac1a-d206c5a392f0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d0355bb791547f76288794f1907e0377217c4e6799c33eaf0eea3be5e45041fd"},"humans":["Léon Foucault"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["michelson-gale-earth-rotation-light-1925"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-foucault-pendulum-1851-contemporary-translation","title":"M. L. Foucault, Physical Demonstration of the Rotation of the Earth by Means of the Pendulum (1851), contemporary Franklin Institute translation","url":"https://zenodo.org/records/2429355/files/article.pdf?download=1"},{"id":"wrs24-foucault-pendulum-1851-french-transcription","title":"Léon Foucault, Démonstration physique du mouvement de rotation de la Terre au moyen du pendule (1851), French original text transcription","url":"https://fr.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9monstration_physique_du_mouvement_de_rotation_de_la_Terre_au_moyen_du_pendule&oldid=4224751"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"foucault-pendulum-earth-rotation-1851","entry_id":"foucault-pendulum-earth-rotation-1851","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:581c9b35-8dcc-4736-ac1a-d206c5a392f0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d0355bb791547f76288794f1907e0377217c4e6799c33eaf0eea3be5e45041fd"},"what_changed":"Foucault observes a gradual change in the direction of a carefully released pendulum swing and interprets its local precession as an observable consequence of Earth rotation.","scope":"Foucault observes a gradual change in the direction of a carefully released pendulum swing and interprets its local precession as an observable consequence of Earth rotation. The target is Foucault's February 1851 pendulum note, read in its contemporary English translation and French transcription. An initially planar swing requires controlled release, a suitable homogeneous round suspension wire and minimized torsion. The ideal polar argument is distinct from the approximate local-latitude law: angular precession is Earth's angular motion multiplied by the sine of latitude, with secondary effects neglected. It vanishes at the equator and reverses in the other hemisphere; it is not a full 24-hour revolution at every site or a fixed three-dimensional plane everywhere. The brief note announces the law without a full derivation. It reports a 2 m cellar apparatus and an 11 m observatory apparatus, with qualitative and approximate amount comparisons. The later Panthéon installation appears only in an editorial addition. No calibrated uncertainty, apparatus replay, orbital-motion test or independent transcription certification is claimed. Poisson's prior theory and later optical rotation tests retain distinct credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:581c9b35-8dcc-4736-ac1a-d206c5a392f0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d0355bb791547f76288794f1907e0377217c4e6799c33eaf0eea3be5e45041fd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fredman-komlos-szemeredi-static-perfect-hashing-1984","title":"Fredman, Komlós and Szemerédi: static sparse tables with constant worst-case lookup","summary":"The paper constructed static sparse-set representations with constant worst-case membership query time and linear space, then refined word storage to n plus a sublinear remainder under its stated model.\n\nOrdinary hashing can be fast on average while leaving unlucky queries expensive. Fredman, Komlós and Szemerédi fixed the set in advance and used two levels of placement. A first hash is chosen so the sum of squared bucket sizes stays small. Each bucket then gets enough space for a second hash with no collisions among its stored keys. A query follows a constant number of table probes and compares the stored key with the requested key; reaching an occupied position alone does not prove membership. The paper also separates finding the representation from using it: constant worst-case query time does not imply constant insertion time. A refinement packs auxiliary tables so total storage approaches one universe-sized word per stored item. This is a static dictionary result in a specified word/probe model. Dynamic updates, arbitrary-length key costs, modern succinct bit bounds and production-system behavior are separate questions.","boundary":"The result concerns a static key set and the specified word-RAM/hash-family assumptions. Randomized construction can produce linear-space storage with worst-case constant lookup, but construction and lookup guarantees are different. It does not provide unrestricted dynamic updates, adversarial chosen-key security or free computation on arbitrarily long keys. Implementation constants and practical throughput have not been replayed.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Static dictionary data structures","year":1984,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"fredman-komlos-szemeredi-static-perfect-hashing-1984","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0f2d6c47-664c-4f91-a03f-126ba2f081da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:596ceb6fe3afa1b4003675bb05f71a91810d6cbd6df2761ec5d34a6993adf6b5"},"humans":["Michael L. Fredman","János Komlós","Endre Szemerédi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["pagh-rodler-cuckoo-hashing-2001","b-tree-1972"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-fredman-komlos-szemeredi-static-perfect-hashing-1984-original","title":"Fredman, Komlós and Szemerédi: static sparse tables with constant worst-case lookup — exact original scientific paper","url":"https://www.cs.umd.edu/~gasarch/BLOGPAPERS/FKS.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-fredman-komlos-szemeredi-static-perfect-hashing-1984-publisher","title":"Fredman, Komlós and Szemerédi: static sparse tables with constant worst-case lookup — publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1145%2F828.1884"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"fredman-komlos-szemeredi-static-perfect-hashing-1984","entry_id":"fredman-komlos-szemeredi-static-perfect-hashing-1984","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0f2d6c47-664c-4f91-a03f-126ba2f081da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:596ceb6fe3afa1b4003675bb05f71a91810d6cbd6df2761ec5d34a6993adf6b5"},"what_changed":"The paper constructed static sparse-set representations with constant worst-case membership query time and linear space, then refined word storage to n plus a sublinear remainder under its stated model.","scope":"The paper constructed static sparse-set representations with constant worst-case membership query time and linear space, then refined word storage to n plus a sublinear remainder under its stated model. The result concerns a static key set and the specified word-RAM/hash-family assumptions. Randomized construction can produce linear-space storage with worst-case constant lookup, but construction and lookup guarantees are different. It does not provide unrestricted dynamic updates, adversarial chosen-key security or free computation on arbitrarily long keys. Implementation constants and practical throughput have not been replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0f2d6c47-664c-4f91-a03f-126ba2f081da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:596ceb6fe3afa1b4003675bb05f71a91810d6cbd6df2761ec5d34a6993adf6b5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"friedmann-positive-curvature-dynamics-1922","title":"Friedmann: a changing radius in positively curved cosmology","summary":"Friedmann shows that the Einstein equations under a positively curved pressureless cosmological ansatz allow a time-dependent curvature radius, and classifies monotone and expanding-contracting possibilities depending on constants.\n\nA universe governed by relativity need not remain static. Friedmann lets the common spatial curvature radius change with time and derives an equation for its evolution under a simplified matter model. Depending on the cosmological constant and initial conditions, the solutions can expand monotonically or expand and contract. This supplies a theoretical possibility to be compared with observation, while leaving the actual universe and several later geometric developments unresolved.","boundary":"The target is the 1922 positively curved, pressureless matter construction with Einstein equations and a cosmological constant, plus explicit coordinate and metric assumptions. It is not the complete modern FLRW geometry, arbitrary-pressure cosmology, spatially flat models, or the 1924 negative-curvature extension. A later scholarly note flags incomplete geometric precision; the full tensor reduction was not independently certified. Positive spatial curvature does not alone force recollapse: sufficiently large positive cosmological constant permits a monotone branch. Periodic-radius descriptions do not independently prove regular spacetime continuation through zero-radius singularities. The paper does not derive cosmic redshift, fit galaxy recession data, prove our actual universe expands, or determine its age; its numerical period is explicitly illustrative. Lemaître’s later observation connection and Robertson/Walker developments remain separate. Extracted formula glyphs were not visually certified; the normalized first-integral check confirms a narrow root interpretation, not the full proof or singular boundary behavior.","area":"Time-dependent cosmological solutions","topic":"Physics","year":1922,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"friedmann-positive-curvature-dynamics-1922","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1148720-bb15-4799-a211-6d59d9c82e4e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16b4458e02a4a5783ac94f004ee13a93a9a4088a3597ae6714e2fa8fe32a0534"},"humans":["Alexander Friedmann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lemaitre-expanding-universe","hubble-distance-velocity"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-friedmann-curvature-1922-original","title":"A. Friedman, Über die Krümmung des Raumes (Zeitschrift für Physik10,377-386,1922), original German scan","url":"https://web.phys.ntnu.no/~mika/friedmann1.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-friedmann-editor-scope-1999","title":"Ellis and Krasiński, Editor’s Note on Friedmann 1922/1924 (General Relativity and Gravitation31,1985-1990,1999), selected scholarly scope commentary","url":"https://users.camk.edu.pl/akr/friededibio.grg.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-friedmann-leiden-archive-identification","title":"Instituut-Lorentz, Friedmann papers: institutional manuscript catalogue and work identification","url":"https://lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/Friedmann_archive/"}],"points":"330000","published_grade":{"id":"friedmann-positive-curvature-dynamics-1922","entry_id":"friedmann-positive-curvature-dynamics-1922","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1148720-bb15-4799-a211-6d59d9c82e4e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16b4458e02a4a5783ac94f004ee13a93a9a4088a3597ae6714e2fa8fe32a0534"},"what_changed":"Friedmann shows that the Einstein equations under a positively curved pressureless cosmological ansatz allow a time-dependent curvature radius, and classifies monotone and expanding-contracting possibilities depending on constants.","scope":"Friedmann shows that the Einstein equations under a positively curved pressureless cosmological ansatz allow a time-dependent curvature radius, and classifies monotone and expanding-contracting possibilities depending on constants. The target is the 1922 positively curved, pressureless matter construction with Einstein equations and a cosmological constant, plus explicit coordinate and metric assumptions. It is not the complete modern FLRW geometry, arbitrary-pressure cosmology, spatially flat models, or the 1924 negative-curvature extension. A later scholarly note flags incomplete geometric precision; the full tensor reduction was not independently certified. Positive spatial curvature does not alone force recollapse: sufficiently large positive cosmological constant permits a monotone branch. Periodic-radius descriptions do not independently prove regular spacetime continuation through zero-radius singularities. The paper does not derive cosmic redshift, fit galaxy recession data, prove our actual universe expands, or determine its age; its numerical period is explicitly illustrative. Lemaître’s later observation connection and Robertson/Walker developments remain separate. Extracted formula glyphs were not visually certified; the normalized first-integral check confirms a narrow root interpretation, not the full proof or singular boundary behavior.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1148720-bb15-4799-a211-6d59d9c82e4e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16b4458e02a4a5783ac94f004ee13a93a9a4088a3597ae6714e2fa8fe32a0534"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gale-shapley-deferred-acceptance-1962","title":"Gale and Shapley: a match that no pair wants to break","summary":"Gale and Shapley construct stable two-sided matchings by deferred acceptance and show applicant-optimality among stable college assignments under strict preferences, acceptable applications and stated quotas.\n\nA good allocation must account for what both sides want. A college that chooses its favorite applicants may lose them to colleges they prefer; a final allocation can unravel if an applicant and another college both want to change it. Gale and Shapley make that instability precise and provide a simple procedure: applicants propose in preference order, colleges provisionally keep their favorite eligible applicants up to quota, and rejected applicants try their next choices. The result has no blocking pair in the stated model and is best for applicants among stable assignments. Reversing the proposing side can produce a different result. This is a mathematical mechanism with explicit assumptions, rather than a promise that all real admissions conflicts or fairness questions are solved.","boundary":"the next unrelated article on that page is excluded. Finite two-sided rankings have no ties, unacceptable choices are omitted, college quotas fixed and mutually unacceptable applications barred. The paper constructs stable matchings and an applicant-optimal stable college assignment; applicant-optimal uniqueness does not mean all stable matchings are unique or both sides simultaneously happiest. One-sided roommate stability can fail, as the paper shows. Reversing proposals generally changes the favored side. Stability alone does not guarantee every quota fills when acceptable applicants are insufficient. No universal truth-telling, couples/ties/dynamic preference theorem or validated real-world rollout is imported. College stability proof is described by analogy/left to the reader; optimality proof is read but not independently formalized. The account does not independently reconstruct the original worked tables and examples. The authors explicitly separate their model from a completed practical admissions solution; later market-design implementations remain distinct.","area":"Stable two-sided matching","topic":"Computing","year":1962,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gale-shapley-deferred-acceptance-1962","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d954a51e-aeb6-42e9-aba9-95b44a8ba1bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5de408c98cc6a27e67e09124056d20e0e3288a0670ceae961a85b19740b1fa79"},"humans":["David Gale","Lloyd S. Shapley"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["nash-equilibrium","kuhn-hungarian-assignment-method-1955"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gale-shapley1962-original","title":"Gale and Shapley, College Admissions and the Stability of Marriage (1962),9-15","url":"https://iqua.ece.toronto.edu/baochun/ece1771f/papers/Gale-Shapley-1962.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-gale-shapley-mardi-name-registry","title":"MaRDI mathematics registry: original Gale-Shapley work and author identities","url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:5904119"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"gale-shapley-deferred-acceptance-1962","entry_id":"gale-shapley-deferred-acceptance-1962","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d954a51e-aeb6-42e9-aba9-95b44a8ba1bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5de408c98cc6a27e67e09124056d20e0e3288a0670ceae961a85b19740b1fa79"},"what_changed":"Gale and Shapley construct stable two-sided matchings by deferred acceptance and show applicant-optimality among stable college assignments under strict preferences, acceptable applications and stated quotas.","scope":"Gale and Shapley construct stable two-sided matchings by deferred acceptance and show applicant-optimality among stable college assignments under strict preferences, acceptable applications and stated quotas. the next unrelated article on that page is excluded. Finite two-sided rankings have no ties, unacceptable choices are omitted, college quotas fixed and mutually unacceptable applications barred. The paper constructs stable matchings and an applicant-optimal stable college assignment; applicant-optimal uniqueness does not mean all stable matchings are unique or both sides simultaneously happiest. One-sided roommate stability can fail, as the paper shows. Reversing proposals generally changes the favored side. Stability alone does not guarantee every quota fills when acceptable applicants are insufficient. No universal truth-telling, couples/ties/dynamic preference theorem or validated real-world rollout is imported. College stability proof is described by analogy/left to the reader; optimality proof is read but not independently formalized. The account does not independently reconstruct the original worked tables and examples. The authors explicitly separate their model from a completed practical admissions solution; later market-design implementations remain distinct.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d954a51e-aeb6-42e9-aba9-95b44a8ba1bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5de408c98cc6a27e67e09124056d20e0e3288a0670ceae961a85b19740b1fa79"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gallager-regular-ldpc-iterative-decoding-1962","title":"Gallager: sparse parity checks and iterative error correction","summary":"Gallager's1962 article joins a regular sparse binary parity-check code family with local iterative decoding, separating ensemble-level optimal-decoding guarantees from the weaker conditions of its practical probabilistic decoder.\n\nA parity check asks whether a small group of bits has the expected even-or-odd total. Here each bit participates in only a fixed small number of checks. Instead of comparing a received block with every possible message, a decoder repeatedly combines nearby checks and channel probabilities. The article analyzes a random regular code ensemble and reports early finite computer experiments, while keeping limits caused by cycles and nonoptimal decoding explicit.","boundary":"The original work defines sparse parity-check ensembles and a specified iterative decoding procedure. Its channel, independence/tree-like neighborhood and limiting assumptions matter. Ensemble averages are not per-code finite-block guarantees, and cycles can affect iterative behavior. Later capacity-approaching irregular codes, decoding variants and communications deployments retain separate credit.","area":"Error-correcting codes","topic":"Computing","year":1962,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gallager-regular-ldpc-iterative-decoding-1962","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ece4ea48-9db0-4140-a12e-39cae61a27ad","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ea468ac3f32a70889c672798bb4442b4783abbcc86c40cd5548ce37c522ec8fb"},"humans":["Robert G. Gallager"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hamming-error-correction","reed-solomon-polynomial-codes-1960","viterbi-convolutional-decoding-1967"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gallager-1962-original-unibs","title":"R.G.Gallager, Low-Density Parity-Check Codes, IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT-8(January1962),21–28","url":"https://luca-giuzzi.unibs.it/Research/Coding/Files/Gallager.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-gallager-author-original-bibliography","title":"Gallager's MIT-hosted bibliography:1962 low-density parity-check article","url":"https://web.mit.edu/gallager/www/pages/pubsold.html"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"gallager-regular-ldpc-iterative-decoding-1962","entry_id":"gallager-regular-ldpc-iterative-decoding-1962","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ece4ea48-9db0-4140-a12e-39cae61a27ad","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ea468ac3f32a70889c672798bb4442b4783abbcc86c40cd5548ce37c522ec8fb"},"what_changed":"Couples a regular sparse code ensemble and typical-distance/error analysis with local soft-information iterative decoding, explicitly distinguishing tree-valid inference from later-cycle approximation.","scope":"Couples a regular sparse code ensemble and typical-distance/error analysis with local soft-information iterative decoding, explicitly distinguishing tree-valid inference from later-cycle approximation. The original work defines sparse parity-check ensembles and a specified iterative decoding procedure. Its channel, independence/tree-like neighborhood and limiting assumptions matter. Ensemble averages are not per-code finite-block guarantees, and cycles can affect iterative behavior. Later capacity-approaching irregular codes, decoding variants and communications deployments retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ece4ea48-9db0-4140-a12e-39cae61a27ad","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ea468ac3f32a70889c672798bb4442b4783abbcc86c40cd5548ce37c522ec8fb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gauss-curved-surfaces-1827","title":"Gauss: curvature preserved by length-preserving surface development","summary":"For smooth regular surface patches, Gauss expressed curvature using the metric coefficients and their derivatives. A development that preserves lengths therefore preserves Gaussian curvature.\n\nThe calculation makes curvature intrinsic: it can be determined by measurements on the surface. This separates the geometry of a surface from the way it sits in space, a contribution distinct from Gauss's number theory.","boundary":"This is a local metric-invariance statement, not equality of global shapes or a general embedding theorem. The inspected source is the 1902 translation of the work presented in 1827 and printed in 1828.","area":"Differential geometry","topic":"Differential geometry","year":1827,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"gauss-curved-surfaces-1827","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b6bed0c-ca34-4067-a7a0-df857781c82b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb01c33ccc0dd5276bf7a450d5b08f5cca04f8f335dd87a729b3f07db7cea837"},"humans":["Carl Friedrich Gauss"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["gauss-disquisitiones"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-gauss-curved-surfaces-1827","title":"Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36856"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"gauss-curved-surfaces-1827","entry_id":"gauss-curved-surfaces-1827","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b6bed0c-ca34-4067-a7a0-df857781c82b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb01c33ccc0dd5276bf7a450d5b08f5cca04f8f335dd87a729b3f07db7cea837"},"what_changed":"The curvature of a regular surface patch is expressed through its metric data, showing that bending preserving those data preserves Gaussian curvature.","scope":"The curvature of a regular surface patch is expressed through its metric data, showing that bending preserving those data preserves Gaussian curvature. This is a local metric-invariance statement, not equality of global shapes or a general embedding theorem. The inspected source is the 1902 translation of the work presented in 1827 and printed in 1828.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b6bed0c-ca34-4067-a7a0-df857781c82b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb01c33ccc0dd5276bf7a450d5b08f5cca04f8f335dd87a729b3f07db7cea837"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gilmore-gomory-pattern-column-generation-1961","title":"Gilmore and Gomory: generate useful cutting patterns instead of listing them all","summary":"Gilmore and Gomory solve the linear relaxation of a cutting-stock model by generating profitable cutting patterns through a knapsack pricing problem, keeping only a small working basis rather than enumerating every possible pattern.\n\nA factory cutting standard lengths into ordered pieces can have an enormous number of possible cutting patterns. Listing every pattern before optimizing may be impractical. Gilmore and Gomory let the current linear solution assign a value to each ordered piece, then ask a smaller knapsack problem to construct a pattern worth more than its stock cost. A profitable pattern enters the working basis; if exact pricing finds none for every stock length, the linear solution is optimal. Fast ad hoc searches can find improvements, but their failure must be checked by the more complete pricing calculation. The paper solves a worked example costing 170 and notes that its whole-number answer is fortuitous. In general the master solution can be fractional: rounding produces a feasible or repaired integer plan, but does not establish the cheapest integer plan.","boundary":"matrix/formula glyphs are damaged, not certified transcriptions. Unlimited stock of specified lengths and costs; one-dimensional cutting patterns and order demands. Page 851 explicitly restricts this report to the continuous LP relaxation; integer pattern counts can remain fractional and rounding may be suboptimal. An integer knapsack pricing subproblem does not make the LP master integer. Heuristic pricing can find useful columns; failure requires the complete dynamic-programming check across stock types before claiming LP optimality. Degeneracy/anti-cycling treatment is discussed, not ignored. The worked example has stock lengths 5,6,9 costs 6,7,10 and demands 20,10,20 for lengths 2,3,4; its integer cost 170 is explicitly called fortuitous. This example is not a general benchmark. Ford/Fulkerson, Dantzig/Wolfe and knapsack/dynamic-programming predecessors retain credit. Part II 1963 and later integer/branch-and-price/multidimensional methods are separate. Original reprint says November 1961; Crossref deposits December 1961; only year and issue are used, without silently resolving the discrepancy. The editorial account uses the publication year and does not assert a manuscript receipt date. The complete implementation and cost-model results have not been independently certified here.","area":"Optimization and operations research","topic":"Mathematics and computing","year":1961,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gilmore-gomory-pattern-column-generation-1961","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:68147a11-7780-4ff8-a75d-14230038e22e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7dd818bf2e28b071a5e2116c9ac463c9bf71cfad408cf545ed9763906dbd96cd"},"humans":["P. C. Gilmore","R. E. Gomory"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dantzig-simplex-1947","karmarkar-polynomial-linear-programming-1984"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gilmore-gomory-cutting-stock-1961-original","title":"Gilmore and Gomory: generate useful cutting patterns instead of listing them all; exact original technical paper","url":"https://ralphgomory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/10_cutting_stock.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-gilmore-gomory1961-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited identity for gilmore-gomory-pattern-column-generation-1961","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1287%2Fopre.9.6.849"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"gilmore-gomory-pattern-column-generation-1961","entry_id":"gilmore-gomory-pattern-column-generation-1961","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:68147a11-7780-4ff8-a75d-14230038e22e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7dd818bf2e28b071a5e2116c9ac463c9bf71cfad408cf545ed9763906dbd96cd"},"what_changed":"An implicit-pattern LP formulation made computationally usable by knapsack pricing, with a small working basis and an explicit distinction between finding a column heuristically and certifying no improving column.","scope":"An implicit-pattern LP formulation made computationally usable by knapsack pricing, with a small working basis and an explicit distinction between finding a column heuristically and certifying no improving column. matrix/formula glyphs are damaged, not certified transcriptions. Unlimited stock of specified lengths and costs; one-dimensional cutting patterns and order demands. Page 851 explicitly restricts this report to the continuous LP relaxation; integer pattern counts can remain fractional and rounding may be suboptimal. An integer knapsack pricing subproblem does not make the LP master integer. Heuristic pricing can find useful columns; failure requires the complete dynamic-programming check across stock types before claiming LP optimality. Degeneracy/anti-cycling treatment is discussed, not ignored. The worked example has stock lengths 5,6,9 costs 6,7,10 and demands 20,10,20 for lengths 2,3,4; its integer cost 170 is explicitly called fortuitous. This example is not a general benchmark. Ford/Fulkerson, Dantzig/Wolfe and knapsack/dynamic-programming predecessors retain credit. Part II 1963 and later integer/branch-and-price/multidimensional methods are separate. Original reprint says November 1961; Crossref deposits December 1961; only year and issue are used, without silently resolving the discrepancy. The editorial account uses the publication year and does not assert a manuscript receipt date. The complete implementation and cost-model results have not been independently certified here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:68147a11-7780-4ff8-a75d-14230038e22e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7dd818bf2e28b071a5e2116c9ac463c9bf71cfad408cf545ed9763906dbd96cd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"godunov-discontinuity-resolution-conservative-gas-scheme-1959","title":"Godunov: use local wave problems to calculate shocks conservatively","summary":"Godunov constructs conservative gas-dynamics updates from local discontinuity-resolution problems and proves a linear monotonicity/order barrier, while the paper’s nonlinear limit and stability claims retain explicit convergence and time-step conditions.\n\nAt a shock, fluid properties jump abruptly. Treating the jump as an ordinary smooth derivative can introduce oscillations that have no physical meaning. Godunov instead treats each layer as having a constant state, resolves the elementary wave problem between neighboring layers, and uses the resulting boundary pressure and velocity to update conserved quantities. The original develops this construction in Lagrangian coordinates. It also explains a fundamental tradeoff: a linear two-time-level scheme that preserves every monotone profile cannot be second-order accurate at a noninteger Courant number. This does not forbid nonlinear high-resolution methods. For the gas calculation, conservation identifies the limit if a suitable numerical sequence converges; the paper does not prove unconditional nonlinear convergence. It reports successful shock calculations while recording entropy traces, reduced accuracy at material interfaces and conditions on time steps. The English document credits I. Bohachevsky as translator; the original scientific author is Godunov.","boundary":"The finite-volume scheme evolves the stated conservation laws using local Riemann problems and stability restrictions. Exact local resolution does not by itself prove convergence for every nonlinear multidimensional system or arbitrary discontinuous data. Boundary treatment, time step and thermodynamic model are part of the algorithm. Later high-order and approximate solvers remain separate.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Conservative shock calculation and monotonicity","year":1959,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"godunov-discontinuity-resolution-conservative-gas-scheme-1959","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:47375a18-8486-416d-a4b4-bb4e79dcc753","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c22c2aa36de39bdbb980843e929558b1df92e386e982d4770d9778b9fd689e8"},"humans":["S. K. Godunov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959","roe-parameter-vector-approximate-riemann-solver-1981"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-godunov-discontinuity-resolution-conservative-gas-scheme-1959-translation","title":"S. K. Godunov1959: completeEnglishtranslation byI.Bohachevsky,HALv1SG1959","url":"https://hal.science/hal-01620642/file/SG1959.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-godunov-discontinuity-resolution-conservative-gas-scheme-1959-translation-original-metadata","title":"MathNetoriginal1959Russianpublisherbibliographicidentity/soleauthor","url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/eng/sm4873"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"godunov-discontinuity-resolution-conservative-gas-scheme-1959","entry_id":"godunov-discontinuity-resolution-conservative-gas-scheme-1959","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:47375a18-8486-416d-a4b4-bb4e79dcc753","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c22c2aa36de39bdbb980843e929558b1df92e386e982d4770d9778b9fd689e8"},"what_changed":"Godunov constructs conservative gas-dynamics updates from local discontinuity-resolution problems and proves a linear monotonicity/order barrier, while the paper’s nonlinear limit and stability claims retain explicit convergence and time-step conditions.","scope":"Godunov constructs conservative gas-dynamics updates from local discontinuity-resolution problems and proves a linear monotonicity/order barrier, while the paper’s nonlinear limit and stability claims retain explicit convergence and time-step conditions. The finite-volume scheme evolves the stated conservation laws using local Riemann problems and stability restrictions. Exact local resolution does not by itself prove convergence for every nonlinear multidimensional system or arbitrary discontinuous data. Boundary treatment, time step and thermodynamic model are part of the algorithm. Later high-order and approximate solvers remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:47375a18-8486-416d-a4b4-bb4e79dcc753","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c22c2aa36de39bdbb980843e929558b1df92e386e982d4770d9778b9fd689e8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"goemans-williamson-semidefinite-maxcut-rounding-1995","title":"Goemans–Williamson: rounding geometry into a graph cut","summary":"Goemans and Williamson combine a semidefinite vector relaxation with random hyperplane rounding to obtain an expected approximately 0.87856 approximation for nonnegative weighted MAXCUT, with an epsilon loss for finite-precision optimization.\n\nSuppose a network must be split into two groups so that as much connection weight as possible crosses between them. Finding the best split is computationally hard in general. Michel X. Goemans and David P. Williamson temporarily replace each two-way choice with a direction on a sphere. A semidefinite program finds directions with a strong upper bound on the best discrete answer; a randomly chosen plane then turns the directions back into two groups. Geometry connects the probability of separating two directions to their angle. The resulting expected cut weight is at least about 87.856% of the optimum, allowing a small loss from approximate optimization. A single random split can perform worse. The work helped make semidefinite relaxation and geometric rounding useful tools for approximation algorithms, while building on earlier optimization and eigenvalue bounds. The 1995 journal version follows a 1994 conference paper and explicitly reports an error in the earlier proposed derandomization; these are one contribution family rather than two separate achievements.","boundary":"The approximation guarantee concerns the stated weighted Max-Cut model, semidefinite relaxation and randomized hyperplane rounding. It is an expected approximation ratio under the model, not exact optimization or a deterministic guarantee for every single random cut. Solving the relaxation to the required precision has a cost. Extensions and later optimality/hardness results are separate.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Approximation algorithms","year":1995,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"goemans-williamson-semidefinite-maxcut-rounding-1995","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcf1e443-1971-494b-a754-a6870bebc6c5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1b58208e29e1b55c49a708c9747a03a69048c87fd94904aeca39f642cadffe1"},"humans":["Michel X. Goemans","David P. Williamson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-goemans-williamson-semidefinite-maxcut-rounding-1995-original","title":"Goemans and Williamson1995: Improved approximation algorithms for maximum cut and satisfiability problems using semidefinite programming","url":"https://math.mit.edu/~goemans/PAPERS/maxcut-jacm.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-goemans-williamson-semidefinite-maxcut-rounding-1995-original-reuse","title":"Karger, Motwani and Sudan: Approximate Graph Coloring by Semidefinite Programming","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/9812008v1"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"goemans-williamson-semidefinite-maxcut-rounding-1995","entry_id":"goemans-williamson-semidefinite-maxcut-rounding-1995","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcf1e443-1971-494b-a754-a6870bebc6c5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1b58208e29e1b55c49a708c9747a03a69048c87fd94904aeca39f642cadffe1"},"what_changed":"Goemans and Williamson combine a semidefinite vector relaxation with random hyperplane rounding to obtain an expected approximately 0.87856 approximation for nonnegative weighted MAXCUT, with an epsilon loss for finite-precision optimization.","scope":"Goemans and Williamson combine a semidefinite vector relaxation with random hyperplane rounding to obtain an expected approximately 0.87856 approximation for nonnegative weighted MAXCUT, with an epsilon loss for finite-precision optimization. The approximation guarantee concerns the stated weighted Max-Cut model, semidefinite relaxation and randomized hyperplane rounding. It is an expected approximation ratio under the model, not exact optimization or a deterministic guarantee for every single random cut. Solving the relaxation to the required precision has a cost. Extensions and later optimality/hardness results are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcf1e443-1971-494b-a754-a6870bebc6c5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1b58208e29e1b55c49a708c9747a03a69048c87fd94904aeca39f642cadffe1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"goldberg-tarjan-preflow-push-relabel-1988","title":"Goldberg–Tarjan: computing maximum flow with preflows and local push–relabel operations","summary":"Goldberg and Tarjan developed a maximum-flow method that temporarily permits excess flow at intermediate vertices, then uses local pushes and valid height labels to restore conservation and obtain a maximum feasible flow.\n\nA network can represent a transport system, a matching problem or another optimization task. Maximum flow asks how much can reach a sink while respecting edge capacities and conserving flow at intermediate vertices. Goldberg and Tarjan relaxed the conservation condition during computation: a preflow may temporarily leave excess at a vertex. A valid residual-distance labeling guides local pushes; when no push is possible, a relabel operation raises the vertex height. For the full-flow algorithm, termination removes intermediate excess and yields a maximum feasible flow. The generic bound is O(n²m) basic operations. Particular FIFO or maximum-distance implementations have O(n³) bounds; a dynamic-tree variant has the paper’s O(nm log(n²/m)) bound. These are distinct implementations, not interchangeable claims. The paper also treats parallel and distributed execution under explicit machine and message assumptions. It credits Karzanov’s earlier preflow idea and several inherited flow and dynamic-tree techniques. A minimum-cut/value-only variant may stop before restoring a complete feasible flow; that variant has a different output contract. The historical article does not establish current practical superiority over every other algorithm.","boundary":"The method maintains a preflow and admissible height labels on a finite capacitated network. Intermediate excess is permitted; termination and feasibility need the prescribed push/relabel conditions. Variant-specific arithmetic complexity bounds are not arbitrary-precision or real-world throughput measurements. Parallel and later optimized implementations require their own guarantees.","area":"Computing","topic":"Network optimization and maximum flow","year":1988,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"goldberg-tarjan-preflow-push-relabel-1988","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fec4b9d9-0fdf-4b80-a1d3-d31d8f96234f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72225b6aac23d73f26c3caa3bc9e7308517297fad9490ad50d23899fb1b8e2ec"},"humans":["Andrew V. Goldberg","Robert E. Tarjan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-goldberg-tarjan-preflow-push-relabel-1988-original","title":"A.V.Goldberg and R.E.Tarjan, A New Approach to the Maximum-Flow Problem (1988) — complete journal article","url":"https://www.lrde.epita.fr/~jchazalo/SHARE/goldberg-tarjan-88-maximum-flow.pdf"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"goldberg-tarjan-preflow-push-relabel-1988","entry_id":"goldberg-tarjan-preflow-push-relabel-1988","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fec4b9d9-0fdf-4b80-a1d3-d31d8f96234f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72225b6aac23d73f26c3caa3bc9e7308517297fad9490ad50d23899fb1b8e2ec"},"what_changed":"Goldberg and Tarjan developed a maximum-flow method that temporarily permits excess flow at intermediate vertices, then uses local pushes and valid height labels to restore conservation and obtain a maximum feasible flow.","scope":"Goldberg and Tarjan developed a maximum-flow method that temporarily permits excess flow at intermediate vertices, then uses local pushes and valid height labels to restore conservation and obtain a maximum feasible flow. The method maintains a preflow and admissible height labels on a finite capacitated network. Intermediate excess is permitted; termination and feasibility need the prescribed push/relabel conditions. Variant-specific arithmetic complexity bounds are not arbitrary-precision or real-world throughput measurements. Parallel and later optimized implementations require their own guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fec4b9d9-0fdf-4b80-a1d3-d31d8f96234f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72225b6aac23d73f26c3caa3bc9e7308517297fad9490ad50d23899fb1b8e2ec"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"golub-kahan-bidiagonal-svd-computation-1965","title":"Golub and Kahan: computing singular values through bidiagonalization","summary":"Golub and Kahan develop a two-stage scheme that reduces a rectangular matrix to bidiagonal form, then computes its singular values and paired vectors for pseudoinverse and least-squares calculations.\n\nWhen a matrix is nearly singular, looking only at its triangular diagonal can hide the small directions that make a solution unstable. Forming the normal matrix can further damage that information through roundoff. Golub and Kahan first reduce the original matrix with geometry-preserving transformations, then work with the simpler bidiagonal representation. The resulting singular values help a user decide which directions are too uncertain to invert. Such a decision changes the problem by a controlled perturbation; it is not automatic evidence that the discarded directions are exactly zero. The authors also identify an incomplete robustness argument in their deflation step, which this record preserves.","boundary":"The target is the stated bidiagonalization and singular-value computation for finite matrices. Reduction, iterative diagonalization, convergence/stopping and floating-point behavior are distinct steps. Exact orthogonal transformations do not guarantee accurate small singular values under every numerical condition. Later stable implementations and performance improvements remain separate.","area":"Numerical linear algebra","topic":"Mathematics","year":1965,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"golub-kahan-bidiagonal-svd-computation-1965","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:08a37fdc-5b14-4902-a14b-3f987d91b1eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90762d347263e147f6c0ec9eb24f2ff45d6b741da83b70cdaca3105900fd4446"},"humans":["Gene Golub","William Kahan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hestenes-stiefel-conjugate-gradients-1952","deerwester-et-al-latent-semantic-analysis-1990"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-golub-kahan-svd-1965-author-original","title":"G. Golub and W. Kahan, Calculating the Singular Values and Pseudo-Inverse of a Matrix (1965), author-posted original","url":"https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/GlbKhnSv.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-golub-kahan-1965-publisher-metadata","title":"SIAM original target bibliography and publication/submission history for Golub-Kahan1965","url":"https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/0702016?journalCode=sjnaam.1"},{"id":"wrs24-stanford-numerical-classics-context","title":"Stanford-hosted Trefethen classic numerical-paper list and1993course account","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cme324/classics/"},{"id":"wrs24-kahan-author-1965-source-identity","title":"William Kahan institutional author homepage: target1965publication","url":"https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/index.htm"},{"id":"wrs24-golub-stanford-course-identity","title":"Gene Golub institutional course header and numerical linear algebra topics","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cme324/"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"golub-kahan-bidiagonal-svd-computation-1965","entry_id":"golub-kahan-bidiagonal-svd-computation-1965","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:08a37fdc-5b14-4902-a14b-3f987d91b1eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90762d347263e147f6c0ec9eb24f2ff45d6b741da83b70cdaca3105900fd4446"},"what_changed":"Golub and Kahan develop a two-stage scheme that reduces a rectangular matrix to bidiagonal form, then computes its singular values and paired vectors for pseudoinverse and least-squares calculations.","scope":"Golub and Kahan develop a two-stage scheme that reduces a rectangular matrix to bidiagonal form, then computes its singular values and paired vectors for pseudoinverse and least-squares calculations. The target is the stated bidiagonalization and singular-value computation for finite matrices. Reduction, iterative diagonalization, convergence/stopping and floating-point behavior are distinct steps. Exact orthogonal transformations do not guarantee accurate small singular values under every numerical condition. Later stable implementations and performance improvements remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:08a37fdc-5b14-4902-a14b-3f987d91b1eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90762d347263e147f6c0ec9eb24f2ff45d6b741da83b70cdaca3105900fd4446"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gomory-fractional-integer-cuts-1958","title":"Gomory: cutting away a fractional answer without losing integer solutions","summary":"Gomory derives an integer-valid constraint from a fractional row of a linear-programming tableau, excluding the current fractional answer while retaining integer solutions. His 1958 announcement outlines an integer-programming algorithm but defers its full termination rule and proof.\n\nA linear optimizer may recommend half a machine or a fraction of a shipment when the decision must be a whole number. Simply rounding can break other constraints. Gomory instead derives a new constraint from the fractional parts of an existing equation. This cut removes the current fractional answer while preserving every integer answer allowed by that equation. The linear problem can then be optimized again with the new constraint. The note explains why the cut is valid and reports tests on small problems. It also makes a crucial distinction: the special choices that guarantee eventual termination, and their complete proof, are deferred to a longer treatment. The contribution recorded here is the automatic integer-valid cut construction and the algorithm announcement, rather than a complete proof of every cutting strategy or a modern mixed-integer solver.","boundary":"Exact 1958 Bulletin AMS 64(5), 275-278 announcement; Damaged tableau notation and computer-model text are not certified transcriptions. The displayed construction uses nonnegative integer variables, including objective and slack variables; modern mixed-integer cuts are a different target. Page 276 and page 278 explicitly defer the complete termination-enforcing choices and finiteness proof to a longer paper. The supplied cut-validity explanation does not make arbitrary row-selection heuristics convergent. Earlier manually constructed cuts by Dantzig/Fulkerson/Johnson and Markowitz/Manne are acknowledged. The largest reported small test had at most seven variables; no modern solver benchmark or general efficiency claim is established. Row selection is nonunique and the suggested deepest-fraction rule is heuristic. A. Tucker communicated the note and Princeton-IBM supplied institutional support; neither role is coauthorship. Later complete algorithms, mixed-integer variants and branch-and-cut implementations remain separate.","area":"Optimization and operations research","topic":"Mathematics and computing","year":1958,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gomory-fractional-integer-cuts-1958","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e6e4313-7c53-414a-af98-1308a8ef973c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5088f2d5d2b793e8622f896db23a91fce70acff283f9ec0ac563879f64a49dd6"},"humans":["Ralph E. Gomory"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dantzig-simplex-1947","karmarkar-polynomial-linear-programming-1984"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gomory-integer-outline-1958-original","title":"Gomory: cutting away a fractional answer without losing integer solutions; exact original technical paper","url":"https://ralphgomory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/07_outline.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-gomory1958-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited identity for gomory-fractional-integer-cuts-1958","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1958-10224-4"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"gomory-fractional-integer-cuts-1958","entry_id":"gomory-fractional-integer-cuts-1958","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e6e4313-7c53-414a-af98-1308a8ef973c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5088f2d5d2b793e8622f896db23a91fce70acff283f9ec0ac563879f64a49dd6"},"what_changed":"A mechanical fractional-tableau cut that preserves integer feasibility while excluding the fractional incumbent; a finite integer algorithm is announced, with its complete termination argument deferred.","scope":"A mechanical fractional-tableau cut that preserves integer feasibility while excluding the fractional incumbent; a finite integer algorithm is announced, with its complete termination argument deferred. Exact 1958 Bulletin AMS 64(5), 275-278 announcement; Damaged tableau notation and computer-model text are not certified transcriptions. The displayed construction uses nonnegative integer variables, including objective and slack variables; modern mixed-integer cuts are a different target. Page 276 and page 278 explicitly defer the complete termination-enforcing choices and finiteness proof to a longer paper. The supplied cut-validity explanation does not make arbitrary row-selection heuristics convergent. Earlier manually constructed cuts by Dantzig/Fulkerson/Johnson and Markowitz/Manne are acknowledged. The largest reported small test had at most seven variables; no modern solver benchmark or general efficiency claim is established. Row selection is nonunique and the suggested deepest-fraction rule is heuristic. A. Tucker communicated the note and Princeton-IBM supplied institutional support; neither role is coauthorship. Later complete algorithms, mixed-integer variants and branch-and-cut implementations remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e6e4313-7c53-414a-af98-1308a8ef973c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5088f2d5d2b793e8622f896db23a91fce70acff283f9ec0ac563879f64a49dd6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"goppa-binary-rational-function-codes-1970","title":"Goppa: binary error-correcting codes beyond cyclic constructions","summary":"Goppa's1970 paper defines binary linear codes through rational functions modulo a polynomial, giving dimension bounds and a stronger designed-distance guarantee when that polynomial has distinct roots.\n\nRedundant bits can help recover a damaged message. Goppa constructs a family where the field and chosen polynomial control the redundancy and correction guarantee without generally requiring cyclic symmetry. For square-free degree-t polynomials in the stated binary setting, the minimum distance is at least2t+1, so up to t changed bits can be uniquely corrected in principle.","boundary":"The exact target is the binary finite-field rational-function code construction of Sections 2–4, with the conditional distance bound and the paper's stated decoding outline. Support L consists of distinct elements of GF(2^m), excluding roots of the defining polynomial; dimension is at least n-mt when its degree is t. The 2 t+1 distance bound retained here requires distinct polynomial roots, as Section 4 specifies; it is not asserted for arbitrary repeated-root polynomials. Minimum-distance guarantees are algebraic error limits, not performance under every communication channel. The source describes a decoding scheme and example. This account does not supply a verified implementation, speed comparison, independently replayed example or exact decoder transcription. Section 8 explicitly limits this paper to binary codes; later nonbinary, algebraic-geometric and cryptographic constructions/security claims remain separate. The cyclic-code characterization has additional Section 7 support/group conditions and is not newly asserted universally. Primary text was inspected through a public web reader, not a visually checked locally authenticated PDF or independent proof audit.","area":"Error-correcting codes","topic":"Mathematics","year":1970,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"goppa-binary-rational-function-codes-1970","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c890776a-3928-45e5-a608-c44752a3497f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1981aa8c7ca8067c18b0b9d54dd6292e8b49d601d546f7b70c57874b7055ecc8"},"humans":["Valery D. Goppa"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hamming-error-correction","reed-solomon-polynomial-codes-1960","shannon"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-goppa-1970-russian-primary-text","title":"V.D.Goppa, A New Class of Linear Correcting Codes, Probl.Peredachi Inf.6(3)(1970),24–30, original Russian PDF text","url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/getFT.phtml?jrnid=ppi&option_lang=eng&paperid=1748&what=fullt"},{"id":"wrs24-goppa-1970-mathnet-bibliography","title":"Math-Net original Goppa1970 paper bibliography and English abstract","url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/eng/ppi1748"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"goppa-binary-rational-function-codes-1970","entry_id":"goppa-binary-rational-function-codes-1970","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c890776a-3928-45e5-a608-c44752a3497f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1981aa8c7ca8067c18b0b9d54dd6292e8b49d601d546f7b70c57874b7055ecc8"},"what_changed":"Defines a generally noncyclic binary code family with polynomial-controlled redundancy and distance, retaining the distinct-root hypothesis for the stronger designed-distance bound.","scope":"Defines a generally noncyclic binary code family with polynomial-controlled redundancy and distance, retaining the distinct-root hypothesis for the stronger designed-distance bound. The exact target is the binary finite-field rational-function code construction of Sections 2–4, with the conditional distance bound and the paper's stated decoding outline. Support L consists of distinct elements of GF(2^m), excluding roots of the defining polynomial; dimension is at least n-mt when its degree is t. The 2 t+1 distance bound retained here requires distinct polynomial roots, as Section 4 specifies; it is not asserted for arbitrary repeated-root polynomials. Minimum-distance guarantees are algebraic error limits, not performance under every communication channel. The source describes a decoding scheme and example. This account does not supply a verified implementation, speed comparison, independently replayed example or exact decoder transcription. Section 8 explicitly limits this paper to binary codes; later nonbinary, algebraic-geometric and cryptographic constructions/security claims remain separate. The cyclic-code characterization has additional Section 7 support/group conditions and is not newly asserted universally. Primary text was inspected through a public web reader, not a visually checked locally authenticated PDF or independent proof audit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c890776a-3928-45e5-a608-c44752a3497f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1981aa8c7ca8067c18b0b9d54dd6292e8b49d601d546f7b70c57874b7055ecc8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020","title":"GPT-f: transformer-guided formal proof search and shorter library proofs","summary":"GPT-f combines transformer-generated Metamath proof steps with guided backward search, reporting56.22% held-out theorem reproduction at32 search attempts per theorem and23 shortened proofs contributed to set.mm.\n\nA proof assistant can check a proposed proof step precisely, but finding that step may require substantial search. Stanislas Polu and Ilya Sutskever train transformer models to propose a theorem and its substitutions in Metamath, including useful intermediate expressions. Backward search explores these suggestions; an iteratively trained value model estimates which remaining goals are promising. The selected2020 preprint reports56.22% on its held-out test split after32 attempts per theorem, each using32 sampled expansions and a256-expansion search budget. This reproduces proofs of existing human-formalized theorems rather than solving arbitrary new open problems. The paper separately reports23 shorter proofs incorporated into the community library. Its linked March2020 pull requests show human curation, discussion of axiom dependencies, preservation of earlier proofs and community merging. A proof assistant also supported the authors in formalizing over200 theorems and exercises. These are distinct outputs with different human contributions. Metamath checks formal derivations; OpenAI model provenance does not itself establish correctness. WRS has not independently rerun the models, benchmark or formal verifier.","boundary":"The assessed target is arXiv 2009.03393v1. The reported 56.22% result is held-out test performance under its stated proof-search budget; 56.50% is a different validation result. The 23 contributed proofs shorten proofs of existing library theorems and are not 23 newly discovered mathematical theorems. Metamath checking depends on the chosen library statements and hypotheses. Human model development, existing library authorship and model proof execution retain separate credit. WRS has not independently trained or replayed the system.","area":"Artificial intelligence","topic":"Formal theorem proving","year":2020,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1642f220-7f74-42b4-acfa-9068c6323123","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2bacbe75c53cdf383d103e80b5540a1103994130dd05efd75184a51e48c01c1e"},"humans":["Stanislas Polu","Ilya Sutskever"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[{"provider":"OpenAI","product":"GPT-f","model":"GPT-f custom decoder-only transformer (reported700m model; architecture described as774M)","role":"Source-reported Metamath proof-step generation with guided search; existing-theorem reproduction and curated shorter proofs.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"wrs24-gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020-original"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020-original","title":"Polu and Sutskever2020: Generative Language Modeling for Automated Theorem Proving — arXiv2009.03393v1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.03393v1"},{"id":"wrs24-gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020-original-pr1547","title":"Metamath set.mm PR1547: Shortening of various proofs based on OpenAI provers","url":"https://github.com/metamath/set.mm/pull/1547"},{"id":"wrs24-gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020-original-pr1561","title":"Metamath set.mm PR1561: OpenAI prover shortening of supmax, dprdwd, unitg, bnj538","url":"https://github.com/metamath/set.mm/pull/1561"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020","entry_id":"gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1642f220-7f74-42b4-acfa-9068c6323123","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2bacbe75c53cdf383d103e80b5540a1103994130dd05efd75184a51e48c01c1e"},"what_changed":"GPT-f combines transformer-generated Metamath proof steps with guided backward search, reporting56.22% held-out theorem reproduction at32 search attempts per theorem and23 shortened proofs contributed to set.mm.","scope":"GPT-f combines transformer-generated Metamath proof steps with guided backward search, reporting56.22% held-out theorem reproduction at32 search attempts per theorem and23 shortened proofs contributed to set.mm. The assessed target is arXiv 2009.03393v1. The reported 56.22% result is held-out test performance under its stated proof-search budget; 56.50% is a different validation result. The 23 contributed proofs shorten proofs of existing library theorems and are not 23 newly discovered mathematical theorems. Metamath checking depends on the chosen library statements and hypotheses. Human model development, existing library authorship and model proof execution retain separate credit. WRS has not independently trained or replayed the system.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1642f220-7f74-42b4-acfa-9068c6323123","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2bacbe75c53cdf383d103e80b5540a1103994130dd05efd75184a51e48c01c1e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"graham-multiprocessing-anomaly-bounds-1966","title":"Graham: why a greedy schedule can slow down after apparent improvements","summary":"Graham bounded how much a fixed-list schedule can worsen when task priorities, durations, precedence constraints or the number of identical processors are changed.\n\nAdding processors sounds like an automatic way to finish work faster. A greedy scheduler can behave differently: starting a ready task earlier may put later tasks in an unfavorable order. Graham modeled tasks with fixed lengths and dependencies, assigned without interruption to identical processors. He gave a bound on the finishing-time ratio after changing the priority list, shortening tasks, removing dependencies or changing the processor count. For equal processor counts the bound becomes 2 minus the reciprocal of that count. The comparison is about a specified scheduling rule, not the best possible use of extra hardware. This account does not reproduce every original diagram or supply a certified formula transcription. The central ratio was separately reconstructed from total work and an idle-covering dependency chain; this does not certify every original sharpness construction.","boundary":"The scheduling results use the paper’s machine, dependency and task-duration model. They bound specified list-scheduling behavior and illustrate anomalies; they do not establish that adding resources always worsens performance or solve every scheduling objective optimally. Changes in precedence, communication cost and processor heterogeneity need separate analysis.","area":"Algorithms and scheduling","topic":"Parallel task scheduling","year":1966,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"graham-multiprocessing-anomaly-bounds-1966","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b27a80c-94a4-48c3-a1bf-245b79b7b5e9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:051f750c9197d6aaaa07effdc8b3b92a201898b5d424d7cd1cffbddc7e6e03de"},"humans":["R. L. Graham"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["amdahl-single-processor-limit-1967","dantzig-simplex-1947"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-graham1966-original-scan","title":"R. L. Graham, Bounds for Certain Multiprocessing Anomalies, author-hosted original scan","url":"https://www.math.ucsd.edu/~ronspubs/66_04_multiprocessing.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-graham1966-publisher-metadata","title":"Publisher Crossref deposit for Graham1966 scheduling-anomaly paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1966.tb01709.x"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"graham-multiprocessing-anomaly-bounds-1966","entry_id":"graham-multiprocessing-anomaly-bounds-1966","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b27a80c-94a4-48c3-a1bf-245b79b7b5e9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:051f750c9197d6aaaa07effdc8b3b92a201898b5d424d7cd1cffbddc7e6e03de"},"what_changed":"Graham bounded how much a fixed-list schedule can worsen when task priorities, durations, precedence constraints or the number of identical processors are changed.","scope":"Graham bounded how much a fixed-list schedule can worsen when task priorities, durations, precedence constraints or the number of identical processors are changed. The scheduling results use the paper’s machine, dependency and task-duration model. They bound specified list-scheduling behavior and illustrate anomalies; they do not establish that adding resources always worsens performance or solve every scheduling objective optimally. Changes in precedence, communication cost and processor heterogeneity need separate analysis.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b27a80c-94a4-48c3-a1bf-245b79b7b5e9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:051f750c9197d6aaaa07effdc8b3b92a201898b5d424d7cd1cffbddc7e6e03de"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gronwall-parameter-sensitivity-integral-bound-1919","title":"Gronwall: control how differential-equation solutions change with their inputs","summary":"Gronwall used an integral bound to extend direct parameter-differentiability arguments from a single differential equation to a system, and treated derivatives with respect to initial values and initial time.\n\nA differential equation describes how a changing quantity evolves. To understand how a small change in an input affects the trajectory, one must justify differentiating the solution itself. Gronwall’s1919 note assumes that the solutions already exist uniquely on a shared interval and that the right-hand side and the relevant state and parameter derivatives are continuous. It bounds the largest difference quotient by a simple integral estimate, then applies the estimate again to show convergence to the solution of a linear variation system. The same strategy treats initial values and, with an extended existence region, the initial time. This direct system argument extends a scalar argument explicitly credited to Ritt. Its integral lemma became a reusable way to control accumulating changes. The original bound uses constant nonnegative coefficients on a finite interval; the broader time-varying, nonlinear and measure versions often called Gronwall–Bellman inequalities belong to later work.","boundary":"The integral inequality uses the stated sign, continuity/integrability and domain assumptions. It controls solutions relative to a specified comparison function and coefficient; it does not automatically give uniform-in-time stability or convergence when the resulting exponential grows. Generalized variants and nonlinear applications require their own hypotheses.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Differential equations, parameter sensitivity and integral inequalities","year":1919,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"gronwall-parameter-sensitivity-integral-bound-1919","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:34e1a0e0-ff66-4f71-a352-655c07670958","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8bbe7cb6151336415d29a074fb54e634242f902b5c31f5e1ab47b3ca4cb0a6c6"},"humans":["T. H. Gronwall"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gronwall-parameter-sensitivity-integral-bound-1919-original","title":"T.H.Gronwall, Note on the Derivatives with Respect to a Parameter of the Solutions of a System of Differential Equations(1919),292-296","url":"https://www.cimat.mx/~mmoreno/teaching/spring09/THGronwall.pdf"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"gronwall-parameter-sensitivity-integral-bound-1919","entry_id":"gronwall-parameter-sensitivity-integral-bound-1919","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:34e1a0e0-ff66-4f71-a352-655c07670958","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8bbe7cb6151336415d29a074fb54e634242f902b5c31f5e1ab47b3ca4cb0a6c6"},"what_changed":"Gronwall used an integral bound to extend direct parameter-differentiability arguments from a single differential equation to a system, and treated derivatives with respect to initial values and initial time.","scope":"Gronwall used an integral bound to extend direct parameter-differentiability arguments from a single differential equation to a system, and treated derivatives with respect to initial values and initial time. The integral inequality uses the stated sign, continuity/integrability and domain assumptions. It controls solutions relative to a specified comparison function and coefficient; it does not automatically give uniform-in-time stability or convergence when the resulting exponential grows. Generalized variants and nonlinear applications require their own hypotheses.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:34e1a0e0-ff66-4f71-a352-655c07670958","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8bbe7cb6151336415d29a074fb54e634242f902b5c31f5e1ab47b3ca4cb0a6c6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"grover-unstructured-quantum-search-1996","title":"Grover: square-root quantum search","summary":"Grover gives a quantum algorithm for finding a unique marked item in an unstructured search space using order sqrt(N) oracle iterations, by combining a conditional phase flip with inversion about the average amplitude.\n\nFinding one marked item among an unsorted set usually takes a number of classical checks proportional to the set size. Grover uses quantum interference to raise the chance of observing the marked item after roughly a square-root number of oracle calls. A phase flip marks the desired state; reflection about the average amplitude then reinforces it. The method requires a coherent condition check that leaves no unwanted trace of the search path. Its query advantage is quadratic, not an automatic exponential acceleration of every computing task. For a search space of 2^n candidates, the remaining cost can still be exponential in n. The number of repetitions matters: continuing indefinitely can lower success again. The exact 1996 revised paper covers the unique-marked setting and discusses extensions; the companion BBHT analysis supplies explicit timing and an unknown-count procedure. Neither paper demonstrates a deployed database or removes the cost of building the oracle.","boundary":"The assessed search uses a coherent reversible oracle, uniform preparation and controlled phase/reflection operations, initially for one marked state among N=2^n possibilities. The O(sqrt(N)) improvement counts oracle queries, excluding oracle construction, physical access and nonquery resource costs. Success oscillates with iteration count. Detailed unknown-solution-count timing belongs to the separately credited BBHT work. This does not solve arbitrary NP problems in polynomial time or demonstrate quantum hardware. WRS has not certified a complete optimality proof or implementation.","area":"Quantum search and query complexity","topic":"Quantum computing","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"grover-unstructured-quantum-search-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18dd7815-ff65-4520-a6c5-7e9babc0f083","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c6f6e7f52743f238f9994a2fea88a4ecb579ff86c67c95bf4626160ab79495e9"},"humans":["Lov K. Grover"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["shor-algorithm","boyer-brassard-hoyer-tapp-unknown-count-search-1996"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-grover1996-complete-v3-original","title":"Grover, A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search, exact1996arXivv3","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9605043v3"},{"id":"wrs24-bbht1996-complete-v1-original","title":"Boyer, Brassard, Hoyer and Tapp, Tight bounds on quantum searching, exact1996arXivv1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9605034v1"},{"id":"wrs24-grover1996-exact-version-metadata","title":"Grover exactv3 repository identity and version history","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9605043v3"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"grover-unstructured-quantum-search-1996","entry_id":"grover-unstructured-quantum-search-1996","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18dd7815-ff65-4520-a6c5-7e9babc0f083","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c6f6e7f52743f238f9994a2fea88a4ecb579ff86c67c95bf4626160ab79495e9"},"what_changed":"Grover gives a quantum algorithm for finding a unique marked item in an unstructured search space using order sqrt(N) oracle iterations, by combining a conditional phase flip with inversion about the average amplitude.","scope":"Grover gives a quantum algorithm for finding a unique marked item in an unstructured search space using order sqrt(N) oracle iterations, by combining a conditional phase flip with inversion about the average amplitude. The assessed search uses a coherent reversible oracle, uniform preparation and controlled phase/reflection operations, initially for one marked state among N=2^n possibilities. The O(sqrt(N)) improvement counts oracle queries, excluding oracle construction, physical access and nonquery resource costs. Success oscillates with iteration count. Detailed unknown-solution-count timing belongs to the separately credited BBHT work. This does not solve arbitrary NP problems in polynomial time or demonstrate quantum hardware. WRS has not certified a complete optimality proof or implementation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18dd7815-ff65-4520-a6c5-7e9babc0f083","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c6f6e7f52743f238f9994a2fea88a4ecb579ff86c67c95bf4626160ab79495e9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gustafson-scaled-workload-speedup-1988","title":"Gustafson: larger machines can tackle larger workloads","summary":"Gustafson argued that parallel computing should also be evaluated with workloads that expand as processor counts grow, deriving scaled speedup and reporting near-linear results for three Sandia applications on a 1,024-processor system.\n\nAdding processors often gives disappointing results when a fixed task still contains work that must run in sequence. Amdahl’s model explains this limitation. Gustafson asked a different practical question: what happens when people use a larger machine to solve a larger problem in a similar amount of time? If the parallel part expands while the serial part stays roughly fixed, the amount of completed work can grow almost in proportion to the processor count. His 1988 note gives the scaled-speedup expression and reports three scientific-computing examples from Sandia. This does not contradict Amdahl: the two formulas normalize the serial fraction against different workloads and different execution times. The original note attributes the alternative formulation to E. Barsis and cites a joint application report. Communication, memory costs, load imbalance and growing serial work can still limit actual scaling. The reported applications are evidence claimed by the authors, rather than measurements rerun by WRS. The lesson is to state what grows and what stays fixed before interpreting a speedup number.","boundary":"Scaled speedup holds the chosen parallel execution workload/time viewpoint and serial fraction fixed. It complements rather than refutes fixed-workload Amdahl limits. Communication, memory, load balance and changing serial work remain costs. The reported machine experiments are particular cases, not a guarantee of linear speedup for arbitrary software.","area":"Parallel computing and performance models","topic":"Computer architecture","year":1988,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"gustafson-scaled-workload-speedup-1988","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c604e776-ace3-47ea-a893-aa7f7c35171b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6e8bd7d21fbbb34516a87af1ba2d4f587f339cc85d0bdd9096a34811fc2effc1"},"humans":["John L. Gustafson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["amdahl-single-processor-limit-1967"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gustafson1988-full-reformatted","title":"Gustafson,ReevaluatingAmdahl’sLaw(1988),university-hostedcomplete3pagereformattedreproduction","url":"https://users.cs.utah.edu/~hari/teaching/paralg/Gustafson88.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-gustafson1988-publisher-metadata","title":"Publisher-depositedCrossrefJSON for10.1145/42411.42415","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1145%2F42411.42415"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"gustafson-scaled-workload-speedup-1988","entry_id":"gustafson-scaled-workload-speedup-1988","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c604e776-ace3-47ea-a893-aa7f7c35171b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6e8bd7d21fbbb34516a87af1ba2d4f587f339cc85d0bdd9096a34811fc2effc1"},"what_changed":"Gustafson argued that parallel computing should also be evaluated with workloads that expand as processor counts grow, deriving scaled speedup and reporting near-linear results for three Sandia applications on a 1,024-processor system.","scope":"Gustafson argued that parallel computing should also be evaluated with workloads that expand as processor counts grow, deriving scaled speedup and reporting near-linear results for three Sandia applications on a 1,024-processor system. Scaled speedup holds the chosen parallel execution workload/time viewpoint and serial fraction fixed. It complements rather than refutes fixed-workload Amdahl limits. Communication, memory, load balance and changing serial work remain costs. The reported machine experiments are particular cases, not a guarantee of linear speedup for arbitrary software.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c604e776-ace3-47ea-a893-aa7f7c35171b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6e8bd7d21fbbb34516a87af1ba2d4f587f339cc85d0bdd9096a34811fc2effc1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gutenberg-richter-earthquake-frequency-1944","title":"Earthquake frequency: a historical magnitude-scale regularity","summary":"Gutenberg and Richter compare earthquake frequencies in California with worldwide counts and fit a log-linear relationship between magnitude bins and event frequency, with explicit regional and extrapolation limits.\n\nLarge earthquakes are rarer than small ones, but turning that observation into a usable relationship requires consistent magnitude measurements and reliable counts. This paper compares regions and fits a straight line to logarithmic event frequencies across magnitude bins. It makes both the empirical pattern and its limitations visible: incomplete small-event records, few extreme events, clustering and short historical observation windows. The result helps organize seismicity statistics without promising the date of the next earthquake.","boundary":"The target is the 1944 regional frequency analysis, not the 1935 magnitude-scale construction or modern moment magnitude. Its N counts earthquakes in specified magnitude bins; the fitted log N=a+b(8-M) must not be silently replaced by later cumulative-threshold notation. Completeness varies with magnitude, geographic boundaries and observation period; small-event undercount and sparse extreme events affect the fit. Region/global comparisons are historical, not current universal rates. The paper explicitly limits extrapolation beyond its supported magnitude range, discusses clustering, quiet intervals and changing rates, and allows wide variation in any particular century. The relation does not predict the time of a specific earthquake. The reported catalogue window is January 1934 to May 1943. The exact fit tables and their numerical values have not been independently certified here. No catalogue or numerical fit was replayed. Earlier magnitude/global work and Ishimoto-Iida antecedents remain separate; the 1939 original is unread and exclusive priority is unresolved.","area":"Earthquake frequency statistics","topic":"Earth science","year":1944,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gutenberg-richter-earthquake-frequency-1944","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d092d74-b5c8-4b31-a6bc-897c55fef0b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0af7a90afdcb3b00faa734f5a1db4d4c1b610bd56d6c0a769a7c37ae1d750c85"},"humans":["B. Gutenberg","C. F. Richter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gutenberg-richter-frequency-1944-original","title":"B. Gutenberg and C. F. Richter, Frequency of earthquakes in California (BSSA34(4),185-188,October1944), original published scan","url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7nrm5-4rh54/files/185.full.pdf?download=1"},{"id":"wrs24-felzer-usgs-2008-priority-note","title":"Karen R. Felzer, Calculating California seismicity rates (USGS 2008), selected institutional abstract","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/publications/calculating-california-seismicity-rates"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"gutenberg-richter-earthquake-frequency-1944","entry_id":"gutenberg-richter-earthquake-frequency-1944","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d092d74-b5c8-4b31-a6bc-897c55fef0b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0af7a90afdcb3b00faa734f5a1db4d4c1b610bd56d6c0a769a7c37ae1d750c85"},"what_changed":"Gutenberg and Richter compare earthquake frequencies in California with worldwide counts and fit a log-linear relationship between magnitude bins and event frequency, with explicit regional and extrapolation limits.","scope":"Gutenberg and Richter compare earthquake frequencies in California with worldwide counts and fit a log-linear relationship between magnitude bins and event frequency, with explicit regional and extrapolation limits. The target is the 1944 regional frequency analysis, not the 1935 magnitude-scale construction or modern moment magnitude. Its N counts earthquakes in specified magnitude bins; the fitted log N=a+b(8-M) must not be silently replaced by later cumulative-threshold notation. Completeness varies with magnitude, geographic boundaries and observation period; small-event undercount and sparse extreme events affect the fit. Region/global comparisons are historical, not current universal rates. The paper explicitly limits extrapolation beyond its supported magnitude range, discusses clustering, quiet intervals and changing rates, and allows wide variation in any particular century. The relation does not predict the time of a specific earthquake. The reported catalogue window is January 1934 to May 1943. The exact fit tables and their numerical values have not been independently certified here. No catalogue or numerical fit was replayed. Earlier magnitude/global work and Ishimoto-Iida antecedents remain separate; the 1939 original is unread and exclusive priority is unresolved.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d092d74-b5c8-4b31-a6bc-897c55fef0b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0af7a90afdcb3b00faa734f5a1db4d4c1b610bd56d6c0a769a7c37ae1d750c85"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gutmann-hyvarinen-noise-contrastive-estimation-2010","title":"NCE: learning a statistical model by contrasting data with noise","summary":"Noise-contrastive estimation learns an unnormalized statistical model by distinguishing observed data from samples drawn from a known noise distribution, treating the normalization constant as a learnable parameter.\n\nA probability model normally needs a normalizing constant before its likelihood can be evaluated. NCE instead asks whether each observation resembles real data or a known noise source. Its binary-classification objective can learn the statistical parameters and the normalization together. This avoids computing a difficult partition function directly, but works only under suitable support, model and identification conditions. Different parameter labels can still describe the same distribution, so parameter uniqueness must be checked separately.","boundary":"The target is the 2010 estimator, with equal-size independent data/noise samples and known evaluable noise density positive on the data support. Correct model specification, convergence and appropriate identification conditions matter. Unique density recovery does not imply unique parameters: locally full-rank information can coexist with two parameters generating the same Gaussian density. Parameter consistency therefore needs global identifiability or an explicitly separated equivalence-class target; the omitted 2010 proofs are not independently accepted. Only selected 2012 theory pages were checked, and later arbitrary noise-ratio results are not backdated. Noise choice affects information and computing cost, and optimization is not guaranteed globally successful. Synthetic comparisons depend on approximations, initialization, sample selection and method-specific budgets; no universal speed advantage or exact MLE efficiency is asserted. Experiments were not replayed. The contribution is human-authored statistical methodology, not autonomous AI research;.","area":"Unnormalized statistical estimation","topic":"Statistics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gutmann-hyvarinen-noise-contrastive-estimation-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ab20ab4b-d3ac-47d1-ac1f-bd783801b829","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b40e8ee6f6323ffa0c4a7bbcefa294b6c62434de12969030fc6b0c7724bfec45"},"humans":["Michael Gutmann","Aapo Hyvärinen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hinton-contrastive-divergence-2002"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-gutmann-nce-2010-original","title":"Michael Gutmann and Aapo Hyvärinen, Noise-contrastive estimation: A new estimation principle for unnormalized statistical models (AISTATS 2010,297-304), original conference paper","url":"https://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/gutmann10a/gutmann10a.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-gutmann-nce-2012-theory-followup","title":"Michael U. Gutmann and Aapo Hyvärinen, Noise-Contrastive Estimation of Unnormalized Statistical Models, with Applications to Natural Image Statistics (JMLR 13,307-361,2012), selected theory follow-up","url":"https://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/papers/volume13/gutmann12a/gutmann12a.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-ryu-nce-2025-identifiability-note","title":"Ryu, Shah and Wornell, A Unified View on Learning Unnormalized Distributions via Noise-Contrastive Estimation (ICML 2025), selected assumption paragraph","url":"https://jongharyu.github.io/assets/pdf/icml2025b.pdf"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"gutmann-hyvarinen-noise-contrastive-estimation-2010","entry_id":"gutmann-hyvarinen-noise-contrastive-estimation-2010","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ab20ab4b-d3ac-47d1-ac1f-bd783801b829","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b40e8ee6f6323ffa0c4a7bbcefa294b6c62434de12969030fc6b0c7724bfec45"},"what_changed":"Noise-contrastive estimation learns an unnormalized statistical model by distinguishing observed data from samples drawn from a known noise distribution, treating the normalization constant as a learnable parameter.","scope":"Noise-contrastive estimation learns an unnormalized statistical model by distinguishing observed data from samples drawn from a known noise distribution, treating the normalization constant as a learnable parameter. The target is the 2010 estimator, with equal-size independent data/noise samples and known evaluable noise density positive on the data support. Correct model specification, convergence and appropriate identification conditions matter. Unique density recovery does not imply unique parameters: locally full-rank information can coexist with two parameters generating the same Gaussian density. Parameter consistency therefore needs global identifiability or an explicitly separated equivalence-class target; the omitted 2010 proofs are not independently accepted. Only selected 2012 theory pages were checked, and later arbitrary noise-ratio results are not backdated. Noise choice affects information and computing cost, and optimization is not guaranteed globally successful. Synthetic comparisons depend on approximations, initialization, sample selection and method-specific budgets; no universal speed advantage or exact MLE efficiency is asserted. Experiments were not replayed. The contribution is human-authored statistical methodology, not autonomous AI research;.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ab20ab4b-d3ac-47d1-ac1f-bd783801b829","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b40e8ee6f6323ffa0c4a7bbcefa294b6c62434de12969030fc6b0c7724bfec45"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"harris-stephens-corner-edge-detector-1988","title":"Harris and Stephens: tell corners from edges for visual tracking","summary":"A local intensity-change matrix and determinant/trace response distinguish corners from edges without relying on a few sampled shift directions, supporting combined feature extraction.\n\nA camera needs recognizable points to track a scene as it moves. A plain patch changes little when shifted; an edge changes strongly in one direction; a corner changes in several directions. Harris and Stephens summarized these differences in a small matrix and used its determinant and trace to produce a corner response. This corrected direction-sampling and window problems in the earlier Moravec detector and combined corner detection with edge extraction. The matrix description is rotation invariant in its local mathematical model. It is not a guarantee of reliable matching at every scale, viewpoint or lighting condition. The original paper showed natural-scene examples and explicitly left better junction completion and adaptive thresholds for future work. The original image and tracking results have not been independently reproduced here.","boundary":"The detector uses local image-gradient statistics, a specified window and response/threshold choices. Its geometric interpretation concerns the local model; noise, scale, aperture ambiguity and textured regions can limit detection. It is not a universal object-recognition algorithm or exact projective invariance. Reported image examples have not been independently replayed.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Computer vision","year":1988,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"harris-stephens-corner-edge-detector-1988","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ee3d517-7f3f-442b-ad2a-f36ecde927d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68b17ea521eb3cedc4a9a7c551a8f0fab3616f2fe9dbf19b8ac77d0414744ed7"},"humans":["Chris Harris","Mike Stephens"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lowe-sift-keypoints-2004"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-harris-stephens-corner-edge-detector-1988-original","title":"Chris Harris and Mike Stephens: A Combined Corner and Edge Detector (1988)","url":"https://www.bmva-archive.org.uk/bmvc/1988/avc-88-023.pdf"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"harris-stephens-corner-edge-detector-1988","entry_id":"harris-stephens-corner-edge-detector-1988","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ee3d517-7f3f-442b-ad2a-f36ecde927d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68b17ea521eb3cedc4a9a7c551a8f0fab3616f2fe9dbf19b8ac77d0414744ed7"},"what_changed":"A local intensity-change matrix and determinant/trace response distinguish corners from edges without relying on a few sampled shift directions, supporting combined feature extraction.","scope":"A local intensity-change matrix and determinant/trace response distinguish corners from edges without relying on a few sampled shift directions, supporting combined feature extraction. The detector uses local image-gradient statistics, a specified window and response/threshold choices. Its geometric interpretation concerns the local model; noise, scale, aperture ambiguity and textured regions can limit detection. It is not a universal object-recognition algorithm or exact projective invariance. Reported image examples have not been independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ee3d517-7f3f-442b-ad2a-f36ecde927d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68b17ea521eb3cedc4a9a7c551a8f0fab3616f2fe9dbf19b8ac77d0414744ed7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"harrow-hassidim-lloyd-quantum-linear-systems-2009","title":"HHL: a quantum state of a linear-system solution","summary":"Harrow, Hassidim and Lloyd give a quantum algorithm that prepares a state proportional to a linear-system solution and enables selected observable estimates, with strong dimension scaling under explicit matrix-access, conditioning, preparation and precision assumptions.\n\nMany computations reduce to solving Ax=b. HHL changes what the solver returns: a quantum state whose amplitudes encode a normalized solution, rather than a printed list of numbers. It estimates eigenvalues, rotates an auxiliary system to weight each component by the inverse eigenvalue, then reverses the estimation and selects successful outcomes. For suitable sparse matrices with efficient access and a readily prepared input state, the dependence on matrix dimension can be logarithmic. The condition number, desired precision and measurement costs still matter. Reading every classical component removes that advantage; a hard-to-load input or poorly conditioned matrix can also dominate the cost. The 2009 revised paper includes detailed error analysis and complexity-theoretic arguments, not just a small example. This record covers the original quantum-state algorithm and its declared assumptions, without claiming that every classical linear system becomes exponentially faster or that a practical quantum computer was demonstrated.","boundary":"The speedup concerns preparing a quantum state proportional to a linear-system solution, under sparse/access, conditioning and accuracy assumptions. It does not output every solution coordinate cheaply; state preparation and readout costs matter. Poor conditioning and arbitrary dense/classically supplied data can erase the claimed advantage. The original theorem is not a demonstrated general-purpose hardware speedup.","area":"Quantum algorithms and numerical linear algebra","topic":"Quantum computing","year":2009,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"harrow-hassidim-lloyd-quantum-linear-systems-2009","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ffb35232-1650-49f7-aec0-7afdc8f2e897","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0f05e6184e71c892d1120a4d4b86815fbfab1d87920603fcca65c7b64ba610e8"},"humans":["Aram W. Harrow","Avinatan Hassidim","Seth Lloyd"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["shor-algorithm","hestenes-stiefel-conjugate-gradients-1952"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hhl2009-complete-v3-original","title":"Harrow, Hassidim and Lloyd, Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations, exactarXiv0811.3171v3,2009","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0811.3171v3"},{"id":"wrs24-hhl2009-exact-version-byline","title":"arXiv0811.3171v3 submissionhistory and completeauthor metadata","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.3171v3"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"harrow-hassidim-lloyd-quantum-linear-systems-2009","entry_id":"harrow-hassidim-lloyd-quantum-linear-systems-2009","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ffb35232-1650-49f7-aec0-7afdc8f2e897","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0f05e6184e71c892d1120a4d4b86815fbfab1d87920603fcca65c7b64ba610e8"},"what_changed":"Introduces inverse-eigenvalue quantum-state preparation and selectedobservable estimation for suitable linear systems, connecting numerical tasks to quantum algorithmic complexity.","scope":"Introduces inverse-eigenvalue quantum-state preparation and selectedobservable estimation for suitable linear systems, connecting numerical tasks to quantum algorithmic complexity. The speedup concerns preparing a quantum state proportional to a linear-system solution, under sparse/access, conditioning and accuracy assumptions. It does not output every solution coordinate cheaply; state preparation and readout costs matter. Poor conditioning and arbitrary dense/classically supplied data can erase the claimed advantage. The original theorem is not a demonstrated general-purpose hardware speedup.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ffb35232-1650-49f7-aec0-7afdc8f2e897","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0f05e6184e71c892d1120a4d4b86815fbfab1d87920603fcca65c7b64ba610e8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hausdorff-gauge-measure-fractional-dimension-1919","title":"Hausdorff: measuring sets with fractional and finer dimensions","summary":"Hausdorff extended small-scale covering measures to fractional powers and more general gauge functions, and constructed perfect sets with positive finite measure at prescribed scales under explicit assumptions.\n\nLength, area and volume work well for familiar shapes, but many sets have zero ordinary length or occupy a size between familiar integer dimensions. Hausdorff attached a cost to small covering sets and minimized the total cost as the permitted cover size shrank. A power cost provides a fractional scale; more general functions distinguish sets even when one power exponent does not. Building on Caratheodory’s outer-measure framework, he constructed Cantor-type sets with prescribed positive finite gauge measure under specific concavity conditions. The ternary Cantor set appears at log2/log3, and carefully constrained products support further examples. The original notion of exact gauge dimension is finer than the later common single critical exponent. It is neither topological dimension nor an automatic box-counting estimate. General metric-space formulations, a general gauge-existence theorem, later product theorems and all fractal applications are subsequent contributions. The article is dated March1918 at its end, while the library volume and author-edition bibliography identify publication in1919.","boundary":"The construction uses specified covers, limiting diameters and gauge functions to measure sets and define dimension. A gauge choice is part of the object. Dimension need not equal a finite nonzero measure at the critical exponent, and this is not a universal physical scaling law. Later generalized measure/dimension results remain separate.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Measure theory and geometric dimension","year":1919,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"hausdorff-gauge-measure-fractional-dimension-1919","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78875063-2ce7-47be-a287-e14336a4a832","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7aad9518e32617a7a07a97ff1c139c493cfdc71bd5a21a66f80afa4626482b08"},"humans":["Felix Hausdorff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["urysohn-normal-second-countable-metrization-1925","caffarelli-kohn-nirenberg-partial-regularity-1982"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hausdorff-gauge-measure-fractional-dimension-1919-original","title":"Felix Hausdorff, Dimension und äußeres Maß — original1919 article, datedMarch1918","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0079/LOG_0013.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-hausdorff-gauge-measure-fractional-dimension-1919-commentary","title":"S.D.Chatterji, collected-edition Commentary on H1919a — original/later-scope distinction","url":"https://hausdorff-edition.de/media/pdf/Kommentar_H1919a.pdf"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"hausdorff-gauge-measure-fractional-dimension-1919","entry_id":"hausdorff-gauge-measure-fractional-dimension-1919","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78875063-2ce7-47be-a287-e14336a4a832","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7aad9518e32617a7a07a97ff1c139c493cfdc71bd5a21a66f80afa4626482b08"},"what_changed":"Hausdorff extended small-scale covering measures to fractional powers and more general gauge functions, and constructed perfect sets with positive finite measure at prescribed scales under explicit assumptions.","scope":"Hausdorff extended small-scale covering measures to fractional powers and more general gauge functions, and constructed perfect sets with positive finite measure at prescribed scales under explicit assumptions. The construction uses specified covers, limiting diameters and gauge functions to measure sets and define dimension. A gauge choice is part of the object. Dimension need not equal a finite nonzero measure at the critical exponent, and this is not a universal physical scaling law. Later generalized measure/dimension results remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78875063-2ce7-47be-a287-e14336a4a832","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7aad9518e32617a7a07a97ff1c139c493cfdc71bd5a21a66f80afa4626482b08"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"heezen-tharp-ewing-north-atlantic-physiography-1959","title":"Heezen, Tharp and Ewing: mapping North Atlantic seafloor structure","summary":"The1959 report explains how echo-sounding profiles were organized into a North Atlantic physiographic diagram and provinces, with detailed ridge and axial-valley descriptions.\n\nScattered ship tracks became an interpretable view of a largely inaccessible landscape. The authors distinguish recorded profiles from inferred relief between tracks, state the map's resolution and identify both striking morphology and unresolved geological interpretation.","boundary":"The target is the selected physical mapping/morphology contribution in the 1959 report, whose first sheet covers 17–50 degrees north; it is not a complete world-ocean map or every earlier chart. Between-track relief is interpolated/extrapolated and explicitly speculative.40:1 exaggerated profiles and small map scale limit what features are represented; positional/data-quality limits remain. Plate 1 and the figures were not visually audited, and no raw sounding reconstruction was run. Ridge origin remains unresolved in the inspected text; this is not a complete plate-tectonics proof. The three source bylines do not absorb the named expedition, navigation, plotting and recorder-development teams, nor later maps or theories. No life-science observations are curated by this target.","area":"Physical ocean-floor mapping","topic":"Earth & space","year":1959,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"heezen-tharp-ewing-north-atlantic-physiography-1959","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:23eb1b29-5fbd-4639-a0e1-f60aaadc8a96","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5cf633bb330c8435df3e40172479ac6f647633bb61cb4dfe6646a5c88b9f3dc2"},"humans":["Bruce C. Heezen","Marie Tharp","Maurice Ewing"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hess-ocean-basins-model-1962","hutton-earth-theory"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-heezen-tharp-ewing-1959-method","title":"Heezen, Tharp and Ewing, The Floors of the Oceans: I.The North Atlantic, GSA Special Paper65(1959), selected physical-geoscience text in Gutenberg edition","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49069/49069-h/49069-h.htm"},{"id":"wrs24-gutenberg-heezen-tharp-ewing-identity","title":"Project Gutenberg49069 catalogue: The Floors of the Ocean, I.The North Atlantic, three source authors","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49069"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"heezen-tharp-ewing-north-atlantic-physiography-1959","entry_id":"heezen-tharp-ewing-north-atlantic-physiography-1959","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:23eb1b29-5fbd-4639-a0e1-f60aaadc8a96","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5cf633bb330c8435df3e40172479ac6f647633bb61cb4dfe6646a5c88b9f3dc2"},"what_changed":"The report integrates continuous sounding tracks into a reusable physiographic diagram/classification workflow and organizes North Atlantic ridge/valley morphology, while retaining interpolation and interpretive limits.","scope":"The report integrates continuous sounding tracks into a reusable physiographic diagram/classification workflow and organizes North Atlantic ridge/valley morphology, while retaining interpolation and interpretive limits. The target is the selected physical mapping/morphology contribution in the 1959 report, whose first sheet covers 17–50 degrees north; it is not a complete world-ocean map or every earlier chart. Between-track relief is interpolated/extrapolated and explicitly speculative.40:1 exaggerated profiles and small map scale limit what features are represented; positional/data-quality limits remain. Plate 1 and the figures were not visually audited, and no raw sounding reconstruction was run. Ridge origin remains unresolved in the inspected text; this is not a complete plate-tectonics proof. The three source bylines do not absorb the named expedition, navigation, plotting and recorder-development teams, nor later maps or theories. No life-science observations are curated by this target.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:23eb1b29-5fbd-4639-a0e1-f60aaadc8a96","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5cf633bb330c8435df3e40172479ac6f647633bb61cb4dfe6646a5c88b9f3dc2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"henkin-general-model-type-completeness-1950","title":"Henkin: complete proof rules for general models of type theory","summary":"Henkin proved completeness of a simple type calculus for general models whose function domains satisfy the interpretation closure conditions, and constructed countable models of consistent theories in the stated language.\n\nHigher-order logic can quantify over functions and sets. If these variables must range over every mathematically possible function or set, a recursive proof system cannot capture all valid statements in the expressive calculus considered here. Henkin changed the semantic setting: general models may have smaller function domains, but those domains must still interpret every formula and satisfy the required closure conditions. His 1950 paper constructs such models from consistent sets of formulas and proves that validity in all general models matches formal provability. It also derives compactness and discusses nonstandard models of arithmetic. The distinction matters: a general model is not an arbitrary collection of functions, and the proof does not supply an effective procedure for deciding every formula. The countable-language result does not say all mathematical structures are countable. Gödel retains credit for first-order completeness and incompleteness; Church for the type calculus; and Henkin’s earlier 1949 proof remains a separate predecessor. This entry concerns the 1950 higher-type model construction and its stated consequences.","boundary":"Completeness is for the stated type theory with general/Henkin models, whose higher-type domains need not contain every set-theoretic function. It is not completeness for unrestricted full second-order semantics. The syntax, comprehension and model assumptions matter, and consistency is not a computational decision procedure for every theory.","area":"Model theory and higher-order logic","topic":"Mathematical logic","year":1950,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"henkin-general-model-type-completeness-1950","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07484759-f5e1-467c-a166-045b85d1add9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a77194c375c6fd30c51c5f0b9572b956ef9610399e5400f0e59841baae2b432c"},"humans":["Leon Henkin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["godel","godel-constructible-consistency","church-undecidability"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-henkin1950-type-original","title":"Henkin,CompletenessintheTheoryofTypes,JSL15(2),81-91(1950),JSTOR2266967 originalfacsimile","url":"https://aaronxyliu.github.io/download/PL/Henkin.pdf"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"henkin-general-model-type-completeness-1950","entry_id":"henkin-general-model-type-completeness-1950","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07484759-f5e1-467c-a166-045b85d1add9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a77194c375c6fd30c51c5f0b9572b956ef9610399e5400f0e59841baae2b432c"},"what_changed":"Henkin proved completeness of a simple type calculus for general models whose function domains satisfy the interpretation closure conditions, and constructed countable models of consistent theories in the stated language.","scope":"Henkin proved completeness of a simple type calculus for general models whose function domains satisfy the interpretation closure conditions, and constructed countable models of consistent theories in the stated language. Completeness is for the stated type theory with general/Henkin models, whose higher-type domains need not contain every set-theoretic function. It is not completeness for unrestricted full second-order semantics. The syntax, comprehension and model assumptions matter, and consistency is not a computational decision procedure for every theory.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07484759-f5e1-467c-a166-045b85d1add9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a77194c375c6fd30c51c5f0b9572b956ef9610399e5400f0e59841baae2b432c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hertz-air-wave-reflection-interference-1888","title":"Hertz: observing electromagnetic-wave reflection and interference in air","summary":"Hertz uses a spark oscillator, resonant detector and conducting reflector to reveal spatial interference patterns supporting electromagnetic-wave propagation and reflection in air.\n\nIf an electric disturbance travels as a wave, reflecting it should create places where the direct and reflected disturbances reinforce or cancel. Hertz maps such changes with a small spark gap in a resonant loop. Turning the detector and changing its distance reveal patterns that cannot be described simply as a steadily weaker nearby signal. The experiment gives concrete support to wave propagation and reflection. Its early wavelength and velocity interpretations are not preserved as unquestioned measurements: Hertz later recognized room-related errors and accepted improved experiments. That correction strengthens the historical record without erasing the qualitative experimental contribution.","boundary":"The target is the 1888 air-wave and reflection paper, not all Hertz experiments or radiotelegraphy. A spark oscillator, resonant loop and finite conducting wall reveal orientation-dependent interference patterns. Observations near the normal depend on room geometry, resonance, damping and observer position. Quarter-wavelength orientation reversals are not all half-wavelength nodes. The original 4.8 m half-wavelength and air/wire speed discrepancy are not retained as precision constants: Hertz later doubted the measurement, room-resonance interpretation and node extrapolation, and accepted Sarasin and de la Rive's improved experiments. Notes 18 and 21 separate theory-derived magnetic force from independently detected effects and leave the old wire-velocity interpretation unresolved. This chapter supports wave propagation and reflection, without validating all field theory or establishing long-distance radio. This account uses the linked translated source, without an independent first-print comparison, apparatus reproduction or figure certification.","area":"Electromagnetic waves and experimental physics","topic":"Physics","year":1888,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"hertz-air-wave-reflection-interference-1888","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c6b31d4-c4f0-43c4-acd6-1c8ead66aacb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:765bae88f2774c522058fd0244e0a323c575359c015cde16b88759666cfc48e3"},"humans":["Heinrich Hertz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["maxwell","faraday-induction"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hertz-wave-reflection-1888-approved-translation","title":"Heinrich Hertz, On Electromagnetic Waves in Air and Their Reflection (1888), author-supervised1893translation in1962reprint","url":"https://commons.princeton.edu/josephhenry/wp-content/uploads/sites/71/2020/02/Electric_Waves.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-hertz-wave-reflection-1888-publisher-metadata","title":"H. Hertz, Ueber electrodynamische Wellen im Luftraume und deren Reflexion, Annalen1888target bibliography","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18882700802"},{"id":"wrs24-hertz-1892-german-collection-transcription-index","title":"Heinrich Hertz, Untersuchungen über die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Kraft (1892), German original-collection transcription index","url":"https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Untersuchungen_%C3%BCber_die_Ausbreitung_der_elektrischen_Kraft"}],"points":"400000","published_grade":{"id":"hertz-air-wave-reflection-interference-1888","entry_id":"hertz-air-wave-reflection-interference-1888","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c6b31d4-c4f0-43c4-acd6-1c8ead66aacb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:765bae88f2774c522058fd0244e0a323c575359c015cde16b88759666cfc48e3"},"what_changed":"Hertz uses a spark oscillator, resonant detector and conducting reflector to reveal spatial interference patterns supporting electromagnetic-wave propagation and reflection in air.","scope":"Hertz uses a spark oscillator, resonant detector and conducting reflector to reveal spatial interference patterns supporting electromagnetic-wave propagation and reflection in air. The target is the 1888 air-wave and reflection paper, not all Hertz experiments or radiotelegraphy. A spark oscillator, resonant loop and finite conducting wall reveal orientation-dependent interference patterns. Observations near the normal depend on room geometry, resonance, damping and observer position. Quarter-wavelength orientation reversals are not all half-wavelength nodes. The original 4.8 m half-wavelength and air/wire speed discrepancy are not retained as precision constants: Hertz later doubted the measurement, room-resonance interpretation and node extrapolation, and accepted Sarasin and de la Rive's improved experiments. Notes 18 and 21 separate theory-derived magnetic force from independently detected effects and leave the old wire-velocity interpretation unresolved. This chapter supports wave propagation and reflection, without validating all field theory or establishing long-distance radio. This account uses the linked translated source, without an independent first-print comparison, apparatus reproduction or figure certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c6b31d4-c4f0-43c4-acd6-1c8ead66aacb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:765bae88f2774c522058fd0244e0a323c575359c015cde16b88759666cfc48e3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hertz-small-frictionless-elastic-contact-1882","title":"Hertz: force and deformation meet over a small elastic contact patch","summary":"Hertz solves the local frictionless contact of smooth isotropic elastic solids, obtaining an elliptical pressure patch and nonlinear load-indentation scaling, with a conditional quasi-static collision application.\n\nEven two apparently rigid spheres flatten slightly when pressed together. Hertz treats the small region where smooth elastic bodies meet, replacing their nearby surfaces by quadratic shapes and their interiors by elastic half-spaces. The resulting contact patch is an ellipse, with pressure greatest inside and falling to zero at its edge. For spheres, the contact radius grows as the cube root of the normal load, while indentation grows as the two-thirds power. These relations let engineers connect force, deformation and local pressure without treating the bodies as perfectly rigid. Hertz also applies the contact law to slow elastic impacts when stress waves can cross the relevant bodies much faster than the collision lasts. The calculation does not cover friction, adhesion, plastic deformation or large contact patches. Its discussion of crack initiation is an informed conjecture, not a universal fracture criterion. The original is signed January 1881; the journal publication is conventionally catalogued as 1882, despite the public mirror header using 1881.","boundary":"The contact theory assumes small deformation, elastic materials, smooth local surface geometry and the stated frictionless contact approximation. Adhesion, plasticity, large deformation and arbitrary rough contacts are outside it. Predicted contact shape/pressure depend on material and geometry assumptions; this is not a universal wear law or independently reproduced experiment.","area":"Engineering","topic":"Elastic contact mechanics","year":1882,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"hertz-small-frictionless-elastic-contact-1882","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d7b3ed2-e022-4aff-ae08-c42f54c7dcf8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1e75cfcaa37eaf7b0df7e3e88ef000a1952ed1cc5a920f7864e2ce143778516"},"humans":["Heinrich Hertz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hertz-small-frictionless-elastic-contact-1882-original","title":"Heinrich Hertz: UeberdieBeruehrungfesterelastischerKoerper, original156-171","url":"https://home.uni-leipzig.de/pwm/web/download/Hertz1881.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-hertz-small-frictionless-elastic-contact-1882-original-later","title":"Komvopoulos2008: roughness/frictionalheating contact extension context","url":"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/mecanique/articles/10.1016/j.crme.2007.11.005/"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"hertz-small-frictionless-elastic-contact-1882","entry_id":"hertz-small-frictionless-elastic-contact-1882","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d7b3ed2-e022-4aff-ae08-c42f54c7dcf8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1e75cfcaa37eaf7b0df7e3e88ef000a1952ed1cc5a920f7864e2ce143778516"},"what_changed":"Hertz solves the local frictionless contact of smooth isotropic elastic solids, obtaining an elliptical pressure patch and nonlinear load-indentation scaling, with a conditional quasi-static collision application.","scope":"Hertz solves the local frictionless contact of smooth isotropic elastic solids, obtaining an elliptical pressure patch and nonlinear load-indentation scaling, with a conditional quasi-static collision application. The contact theory assumes small deformation, elastic materials, smooth local surface geometry and the stated frictionless contact approximation. Adhesion, plasticity, large deformation and arbitrary rough contacts are outside it. Predicted contact shape/pressure depend on material and geometry assumptions; this is not a universal wear law or independently reproduced experiment.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d7b3ed2-e022-4aff-ae08-c42f54c7dcf8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1e75cfcaa37eaf7b0df7e3e88ef000a1952ed1cc5a920f7864e2ce143778516"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hess-ocean-basins-model-1962","title":"Hess: ocean ridges and moving mantle in an ocean-basin model","summary":"Hess interpreted mid-ocean ridges as rising limbs of mantle convection and proposed that continents could be carried by mantle flow. The 1962 chapter connected ocean-basin observations with a mechanism for continental movement.\n\nThe problem was how continents could move without ploughing through ocean crust. Ridge structure, heat flow and limited sediments motivated an alternative moving-mantle picture. Hess called the essay geo-poetry; later magnetic evidence and modern plate-tectonic models remain separate contributions.","boundary":"This is a historical hypothesis. Its assumptions about crustal hydration and Earth's early history are not all retained in modern plate tectonics, and the report is not direct experimental verification.","area":"Marine geology","topic":"Earth science","year":1962,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"hess-ocean-basins-model-1962","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:971f7155-b74e-41f5-a30c-827d4e879561","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbe013a667faf37c9fcb1ed471c96e8439dc10e32c8b7edd60faa501ed92e73f"},"humans":["Harry Hammond Hess"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["continental-drift","vine-matthews-magnetic-ridges"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-hess-basins","title":"H. H. Hess, History of Ocean Basins (1962)","url":"https://www.geologie.ens.fr/50years_plate_tectonics/2007-hess.pdf"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"hess-ocean-basins-model-1962","entry_id":"hess-ocean-basins-model-1962","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:971f7155-b74e-41f5-a30c-827d4e879561","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbe013a667faf37c9fcb1ed471c96e8439dc10e32c8b7edd60faa501ed92e73f"},"what_changed":"A rising-ridge and moving-mantle model connects ocean-basin observations with transport of continents without their ploughing through a fixed ocean crust.","scope":"A rising-ridge and moving-mantle model connects ocean-basin observations with transport of continents without their ploughing through a fixed ocean crust. This is a historical hypothesis. Its assumptions about crustal hydration and Earth's early history are not all retained in modern plate tectonics, and the report is not direct experimental verification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:971f7155-b74e-41f5-a30c-827d4e879561","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbe013a667faf37c9fcb1ed471c96e8439dc10e32c8b7edd60faa501ed92e73f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hoeffding-bounded-sum-inequalities-1963","title":"Hoeffding: bounded-sum concentration and convex sampling comparison","summary":"Hoeffding organized finite tail bounds for bounded independent sums, extended a range-only bound to unequal intervals, and transferred exponential bounds to explicitly represented dependent statistics and finite-population sampling.\n\nAverages can be reliable before a normal approximation is accurate. If each independent summand lies in a known finite interval, a convex majorant of its exponential moment yields a probability bound using the sum of squared interval widths. The paper also distinguishes sharper mean-sensitive bounds from variance-sensitive bounds for variables bounded only above. These are finite inequalities, not declarations that the bound equals the actual tail probability. The same article explicitly notes a martingale extension and uses an inherited maximal inequality. For U statistics, it averages sums built from disjoint observations; an arbitrary dependent sum has no such automatic guarantee. For a uniform sample without replacement from a finite population, it proves a continuous-convex comparison against sampling with replacement, allowing existing exponential bounds to transfer. The latter comparison reduces uncertainty without claiming that the resulting bound is optimal.","boundary":"The concentration bounds apply to the specified independent bounded variables and separately treated sampling settings. Bounded ranges, means and dependence assumptions cannot be omitted. The bounds are distribution-free within those conditions, not a proof for arbitrary adaptive/dependent sequences. Later martingale formulations and the withheld Azuma record are not silently credited here.","area":"Mathematics and statistics","topic":"Concentration and convex order","year":1963,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"hoeffding-bounded-sum-inequalities-1963","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e22e25b-2b02-4991-a14c-43c875b8864b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cf6403b34dfc16b7b142fc87e275dbe05c0b6b386f8014bc8f75bc169ed7d48"},"humans":["Wassily Hoeffding"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["kolmogorov-probability","bayes-inverse-probability"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hoeffding-bounded-sum-inequalities-1963-original","title":"Hoeffding: bounded-sum concentration and convex sampling comparison — original scientific article","url":"https://www.cs.rpi.edu/academics/courses/spring06/random/hoefding.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-hoeffding-bounded-sum-inequalities-1963-publisher","title":"Hoeffding: bounded-sum concentration and convex sampling comparison — publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1080%2F01621459.1963.10500830"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"hoeffding-bounded-sum-inequalities-1963","entry_id":"hoeffding-bounded-sum-inequalities-1963","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e22e25b-2b02-4991-a14c-43c875b8864b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cf6403b34dfc16b7b142fc87e275dbe05c0b6b386f8014bc8f75bc169ed7d48"},"what_changed":"Hoeffding organized finite tail bounds for bounded independent sums, extended a range-only bound to unequal intervals, and transferred exponential bounds to explicitly represented dependent statistics and finite-population sampling.","scope":"Hoeffding organized finite tail bounds for bounded independent sums, extended a range-only bound to unequal intervals, and transferred exponential bounds to explicitly represented dependent statistics and finite-population sampling. The concentration bounds apply to the specified independent bounded variables and separately treated sampling settings. Bounded ranges, means and dependence assumptions cannot be omitted. The bounds are distribution-free within those conditions, not a proof for arbitrary adaptive/dependent sequences. Later martingale formulations and the withheld Azuma record are not silently credited here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e22e25b-2b02-4991-a14c-43c875b8864b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cf6403b34dfc16b7b142fc87e275dbe05c0b6b386f8014bc8f75bc169ed7d48"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hopcroft-finite-automaton-minimization-1971","title":"Hopcroft: efficient partition refinement for finite automaton minimization","summary":"Hopcroft supplied an n log n state-minimization algorithm for complete deterministic finite automata with fixed alphabet, using partition refinement and carefully scheduled splitters.\n\nTwo states of a deterministic automaton are equivalent when every future input word gives the same acceptance outcome. Minimization groups those states together. Starting from accepting and nonaccepting states, the algorithm repeatedly splits groups whose transitions reveal a difference. The useful advance is how splitters are scheduled and represented: repeated work is controlled by smaller-side processing, rather than repeatedly rescanning every pair of states. The inspected report describes inverse transitions, linked lists, correctness and a potential-bound analysis giving n log n time for a fixed input alphabet. This became a reusable way to think about efficient refinement. The automaton must be deterministic and have a transition for every state-symbol pair. Its all-state quotient may still contain states unreachable from a selected starting state; removing those is a separate step. The historical ALGOL tests illustrate the report implementation, while the new finite checks here only test semantic correctness of a modern adaptation.","boundary":"The partition-refinement algorithm concerns finite deterministic automata and the specified alphabet/transition representation. Its time bound depends on how the alphabet and transitions are counted. It is not minimization of arbitrary nondeterministic machines or an all-purpose state-space reduction theorem. Later implementation variants retain separate credit.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Algorithms and data structures","year":1971,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hopcroft-finite-automaton-minimization-1971","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e4bf7537-0dfb-42e8-ae29-03d6692e43c3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1f22d7e1376d76593ac83a0f141d6d9e0d08039674df67be454cc0f03cc2165"},"humans":["John Hopcroft"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["codd-relational-model","cook-completeness"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hopcroft-finite-automaton-minimization-1971-report","title":"Hopcroft — original Stanford technical report STAN-CS-71-190","url":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~cdm/resources/Hopcroft1971.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-hopcroft-finite-automaton-minimization-1971-publisher","title":"Hopcroft — original1971 chapter publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-417750-5.50022-1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"hopcroft-finite-automaton-minimization-1971","entry_id":"hopcroft-finite-automaton-minimization-1971","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e4bf7537-0dfb-42e8-ae29-03d6692e43c3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1f22d7e1376d76593ac83a0f141d6d9e0d08039674df67be454cc0f03cc2165"},"what_changed":"Hopcroft supplied an n log n state-minimization algorithm for complete deterministic finite automata with fixed alphabet, using partition refinement and carefully scheduled splitters.","scope":"Hopcroft supplied an n log n state-minimization algorithm for complete deterministic finite automata with fixed alphabet, using partition refinement and carefully scheduled splitters. The partition-refinement algorithm concerns finite deterministic automata and the specified alphabet/transition representation. Its time bound depends on how the alphabet and transitions are counted. It is not minimization of arbitrary nondeterministic machines or an all-purpose state-space reduction theorem. Later implementation variants retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e4bf7537-0dfb-42e8-ae29-03d6692e43c3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1f22d7e1376d76593ac83a0f141d6d9e0d08039674df67be454cc0f03cc2165"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hopcroft-tarjan-linear-planarity-testing-1974","title":"Hopcroft and Tarjan: deciding whether a network can lie in the plane","summary":"The1974publication organizes a planarity decision method around depth-first search,lowpoint-ordered paths and stack-managed placement constraints, with a linear time/space analysis in its stated adjacency-list random-access model.\n\nA network is planar if its edges can be drawn without crossings. Trying many drawings is expensive. Hopcroft and Tarjan organize the graph into paths, then use compact constraints to track which side of a cycle each piece can occupy. This lets the decision procedure avoid redoing the same placement work. The published decision test, its earlier experimental implementation and the later detailed drawing-construction algorithms are distinct parts of the history.","boundary":"The original algorithm tests finite simple undirected graphs using adjacency lists, a bounded-word access model and biconnected-component reduction. Linear complexity does not mean reading a dense matrix in linear vertex time. The original test does not itself output a complete drawing/embedding. A bibliographically identified erratum has not been fully assessed, and pseudocode/transcription is not offered as certified runnable code.","area":"Graph algorithms","topic":"Computer science","year":1974,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hopcroft-tarjan-linear-planarity-testing-1974","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c97e1ed9-7f75-48b1-a89b-3871b1cc464f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36f6208d466dbb5071f0fd7a4919c94940ad80b5b60bfb477627fb177b0eb63d"},"humans":["John Hopcroft","Robert Tarjan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["tarjan-depth-first-linear-graph-algorithms-1972","hopcroft-karp-bipartite-matching-1973"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hopcroft-tarjan-1974-original-ocr","title":"Hopcroft and Tarjan:Efficient Planarity Testing(1974), original549–568","url":"https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall05/cos528/handouts/Efficient%20Planarity.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-hopcroft-tarjan-1974-publisher-meta","title":"ACM:Efficient Planarity Testing publication metadata","url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/321850.321852"},{"id":"wrs24-mehlhorn-mutzel-embedding-followup-selected","title":"Mehlhorn/Mutzel:later detailed embedding phase, selected introduction only","url":"https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/54688/1/zpr94-162.pdf"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"hopcroft-tarjan-linear-planarity-testing-1974","entry_id":"hopcroft-tarjan-linear-planarity-testing-1974","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c97e1ed9-7f75-48b1-a89b-3871b1cc464f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36f6208d466dbb5071f0fd7a4919c94940ad80b5b60bfb477627fb177b0eb63d"},"what_changed":"LOWPT-ordered DFSpath addition and linked stack constraints support linear planarity decision in the original list/RAM model.","scope":"LOWPT-ordered DFSpath addition and linked stack constraints support linear planarity decision in the original list/RAM model. The original algorithm tests finite simple undirected graphs using adjacency lists, a bounded-word access model and biconnected-component reduction. Linear complexity does not mean reading a dense matrix in linear vertex time. The original test does not itself output a complete drawing/embedding. A bibliographically identified erratum has not been fully assessed, and pseudocode/transcription is not offered as certified runnable code.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c97e1ed9-7f75-48b1-a89b-3871b1cc464f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36f6208d466dbb5071f0fd7a4919c94940ad80b5b60bfb477627fb177b0eb63d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hopper-education-of-computer-1952","title":"Hopper: subroutine assembly in The Education of a Computer","summary":"Hopper described a compiling routine that selected catalogued subroutines, adjusted them and assembled a UNIVAC program. The paper separates this type-A construction from interpretive use and discusses further programming ambitions.\n\nReusing a library changes programming from repeatedly writing routine operations to specifying and assembling them. The paper documents that method; implementation dates, versions and team rosters for A-0 and successors remain separate historical questions.","boundary":"The inspected original pp.243–245 support subroutine assembly, not completion of every proposed symbolic system. This is not a claim that the tool had all properties of a modern compiler or that Hopper alone built the whole UNIVAC environment.","area":"Automatic programming","topic":"Automatic programming","year":1952,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hopper-education-of-computer-1952","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f2d64f2-a4b9-4688-a3f3-6dc7a20fb832","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:40f943d1c794a22662efb54b1418a01b409001da39e77c6570a28dbec82cb4db"},"humans":["Grace Murray Hopper"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-hopper-education-of-computer-1952","title":"The Education of a Computer (1952)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/609784.609818"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"hopper-education-of-computer-1952","entry_id":"hopper-education-of-computer-1952","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f2d64f2-a4b9-4688-a3f3-6dc7a20fb832","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:40f943d1c794a22662efb54b1418a01b409001da39e77c6570a28dbec82cb4db"},"what_changed":"A compiling routine selects, adjusts and assembles catalogued subroutines to construct a UNIVAC program from a higher-level specification of routine use.","scope":"A compiling routine selects, adjusts and assembles catalogued subroutines to construct a UNIVAC program from a higher-level specification of routine use. The inspected original pp.243–245 support subroutine assembly, not completion of every proposed symbolic system. This is not a claim that the tool had all properties of a modern compiler or that Hopper alone built the whole UNIVAC environment.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f2d64f2-a4b9-4688-a3f3-6dc7a20fb832","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:40f943d1c794a22662efb54b1418a01b409001da39e77c6570a28dbec82cb4db"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"horn-schunck-global-smooth-optical-flow-1981","title":"Horn and Schunck: estimate image motion by linking neighboring pixels","summary":"A brightness-change constraint combined with spatial smoothness yields a global variational optical-flow model and an iterative neighbor-coupled velocity estimate.\n\nA moving camera image does not tell us both components of motion at every pixel. Along a straight edge, movement parallel to the edge can remain invisible. Horn and Schunck combined the brightness-change equation with a preference for neighboring velocities to vary smoothly. Their iterative method propagates information across the image, including patches with little visible texture. This is a useful modeling choice, not a guarantee that apparent brightness motion equals physical surface motion. Reflections, changing light and occlusions can violate the assumptions; smoothness can blur genuine motion boundaries. The paper tested synthetic image sequences with noise and quantization and reported its largest errors near occluding boundaries. The reported experiments have not been independently reproduced here.","boundary":"The variational model assumes brightness constancy and global flow smoothness with a chosen regularization strength. Aperture ambiguity, illumination change, discontinuities and non-small motion limit the inference. It is not guaranteed recovery of true physical motion in arbitrary video. Iteration/stopping and later robust flow models remain separate.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Computer vision","year":1981,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"horn-schunck-global-smooth-optical-flow-1981","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:17afec61-905d-45b1-ac95-4d0a93e1ca86","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0346dae98a9c0aedaec3da2670df83a893aa74a44f046c6ff79444b81270f16c"},"humans":["Berthold K.P. Horn","Brian G. Schunck"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lucas-kanade-iterative-image-registration-1981","canny-edge-detection-computational-design-1986"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-horn-schunck-global-smooth-optical-flow-1981-original","title":"Berthold K.P. Horn and Brian G. Schunck: Determining Optical Flow (1981)","url":"https://people.csail.mit.edu/bkph/papers/Optical_Flow_OPT.pdf"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"horn-schunck-global-smooth-optical-flow-1981","entry_id":"horn-schunck-global-smooth-optical-flow-1981","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:17afec61-905d-45b1-ac95-4d0a93e1ca86","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0346dae98a9c0aedaec3da2670df83a893aa74a44f046c6ff79444b81270f16c"},"what_changed":"A brightness-change constraint combined with spatial smoothness yields a global variational optical-flow model and an iterative neighbor-coupled velocity estimate.","scope":"A brightness-change constraint combined with spatial smoothness yields a global variational optical-flow model and an iterative neighbor-coupled velocity estimate. The variational model assumes brightness constancy and global flow smoothness with a chosen regularization strength. Aperture ambiguity, illumination change, discontinuities and non-small motion limit the inference. It is not guaranteed recovery of true physical motion in arbitrary video. Iteration/stopping and later robust flow models remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:17afec61-905d-45b1-ac95-4d0a93e1ca86","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0346dae98a9c0aedaec3da2670df83a893aa74a44f046c6ff79444b81270f16c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hough-patent-plane-transform-pattern-recognition-1962","title":"Hough: identify straight image segments through parameter-space intersections","summary":"A plane transformation converts image points on locally straight particle tracks into intersecting lines whose common knot gives the track segment parameters, with an electronic scanning and storage embodiment.\n\nA photograph can contain many curved particle tracks mixed with background marks. Hough proposed dividing the picture into small windows, where a track can be approximated by a straight segment. Rather than following every segment directly, each detected point draws a line in another coordinate plane. Points on the same straight segment produce lines meeting at a common knot, which identifies the segment position and slope. The patent describes camera scanning, pulse discrimination, oscilloscope transforms and stored coordinates for subsequent computer analysis. Window size, contrast threshold and detectable mark width matter; the source requires scans at right angles. Exact geometric concurrence describes ideal points; noisy data requires a tolerance or voting mechanism. It did not reproduce the electronics or measure recognition accuracy. This entry covers the patent filed in1960 and published in1962; later polar-coordinate and generalized voting methods require separate credit.","boundary":"The target is US3069654, filed in March 1960 and granted in December 1962. It maps points in locally straight image-track segments to lines whose intersections identify segment parameters, with a specified scanning/storage apparatus. Exact geometric concurrence does not guarantee performance under arbitrary noise or image complexity. Frame height, orientation, width/contrast criteria and thresholds matter; the reported device timing is not a WRS measurement. Paul V. C. Hough is the inventor and the US Atomic Energy Commission is the assignee. Earlier 1959 priority and later polar/generalized variants are outside this assessed patent contribution.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Computer vision","year":1962,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hough-patent-plane-transform-pattern-recognition-1962","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fe934d2a-fbd6-4f9d-a665-64e6c2df7a22","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2426f858aa2570a43e0ba43fa895df294822295d1733e876b9f38a759f92d2fb"},"humans":["Paul V. C. Hough"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lowe-sift-keypoints-2004"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hough-patent-plane-transform-pattern-recognition-1962-original","title":"Paul V. C. Hough: US3069654 Method and means for recognizing complex patterns (1962patent)","url":"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/9f/9f/f3/87610ddec32390/US3069654.pdf"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"hough-patent-plane-transform-pattern-recognition-1962","entry_id":"hough-patent-plane-transform-pattern-recognition-1962","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fe934d2a-fbd6-4f9d-a665-64e6c2df7a22","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2426f858aa2570a43e0ba43fa895df294822295d1733e876b9f38a759f92d2fb"},"what_changed":"A plane transformation converts image points on locally straight particle tracks into intersecting lines whose common knot gives the track segment parameters, with an electronic scanning and storage embodiment.","scope":"A plane transformation converts image points on locally straight particle tracks into intersecting lines whose common knot gives the track segment parameters, with an electronic scanning and storage embodiment. The target is US3069654, filed in March 1960 and granted in December 1962. It maps points in locally straight image-track segments to lines whose intersections identify segment parameters, with a specified scanning/storage apparatus. Exact geometric concurrence does not guarantee performance under arbitrary noise or image complexity. Frame height, orientation, width/contrast criteria and thresholds matter; the reported device timing is not a WRS measurement. Paul V. C. Hough is the inventor and the US Atomic Energy Commission is the assignee. Earlier 1959 priority and later polar/generalized variants are outside this assessed patent contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fe934d2a-fbd6-4f9d-a665-64e6c2df7a22","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2426f858aa2570a43e0ba43fa895df294822295d1733e876b9f38a759f92d2fb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"householder-real-reflection-triangularization-1958","title":"Householder: triangularizing real matrices with orthogonal reflections","summary":"Householder uses successive orthogonal reflections to triangularize a real matrix while preserving Euclidean geometry, reducing the square-root count compared with a sequence of plane rotations.\n\nA large system of linear equations becomes easier to solve when its matrix is triangular. Householder clears a whole part of one column with a reflection, then repeats on the remaining block. Orthogonal transformations preserve lengths, so the reduction avoids changing the matrix's exact spectral conditioning. The original paper also connects the result to rectangular least squares and analyzes the arithmetic saved relative to plane rotations. These advantages do not by themselves certify every floating-point implementation. This record retains the real method; the original's arbitrary-complex phase assertion needs correction and is not treated as established.","boundary":"The admitted algorithm is real orthogonal-reflection triangularization, particularly for nonsingular inversion and full-column-rank least squares. Zero/aligned columns need lawful skip/identity branches. The original arbitrary-complex lemma omits a needed phase condition and is not adopted here; later phase-aware repair is separate. Exact norm preservation is not blanket floating-point stability or a universal ill-conditioned pseudoinverse solution.","area":"Numerical linear algebra","topic":"Mathematics","year":1958,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"householder-real-reflection-triangularization-1958","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c7bdee0-a129-48e2-afba-a7b5a8f23f1b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6903aaad3aaecb6e121ba047a3e8cf0f231100cab991e255552fad09c5c66d7c"},"humans":["Alston S. Householder"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["cooley-tukey-fft","hestenes-stiefel-conjugate-gradients-1952"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-householder-triangularization-1958-original","title":"Alston S. Householder, Unitary Triangularization of a Nonsymmetric Matrix (1958), original article hosted by Stanford","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cme324/classics/householder.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-morrison-triangularization-1960-bibliography","title":"MIT Journal of the ACM bibliography: David D. Morrison, Remarks on the Unitary Triangularization of a Nonsymmetric Matrix (1960)","url":"https://projects.csail.mit.edu/jacm/References/morrison1960%3A185.html"},{"id":"wrs24-stanford-numerical-classics-context","title":"Stanford-hosted Trefethen classic numerical-paper list and1993course account","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cme324/classics/"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"householder-real-reflection-triangularization-1958","entry_id":"householder-real-reflection-triangularization-1958","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c7bdee0-a129-48e2-afba-a7b5a8f23f1b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6903aaad3aaecb6e121ba047a3e8cf0f231100cab991e255552fad09c5c66d7c"},"what_changed":"Householder uses successive orthogonal reflections to triangularize a real matrix while preserving Euclidean geometry, reducing the square-root count compared with a sequence of plane rotations.","scope":"Householder uses successive orthogonal reflections to triangularize a real matrix while preserving Euclidean geometry, reducing the square-root count compared with a sequence of plane rotations. The admitted algorithm is real orthogonal-reflection triangularization, particularly for nonsingular inversion and full-column-rank least squares. Zero/aligned columns need lawful skip/identity branches. The original arbitrary-complex lemma omits a needed phase condition and is not adopted here; later phase-aware repair is separate. Exact norm preservation is not blanket floating-point stability or a universal ill-conditioned pseudoinverse solution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c7bdee0-a129-48e2-afba-a7b5a8f23f1b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6903aaad3aaecb6e121ba047a3e8cf0f231100cab991e255552fad09c5c66d7c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hubble-extragalactic-classification-1926","title":"Hubble: a photographic classification of galaxies","summary":"Hubble organized extragalactic systems by photographic structure: elliptical images, normal and barred spirals, and irregular forms. The 1926 paper details a morphological classification developed from earlier photographs.\n\nA consistent vocabulary makes large populations comparable. Spiral structure, bars and apparent ellipticity define different classes, with orientation and uncertain cases limiting interpretation. This observational scheme is a separate contribution from the later velocity–distance analysis.","boundary":"This is a descriptive classification of projected images. Early and late type names do not establish an evolutionary sequence. The paper's historical luminosity and distance assumptions are not adopted here.","area":"Observational astronomy","topic":"Observational astronomy","year":1926,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"hubble-extragalactic-classification-1926","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e2e5df26-4d65-4a96-ab3a-5afb5d8919a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f74f84c3b938c71c134c20a0b176d93ec9999fd63c0877f1e77fa1bdb6a132cd"},"humans":["Edwin Hubble"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hubble-distance-velocity"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-hubble-classification","title":"Edwin Hubble, Extra-galactic Nebulae, Astrophysical Journal 64 (1926), 321–369","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/68428/pg68428-images.html"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"hubble-extragalactic-classification-1926","entry_id":"hubble-extragalactic-classification-1926","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e2e5df26-4d65-4a96-ab3a-5afb5d8919a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f74f84c3b938c71c134c20a0b176d93ec9999fd63c0877f1e77fa1bdb6a132cd"},"what_changed":"A photographic system distinguishes ellipticals, normal/barred spirals and irregular forms, supplying reproducible categories for comparing populations.","scope":"A photographic system distinguishes ellipticals, normal/barred spirals and irregular forms, supplying reproducible categories for comparing populations. This is a descriptive classification of projected images. Early and late type names do not establish an evolutionary sequence. The paper's historical luminosity and distance assumptions are not adopted here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e2e5df26-4d65-4a96-ab3a-5afb5d8919a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f74f84c3b938c71c134c20a0b176d93ec9999fd63c0877f1e77fa1bdb6a132cd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hurwitz-polynomial-left-half-plane-criterion-1895","title":"Hurwitz: checking decay without solving every polynomial root","summary":"For a real polynomial with positive leading coefficient, positivity of specified coefficient determinants characterizes whether every root has strictly negative real part.\n\nA linear model can grow or decay depending on where its characteristic roots lie. Finding every root can be inconvenient when coefficients contain design parameters. Hurwitz replaces that calculation with a finite list of determinant signs, obtaining a necessary and sufficient test for the stated polynomial problem. The engineering question came from Stodola; the proof develops inherited Cauchy-index and quadratic-form ideas. Earlier stability work, including Routh’s line, prevents treating this as the first conceivable test. Applying the criterion to a physical controller still requires a faithful model; passing a polynomial test alone is not proof that a nonlinear or uncertain machine will be safe.","boundary":"Real-coefficient degree-n polynomial with positive leading coefficient: all roots have strictly negative real part iff the specified Hurwitz determinants are positive. All positive coefficients are necessary, not sufficient by themselves. The general Cauchy-index count first excludes imaginary-axis roots; the final special half-count convention is not a strict-stability guarantee for boundary roots. Finite-degree coefficient mathematics does not certify a nonlinear, uncertain, delayed or discretized plant without its own model/conditions. Original application footnote is author-reported, not independently replayed engineering success. matrix entries, signs, coefficients and full proof not independently certified. Earlier Maxwell/Routh and later equivalent forms are not absorbed as first discoveries; manuscript 1894 differs from publication 1895.","area":"Control and polynomial stability","topic":"Engineering","year":1895,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"hurwitz-polynomial-left-half-plane-criterion-1895","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:09e408a2-1b2a-4865-a8a0-fddcf76a8240","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4719bdc940ecf03c09166f58661ce596c2eaed2520b958a148810fe18312f6d3"},"humans":["Adolf Hurwitz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["huffman-minimum-redundancy-codes-1952","nyquist-telegraph-transmission-theory-1928"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hurwitz-stability-1895-original","title":"Hurwitz, negative-real-part root criterion (1895), original273–284","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0046/LOG_0026.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-hurwitz-eth-identity","title":"ETH Library institutional archive portrait of Adolf Hurwitz","url":"https://library.ethz.ch/sammlungen-und-archive/kurzportraets/adolf-hurwitz-1859-1919.html"},{"id":"wrs24-hurwitz-eth-control-history","title":"ETH Automatic Control Laboratory: Stodola/Hurwitz historical paragraph","url":"https://control.ee.ethz.ch/news-and-events/archived-events/hurwitz-memorial-lecture-series-archive.html"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"hurwitz-polynomial-left-half-plane-criterion-1895","entry_id":"hurwitz-polynomial-left-half-plane-criterion-1895","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:09e408a2-1b2a-4865-a8a0-fddcf76a8240","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4719bdc940ecf03c09166f58661ce596c2eaed2520b958a148810fe18312f6d3"},"what_changed":"Determinant sign conditions characterize strict left-half-plane roots without separately solving each root.","scope":"Determinant sign conditions characterize strict left-half-plane roots without separately solving each root. Real-coefficient degree-n polynomial with positive leading coefficient: all roots have strictly negative real part iff the specified Hurwitz determinants are positive. All positive coefficients are necessary, not sufficient by themselves. The general Cauchy-index count first excludes imaginary-axis roots; the final special half-count convention is not a strict-stability guarantee for boundary roots. Finite-degree coefficient mathematics does not certify a nonlinear, uncertain, delayed or discretized plant without its own model/conditions. Original application footnote is author-reported, not independently replayed engineering success. matrix entries, signs, coefficients and full proof not independently certified. Earlier Maxwell/Routh and later equivalent forms are not absorbed as first discoveries; manuscript 1894 differs from publication 1895.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:09e408a2-1b2a-4865-a8a0-fddcf76a8240","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4719bdc940ecf03c09166f58661ce596c2eaed2520b958a148810fe18312f6d3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hypertree-proof-search-online-evariste-2022","title":"Evariste and HyperTree Proof Search: learning from all proof obligations","summary":"HyperTree Proof Search explores all required branches of a candidate proof and couples transformer tactic generation with online policy/critic training; Evariste reports gains on Metamath and Lean under explicit adaptive and held-out protocols.\n\nA proof step may produce several obligations, and every obligation must be proved. HyperTree Proof Search selects a promising partial proof tree, expands its unresolved leaves and updates search estimates across the whole tree. A transformer proposes tactics, while a learned critic guides exploration. The Evariste system trains on feedback from ongoing searches, including newly found short proofs. The2022 paper studies Metamath, Lean and a simpler Equations environment. Its strongest headline Metamath result,82.6%, is the cumulative fraction solved on validation statements used during online training. This is useful adaptive search, but is different from an untouched-test result. Table3 separately reports72.4% pass@32 on Metamath test statements; Table2 reports41.0% pass@64 on miniF2F-test for a model trained with miniF2F-valid statements. Existing human statements, libraries and formal kernels remain essential. The paper also describes earlier numeric-checking vulnerabilities and a Lean proof of an incorrectly formalized exercise. These examples show why exact checking and faithful statement translation are separate obligations. The trained models and formal proof pipeline have not been independently replayed here.","boundary":"This contribution is the proof-search method in arXiv 2205.11491v1. Its 82.6% headline is cumulative validation performance with adaptive online training, not an untouched held-out test success rate. The paper reports a 72.4% test result at pass@32; another test discussion concerns pass@8. Those evaluation budgets and adaptation conditions must remain distinct. Existing formal libraries and translated theorem statements are inherited inputs. WRS has not independently rerun the training, search or benchmark.","area":"Artificial intelligence","topic":"Formal theorem proving","year":2022,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hypertree-proof-search-online-evariste-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f614a13f-6904-4494-acbc-1799501f777e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6390a4989eab6f62d57644586333dd16ffdf0f705747f8fc54e81525160e4225"},"humans":["Guillaume Lample","Marie-Anne Lachaux","Thibaut Lavril","Xavier Martinet","Amaury Hayat","Gabriel Ebner","Aurélien Rodriguez","Timothée Lacroix"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[{"provider":"Meta AI Research (source-marked research affiliation)","product":"Evariste","model":"Evariste encoder-decoder transformer:600M Metamath/Lean and440M Equations","role":"Source-reported tactic generation and critic-guided HyperTree Proof Search with online training.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"wrs24-hypertree-proof-search-online-evariste-2022-original"}],"related":["gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hypertree-proof-search-online-evariste-2022-original","title":"Lample et al.2022: HyperTree Proof Search for Neural Theorem Proving — arXiv2205.11491v1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.11491v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"hypertree-proof-search-online-evariste-2022","entry_id":"hypertree-proof-search-online-evariste-2022","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f614a13f-6904-4494-acbc-1799501f777e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6390a4989eab6f62d57644586333dd16ffdf0f705747f8fc54e81525160e4225"},"what_changed":"HyperTree Proof Search explores all required branches of a candidate proof and couples transformer tactic generation with online policy/critic training; Evariste reports gains on Metamath and Lean under explicit adaptive and held-out protocols.","scope":"HyperTree Proof Search explores all required branches of a candidate proof and couples transformer tactic generation with online policy/critic training; Evariste reports gains on Metamath and Lean under explicit adaptive and held-out protocols. This contribution is the proof-search method in arXiv 2205.11491v1. Its 82.6% headline is cumulative validation performance with adaptive online training, not an untouched held-out test success rate. The paper reports a 72.4% test result at pass@32; another test discussion concerns pass@8. Those evaluation budgets and adaptation conditions must remain distinct. Existing formal libraries and translated theorem statements are inherited inputs. WRS has not independently rerun the training, search or benchmark.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f614a13f-6904-4494-acbc-1799501f777e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6390a4989eab6f62d57644586333dd16ffdf0f705747f8fc54e81525160e4225"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hyvarinen-score-matching-2005","title":"Score matching: learn a density model without its normalization constant","summary":"Hyvarinen introduced score matching: estimate a smooth continuous statistical model by matching data-gradients of log density, using integration by parts to obtain a sample objective that does not require its normalization constant.\n\nMany useful probability models can assign relative plausibility to data but cannot cheaply compute the constant that makes total probability equal one. Score matching offers another route to estimating their parameters. Differentiating the log density with respect to the data removes a normalization constant that does not depend on the data. Integration by parts then turns the unknown-data-density comparison into derivatives of the model evaluated at observed samples. The 2005 paper develops this objective and illustrates it with Gaussian models, independent component analysis and natural-image filters. Its Gaussian example recovers the usual sample mean and covariance when the required covariance inverse exists. This is a mathematical and statistical method designed by a human researcher, not an autonomous AI discovery. Smooth continuous support and boundary assumptions matter; finding a global optimum is not guaranteed. Discrete variables and intractable latent-variable models are explicitly left for future work. Later denoising-score methods and generative systems retain their own contributions.","boundary":"The method uses gradients with respect to continuous data, with differentiability, finite score expectations and vanishing boundary terms for integration by parts. Identifiability/correct specification and global optimization are separate requirements. Interior scores alone may fail to identify disconnected-support mixture weights. Pointwise laws of large numbers do not automatically establish a uniform argmin consistency theorem. Discrete/latent extensions and later diffusion methods remain separate.","area":"Estimation of unnormalized continuous models","topic":"Statistical learning","year":2005,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hyvarinen-score-matching-2005","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:932fec95-b2bc-402e-abf8-592570c212dd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6943efcd908ebd2f03041f721356d62a40338ff05774df43b37c11c667e190f5"},"humans":["Aapo Hyvärinen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["gutmann-hyvarinen-noise-contrastive-estimation-2010","denoising-diffusion"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-hyvarinen2005-full-original","title":"Hyvarinen, Estimation of Non-Normalized Statistical Models by Score Matching,JMLR6,695-709(2005)","url":"https://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/papers/volume6/hyvarinen05a/hyvarinen05a.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-hyvarinen2005-jmlr-identity","title":"JMLR exact2005 score-matching publication identity","url":"https://www.jmlr.org/beta/papers/v6/hyvarinen05a.html"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"hyvarinen-score-matching-2005","entry_id":"hyvarinen-score-matching-2005","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:932fec95-b2bc-402e-abf8-592570c212dd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6943efcd908ebd2f03041f721356d62a40338ff05774df43b37c11c667e190f5"},"what_changed":"Hyvarinen introduced score matching: estimate a smooth continuous statistical model by matching data-gradients of log density, using integration by parts to obtain a sample objective that does not require its normalization constant.","scope":"Hyvarinen introduced score matching: estimate a smooth continuous statistical model by matching data-gradients of log density, using integration by parts to obtain a sample objective that does not require its normalization constant. The method uses gradients with respect to continuous data, with differentiability, finite score expectations and vanishing boundary terms for integration by parts. Identifiability/correct specification and global optimization are separate requirements. Interior scores alone may fail to identify disconnected-support mixture weights. Pointwise laws of large numbers do not automatically establish a uniform argmin consistency theorem. Discrete/latent extensions and later diffusion methods remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:932fec95-b2bc-402e-abf8-592570c212dd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6943efcd908ebd2f03041f721356d62a40338ff05774df43b37c11c667e190f5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"immerman-szelepcsenyi-space-complementation-1988","title":"Immerman and Szelepcsényi: nondeterministic space is closed under complement","summary":"Immerman and Szelepcsényi independently established that nondeterministic space at least logarithmic in input length is closed under complement, including NL = co-NL and complement closure of context-sensitive languages.\n\nA nondeterministic computation accepts when at least one possible branch accepts. Merely swapping accept and reject therefore cannot certify that no accepting branch exists: another branch may reject even when the answer is yes. Inductive counting overcomes this obstacle. In the inspected Immerman argument, the machine repeatedly certifies the exact number of configurations reachable within a growing number of steps. A complete count forces any successful enumeration to include every reachable configuration, so it can establish that none is accepting while reusing small workspace. The result shows that these space-bounded classes admit equally space-bounded recognition of their complements. It settles the complement question for context-sensitive languages without equating nondeterministic and deterministic computation, or solving P versus NP. Immerman and Szelepcsényi published independent papers; this record represents the shared closure theorem once, with separate attribution. The scientific body inspected is an author-hosted seven-page Immerman version, not a byte-matched reproduction of either journal article.","boundary":"The theorem concerns nondeterministic space at least logarithmic under the stated machine/space conventions, including NL=coNL. It does not imply NP=coNP or L=NL. Verified reachable counts and finite configuration encoding are essential; flipping nondeterministic outcomes is unsound. Independent Szelepcsényi credit is source-supported, but his complete proof has not been independently reconstructed here.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Computational complexity","year":1988,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"immerman-szelepcsenyi-space-complementation-1988","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:73aa3dbb-243d-47b9-a827-1a31670a989c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:66924c4401c03a834329dde355ec2852082f3af198135e2a2f7fcaed2196644c"},"humans":["Neil Immerman","Róbert Szelepcsényi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["cook-completeness","shamir-ip-equals-pspace-1992","reingold-undirected-connectivity-2008"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-immerman-szelepcsenyi-space-complementation-1988-immerman-author","title":"Immerman: Nondeterministic Space is Closed Under Complementation — author version","url":"https://people.cs.umass.edu/~immerman/pub/space.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-immerman-szelepcsenyi-space-complementation-1988-immerman-publisher","title":"Immerman — 1988 SIAM publisher metadata","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1137%2F0217058"},{"id":"wrs24-immerman-szelepcsenyi-space-complementation-1988-szelepcsenyi-publisher","title":"Szelepcsényi — 1988 Acta Informatica publisher identity and abstract","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00299636"},{"id":"wrs24-immerman-szelepcsenyi-space-complementation-1988-independent-credit","title":"ACM-SIGACT: original 1995 Gödel Prize independent-proof citation","url":"https://www.sigact.org/prizes/g%C3%B6del/1995.html"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"immerman-szelepcsenyi-space-complementation-1988","entry_id":"immerman-szelepcsenyi-space-complementation-1988","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:73aa3dbb-243d-47b9-a827-1a31670a989c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:66924c4401c03a834329dde355ec2852082f3af198135e2a2f7fcaed2196644c"},"what_changed":"Immerman and Szelepcsényi independently established that nondeterministic space at least logarithmic in input length is closed under complement, including NL = co-NL and complement closure of context-sensitive languages.","scope":"Immerman and Szelepcsényi independently established that nondeterministic space at least logarithmic in input length is closed under complement, including NL = co-NL and complement closure of context-sensitive languages. The theorem concerns nondeterministic space at least logarithmic under the stated machine/space conventions, including NL=coNL. It does not imply NP=coNP or L=NL. Verified reachable counts and finite configuration encoding are essential; flipping nondeterministic outcomes is unsound. Independent Szelepcsényi credit is source-supported, but his complete proof has not been independently reconstructed here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:73aa3dbb-243d-47b9-a827-1a31670a989c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:66924c4401c03a834329dde355ec2852082f3af198135e2a2f7fcaed2196644c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ising-linear-chain-magnetization-1925","title":"Ising: why a one-dimensional magnetic chain fails to retain order","summary":"The1925paper calculates equilibrium magnetization for a two-orientation,nearest-neighbor linear chain by counting configurations and summing a partition function. Its large-chain result explains why this finite-interaction model lacks spontaneous magnetization at positive temperature.\n\nImagine a row of tiny magnets whose neighbors prefer to align. Alignment saves energy,but there are many ways to break the row into opposing groups. Ising made that competition calculable. His one-dimensional result survives as a useful exact model; the paper's attempt to extend the same conclusion to spatial magnets does not. Dimension,temperature and the strength of interactions matter,so a negative result in one model cannot settle a whole field.","boundary":"The supported target is a two-state, nearest-neighbor classical chain at positive finite temperature. Its absence of spontaneous magnetization in the stated large-chain limit does not generalize to arbitrary dimensions or interactions. Finite-chain zero-field symmetry alone is not the full thermodynamic argument. Zero temperature, long-range interactions and different spin models are outside scope. Ising’s attempted spatial extension is not adopted; Onsager’s later two-dimensional transition remains a separate contribution. WRS has not independently reconstructed all formulas or certified a physical experiment.","area":"Statistical mechanics","topic":"Physics","year":1925,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"ising-linear-chain-magnetization-1925","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee930136-9af3-4c9d-a6d1-ec8399d495ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1af359ab17813f013b3d5fdf0eda8c171a8b4e37a638b89307123bb4c1527a0"},"humans":["Ernst Ising"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["onsager-two-dimensional-ising-1944","einstein-ideal-quantum-gas-1924"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-ising-1925-authorized-translation","title":"Ising:Contribution to the Theory of Ferromagnetism(1925), scholarly English transcription","url":"https://www.tha.de/homes/harsch/anglica/Chronology/20thC/Ising/isi_fm00.html"},{"id":"wrs24-ising-1924-selected-german-thesis","title":"Ising1924dissertation,selected original-language transcription","url":"https://www.tha.de/homes/harsch/germanica/Chronologie/20Jh/Ising/isi_fe02.html"},{"id":"wrs24-ising-1925-publisher-meta","title":"Springer:Ising1925originalpublicationmetadata","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02980577"},{"id":"wrs24-onsager-1944-abstract-boundary","title":"Onsager1944publisherabstract:two-dimensional order-disorder transition","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.65.117"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"ising-linear-chain-magnetization-1925","entry_id":"ising-linear-chain-magnetization-1925","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee930136-9af3-4c9d-a6d1-ec8399d495ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1af359ab17813f013b3d5fdf0eda8c171a8b4e37a638b89307123bb4c1527a0"},"what_changed":"Configuration counting and generating-function summation calculate the nearest-neighbor two-state chain's equilibrium response; the source negative result is isolated from its incorrect spatial extrapolation.","scope":"Configuration counting and generating-function summation calculate the nearest-neighbor two-state chain's equilibrium response; the source negative result is isolated from its incorrect spatial extrapolation. The supported target is a two-state, nearest-neighbor classical chain at positive finite temperature. Its absence of spontaneous magnetization in the stated large-chain limit does not generalize to arbitrary dimensions or interactions. Finite-chain zero-field symmetry alone is not the full thermodynamic argument. Zero temperature, long-range interactions and different spin models are outside scope. Ising’s attempted spatial extension is not adopted; Onsager’s later two-dimensional transition remains a separate contribution. WRS has not independently reconstructed all formulas or certified a physical experiment.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee930136-9af3-4c9d-a6d1-ec8399d495ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1af359ab17813f013b3d5fdf0eda8c171a8b4e37a638b89307123bb4c1527a0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"iverson-array-oriented-algorithm-notation-1962","title":"Iverson: describing an algorithm as transformations of arrays","summary":"Iverson presents a unified notation for describing algorithms over vectors and matrices, combining elementwise operations with selection, reduction and generalized products instead of spelling out every scalar loop.\n\nSuppose a calculation must select some entries from a list, compare two lists and combine their values. A scalar description can bury the main idea beneath repeated indexing and branching. Iverson treats structured data and families of operations as part of the language, so the reader can see the transformation as a whole. The1962book develops this notation for mathematical description and analysis; it does not by itself establish a faster computer implementation. Later APL implementations changed details of the notation and involved additional contributors. This record keeps the original book contribution separate from those implementations and from the mathematical operations it reuses.","boundary":"The assessed notation is the 1962 book’s opening framework, not every later APL convention. Array dimensions, operator domains and algebraic assumptions matter. Its historical reduction order differs from later variants; inverse notation needs domain/range choices. The goal is descriptive clarity, not a universal speed or productivity gain. Later chapters and implementations are outside the reviewed scope.","area":"Programming languages and array algorithms","topic":"Computing","year":1962,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"iverson-array-oriented-algorithm-notation-1962","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:732419fe-6791-4e0c-a4ec-4344452a3017","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95c86f1c254d57cae94e58cc03b72c76db1014eff166449727338be33ba913b6"},"humans":["Kenneth E. Iverson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lisp-recursive-functions","fortran-compiler","stroustrup-cpp-programming-language-1985"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-iverson-array-notation-1962-original","title":"Kenneth E. Iverson, A Programming Language (1962), later-printing original book facsimile","url":"https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/apl/book/APROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-falkoff-iverson-apl-evolution-1978-partial","title":"Adin D. Falkoff and Kenneth E. Iverson, The Evolution of APL (1978), author retrospective","url":"https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/150FP/archive/ken-iverson/evolution-apl.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-chm-apl-target-archive","title":"Computer History Museum APL collection: target bibliography and archive provenance","url":"https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/apl/"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"iverson-array-oriented-algorithm-notation-1962","entry_id":"iverson-array-oriented-algorithm-notation-1962","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:732419fe-6791-4e0c-a4ec-4344452a3017","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95c86f1c254d57cae94e58cc03b72c76db1014eff166449727338be33ba913b6"},"what_changed":"Unified array-oriented notation for algorithm description and analysis.","scope":"Unified array-oriented notation for algorithm description and analysis. The assessed notation is the 1962 book’s opening framework, not every later APL convention. Array dimensions, operator domains and algebraic assumptions matter. Its historical reduction order differs from later variants; inverse notation needs domain/range choices. The goal is descriptive clarity, not a universal speed or productivity gain. Later chapters and implementations are outside the reviewed scope.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:732419fe-6791-4e0c-a4ec-4344452a3017","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95c86f1c254d57cae94e58cc03b72c76db1014eff166449727338be33ba913b6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jacobi-elliptic-functions-periods-theta-1829","title":"Jacobi: elliptic functions, double periods and theta representation","summary":"Jacobi organized elliptic functions through the inverse amplitude of elliptic integrals, imaginary-argument transformations and two independent periods. His H and theta functions express the resulting elliptic functions as quotients and connect their product and trigonometric-series expansions.\n\nChanging viewpoint from an integral to its inverse makes periodic structure accessible. The complementary modulus connects real and imaginary arguments; H and theta supply numerator and denominator expressions with different shift laws. The same book develops these representations alongside transformations. Legendre and Abel are explicitly acknowledged, and the 1827 announcements and 1829 exposition belong to one contribution family.","boundary":"The target is the 1829 elliptic-function representation framework, with nondegenerate modulus and well-defined elliptic integrals. It is not all prior addition formulas, the later general theory of Abelian functions or rational functions of the complex argument. The account follows the selected translation and original Latin source. A reconstruction of all transformation proofs, exact constants, four-square arithmetic consequences and modern global analytic certification is outside its scope.","area":"Elliptic-function representation","topic":"Mathematics","year":1829,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"jacobi-elliptic-functions-periods-theta-1829","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b14a1e7b-c1e3-4b41-a538-587939a11649","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:98abdd6101ed951429f885f770b7c093ae767f2751512d4aaa4cfcf411051fd4"},"humans":["Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["riemann-abelian-periods-theta-1857"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-jacobi-fundamenta-1829-translation","title":"C. G. J. Jacobi, Fundamenta Nova Theoriae Functionum Ellipticarum (1829), Alexander Aycock English translation, Euler-Kreis Mainz","url":"https://download.uni-mainz.de/mathematik/Algebraische%20Geometrie/Euler-Kreis%20Mainz/Jacobi_Fundamenta%20Nova.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-jacobi-fundamenta-1829-original","title":"C. G. J. Jacobi, Fundamenta Nova Theoriae Functionum Ellipticarum, Regiomonti: Bornträger,1829; ETH Rar5081 original Latin OCR","url":"https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/download/ftpack/plain/1234083"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"jacobi-elliptic-functions-periods-theta-1829","entry_id":"jacobi-elliptic-functions-periods-theta-1829","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b14a1e7b-c1e3-4b41-a538-587939a11649","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:98abdd6101ed951429f885f770b7c093ae767f2751512d4aaa4cfcf411051fd4"},"what_changed":"Inverse-amplitude functions, complementary-modulus/imaginary-argument relations and H/theta quotients organize a coherent elliptic-function representation framework.","scope":"Inverse-amplitude functions, complementary-modulus/imaginary-argument relations and H/theta quotients organize a coherent elliptic-function representation framework. The target is the 1829 elliptic-function representation framework, with nondegenerate modulus and well-defined elliptic integrals. It is not all prior addition formulas, the later general theory of Abelian functions or rational functions of the complex argument. The account follows the selected translation and original Latin source. A reconstruction of all transformation proofs, exact constants, four-square arithmetic consequences and modern global analytic certification is outside its scope.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b14a1e7b-c1e3-4b41-a538-587939a11649","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:98abdd6101ed951429f885f770b7c093ae767f2751512d4aaa4cfcf411051fd4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jensen-convexity-weighted-means-framework-1906","title":"Jensen: a convexity framework for weighted means, including functions with corners","summary":"Jensen organized inequalities of weighted means around midpoint convexity, used continuity to extend rational averages to positive real weights and integrals, and derived regularity from upper boundedness.\n\nAveraging inputs and then applying a curved rule can give a different answer from applying the rule first and then averaging. A convex rule bends upward: its value at an average is no larger than the corresponding average of its values. Jensen’s paper builds a common framework for this fact and its many inequalities of means. It starts from midpoint comparisons, repeats them to obtain finite rational averages, and uses continuity to pass to arbitrary positive weights. An integral version follows under the paper’s bounded, integrable setting. The framework also handles corners such as an absolute-value function, so it does not require a derivative everywhere. Regularity still matters: midpoint convexity alone is weaker than real-weight convexity. Jensen proves continuity from a finite upper bound and discusses one-sided derivatives, composition and several variables. In a final addition he explicitly acknowledges Hölder’s earlier weighted-mean result under differentiability assumptions. The historical advance assessed here is the convexity framework and its regularity-sensitive extensions and unification, rather than first discovery of every inequality that now bears a familiar name.","boundary":"The inequality uses convexity and the stated nonnegative weights/normalization and domain assumptions. Equality and strictness depend on the function and input support. It is not valid for arbitrary signed weights or arbitrary functions, nor a guarantee that every optimization objective is convex. Earlier and later forms retain separate credit.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Convexity, analysis and inequalities of means","year":1906,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"jensen-convexity-weighted-means-framework-1906","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35e75c78-fa4c-406a-a295-db2773c62090","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:adc0557f6469c788fa3807fc67eeb53d7f02e90b4841dab9b7002bba80055b91"},"humans":["J. L. W. V. Jensen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-jensen-convexity-weighted-means-framework-1906-original","title":"J.L.W.V.Jensen, Sur les fonctions convexes et les inégalités entre les valeurs moyennes — full French original","url":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~suvrit/teach/papers/1906_jensen_sur_les_fonctions_convexes_et_les_inegalites_entre_valeurs_moyennes.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-jensen-convexity-weighted-means-framework-1906-holder-precursor","title":"O.Hölder, Ueber einen Mittelwerthssatz (1889) — original-text transcription, selected pages38-40","url":"https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Seite:Otto_H%C3%B6lder_Ueber_einen_Mittelwerthssatz_1889.pdf/1"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"jensen-convexity-weighted-means-framework-1906","entry_id":"jensen-convexity-weighted-means-framework-1906","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35e75c78-fa4c-406a-a295-db2773c62090","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:adc0557f6469c788fa3807fc67eeb53d7f02e90b4841dab9b7002bba80055b91"},"what_changed":"Jensen organized inequalities of weighted means around midpoint convexity, used continuity to extend rational averages to positive real weights and integrals, and derived regularity from upper boundedness.","scope":"Jensen organized inequalities of weighted means around midpoint convexity, used continuity to extend rational averages to positive real weights and integrals, and derived regularity from upper boundedness. The inequality uses convexity and the stated nonnegative weights/normalization and domain assumptions. Equality and strictness depend on the function and input support. It is not valid for arbitrary signed weights or arbitrary functions, nor a guarantee that every optimization objective is convex. Earlier and later forms retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35e75c78-fa4c-406a-a295-db2773c62090","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:adc0557f6469c788fa3807fc67eeb53d7f02e90b4841dab9b7002bba80055b91"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jiang-shu-smoothness-indicators-efficient-weno-1996","title":"Jiang–Shu WENO: accurate smooth waves and sharp changes","summary":"Jiang and Shu develop derivative-based smoothness indicators and efficient finite-difference WENO implementations that recover fifth-order spatial accuracy in regular smooth regions while reducing the contribution of stencils crossing discontinuities.\n\nSimulating waves and flows poses a difficult tradeoff: accurate formulas for smooth waves can produce artificial ringing near abrupt changes. Earlier ENO methods select a smooth local stencil; Liu, Osher and Chan introduced weighted combinations of candidate stencils. Guang-Shan Jiang and Chi-Wang Shu improve this approach with smoothness measurements based on derivatives of reconstruction polynomials. The measurements guide a blend that approaches accurate linear weights where the data are smooth and suppresses unsuitable stencils near discontinuities. Their paper also develops computational shortcuts and compares implementations on contemporary computers. The contribution is an influential improvement within the WENO family, rather than the invention of all WENO methods. Its familiar fifth-order label concerns spatial accuracy under suitable conditions. Later analysis finds order loss near certain smooth critical points and shows that the small regularization parameter matters. Shock tests, smooth-solution convergence and hardware-specific speedups are distinct kinds of evidence.","boundary":"The high-order finite-difference reconstruction uses its stencil, smoothness indicators, nonlinear weights and flux/time discretization assumptions. Formal order in smooth regions differs from behavior near critical points or discontinuities. It is not a universal nonoscillation, convergence or optimal-performance guarantee for every conservation law. Later WENO repairs and variants remain separate.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Numerical analysis","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jiang-shu-smoothness-indicators-efficient-weno-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef59ee18-30be-46f6-a580-8c046efbbc34","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54e56122faba9ce16346df3c1dc3db462752ea311ec9af348b04028653505116"},"humans":["Guang-Shan Jiang","Chi-Wang Shu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-jiang-shu-smoothness-indicators-efficient-weno-1996-original","title":"Jiang and Shu1996: Efficient Implementation of Weighted ENO Schemes","url":"https://lsec.cc.ac.cn/lcfd/DEWENO/paper/WENO_1996.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-jiang-shu-smoothness-indicators-efficient-weno-1996-original-correction","title":"Henrick, Aslam and Powers2005: Mapped weighted essentially non-oscillatory schemes: Achieving optimal order near critical points","url":"https://academicweb.nd.edu/~powers/paper.list/jcp.weno5m.05.pdf"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"jiang-shu-smoothness-indicators-efficient-weno-1996","entry_id":"jiang-shu-smoothness-indicators-efficient-weno-1996","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef59ee18-30be-46f6-a580-8c046efbbc34","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54e56122faba9ce16346df3c1dc3db462752ea311ec9af348b04028653505116"},"what_changed":"Jiang and Shu develop derivative-based smoothness indicators and efficient finite-difference WENO implementations that recover fifth-order spatial accuracy in regular smooth regions while reducing the contribution of stencils crossing discontinuities.","scope":"Jiang and Shu develop derivative-based smoothness indicators and efficient finite-difference WENO implementations that recover fifth-order spatial accuracy in regular smooth regions while reducing the contribution of stencils crossing discontinuities. The high-order finite-difference reconstruction uses its stencil, smoothness indicators, nonlinear weights and flux/time discretization assumptions. Formal order in smooth regions differs from behavior near critical points or discontinuities. It is not a universal nonoscillation, convergence or optimal-performance guarantee for every conservation law. Later WENO repairs and variants remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef59ee18-30be-46f6-a580-8c046efbbc34","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54e56122faba9ce16346df3c1dc3db462752ea311ec9af348b04028653505116"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"karatsuba-ofman-multiplication-automata-1962","title":"Karatsuba and Ofman: fewer pieces for large-number multiplication","summary":"The1962 joint note presents two separately attributed binary-automaton multiplication constructions: Ofman’s grouped parallel/sequential tradeoff and Karatsuba’s recursive three-square construction, which breaks the quadratic-size pattern of school multiplication.\n\nSplitting a large number into halves seems to require four smaller products. The note reduces multiplication to squaring and combines three smaller squares instead, recursively reusing that saving. It also examines a different choice: how much hardware to allocate versus how much work to perform sequentially. The original treats machine size and elapsed machine steps separately and leaves the best joint tradeoff open.","boundary":"Exact target is the 1962 two-page note’s binary-automaton constructions/proof schemes, not arbitrary unit-cost arithmetic or every modern big-integer library. Theorem 1 is explicitly Ofman’s grouped size/time construction; Theorem 2 is explicitly Karatsuba’s recursive squaring construction. Three smaller squares plus additions/shifts give the subquadratic-size mechanism; the carry footnote addresses the extra sum digit. N(machine size) and T(time) are different resources. Corrupted formula exponents prevent reliable transcription of every joint bound or timing exponent here; neither elementary separate lower bounds nor the constructions prove optimality or attain both best orders together. Original 294 distinguishes feedback-free representations from automata with reusable components, so no unconditional circuit tradeoff equivalence is inferred. Earlier Ofman addition/model definitions are cited but unread. Both Russian pages prose read; no independent full automaton reconstruction, clean-formula visual check or program/benchmark replay. The 1963 English translation is the same work, not another achievement.","area":"Computer arithmetic","topic":"Computing","year":1962,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"karatsuba-ofman-multiplication-automata-1962","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd16996e-b7c0-4587-ad92-320290b36db5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:03e75edd9a841bc3e2979de3812182a784cf4e2ef0ca5edbda75e72491292ea3"},"humans":["Anatolii A. Karatsuba","Yu. Ofman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["strassen-gaussian-elimination-not-optimal-1969","cooley-tukey-fft"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-karatsuba-ofman-1962-original-mathnet","title":"A.Karatsuba and Yu.Ofman, Умножение многозначных чисел на автоматах, Doklady145(2),293–294 (1962)","url":"https://m.mathnet.ru/php/getFT.phtml?jrnid=dan&option_lang=eng&paperid=26729&what=fullt"},{"id":"wrs24-karatsuba-1962-author-bibliography","title":"Steklov author bibliography:1962 Russian article and1963 English translation","url":"https://homepage.mi-ras.ru/~karatsuba/list_e.html"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"karatsuba-ofman-multiplication-automata-1962","entry_id":"karatsuba-ofman-multiplication-automata-1962","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd16996e-b7c0-4587-ad92-320290b36db5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:03e75edd9a841bc3e2979de3812182a784cf4e2ef0ca5edbda75e72491292ea3"},"what_changed":"Introduces a three-recursive-square multiplication mechanism alongside separately attributed grouped machine-size/time tradeoffs.","scope":"Introduces a three-recursive-square multiplication mechanism alongside separately attributed grouped machine-size/time tradeoffs. Exact target is the 1962 two-page note’s binary-automaton constructions/proof schemes, not arbitrary unit-cost arithmetic or every modern big-integer library. Theorem 1 is explicitly Ofman’s grouped size/time construction; Theorem 2 is explicitly Karatsuba’s recursive squaring construction. Three smaller squares plus additions/shifts give the subquadratic-size mechanism; the carry footnote addresses the extra sum digit. N(machine size) and T(time) are different resources. Corrupted formula exponents prevent reliable transcription of every joint bound or timing exponent here; neither elementary separate lower bounds nor the constructions prove optimality or attain both best orders together. Original 294 distinguishes feedback-free representations from automata with reusable components, so no unconditional circuit tradeoff equivalence is inferred. Earlier Ofman addition/model definitions are cited but unread. Both Russian pages prose read; no independent full automaton reconstruction, clean-formula visual check or program/benchmark replay. The 1963 English translation is the same work, not another achievement.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd16996e-b7c0-4587-ad92-320290b36db5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:03e75edd9a841bc3e2979de3812182a784cf4e2ef0ca5edbda75e72491292ea3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kelly-information-log-growth-1956","title":"Kelly: interpreting information rate through optimized logarithmic capital growth","summary":"Kelly connected mutual information to the optimal long-run logarithmic growth rate of repeated symbol-conditioned bets at fair odds, and treated unequal odds and a track take with separate formulas.\n\nInformation can be valuable even when no error-correcting code is used. Kelly considered a receiver who uses noisy information about an outcome to allocate a repeatedly reinvested stake. Maximizing expected capital can favor a strategy that eventually loses everything; maximizing logarithmic growth answers a different long-run question. For independent symbols and noise, fair odds and a fixed allocation for each received symbol, allocating according to the posterior probabilities makes the maximum growth rate equal to the channel’s mutual information. Unequal odds without a track take add a baseline growth opportunity; the value added by the information remains the mutual-information term. With a track take, holding back some capital is possible and the formulas change. The original explicitly leaves comparison with general time- or history-dependent allocations to future theorems. This is an information-theoretic result under a mathematical repeated-betting model, not guaranteed profit or universal portfolio optimality. The article builds on Shannon’s information theory and discusses the earlier expected-utility framework.","boundary":"The criterion maximizes expected logarithmic capital growth under a specified repeated-betting information and probability model. It does not maximize every utility, guarantee wealth on each path or remove drawdown and estimation risk. Correlation, transaction cost, changing probabilities and finite horizons need separate treatment. This historical contribution is not investment guidance.","area":"Mathematics and statistics","topic":"Information theory and logarithmic growth","year":1956,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"kelly-information-log-growth-1956","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f0dbbcbb-cad1-4b7e-adfd-05a12827fefa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a569e8f522c50f5fe5c28549b78b579f93dc6577882dd829bc41a00b38f1cf7"},"humans":["J. L. Kelly Jr."],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-kelly-information-log-growth-1956-article","title":"Kelly: interpreting information rate through optimized logarithmic capital growth — complete assessed article text","url":"https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/7/36891/files/2017/07/Kelly1956-1uwz47o.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-kelly-information-log-growth-1956-publisher","title":"Publisher metadata and abstract: A New Interpretation of Information Rate","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1956.tb03809.x"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"kelly-information-log-growth-1956","entry_id":"kelly-information-log-growth-1956","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f0dbbcbb-cad1-4b7e-adfd-05a12827fefa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a569e8f522c50f5fe5c28549b78b579f93dc6577882dd829bc41a00b38f1cf7"},"what_changed":"Kelly connected mutual information to the optimal long-run logarithmic growth rate of repeated symbol-conditioned bets at fair odds, and treated unequal odds and a track take with separate formulas.","scope":"Kelly connected mutual information to the optimal long-run logarithmic growth rate of repeated symbol-conditioned bets at fair odds, and treated unequal odds and a track take with separate formulas. The criterion maximizes expected logarithmic capital growth under a specified repeated-betting information and probability model. It does not maximize every utility, guarantee wealth on each path or remove drawdown and estimation risk. Correlation, transaction cost, changing probabilities and finite horizons need separate treatment. This historical contribution is not investment guidance.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f0dbbcbb-cad1-4b7e-adfd-05a12827fefa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a569e8f522c50f5fe5c28549b78b579f93dc6577882dd829bc41a00b38f1cf7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kirchhoff-linear-wire-network-solution-1847","title":"Kirchhoff: solving a network through its cycles and trees","summary":"Kirchhoff gives a combinatorial solution of steady linear wire-network currents using independent cycles, resistance products and sums of electromotive forces around the remaining cycles.\n\nThe shape of a network helps organize its equations. Kirchhoff removes just enough wires to leave no closed route, then restores individual wires to obtain independent cycles. Products of resistances on the removed wires build a common denominator; source sums on the remaining cycles determine the currents. This links a physical circuit to a reusable combinatorial structure. It is the exact historical network solution, with modern tree terminology used only to explain its structure.","boundary":"The graph-based solution concerns the stated linear electrical network, resistances and circuit constraints. Connectivity/uniqueness and exceptional parameter choices matter. It does not model arbitrary nonlinear/time-varying circuits or give a universal numerical conditioning guarantee. The 1845 current/loop laws and later general graph theorems remain separate contributions.","area":"Graph methods for electrical networks","topic":"Mathematics","year":1847,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"kirchhoff-linear-wire-network-solution-1847","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee434481-098f-4e00-adb1-04703d5a1782","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6c37d0af5d61ddac2a11895a53046fed6e765a3bc87dc3abd6ffe11a932d278a"},"humans":["Gustav Robert Kirchhoff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ohm-circuit-law","kirchhoff-steady-junction-loop-laws-1845"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-kirchhoff-linear-network-solution-1847-original","title":"G. Kirchhoff, Ueber die Aufloesung der Gleichungen, auf welche man bei der Untersuchung der linearen Vertheilung galvanischer Stroeme gefuehrt wird (1847), original facsimile","url":"https://zenodo.org/records/2242265/files/article.pdf?download=1"},{"id":"wrs24-kirchhoff-exact-work-identity-index","title":"Wikisource author and work index for Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: the 1845, 1846 and 1847 electrical papers","url":"https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"kirchhoff-linear-wire-network-solution-1847","entry_id":"kirchhoff-linear-wire-network-solution-1847","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee434481-098f-4e00-adb1-04703d5a1782","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6c37d0af5d61ddac2a11895a53046fed6e765a3bc87dc3abd6ffe11a932d278a"},"what_changed":"Kirchhoff gives a combinatorial solution of steady linear wire-network currents using independent cycles, resistance products and sums of electromotive forces around the remaining cycles.","scope":"Kirchhoff gives a combinatorial solution of steady linear wire-network currents using independent cycles, resistance products and sums of electromotive forces around the remaining cycles. The graph-based solution concerns the stated linear electrical network, resistances and circuit constraints. Connectivity/uniqueness and exceptional parameter choices matter. It does not model arbitrary nonlinear/time-varying circuits or give a universal numerical conditioning guarantee. The 1845 current/loop laws and later general graph theorems remain separate contributions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee434481-098f-4e00-adb1-04703d5a1782","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6c37d0af5d61ddac2a11895a53046fed6e765a3bc87dc3abd6ffe11a932d278a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kirchhoff-steady-junction-loop-laws-1845","title":"Kirchhoff: currents balance at junctions and around loops","summary":"Kirchhoff states and derives steady-circuit junction and loop relations: current balances at a junction, and signed resistance drops around a closed path equal the electromotive forces on that path.\n\nA complicated circuit becomes manageable when every meeting point and every closed route supplies a simple equation. Kirchhoff uses the fact that steady charge cannot accumulate at a junction, together with the potential changes and sources along a loop. These local statements connect Ohm's wire relation to an entire network. His surrounding disk experiments show both where the theory agreed with observations and where the apparatus could not resolve a proposed test.","boundary":"The assessed delta is the two relations on pages 513-514 of the 1845 paper, within its steady galvanic, resistive-wire and localized-source model. Junction balance uses absence of charge accumulation; loop balance uses the source and potential conventions stated in the original. It does not automatically cover arbitrary changing magnetic flux, distributed high-frequency circuits or all later component models. The preceding circular thin-disk theory is context, not a claim of a completely validated disk-resistance formula. Small contacts and approximate end conditions are explicit, and page 512 says the attempted total-resistance experiment was too uncertain to decide for or against theory. The unread 1846 supplement is a separate follow-up; later formulas are not absorbed here. Ohm and earlier balance constructions remain prior work.","area":"Electrical network theory","topic":"Engineering","year":1845,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"kirchhoff-steady-junction-loop-laws-1845","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:937723db-fd2f-44e2-a894-aa2520280edf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:497ff1d9d94ef2602bf6a57a9708ac3f34194391d1e6b584c0afc77063172be1"},"humans":["Gustav Robert Kirchhoff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ohm-circuit-law","kirchhoff-linear-wire-network-solution-1847"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-kirchhoff-steady-network-laws-1845-original","title":"Studiosus Kirchhoff, Ueber den Durchgang eines elektrischen Stromes durch eine Ebene, insbesondere durch eine kreisfoermige (1845), original facsimile","url":"https://zenodo.org/records/2422851/files/article.pdf?download=1"},{"id":"wrs24-kirchhoff-exact-work-identity-index","title":"Wikisource author and work index for Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: the 1845, 1846 and 1847 electrical papers","url":"https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"kirchhoff-steady-junction-loop-laws-1845","entry_id":"kirchhoff-steady-junction-loop-laws-1845","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:937723db-fd2f-44e2-a894-aa2520280edf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:497ff1d9d94ef2602bf6a57a9708ac3f34194391d1e6b584c0afc77063172be1"},"what_changed":"Kirchhoff states and derives steady-circuit junction and loop relations: current balances at a junction, and signed resistance drops around a closed path equal the electromotive forces on that path.","scope":"Kirchhoff states and derives steady-circuit junction and loop relations: current balances at a junction, and signed resistance drops around a closed path equal the electromotive forces on that path. The assessed delta is the two relations on pages 513-514 of the 1845 paper, within its steady galvanic, resistive-wire and localized-source model. Junction balance uses absence of charge accumulation; loop balance uses the source and potential conventions stated in the original. It does not automatically cover arbitrary changing magnetic flux, distributed high-frequency circuits or all later component models. The preceding circular thin-disk theory is context, not a claim of a completely validated disk-resistance formula. Small contacts and approximate end conditions are explicit, and page 512 says the attempted total-resistance experiment was too uncertain to decide for or against theory. The unread 1846 supplement is a separate follow-up; later formulas are not absorbed here. Ohm and earlier balance constructions remain prior work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:937723db-fd2f-44e2-a894-aa2520280edf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:497ff1d9d94ef2602bf6a57a9708ac3f34194391d1e6b584c0afc77063172be1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kitaev-unpaired-majorana-wires-2001","title":"Kitaev: unpaired Majorana modes in quantum wires","summary":"Kitaev constructed a one-dimensional superconducting chain with unpaired boundary Majorana modes and related their presence to a bulk parity invariant for gapped quadratic fermion systems.\n\nA chain can pair its fermionic degrees of freedom within each site or between neighboring sites. In the second pattern, one effective Majorana mode remains at each end. In the ideal open-chain model, the two associated low-energy states have different total fermion parities; away from a soluble point, their energy splitting becomes exponentially small with separation when the bulk remains gapped. The paper connects this boundary behavior to a bulk invariant, giving a way to identify the nontrivial regime without solving every boundary problem. This made a concrete theoretical route toward protected fermionic information. Protection relies on locality, separation, a gap and the permitted noise model. Parity-preserving interactions can still cause excitation, and a nonlocal coupling between the ends can split the low-energy states. The two opposite-parity states alone are not an unrestricted coherent qubit in a closed parity-conserving system. The paper proposes physical realizations and signatures; it does not report an experimentally built protected device or a complete fault-tolerant gate scheme. The contribution was posted in 2000 and published in 2001.","boundary":"The model is a specified one-dimensional superconducting fermion chain with parameter and boundary conditions supporting end modes. Finite-length splitting, parity and gap assumptions matter. A theoretical zero mode is not experimental detection or fault-tolerant computation by itself. Interactions, disorder and later devices need their own evidence.","area":"Physics","topic":"Topological quantum matter","year":2001,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"kitaev-unpaired-majorana-wires-2001","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:246dd500-c53b-4062-a165-1b9074916a00","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e884a687c42f66c58a99aedab0ab274f2554d45ac972e638228b33586a84db49"},"humans":["Alexei Yu. Kitaev"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["kitaev-anyonic-fault-tolerant-computation-2003","bell"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-kitaev-unpaired-majorana-wires-2001-arxiv-v2","title":"Kitaev: unpaired Majorana modes in quantum wires — complete 2000 arXiv v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0010440v2"},{"id":"wrs24-kitaev-unpaired-majorana-wires-2001-journal-publisher","title":"Kitaev: unpaired Majorana modes in quantum wires — 2001 publisher identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1070%2F1063-7869%2F44%2F10S%2FS29"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"kitaev-unpaired-majorana-wires-2001","entry_id":"kitaev-unpaired-majorana-wires-2001","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:246dd500-c53b-4062-a165-1b9074916a00","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e884a687c42f66c58a99aedab0ab274f2554d45ac972e638228b33586a84db49"},"what_changed":"Kitaev constructed a one-dimensional superconducting chain with unpaired boundary Majorana modes and related their presence to a bulk parity invariant for gapped quadratic fermion systems.","scope":"Kitaev constructed a one-dimensional superconducting chain with unpaired boundary Majorana modes and related their presence to a bulk parity invariant for gapped quadratic fermion systems. The model is a specified one-dimensional superconducting fermion chain with parameter and boundary conditions supporting end modes. Finite-length splitting, parity and gap assumptions matter. A theoretical zero mode is not experimental detection or fault-tolerant computation by itself. Interactions, disorder and later devices need their own evidence.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:246dd500-c53b-4062-a165-1b9074916a00","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e884a687c42f66c58a99aedab0ab274f2554d45ac972e638228b33586a84db49"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"knuth-dancing-links-2000","title":"Knuth: reversible list operations for exact-cover search","summary":"Knuth presented dancing links as an implementation technique for backtracking, using reversible deletion and restoration of nodes in doubly linked lists and applying it to Algorithm X for exact cover.\n\nDuring a tentative choice, incompatible rows and columns can be removed and then restored cheaply when the search backtracks. The data structure makes changing constraints manageable while leaving the underlying combinatorial search problem intact.","boundary":"This is a search implementation technique, not a polynomial-time algorithm for general exact cover. The opening credits Hitotumatu and Noshita's earlier use of reversible list operations.","area":"Combinatorial search","topic":"Combinatorial search","year":2000,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"knuth-dancing-links-2000","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:73411a60-c52f-4a6a-a993-d793d017b3e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:636753a7ea0f58c2f41a02a4ae5989deb3013a755098df17047c867b5d0bb793"},"humans":["Donald E. Knuth"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-knuth-dancing-links-2000","title":"Dancing Links (2000)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0011047"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"knuth-dancing-links-2000","entry_id":"knuth-dancing-links-2000","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:73411a60-c52f-4a6a-a993-d793d017b3e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:636753a7ea0f58c2f41a02a4ae5989deb3013a755098df17047c867b5d0bb793"},"what_changed":"A structured dancing-links implementation applies reversible removal/restoration to exact-cover backtracking and organizes changing constraints efficiently.","scope":"A structured dancing-links implementation applies reversible removal/restoration to exact-cover backtracking and organizes changing constraints efficiently. This is a search implementation technique, not a polynomial-time algorithm for general exact cover. The opening credits Hitotumatu and Noshita's earlier use of reversible list operations.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:73411a60-c52f-4a6a-a993-d793d017b3e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:636753a7ea0f58c2f41a02a4ae5989deb3013a755098df17047c867b5d0bb793"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"knuth-inherited-synthesized-attributes-1968","title":"Knuth: inherited and synthesized attributes for language semantics","summary":"Knuth attached semantic attributes and production-level rules to context-free derivation trees. Synthesized information moves from parts toward a larger expression, while inherited information carries surrounding context, allowing both to participate in the meaning assigned to a tree.\n\nA syntax tree describes how an expression is built; attributes add values and context to that structure. Knuth's binary-number examples show how a value can depend both on its local bits and on the position information supplied by a larger expression. Production-level functions make these dependencies explicit. This extends acknowledged earlier syntax-directed semantics and separates semantic description from a particular parsing algorithm.","boundary":"The scope is the attribute/function/dependency framework and its examples, not a certification of the original circularity-testing algorithm. A 1971 correction exists and its full text has not been reviewed. Semantic functions remain specified inputs; attributes do not themselves eliminate ambiguity, prove every program correct or define every natural-language meaning.","area":"Programming-language semantics","topic":"Computer science","year":1968,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"knuth-inherited-synthesized-attributes-1968","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:98e67d94-4bfb-4fa8-ad32-3f46be874c7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d2b5718ed4fbe88a88a00f4cac0d1804613d3af7f3df3409fe5e9f3051d909b"},"humans":["Donald E. Knuth"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lisp-recursive-functions","knuth-lr-parsing-1965"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-knuth-attribute-semantics-1968","title":"Donald E. Knuth, Semantics of Context-Free Languages, Mathematical Systems Theory 2(2) (1968), 127–145","url":"https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/don-knuth/semantics-cf-langs.pdf"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"knuth-inherited-synthesized-attributes-1968","entry_id":"knuth-inherited-synthesized-attributes-1968","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:98e67d94-4bfb-4fa8-ad32-3f46be874c7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d2b5718ed4fbe88a88a00f4cac0d1804613d3af7f3df3409fe5e9f3051d909b"},"what_changed":"Inherited and synthesized attributes are organized by production-specific semantic functions, expressing local values together with contextual dependencies over a derivation tree.","scope":"Inherited and synthesized attributes are organized by production-specific semantic functions, expressing local values together with contextual dependencies over a derivation tree. The scope is the attribute/function/dependency framework and its examples, not a certification of the original circularity-testing algorithm. A 1971 correction exists and its full text has not been reviewed. Semantic functions remain specified inputs; attributes do not themselves eliminate ambiguity, prove every program correct or define every natural-language meaning.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:98e67d94-4bfb-4fa8-ad32-3f46be874c7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d2b5718ed4fbe88a88a00f4cac0d1804613d3af7f3df3409fe5e9f3051d909b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"knuth-literate-programming-1984","title":"Knuth: literate programming with human and machine views","summary":"Knuth organized programs as an explanatory document containing code sections. WEB generates a typeset presentation through WEAVE and compilable source through TANGLE from that shared input.\n\nThe author can introduce ideas in a reader's order while tools assemble the machine's required order. The method concerns how a program is represented and explained, a different contribution from Knuth's existing algorithm records.","boundary":"The inspected evidence includes an archived submitted manuscript, opening sections A–B, and publisher metadata. No controlled productivity study or general correctness guarantee is claimed; identity of every manuscript and final-paper passage was not checked.","area":"Programming methods","topic":"Programming methods","year":1984,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"knuth-literate-programming-1984","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14ae520b-2635-4917-a320-90994243d562","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c26b75ac548959056b2c4a22ce7d8d6bb47bce114f42dd21c9e1497f138e7fbf"},"humans":["Donald E. Knuth"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-knuth-literate-programming-1984","title":"Literate Programming, The Computer Journal 27(2), 97–111 (1984)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/27.2.97"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"knuth-literate-programming-1984","entry_id":"knuth-literate-programming-1984","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14ae520b-2635-4917-a320-90994243d562","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c26b75ac548959056b2c4a22ce7d8d6bb47bce114f42dd21c9e1497f138e7fbf"},"what_changed":"A shared document interleaves explanation and named code sections, with WEAVE and TANGLE producing human-oriented and machine-oriented presentations in different orders.","scope":"A shared document interleaves explanation and named code sections, with WEAVE and TANGLE producing human-oriented and machine-oriented presentations in different orders. The inspected evidence includes an archived submitted manuscript, opening sections A–B, and publisher metadata. No controlled productivity study or general correctness guarantee is claimed; identity of every manuscript and final-paper passage was not checked.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14ae520b-2635-4917-a320-90994243d562","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c26b75ac548959056b2c4a22ce7d8d6bb47bce114f42dd21c9e1497f138e7fbf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"knuth-lr-parsing-1965","title":"Knuth: LR grammars and left-to-right parser construction","summary":"Knuth defined LR(k) grammars through uniquely determined reductions with fixed lookahead. He connected that condition with finite methods for testing a specified grammar and generating stack-based shift/reduce recognizers.\n\nA parser reads the input while deciding when a recognized part should be reduced by a grammar production. LR(k) makes that decision depend on the parsed prefix and a fixed number of upcoming terminal symbols. Knuth organizes the relevant configurations into finite state sets and a stack recognizer, while explicitly noting potentially large state collections. Prior precedence/bounded-context work and later compact parser generators remain separately attributed.","boundary":"The LR(k) condition belongs to a grammar with specified lookahead k; two grammars for the same language may differ. Linear parsing claims concern input length for a fixed grammar/parser, and do not bound parser-construction cost or table size. Not all context-free grammars qualify. The whole deterministic-language and unspecified-lookahead undecidability proofs are outside this selected reading.","area":"Deterministic parsing","topic":"Computer science","year":1965,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"knuth-lr-parsing-1965","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c15fc2f-0901-4133-a034-988978096a1c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:56b884c77861bdfbc3692d767c098d3dba538fadebf4d0e9870a2fdef2379cd0"},"humans":["Donald E. Knuth"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["knuth-inherited-synthesized-attributes-1968","lisp-recursive-functions"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-knuth-lr-parsing-1965","title":"Donald E. Knuth, On the Translation of Languages from Left to Right, Information and Control 8(6) (1965), 607–639","url":"https://harrymoreno.com/assets/greatPapersInCompSci/2.5_-_On_the_translation_of_languages_from_left_to_right-Donald_E._Knuth.pdf"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"knuth-lr-parsing-1965","entry_id":"knuth-lr-parsing-1965","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c15fc2f-0901-4133-a034-988978096a1c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:56b884c77861bdfbc3692d767c098d3dba538fadebf4d0e9870a2fdef2379cd0"},"what_changed":"LR(k) formalizes unique prefix/lookahead-driven reductions and connects a fixed-k grammar test with finite state-set shift/reduce recognizer construction.","scope":"LR(k) formalizes unique prefix/lookahead-driven reductions and connects a fixed-k grammar test with finite state-set shift/reduce recognizer construction. The LR(k) condition belongs to a grammar with specified lookahead k; two grammars for the same language may differ. Linear parsing claims concern input length for a fixed grammar/parser, and do not bound parser-construction cost or table size. Not all context-free grammars qualify. The whole deterministic-language and unspecified-lookahead undecidability proofs are outside this selected reading.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c15fc2f-0901-4133-a034-988978096a1c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:56b884c77861bdfbc3692d767c098d3dba538fadebf4d0e9870a2fdef2379cd0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"knuth-plass-line-breaking-1981","title":"Knuth and Plass: paragraph-wide line breaking","summary":"Knuth and Plass represented paragraph material with boxes, glue and penalties and selected line breaks through a global optimization procedure using dynamic programming.\n\nChoosing each line greedily can damage later lines. A paragraph-wide objective allows spacing and break penalties to be balanced across the paragraph. This is a specific algorithmic contribution, separate from the WEB programming method.","boundary":"Optimality is relative to the paper's objective and model, not a universal judgment of typography. Only the original opening abstract/byline and bibliographic identity were read; reported quality and efficiency were not independently reproduced.","area":"Typesetting algorithms","topic":"Typesetting algorithms","year":1981,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"knuth-plass-line-breaking-1981","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7d4941f-c02b-465f-a708-935d69b6647c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:257b56efad41ceb36e0c33500cd3e217b48f848c558df1a59b475cbed190c27a"},"humans":["Donald E. Knuth","Michael F. Plass"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-knuth-plass-line-breaking-1981","title":"Breaking Paragraphs into Lines (1981)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380111102"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"knuth-plass-line-breaking-1981","entry_id":"knuth-plass-line-breaking-1981","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7d4941f-c02b-465f-a708-935d69b6647c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:257b56efad41ceb36e0c33500cd3e217b48f848c558df1a59b475cbed190c27a"},"what_changed":"Boxes, glue and penalties support paragraph-wide optimization of line breaks rather than independent greedy choices.","scope":"Boxes, glue and penalties support paragraph-wide optimization of line breaks rather than independent greedy choices. Optimality is relative to the paper's objective and model, not a universal judgment of typography. Only the original opening abstract/byline and bibliographic identity were read; reported quality and efficiency were not independently reproduced.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7d4941f-c02b-465f-a708-935d69b6647c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:257b56efad41ceb36e0c33500cd3e217b48f848c558df1a59b475cbed190c27a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kochen-specker-noncontextual-valuation-1967","title":"Kochen and Specker: finite obstruction to noncontextual quantum valuations","summary":"Kochen and Specker constructed a finite three-dimensional quantum-observable structure that cannot receive noncontextual values preserving functional relations for compatible measurements, while exhibiting a contrasting two-dimensional classical model.\n\nCan every quantum observable carry a predetermined value that remains the same whichever compatible measurements surround it? The paper makes that question algebraically precise. Only operations on compatible observables must be preserved, avoiding an unrestricted additivity assumption imposed on incompatible measurements. A finite configuration in three dimensions forces contradictory value assignments. The source distinguishes a117-point construction with no allowed valuation from a smaller17-point illustration of failure to embed without identifying distinct elements. It also constructs a classical model for a restricted two-dimensional system, showing why the dimension matters. Its physical illustration is a proposed spin-one measurement arrangement, not a completed experimental test reported in this article. Context-dependent models, finite-precision tests and later smaller constructions require separate statements and credit.","boundary":"The obstruction concerns assigning noncontextual values to the specified quantum observables while preserving their functional relations, in the relevant dimension. It is not a ban on every hidden-variable theory or a proof about arbitrary classical information. Contextual models, lower-dimensional cases and later finite constructions retain separate treatment.","area":"Physics","topic":"Quantum contextuality","year":1967,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"kochen-specker-noncontextual-valuation-1967","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ac5e5fd7-3945-4d7c-a042-2eb2ecf5951a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cc4eb9588aac6cde5a3bedba4fa226b987498a466b3a97316592ffeb6a1b09d7"},"humans":["Simon Kochen","E. P. Specker"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["bell","clauser-horne-shimony-holt-bell-test-1969"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-kochen-specker-noncontextual-valuation-1967-original","title":"Kochen and Specker: finite obstruction to noncontextual quantum valuations — original scientific article","url":"https://www.iumj.indiana.edu/IUMJ/FTDLOAD/1968/17/17004/pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-kochen-specker-noncontextual-valuation-1967-publisher","title":"Kochen and Specker: finite obstruction to noncontextual quantum valuations — publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1512%2Fiumj.1968.17.17004"}],"points":"270000","published_grade":{"id":"kochen-specker-noncontextual-valuation-1967","entry_id":"kochen-specker-noncontextual-valuation-1967","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ac5e5fd7-3945-4d7c-a042-2eb2ecf5951a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cc4eb9588aac6cde5a3bedba4fa226b987498a466b3a97316592ffeb6a1b09d7"},"what_changed":"Kochen and Specker constructed a finite three-dimensional quantum-observable structure that cannot receive noncontextual values preserving functional relations for compatible measurements, while exhibiting a contrasting two-dimensional classical model.","scope":"Kochen and Specker constructed a finite three-dimensional quantum-observable structure that cannot receive noncontextual values preserving functional relations for compatible measurements, while exhibiting a contrasting two-dimensional classical model. The obstruction concerns assigning noncontextual values to the specified quantum observables while preserving their functional relations, in the relevant dimension. It is not a ban on every hidden-variable theory or a proof about arbitrary classical information. Contextual models, lower-dimensional cases and later finite constructions retain separate treatment.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ac5e5fd7-3945-4d7c-a042-2eb2ecf5951a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cc4eb9588aac6cde5a3bedba4fa226b987498a466b3a97316592ffeb6a1b09d7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kolmogorov-algorithmic-information-1965","title":"Kolmogorov: description length through algorithms","summary":"Kolmogorov measured the complexity of a finite object relative to given information by the shortest program producing it. An optimal method compares with other effective methods up to an additive constant.\n\nThe algorithmic approach separates the size of a description from statistical probabilities or the object's meaning. It supplies a language for compression and individual finite objects, distinct from Kolmogorov's probability axioms and turbulence work.","boundary":"Objects require an encoding and description method. The comparison constant is not zero, and the resulting complexity is not generally computable. Program length does not charge the time needed to find or execute a program.","area":"Algorithmic information","topic":"Algorithmic information","year":1965,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"kolmogorov-algorithmic-information-1965","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:026ba093-ba39-475a-a040-741020d5f02b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e0a1ed760c96674f0dd1d90cd020612f1d6f5296c379f8d5c9042755657970f"},"humans":["Andrey N. Kolmogorov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["kolmogorov-probability"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-kolmogorov-algorithmic-information-1965","title":"Three approaches to the quantitative definition of information (1965); English translation (1968)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207166808803030"}],"points":"235000","published_grade":{"id":"kolmogorov-algorithmic-information-1965","entry_id":"kolmogorov-algorithmic-information-1965","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:026ba093-ba39-475a-a040-741020d5f02b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e0a1ed760c96674f0dd1d90cd020612f1d6f5296c379f8d5c9042755657970f"},"what_changed":"Description length under optimal methods supplies a non-probabilistic account of the information in an individual object, invariant up to an additive constant and generally noncomputable.","scope":"Description length under optimal methods supplies a non-probabilistic account of the information in an individual object, invariant up to an additive constant and generally noncomputable. Objects require an encoding and description method. The comparison constant is not zero, and the resulting complexity is not generally computable. Program length does not charge the time needed to find or execute a program.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:026ba093-ba39-475a-a040-741020d5f02b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e0a1ed760c96674f0dd1d90cd020612f1d6f5296c379f8d5c9042755657970f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kruskal-explicit-maximal-schwarzschild-extension-1960","title":"Kruskal: a global map of the extended Schwarzschild spacetime","summary":"Kruskal gives a simple global coordinate representation of the maximal singularity-free analytic Schwarzschild extension, displaying two exterior and two interior regions while retaining the intrinsic center singularity.\n\nA coordinate system can show only part of a spacetime, much as one map can omit a region of the Earth. The original Schwarzschild coordinates break down at a horizon; Finkelstein had continued through one horizon branch. Kruskal supplied a particularly clear global map: both horizon branches and a second exterior region fit into one regular representation. Radial light rays become straight diagonal lines, making the allowed causal connections easy to follow. The horizon is regular, but the center remains a genuine curvature singularity. The bridge pictured in the paper does not provide a traversable shortcut or a model of an actual collapsing star. Earlier extension work is acknowledged in the original, and Szekeres independently obtained the same extension. This record credits Kruskal’s explicit representation and scoped maximality argument, not every later black-hole result.","boundary":"The extension is for the classical Schwarzschild vacuum solution with the stated mass/coordinate construction. Removing a horizon coordinate singularity does not remove the central curvature singularity. The complete idealized extension differs from the spacetime of a particular collapsing star. Rotating/charged and quantum geometries are outside this target.","area":"Physics","topic":"Horizons and global spacetime geometry","year":1960,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"kruskal-explicit-maximal-schwarzschild-extension-1960","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a4bed9c-74be-4ddd-a5ab-077e39dd41c8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8960dc3932d96062feeb9358c16eead0ac0b406506b280e83f9d921502647ade"},"humans":["M. D. Kruskal"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916","finkelstein-schwarzschild-horizon-causal-extension-1958"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-kruskal-explicit-maximal-schwarzschild-extension-1960-original","title":"M. D. Kruskal: Maximal Extension of Schwarzschild Metric,1960original1743-1745","url":"https://lilith.fisica.ufmg.br/dsoares/extn/brcs/kruskal-1960.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-kruskal-explicit-maximal-schwarzschild-extension-1960-original-publisher","title":"APS1960originalbibliographicidentity/byline","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.119.1743"},{"id":"wrs24-kruskal-explicit-maximal-schwarzschild-extension-1960-original-modern","title":"Cederbaum and Wolff2024 selected introduction andgeneralizedextensionconstruction","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11005-024-01779-y"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"kruskal-explicit-maximal-schwarzschild-extension-1960","entry_id":"kruskal-explicit-maximal-schwarzschild-extension-1960","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a4bed9c-74be-4ddd-a5ab-077e39dd41c8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8960dc3932d96062feeb9358c16eead0ac0b406506b280e83f9d921502647ade"},"what_changed":"Kruskal gives a simple global coordinate representation of the maximal singularity-free analytic Schwarzschild extension, displaying two exterior and two interior regions while retaining the intrinsic center singularity.","scope":"Kruskal gives a simple global coordinate representation of the maximal singularity-free analytic Schwarzschild extension, displaying two exterior and two interior regions while retaining the intrinsic center singularity. The extension is for the classical Schwarzschild vacuum solution with the stated mass/coordinate construction. Removing a horizon coordinate singularity does not remove the central curvature singularity. The complete idealized extension differs from the spacetime of a particular collapsing star. Rotating/charged and quantum geometries are outside this target.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a4bed9c-74be-4ddd-a5ab-077e39dd41c8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8960dc3932d96062feeb9358c16eead0ac0b406506b280e83f9d921502647ade"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kuhn-hungarian-assignment-method-1955","title":"Kuhn: solve the whole assignment, with a certificate","summary":"Kuhn combines bipartite matching and an adequate-budget dual certificate into a finite method for maximum-score one-to-one assignment with positive integer ratings, supplying explicit transfer and budget-improvement routines.\n\nChoosing the best worker for each job separately can assign the same person twice and miss the best overall arrangement. Kuhn instead treats the whole assignment together. A budget attached to every person and job gives an upper bound on any complete assignment; an assignment that exactly meets this budget is therefore optimal. His method alternates between improving a matching along transfers and changing the budget to create new eligible pairs. It turns ideas from graph theory and optimization duality into an explicit solution procedure, rather than checking every possible assignment. The original paper includes proofs, routines and a worked example; later implementations and complexity improvements remain separate work.","boundary":"The method solves the finite assignment problem under the stated cost and matching model. Dual potentials and admissible augmentations are essential. Original algorithmic presentation and later polynomial implementations have different complexity accounts. This is not a solver for arbitrary generalized scheduling or transportation constraints; earlier Kőnig/Egerváry work retains credit.","area":"Weighted bipartite assignment","topic":"Computing","year":1955,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kuhn-hungarian-assignment-method-1955","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:95f11315-3bd9-4661-a276-a341cc81a2d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e0ea9e82049719a7260cc52ce63be2d11f9ddfb3d3dfcec3de90d0708624284b"},"humans":["Harold W. Kuhn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dantzig-simplex-1947","hopcroft-karp-bipartite-matching-1973"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-kuhn-hungarian1955-original-reprint","title":"Kuhn, The Hungarian Method for the Assignment Problem (1955), original83-97 facsimile in2010 volume","url":"https://sites.math.washington.edu/~thomas/teaching/m514_web/50YearsIP.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-kuhn2010-author-origin-account","title":"Harold W.Kuhn: authored introduction to the Hungarian-method reprint (2010)","url":"https://sites.math.washington.edu/~thomas/teaching/m514_web/50YearsIP.pdf"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"kuhn-hungarian-assignment-method-1955","entry_id":"kuhn-hungarian-assignment-method-1955","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:95f11315-3bd9-4661-a276-a341cc81a2d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e0ea9e82049719a7260cc52ce63be2d11f9ddfb3d3dfcec3de90d0708624284b"},"what_changed":"Kuhn combines bipartite matching and an adequate-budget dual certificate into a finite method for maximum-score one-to-one assignment with positive integer ratings, supplying explicit transfer and budget-improvement routines.","scope":"Kuhn combines bipartite matching and an adequate-budget dual certificate into a finite method for maximum-score one-to-one assignment with positive integer ratings, supplying explicit transfer and budget-improvement routines. The method solves the finite assignment problem under the stated cost and matching model. Dual potentials and admissible augmentations are essential. Original algorithmic presentation and later polynomial implementations have different complexity accounts. This is not a solver for arbitrary generalized scheduling or transportation constraints; earlier Kőnig/Egerváry work retains credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:95f11315-3bd9-4661-a276-a341cc81a2d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e0ea9e82049719a7260cc52ce63be2d11f9ddfb3d3dfcec3de90d0708624284b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lagrange-analytical-mechanics-1788","title":"Lagrange: an analytical framework for mechanics","summary":"Lagrange organized statics and dynamics through general analytical methods. Independent variables compatible with the stated constraints and variations of kinetic energy supplied a common way to formulate equations of motion.\n\nThe book makes algebraic operations and general equations central to mechanical problems. Its historical discussion identifies inherited conservation and variational ideas, while its working method reduces dependent positions to independent variables under equations of condition. The contribution is a reusable formulation, rather than the invention of every underlying principle. Later editions are part of the same work family.","boundary":"The target is the 1788 first edition's analytical organization in the selected French original. The complete book and its formulas have not been independently proof-audited. Earlier mechanical principles and their authors retain credit. This does not assert a universal treatment of nonholonomic constraints or closed-form solutions to all mechanical systems.","area":"Analytical mechanics","topic":"Physics","year":1788,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"lagrange-analytical-mechanics-1788","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3671e627-e6ee-408c-a76b-18f1c4a2d640","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8271016b7dd62876236012ad57bf165e93a355d87136f61bee18e9cd15819290"},"humans":["Joseph-Louis Lagrange"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["newton"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lagrange-mechanics-1788","title":"Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Méchanique analitique (Paris, 1788), original edition; ETH e-rara OCR","url":"https://www.e-rara.ch/doi/10.3931/e-rara-8817"}],"points":"450000","published_grade":{"id":"lagrange-analytical-mechanics-1788","entry_id":"lagrange-analytical-mechanics-1788","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3671e627-e6ee-408c-a76b-18f1c4a2d640","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8271016b7dd62876236012ad57bf165e93a355d87136f61bee18e9cd15819290"},"what_changed":"A common analytical organization formulates constrained mechanical problems with independent variables and kinetic-energy variations instead of bespoke geometric constructions.","scope":"A common analytical organization formulates constrained mechanical problems with independent variables and kinetic-energy variations instead of bespoke geometric constructions. The target is the 1788 first edition's analytical organization in the selected French original. The complete book and its formulas have not been independently proof-audited. Earlier mechanical principles and their authors retain credit. This does not assert a universal treatment of nonholonomic constraints or closed-form solutions to all mechanical systems.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3671e627-e6ee-408c-a76b-18f1c4a2d640","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8271016b7dd62876236012ad57bf165e93a355d87136f61bee18e9cd15819290"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lanczos-minimized-eigenvalue-iterations-1950","title":"Lanczos: minimized iterations for matrix eigenvalues and operator problems","summary":"Lanczos develops progressive polynomial and minimized-iteration procedures for spectral and resolvent problems, including the symmetric three-term orthogonal recurrence and a two-sided nonsymmetric construction, with numerical vibration examples and proposed integral/differential operator extensions.\n\nEigenvalues help describe how a bridge vibrates, how an electrical network behaves or which modes dominate a physical model. Solving a large spectral problem directly can be expensive. Lanczos uses repeated matrix actions to build a smaller polynomial or orthogonal-basis description, allowing important spectral information to emerge progressively. His minimized iterations address the way ordinary powers can drown out weaker directions. The original numerical examples also checked and repaired orthogonality. Starting vectors can miss directions, and a nonzero two-sided residual can still cause breakdown, so reliable later solvers add safeguards and error analysis. These conditions help readers understand when the method is useful rather than treating it as an automatic solution to every operator problem.","boundary":"Exact October 1950 NBS 45(4), 255-282 paper. Finite-matrix exact-arithmetic recurrence is distinct from floating-point behavior and infinite-operator convergence. The source explicitly discusses missing axes and repeated/defective eigenvalues: one starting chain need not recover the entire eigensystem. Symmetric orthogonal recurrence differs from two-sided nonsymmetric biorthogonalization, whose scalar denominators can vanish with nonzero residual vectors; nonzero initial moments alone do not make it breakdown-free. Later look-ahead theory is separate. The reported bar computations monitored and corrected orthogonality, so short recurrence alone is not a universal stability guarantee. Resonance poles require appropriate resolvent interpretation. Source claims of general Fredholm convergence are not independently certified here; operator domains, invertibility, compactness and boundary conditions require separate justification. Truncated spectral stabilization and coarse discretization are not automatic error certificates. Higher-dimensional input-output applications are proposed future work.","area":"Numerical linear algebra","topic":"Mathematics","year":1950,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lanczos-minimized-eigenvalue-iterations-1950","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9d68a67a-ab4a-410a-a72b-d2d547a7ceb3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bebdc6f446fcc88b36e81b649c37b54d46aba99a34de34fcd6b99d93d940d359"},"humans":["Cornelius Lanczos"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hestenes-stiefel-conjugate-gradients-1952","saad-schultz-gmres-1986"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lanczos1950-original","title":"Lanczos, An iteration method for the solution of the eigenvalue problem of linear differential and integral operators; exact1950 NBS original","url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/045/jresv45n4p255_A1b.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-lanczos1950-crossref","title":"NIST-deposited exact1950 Lanczos journal identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.6028%2Fjres.045.026"},{"id":"wrs24-parletttaylorliu1985-boundary","title":"Parlett, Taylor and Liu: publisher-deposited look-ahead Lanczos identity and abstract","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1985-0771034-2"}],"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"lanczos-minimized-eigenvalue-iterations-1950","entry_id":"lanczos-minimized-eigenvalue-iterations-1950","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9d68a67a-ab4a-410a-a72b-d2d547a7ceb3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bebdc6f446fcc88b36e81b649c37b54d46aba99a34de34fcd6b99d93d940d359"},"what_changed":"Lanczos develops progressive polynomial and minimized-iteration procedures for spectral and resolvent problems, including the symmetric three-term orthogonal recurrence and a two-sided nonsymmetric construction, with numerical vibration examples and proposed integral/differential operator extensions.","scope":"Lanczos develops progressive polynomial and minimized-iteration procedures for spectral and resolvent problems, including the symmetric three-term orthogonal recurrence and a two-sided nonsymmetric construction, with numerical vibration examples and proposed integral/differential operator extensions. Exact October 1950 NBS 45(4), 255-282 paper. Finite-matrix exact-arithmetic recurrence is distinct from floating-point behavior and infinite-operator convergence. The source explicitly discusses missing axes and repeated/defective eigenvalues: one starting chain need not recover the entire eigensystem. Symmetric orthogonal recurrence differs from two-sided nonsymmetric biorthogonalization, whose scalar denominators can vanish with nonzero residual vectors; nonzero initial moments alone do not make it breakdown-free. Later look-ahead theory is separate. The reported bar computations monitored and corrected orthogonality, so short recurrence alone is not a universal stability guarantee. Resonance poles require appropriate resolvent interpretation. Source claims of general Fredholm convergence are not independently certified here; operator domains, invertibility, compactness and boundary conditions require separate justification. Truncated spectral stabilization and coarse discretization are not automatic error certificates. Higher-dimensional input-output applications are proposed future work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9d68a67a-ab4a-410a-a72b-d2d547a7ceb3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bebdc6f446fcc88b36e81b649c37b54d46aba99a34de34fcd6b99d93d940d359"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"landau-quantum-orbital-diamagnetism-1930","title":"Landau: quantum orbital motion gives free electrons a magnetic response","summary":"Landau counts the partly discrete quantum energies of nonrelativistic electrons in a uniform magnetic field and derives a nonzero orbital diamagnetic response, distinct from spin paramagnetism, with an explicit smooth-field approximation and separate conjectures about real materials and transport.\n\nA magnetic field does more than bend the path of an electron. In quantum mechanics it changes the allowed energies of motion across the field. Landau used those energy levels, including how many states each level represents, to calculate a magnetic response that an ordinary continuous classical calculation misses. The orbital contribution opposes the field. Spin produces a separate contribution, so this does not mean that every electron gas or metal is diamagnetic overall. The paper makes the model and its limits visible: smooth weak-field calculations differ from very cold, strongly quantized conditions; real crystal lattices and impurities need further work. It gives researchers a way to connect quantum state counting to macroscopic magnetism while leaving later experiments and transport theories their own credit.","boundary":"The model concerns a quantum electron gas in the stated magnetic-field, thermodynamic and statistical setting. Orbital quantization and spin contributions must be distinguished. Interactions, lattice effects and arbitrary material susceptibility are outside the idealized calculation. Later oscillation theory and experiments remain separate.","area":"Quantum magnetism","topic":"Physics","year":1930,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"landau-quantum-orbital-diamagnetism-1930","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:02a44ddd-dc64-49dc-a18e-d6ac7b25ac3b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a95b66f1585dd362f40b54caf6255541445d7ffcc5ed35e3b2a70d2815f71de"},"humans":["L. Landau"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["bloch-electrons-crystal-lattices-1929","ginzburg-landau-superconductivity-1950","haldane-quantum-hall-model-1988"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-landau-orbital1930-original","title":"L. Landau, Diamagnetismus der Metalle; exact1930 original hosted in Gilles Montambaux physics-history collection","url":"https://gilles.montambaux.com/files/histoire-physique/Landau-1930.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-landau-orbital1930-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited identity for the exact1930 Landau diamagnetism paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF01397213"},{"id":"wrs24-montambaux-landau-quantization-history2020","title":"Montambaux2020 two-page physics history: magnetic levels, diamagnetism and quantum oscillations","url":"https://gilles.montambaux.com/files/histoire-physique/notes/Landau-levels.pdf"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"landau-quantum-orbital-diamagnetism-1930","entry_id":"landau-quantum-orbital-diamagnetism-1930","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:02a44ddd-dc64-49dc-a18e-d6ac7b25ac3b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a95b66f1585dd362f40b54caf6255541445d7ffcc5ed35e3b2a70d2815f71de"},"what_changed":"Landau counts the partly discrete quantum energies of nonrelativistic electrons in a uniform magnetic field and derives a nonzero orbital diamagnetic response, distinct from spin paramagnetism, with an explicit smooth-field approximation and separate conjectures about real materials and transport.","scope":"Landau counts the partly discrete quantum energies of nonrelativistic electrons in a uniform magnetic field and derives a nonzero orbital diamagnetic response, distinct from spin paramagnetism, with an explicit smooth-field approximation and separate conjectures about real materials and transport. The model concerns a quantum electron gas in the stated magnetic-field, thermodynamic and statistical setting. Orbital quantization and spin contributions must be distinguished. Interactions, lattice effects and arbitrary material susceptibility are outside the idealized calculation. Later oscillation theory and experiments remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:02a44ddd-dc64-49dc-a18e-d6ac7b25ac3b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a95b66f1585dd362f40b54caf6255541445d7ffcc5ed35e3b2a70d2815f71de"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"langevin-random-force-brownian-motion-1908","title":"Langevin: a random-force description of Brownian motion","summary":"Langevin represents Brownian particle motion through a Newtonian force balance with viscous drag and an irregular force, recovering Einstein’s long-time diffusion relation under equipartition and an additional correlation closure.\n\nA suspended particle is slowed by the surrounding fluid but repeatedly pushed by molecular motion. Langevin writes both effects in one equation: an ordinary drag force plus an irregular complementary force. Averaging the equation and using thermal equipartition recovers the earlier Einstein relation between temperature, viscosity, particle size and long-time spreading. This force-based description became an important route to stochastic dynamics. The brief original note does not specify a complete modern white-noise process: its assertion that the force-position average vanishes needs further justification. Later mathematical theory and finite-time solutions retain their own credit. The original experimental discussion also reports discrepancies and calls for better particle-size and displacement measurements. WRS assesses this scoped representation, not every result subsequently associated with the name Langevin.","boundary":"The derivation uses a stated random-force/friction model and averaging assumptions for Brownian motion. It does not resolve every microscopic force correlation or make all finite-time motion deterministic. Overdamped/long-time limits and inertia-sensitive regimes differ. Later rigorous stochastic differential equations and generalized memory kernels remain separate.","area":"Stochastic dynamics and Brownian transport","topic":"Statistical physics and mathematics","year":1908,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"langevin-random-force-brownian-motion-1908","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:743ebfd1-7424-434e-a07d-8cd545e0f2b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a97c4a6d65a8fe5a9cf48c4c8362fb09831090cadf9786d2ef76323f4857c4d"},"humans":["Paul Langevin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["brownian-motion-theory","wiener-differential-space-1923"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-langevin1908-complete-published-translation","title":"Langevin1908 original note in full: Lemons introduction and Gythiel1997 published translation","url":"https://www2.math.uconn.edu/~gordina/Langevin1908.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-langevin1908-french-transcription-read","title":"Langevin original French note, community transcription with1908bibliography","url":"https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Sur_la_th%C3%A9orie_du_mouvement_brownien"},{"id":"wrs24-langevin1908-related-critique-exactbytes","title":"K. Razi Naqvi, The origin of the Langevin equation and the calculation of the mean squared displacement; delivered arXivv1 bytes","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0502141v1"},{"id":"wrs24-langevin1997-source-crossref-identity","title":"Publisher-deposited identity for complete1997 translation and source bibliography","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1119/1.18725"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"langevin-random-force-brownian-motion-1908","entry_id":"langevin-random-force-brownian-motion-1908","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:743ebfd1-7424-434e-a07d-8cd545e0f2b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a97c4a6d65a8fe5a9cf48c4c8362fb09831090cadf9786d2ef76323f4857c4d"},"what_changed":"Places viscous relaxation and molecular forcing in one particle equation; averages it to recover an inherited long-time diffusion relation under statedextra closure.","scope":"Places viscous relaxation and molecular forcing in one particle equation; averages it to recover an inherited long-time diffusion relation under statedextra closure. The derivation uses a stated random-force/friction model and averaging assumptions for Brownian motion. It does not resolve every microscopic force correlation or make all finite-time motion deterministic. Overdamped/long-time limits and inertia-sensitive regimes differ. Later rigorous stochastic differential equations and generalized memory kernels remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:743ebfd1-7424-434e-a07d-8cd545e0f2b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a97c4a6d65a8fe5a9cf48c4c8362fb09831090cadf9786d2ef76323f4857c4d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"laplace-generating-asymptotic-probability-1812","title":"Laplace: generating functions and asymptotic methods for probability","summary":"Laplace brought generating-function methods, finite-difference equations and large-number approximations into a systematic analytical treatment of probability. The 1812 work connects coefficient calculations with repeated-event models and develops conditional and inverse-probability reasoning with explicit assumptions.\n\nGenerating functions encode sequences as coefficients, turning probability counts and recurrence equations into analytical problems. Large powers and products then invite approximation near dominant regions, where the source also discusses limitations of its expansions. Repeated urn draws illustrate how generating calculations and model assumptions work together. Earlier Pascal, Fermat, Huygens, Bernoulli, de Moivre and other work remain inherited; later editions and supplements are not silently folded into the1812 target.","boundary":"The scope is the source-inspected analytical organization in the first 1812 edition, extending earlier work into a systematic framework. Equally possible cases, independence and prior assumptions must be supplied by the model. Equal-prior inverse-probability formulas are not prior-free causal inference. This is not modern measure-theoretic probability, every central-limit theorem under arbitrary hypotheses, a proof of physical determinism or verified accuracy of all book formulas and applications.","area":"Analytical probability methods","topic":"Mathematics","year":1812,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"laplace-generating-asymptotic-probability-1812","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f20f7d0b-118f-4fae-a7f3-98a94c1bfde2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f877c8fa51069d682bc85af461de6a9edba8fe097bede98aa7dfd4044b9bc9b"},"humans":["Pierre-Simon Laplace"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["kolmogorov-probability","fisher-mathematical-foundations-statistics-1922"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-laplace-analytic-probability-1812","title":"Pierre-Simon Laplace, Théorie analytique des probabilités, Paris: Courcier,1812; ETH Rar10218 original French OCR","url":"https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/download/ftpack/plain/2802935"}],"points":"500000","published_grade":{"id":"laplace-generating-asymptotic-probability-1812","entry_id":"laplace-generating-asymptotic-probability-1812","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f20f7d0b-118f-4fae-a7f3-98a94c1bfde2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f877c8fa51069d682bc85af461de6a9edba8fe097bede98aa7dfd4044b9bc9b"},"what_changed":"The first1812 edition organizes coefficient/generating calculations, finite-difference methods, large-power approximations and explicitly modeled conditional/inverse probability into a systematic analytical framework.","scope":"The first1812 edition organizes coefficient/generating calculations, finite-difference methods, large-power approximations and explicitly modeled conditional/inverse probability into a systematic analytical framework. The scope is the source-inspected analytical organization in the first 1812 edition, extending earlier work into a systematic framework. Equally possible cases, independence and prior assumptions must be supplied by the model. Equal-prior inverse-probability formulas are not prior-free causal inference. This is not modern measure-theoretic probability, every central-limit theorem under arbitrary hypotheses, a proof of physical determinism or verified accuracy of all book formulas and applications.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f20f7d0b-118f-4fae-a7f3-98a94c1bfde2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f877c8fa51069d682bc85af461de6a9edba8fe097bede98aa7dfd4044b9bc9b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lax-richtmyer-linear-stability-convergence-1956","title":"Lax and Richtmyer: when a finer numerical mesh approaches the right solution","summary":"For a properly posed linear initial-value problem and a consistent bounded linear difference approximation in the stated Banach-space setting, the1956PartI theorem makes stability necessary and sufficient for convergence for every initial state on a fixed finite time horizon.\n\nMaking a simulation’s grid finer does not by itself make the answer more accurate. The update rule must approximate the right equation, and repeated steps must not amplify some components without a mesh-independent bound. Lax and Richtmyer connect these requirements: within their linear framework, that stability condition is exactly what turns consistency into convergence. Their proof uses uniform boundedness in one direction and accumulated local error plus a dense class of genuine solutions in the other.","boundary":"Exact target is 1956 Part I, not the entire 27 page survey. The theorem assumes a complete normed linear space, properly posed linear evolution with a dense unique genuine-solution class and bounded solution extension, bounded whole-space linear updates, a specified joint spatial/time mesh path and consistency uniform in time on a dense genuine-solution class. Convergence is for every initial element as the mesh refines with n*dt tending to a finite time in[0, T]. Stability bounds update powers uniformly over the family/horizon; it is not merely a one-step norm<=1 or eigenvalue test. A specially chosen datum can converge in an unstable scheme without satisfying the all-data statement. The original assumes exact arithmetic and fixed finite horizon, not arbitrary long-time/roundoff guarantees. Part II introduction gives restricted Fourier cases and extra hypotheses for spectral sufficiency; its detailed 277–292 proofs/examples are unread and excluded. Part I 267–275 and bibliography 293 prose/source proof read, formula glyphs imperfect; no independent proof or implementation certification. Nonlinear, adaptive/nonhomogeneous-boundary extensions require their own assumptions.","area":"Numerical analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1956,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"lax-richtmyer-linear-stability-convergence-1956","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e86d3087-ff3a-4287-ac11-12341c4f2ae2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:26bf25c7ba621e40d36448017ab66ca92a19acbf0f582b23e14d7d03dbbdeb5d"},"humans":["P. D. Lax","R. D. Richtmyer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["courant-friedrichs-lewy-difference-equations-1928","runge-numerical-differential-equations-1895"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lax-richtmyer-1956-part1-original-fsu","title":"Lax and Richtmyer, Survey of the Stability of Linear Finite Difference Equations (1956):PartI equivalence theorem","url":"https://www.coaps.fsu.edu/pub/eric/OCP5930/Papers/StabSurveyLinearFDA.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-lax-richtmyer-1956-publisher-metadata","title":"Wiley:1956Lax–Richtmyer survey metadata and references","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cpa.3160090206"}],"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"lax-richtmyer-linear-stability-convergence-1956","entry_id":"lax-richtmyer-linear-stability-convergence-1956","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e86d3087-ff3a-4287-ac11-12341c4f2ae2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:26bf25c7ba621e40d36448017ab66ca92a19acbf0f582b23e14d7d03dbbdeb5d"},"what_changed":"Makes a specified consistent linear approximation converge for all initial data exactly when its update powers satisfy the uniform finite-horizon stability condition.","scope":"Makes a specified consistent linear approximation converge for all initial data exactly when its update powers satisfy the uniform finite-horizon stability condition. Exact target is 1956 Part I, not the entire 27 page survey. The theorem assumes a complete normed linear space, properly posed linear evolution with a dense unique genuine-solution class and bounded solution extension, bounded whole-space linear updates, a specified joint spatial/time mesh path and consistency uniform in time on a dense genuine-solution class. Convergence is for every initial element as the mesh refines with n*dt tending to a finite time in[0, T]. Stability bounds update powers uniformly over the family/horizon; it is not merely a one-step norm<=1 or eigenvalue test. A specially chosen datum can converge in an unstable scheme without satisfying the all-data statement. The original assumes exact arithmetic and fixed finite horizon, not arbitrary long-time/roundoff guarantees. Part II introduction gives restricted Fourier cases and extra hypotheses for spectral sufficiency; its detailed 277–292 proofs/examples are unread and excluded. Part I 267–275 and bibliography 293 prose/source proof read, formula glyphs imperfect; no independent proof or implementation certification. Nonlinear, adaptive/nonhomogeneous-boundary extensions require their own assumptions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e86d3087-ff3a-4287-ac11-12341c4f2ae2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:26bf25c7ba621e40d36448017ab66ca92a19acbf0f582b23e14d7d03dbbdeb5d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959","title":"Lax and Wendroff: preserve conservation when approximating waves and shocks","summary":"Lax and Wendroff identify the weak limit of a boundedly convergent conservative difference scheme and construct higher-accuracy difference formulas with artificial-viscosity treatments for shock calculations.\n\nA shock is a sudden jump, so the derivatives in a fluid equation can cease to make ordinary sense. Conservation can still be expressed by integrating over space and time. Lax and Wendroff show how a discrete flux shared by neighbouring cells preserves this structure: under the required consistency and regularity, a boundedly convergent numerical sequence has a weak limit satisfying the conservation law. This identifies the limit; it does not supply convergence or physical entropy admissibility by itself. The report then develops a second-order construction for smooth parts of the solution and additional viscosity terms near shocks. Its stability analysis uses localized linearized tests and stated assumptions; some shock-width and system arguments are approximate or conjectural. Two hydrodynamic calculations illustrate the method. Both the theoretical distinction and the numerical construction became important tools, while later nonoscillatory, entropy and convergence results retain their own authorship.","boundary":"The conservation argument requires consistency and convergence of the stated conservative approximations; it does not prove that every such scheme converges. Entropy/admissibility and multidimensional/system behavior need further conditions. The selected report precedes the later published version, and later high-resolution schemes receive separate credit.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Conservation laws, shock calculations and numerical consistency","year":1959,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42170c18-6318-449d-a404-ff144e632198","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9ff735f82a3f673b805a092a95a2a844bc36884e308a14711d04c80a566a4134"},"humans":["Peter Lax","Burton Wendroff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["courant-friedrichs-lewy-difference-equations-1928","lax-richtmyer-linear-stability-convergence-1956","roe-parameter-vector-approximate-riemann-solver-1981"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959-original","title":"PeterLax and BurtonWendroff, Systems of Conservation Laws, LA2285 — original1959distributed report","url":"https://library.sciencemadness.org/lanl1_a/dtic/ADA385056.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959-modern-regularity","title":"PhilippBirken and ViktorLinders, Conservation Properties of Iterative Methods for Implicit Discretizations of Conservation Laws(2022) — selected regularity definition only","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10915-022-01923-7"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959","entry_id":"lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42170c18-6318-449d-a404-ff144e632198","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9ff735f82a3f673b805a092a95a2a844bc36884e308a14711d04c80a566a4134"},"what_changed":"Lax and Wendroff identify the weak limit of a boundedly convergent conservative difference scheme and construct higher-accuracy difference formulas with artificial-viscosity treatments for shock calculations.","scope":"Lax and Wendroff identify the weak limit of a boundedly convergent conservative difference scheme and construct higher-accuracy difference formulas with artificial-viscosity treatments for shock calculations. The conservation argument requires consistency and convergence of the stated conservative approximations; it does not prove that every such scheme converges. Entropy/admissibility and multidimensional/system behavior need further conditions. The selected report precedes the later published version, and later high-resolution schemes receive separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42170c18-6318-449d-a404-ff144e632198","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9ff735f82a3f673b805a092a95a2a844bc36884e308a14711d04c80a566a4134"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"leandojo-reprover-accessible-premise-retrieval-2023","title":"LeanDojo and ReProver: finding useful premises in a formal library","summary":"LeanDojo extracts source-linked premises and proof states and provides programmatic Lean interaction; ReProver uses accessible-premise retrieval to improve proof generation on explicit random and novel-premise benchmark splits.\n\nA formal proof often depends on finding a useful existing lemma in a large library. LeanDojo records where premises are defined and used, including their fully qualified names, and exposes an interface for trying tactics in the original proof context. ReProver retrieves accessible premises and combines them with the current state before generating a tactic. The selected2023 paper reports51.2% Pass@1 on a random Lean3 test split and26.3% on the more demanding novel-premise split, with one proof-search attempt and a ten-minute wall-time limit. The lower result reveals how much harder it is to use premises not seen in training. The benchmark contains98,734 human-library theorems, not98,734 new AI discoveries. Its code, data and models were released to lower research barriers, with distinct licenses for code and data. The authors report new formal proof submissions for existing mathematics; linked public discussions also uncover incorrectly formalized exercises and concerns about benchmark contamination. Those submissions are visibly open, so submission is not described as a merged library contribution. The prover and benchmark have not been independently rerun here.","boundary":"This assesses arXiv 2306.15626v2 and its accessible data/retrieval/proof-search framework. The reported Lean 3 results distinguish random and novel-premise splits: 51.2% and 26.3%, respectively. Pass@1 here means one search attempt with a ten-minute limit, not one language-model call. Lean 4 experiments are separate. The 98,734 existing human library theorems are a research dataset, not AI discoveries. Human library construction, framework authorship and system execution remain distinct. WRS has not independently replayed the benchmark or audited every dataset statement.","area":"Artificial intelligence","topic":"Formal theorem proving","year":2023,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"leandojo-reprover-accessible-premise-retrieval-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd91de90-be2d-4ace-ac3e-8afb624fb193","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:005788f862d93aab2af7482cd4d0eb2cc6f2a49960cf3934d921a5bbba315d6d"},"humans":["Kaiyu Yang","Aidan M. Swope","Alex Gu","Rahul Chalamala","Peiyang Song","Shixing Yu","Saad Godil","Ryan Prenger","Anima Anandkumar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[{"provider":"LeanDojo research team (multi-institution; source-listed)","product":"ReProver","model":"ReProver retriever/tactic generator initialized from Google ByT5-small299M backbone","role":"Source-reported accessible-premise retrieval, tactic generation and best-first proof search.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"wrs24-leandojo-reprover-accessible-premise-retrieval-2023-original"}],"related":["gpt-f-transformer-metamath-proof-search-2020","hypertree-proof-search-online-evariste-2022"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-leandojo-reprover-accessible-premise-retrieval-2023-original","title":"Yang et al.2023: LeanDojo: Theorem Proving with Retrieval-Augmented Language Models — arXiv2306.15626v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15626v2"},{"id":"wrs24-leandojo-reprover-accessible-premise-retrieval-2023-original-minif2f","title":"miniF2F PR13: 33 New Proofs Found by Machines","url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/miniF2F/pull/13"},{"id":"wrs24-leandojo-reprover-accessible-premise-retrieval-2023-original-proofnet","title":"ProofNet PR14: New Proofs Generated by Machines","url":"https://github.com/zhangir-azerbayev/ProofNet/pull/14"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"leandojo-reprover-accessible-premise-retrieval-2023","entry_id":"leandojo-reprover-accessible-premise-retrieval-2023","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd91de90-be2d-4ace-ac3e-8afb624fb193","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:005788f862d93aab2af7482cd4d0eb2cc6f2a49960cf3934d921a5bbba315d6d"},"what_changed":"LeanDojo extracts source-linked premises and proof states and provides programmatic Lean interaction; ReProver uses accessible-premise retrieval to improve proof generation on explicit random and novel-premise benchmark splits.","scope":"LeanDojo extracts source-linked premises and proof states and provides programmatic Lean interaction; ReProver uses accessible-premise retrieval to improve proof generation on explicit random and novel-premise benchmark splits. This assesses arXiv 2306.15626v2 and its accessible data/retrieval/proof-search framework. The reported Lean 3 results distinguish random and novel-premise splits: 51.2% and 26.3%, respectively. Pass@1 here means one search attempt with a ten-minute limit, not one language-model call. Lean 4 experiments are separate. The 98,734 existing human library theorems are a research dataset, not AI discoveries. Human library construction, framework authorship and system execution remain distinct. WRS has not independently replayed the benchmark or audited every dataset statement.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd91de90-be2d-4ace-ac3e-8afb624fb193","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:005788f862d93aab2af7482cd4d0eb2cc6f2a49960cf3934d921a5bbba315d6d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lehmann-higher-velocity-inner-core-hypothesis-1936","title":"Lehmann: a higher-velocity inner core as a seismic explanation","summary":"Lehmann proposed an inner region with higher P-wave speed to help explain otherwise anomalous core-traversing seismic arrivals.\n\nA modified interior model offered a route for interpreting the signals. Her1936 text explicitly treated it as a hypothesis whose interpretation remained uncertain with the available observations, leaving a concrete proposal for later investigators.","boundary":"This version curates the explanatory hypothesis in selected 1936 passages reproduced in a 2001 scholarly edition, not the full original paper/data tables or modern inner-core theory. The original says the data do not prove the hypothesis; abrupt and sufficiently strong gradual velocity changes are discussed. The solid phase and precise modern dimensions are not certified by this target. Redrawn later diagrams are not original figures.","area":"Seismology and Earth's interior","topic":"Earth & space","year":1936,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"lehmann-higher-velocity-inner-core-hypothesis-1936","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d3b0477d-f2db-47b3-aa8c-e0d7c2af6eed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d6a14156139f7274131565a9edea62cfad30f3db07ece5c63c590c6e1ccedf8"},"humans":["Inge Lehmann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hutton-earth-theory","milankovitch-insolation"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lehmann-primary-excerpts-2001","title":"Martina Kölbl-Ebert, Inge Lehmann's paper P′(1936), Episodes24(4),262–267(2001): selected original passages with marked commentary","url":"https://courses.seas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/Courses/EPS281r/Sources/Inner-Core/Lehmann-1936-extracts%2Binterpretation.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-lindahall-lehmann-original-identity","title":"Linda Hall Library, Inge Lehmann: original1936 P′ article in the library collection","url":"https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/inge-lehmann/"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"lehmann-higher-velocity-inner-core-hypothesis-1936","entry_id":"lehmann-higher-velocity-inner-core-hypothesis-1936","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d3b0477d-f2db-47b3-aa8c-e0d7c2af6eed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d6a14156139f7274131565a9edea62cfad30f3db07ece5c63c590c6e1ccedf8"},"what_changed":"The curated original proposal adds a higher-velocity inner region as a candidate explanation and leaves explicit conditions and uncertainty for later investigators.","scope":"The curated original proposal adds a higher-velocity inner region as a candidate explanation and leaves explicit conditions and uncertainty for later investigators. This version curates the explanatory hypothesis in selected 1936 passages reproduced in a 2001 scholarly edition, not the full original paper/data tables or modern inner-core theory. The original says the data do not prove the hypothesis; abrupt and sufficiently strong gradual velocity changes are discussed. The solid phase and precise modern dimensions are not certified by this target. Redrawn later diagrams are not original figures.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d3b0477d-f2db-47b3-aa8c-e0d7c2af6eed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d6a14156139f7274131565a9edea62cfad30f3db07ece5c63c590c6e1ccedf8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lenstra-fixed-dimensional-integer-programming-1983","title":"Lenstra: integer programming becomes tractable when dimension is fixed","summary":"Lenstra showed that integer linear feasibility can be solved in polynomial input-length time when the number of integer variables is fixed, using lattice geometry and reduction to lower-dimensional problems.\n\nAn optimization problem may have a feasible answer in real numbers but no answer in whole numbers. Integer programming captures this extra restriction, which is computationally hard in general. Lenstra’s 1983 paper proved that fixing the number of integer variables changes the complexity: the remaining input can grow while the problem stays polynomially solvable. The method reshapes the feasible region and uses lattice geometry to either find an integer point or split the search into a bounded number of lower-dimensional problems. Empty, unbounded and lower-dimensional regions are handled by reductions rather than silently excluded. The result also covers mixed-integer feasibility with a fixed number of integer variables. It does not make arbitrary large-dimensional integer programs easy: the original polynomial degree grows exponentially with dimension, and the paper describes its algorithms as primarily theoretical. Lovász’s algorithmic improvements, earlier low-dimensional work and the continuous linear-programming and lattice-reduction tools retain separate credit.","boundary":"The polynomial-time result fixes the number of integer variables. Its dimension-dependent cost is not a polynomial bound uniform in arbitrary dimension. Rational input encoding and geometric subroutines matter. Mixed variants have their own assumptions. The theorem is not evidence that every integer program is easy in practice.","area":"Optimization","topic":"Integer programming","year":1983,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lenstra-fixed-dimensional-integer-programming-1983","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc4ac508-d114-444d-ac46-8c22a07ceafd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32f833a7d0f9c3fa038eab5ccc823fce09c39122ebdb4d04ae1972cb1aa70650"},"humans":["H. W. Lenstra Jr."],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["gomory-fractional-integer-cuts-1958","dantzig-simplex-1947","karmarkar-polynomial-linear-programming-1984"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lenstra1983-integer-programming-original","title":"Lenstra, Integer Programming with a Fixed Number of Variables, MOR8(4)538-548(1983), author-hosted journal copy","url":"https://pub.math.leidenuniv.nl/~lenstrahw/PUBLICATIONS/1983i/art.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-lenstra1983-publisher-metadata","title":"Publisher Crossref deposit for10.1287/moor.8.4.538","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1287%2Fmoor.8.4.538"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"lenstra-fixed-dimensional-integer-programming-1983","entry_id":"lenstra-fixed-dimensional-integer-programming-1983","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc4ac508-d114-444d-ac46-8c22a07ceafd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32f833a7d0f9c3fa038eab5ccc823fce09c39122ebdb4d04ae1972cb1aa70650"},"what_changed":"Lenstra showed that integer linear feasibility can be solved in polynomial input-length time when the number of integer variables is fixed, using lattice geometry and reduction to lower-dimensional problems.","scope":"Lenstra showed that integer linear feasibility can be solved in polynomial input-length time when the number of integer variables is fixed, using lattice geometry and reduction to lower-dimensional problems. The polynomial-time result fixes the number of integer variables. Its dimension-dependent cost is not a polynomial bound uniform in arbitrary dimension. Rational input encoding and geometric subroutines matter. Mixed variants have their own assumptions. The theorem is not evidence that every integer program is easy in practice.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc4ac508-d114-444d-ac46-8c22a07ceafd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32f833a7d0f9c3fa038eab5ccc823fce09c39122ebdb4d04ae1972cb1aa70650"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"levenshtein-binary-synchronization-error-metrics-1965","title":"Levenshtein: describe message errors with insertion, deletion and bit-flip distances","summary":"Binary edit metrics characterize correction of deletion, insertion and bit-flip errors; equal-length deletion and insertion correction are equivalent, and checksum constructions address one-error synchronization.\n\nA dropped bit can shift every later position in a message, so counting wrong positions alone is not enough. Levenshtein studied the minimum edits needed to turn one binary word into another and used that distance to separate codewords safely. The article distinguishes deletion-and-insertion distance from a distance that also permits bit flips. For equal-length codewords it relates correction of deletions, insertions and mixtures, and uses earlier Varshamov–Tenengolts checksum constructions for one-error correction. The Russian original appeared in 1965; the English translation followed in 1966. This is a coding-theory contribution, not the later dynamic-programming software algorithm or a measure of semantic meaning. This account follows the linked four-page translation. The exact numerical bound formulas remain outside the independently verified scope of this account.","boundary":"The original coding results concern specified binary strings and deletion/insertion/reversal or related error models. Error distance, fixed length and correction guarantees must retain their definitions. This is not a universal modern text-similarity metric or proof that every edit-noise channel has the same coding capacity. Later generalized edit algorithms are separate.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Coding theory","year":1965,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"levenshtein-binary-synchronization-error-metrics-1965","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bd9f7c0-0f9e-41d9-af5e-509cc16cb42f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:84733cab2e7db97b450de7fe3b02afae5d1d3b50f9840bd7f6b46f2abf9ec5c5"},"humans":["V. I. Levenshtein"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-levenshtein-binary-synchronization-error-metrics-1965-original","title":"V. I. Levenshtein: Binary Codes Capable of Correcting Deletions, Insertions, and Reversals (1966 translation of1965original)","url":"https://nymity.ch/sybilhunting/pdf/Levenshtein1966a.pdf"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"levenshtein-binary-synchronization-error-metrics-1965","entry_id":"levenshtein-binary-synchronization-error-metrics-1965","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bd9f7c0-0f9e-41d9-af5e-509cc16cb42f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:84733cab2e7db97b450de7fe3b02afae5d1d3b50f9840bd7f6b46f2abf9ec5c5"},"what_changed":"Binary edit metrics characterize correction of deletion, insertion and bit-flip errors; equal-length deletion and insertion correction are equivalent, and checksum constructions address one-error synchronization.","scope":"Binary edit metrics characterize correction of deletion, insertion and bit-flip errors; equal-length deletion and insertion correction are equivalent, and checksum constructions address one-error synchronization. The original coding results concern specified binary strings and deletion/insertion/reversal or related error models. Error distance, fixed length and correction guarantees must retain their definitions. This is not a universal modern text-similarity metric or proof that every edit-noise channel has the same coding capacity. Later generalized edit algorithms are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bd9f7c0-0f9e-41d9-af5e-509cc16cb42f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:84733cab2e7db97b450de7fe3b02afae5d1d3b50f9840bd7f6b46f2abf9ec5c5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lipman-et-al-flow-matching-generative-modeling-2022","title":"Flow Matching: learn a transport field from simple conditional paths","summary":"Lipman and colleagues train continuous normalizing flows by regressing sample-conditioned vector fields, with the same expected parameter gradients as a marginal flow-matching objective under stated regularity assumptions, avoiding ODE simulation during training.\n\nA generative model can transform random noise into a data-like sample by following a learned motion field. Traditionally, training that field could require costly differential-equation solves. Flow Matching instead constructs simple paths conditioned on individual data samples and learns their velocities by regression. The paper shows when these conditional training targets produce the same expected parameter gradients as the harder-to-compute marginal objective. Gaussian conditional paths include diffusion paths and straight displacement paths, giving designers more control over the training target. The authors report favorable image-quality, likelihood and sampling-cost comparisons in their chosen experiments. Generating samples still requires solving an ODE. Conditional straight paths are optimal between their Gaussian endpoints; the paper explicitly says that the combined marginal field need not be an optimal-transport solution.","boundary":"The method learns a vector field for declared probability paths. Conditional and marginal objectives agree under their stated integrability/regularity conditions; simulation-free training does not remove ODE sampling or optimization costs. Optimal-transport conditional paths are not automatically the globally optimal learned transport. Reported generative metrics are setup-dependent and have not been replayed by WRS.","area":"Generative modeling and probability transport","topic":"Mathematics and computing","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lipman-et-al-flow-matching-generative-modeling-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f2c322bd-9959-4dec-a4e8-a740e25b1fdf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b10d683abf836d76a690ced76baec1c99e7d9806c1b2671ba94d0f60c0a3daac"},"humans":["Yaron Lipman","Ricky T. Q. Chen","Heli Ben-Hamu","Maximilian Nickel","Matt Le"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["denoising-diffusion","shao-et-al-deepseekmath-grpo-2024"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-flow-matching2023-v2-original","title":"Lipman and colleagues, Flow Matching for Generative Modeling; exact arXiv2210.02747v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.02747v2"},{"id":"wrs24-flow-matching2023-arxiv-identity","title":"Official arXiv title, complete byline and submission history for Flow Matching v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02747v2"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"lipman-et-al-flow-matching-generative-modeling-2022","entry_id":"lipman-et-al-flow-matching-generative-modeling-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f2c322bd-9959-4dec-a4e8-a740e25b1fdf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b10d683abf836d76a690ced76baec1c99e7d9806c1b2671ba94d0f60c0a3daac"},"what_changed":"Conditional vector-field regression yields the marginal FM parameter gradient under exchange/integrability assumptions; Gaussian path design includes conditional straight displacement paths and simulation-free CNF training.","scope":"Conditional vector-field regression yields the marginal FM parameter gradient under exchange/integrability assumptions; Gaussian path design includes conditional straight displacement paths and simulation-free CNF training. The method learns a vector field for declared probability paths. Conditional and marginal objectives agree under their stated integrability/regularity conditions; simulation-free training does not remove ODE sampling or optimization costs. Optimal-transport conditional paths are not automatically the globally optimal learned transport. Reported generative metrics are setup-dependent and have not been replayed by WRS.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f2c322bd-9959-4dec-a4e8-a740e25b1fdf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b10d683abf836d76a690ced76baec1c99e7d9806c1b2671ba94d0f60c0a3daac"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"little-stationary-queue-occupancy-proof-1961","title":"Little: a general stationary-queue proof linking occupancy, arrivals and time in system","summary":"Little proved L=λW for consistently defined queue occupancy, arrival rate and sojourn time under finite-mean strict stationarity and an ergodic interarrival process, extending earlier heuristic and special-model uses of the relation.\n\nHow many requests are usually inside a system? How long do they stay? Little’s relation connects these quantities: average occupancy equals the arrival rate multiplied by average time in the system. His1961 article proves this under explicit stationary stochastic-process assumptions, without requiring Poisson arrivals, a particular service distribution or first-come-first-served order. The key counting picture is the area under occupancy over time: it equals customers’ accumulated time inside, with carry-over corrections at the ends of an observation window. Ergodic arguments control the long-run averages and corrections. The same system boundary must be used for all three quantities. If some offered arrivals never enter, combining the offered arrival rate with the mean stay of admitted customers gives the wrong result. One can instead use the admitted rate, or include zero stays for rejected arrivals. The formula was already known heuristically and for particular models; this record recognizes the broader proof. Little explicitly credited H.Newton Garber with the key occupancy definition and its implications.","boundary":"The identity relates long-run occupancy, arrival rate and time in system under the paper’s stationarity/existence and accounting assumptions. It is not a pointwise identity for every finite interval or a stability proof when averages do not exist. System boundaries and customer accounting must agree. Later transient and generalized formulations are separate.","area":"Mathematics and statistics","topic":"Queueing theory and stochastic systems","year":1961,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"little-stationary-queue-occupancy-proof-1961","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af81ffde-1084-426d-a289-35e22a6d2f99","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b952a3eeb3caa5e84f684e96c60e8bbcb84ba64390cd31ba5207c4e46b33beae"},"humans":["John D. C. Little"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-little-stationary-queue-occupancy-proof-1961-article","title":"Little: a general stationary-queue proof linking occupancy, arrivals and time in system — complete assessed article text","url":"https://br.k21.global/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Littles-Law-Lei-de-Little-Artigo-Original.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-little-stationary-queue-occupancy-proof-1961-publisher","title":"INFORMS original publication metadata and abstract: A Proof for the Queuing Formula","url":"https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/opre.9.3.383"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"little-stationary-queue-occupancy-proof-1961","entry_id":"little-stationary-queue-occupancy-proof-1961","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af81ffde-1084-426d-a289-35e22a6d2f99","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b952a3eeb3caa5e84f684e96c60e8bbcb84ba64390cd31ba5207c4e46b33beae"},"what_changed":"Little proved L=λW for consistently defined queue occupancy, arrival rate and sojourn time under finite-mean strict stationarity and an ergodic interarrival process, extending earlier heuristic and special-model uses of the relation.","scope":"Little proved L=λW for consistently defined queue occupancy, arrival rate and sojourn time under finite-mean strict stationarity and an ergodic interarrival process, extending earlier heuristic and special-model uses of the relation. The identity relates long-run occupancy, arrival rate and time in system under the paper’s stationarity/existence and accounting assumptions. It is not a pointwise identity for every finite interval or a stability proof when averages do not exist. System boundaries and customer accounting must agree. Later transient and generalized formulations are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af81ffde-1084-426d-a289-35e22a6d2f99","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b952a3eeb3caa5e84f684e96c60e8bbcb84ba64390cd31ba5207c4e46b33beae"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lll-lattice-reduction-rational-factorization-1982","title":"LLL: find short lattice vectors and factor rational polynomials efficiently","summary":"Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász gave a polynomial-time lattice-basis reduction algorithm with short-vector approximation guarantees and used it to factor univariate polynomials over the rational numbers in polynomial time.\n\nA lattice is a regular collection of points generated by integer combinations of basis vectors. A poor basis can hide short vectors; the 1982 LLL paper gave a polynomial-time way to replace it with a better basis while preserving the same lattice. The resulting vectors are provably short relative to the shortest possibilities, although they need not be exactly shortest. The authors then represented a polynomial factor as a small vector in a lattice defined by modular divisibility. Enough modular precision separates genuine factors from other vectors, giving a polynomial-time method to factor univariate polynomials over the rational numbers. The algorithm uses earlier finite-field factorization, Hensel lifting and polynomial-size bounds, which retain their own credit. Integer factorization is a different problem: the integer content of a nonprimitive polynomial is not magically factored by this theorem. Later stronger reduction methods, cryptographic uses and faster implementations remain separate contributions. The paper also credits Cuppen for an algorithmic improvement without adding him to its three-author byline.","boundary":"The algorithm reduces a lattice basis under specified rational/integer input and size-reduction/Lovász conditions; it does not generally find an exact shortest vector. Its polynomial bit bound includes input size. Polynomial factorization uses its own coefficient and precision assumptions. Later stronger reductions, floating-point variants and practical cryptographic successes are separate.","area":"Computational number theory","topic":"Lattice basis reduction","year":1982,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lll-lattice-reduction-rational-factorization-1982","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aacc038e-75f0-4ae4-ab47-e4d5f6c5a5ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e7735a1bbb8936770ad906d0e09f84689d5cb8c8a9a8511101955a4554ecb18d"},"humans":["A. K. Lenstra","H. W. Lenstra Jr.","L. Lovász"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lenstra-fixed-dimensional-integer-programming-1983","shor-algorithm","pollard-rho-factorization-1975"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lll1982-author-journal-original","title":"Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovasz, Factoring Polynomials with Rational Coefficients, MathAnn261(4)515-534(1982), author-hosted journal original","url":"https://pub.math.leidenuniv.nl/~lenstrahw/PUBLICATIONS/1982f/art.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-lll1982-publisher-metadata","title":"Publisher Crossref deposit for10.1007/BF01457454","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF01457454"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"lll-lattice-reduction-rational-factorization-1982","entry_id":"lll-lattice-reduction-rational-factorization-1982","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aacc038e-75f0-4ae4-ab47-e4d5f6c5a5ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e7735a1bbb8936770ad906d0e09f84689d5cb8c8a9a8511101955a4554ecb18d"},"what_changed":"Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász gave a polynomial-time lattice-basis reduction algorithm with short-vector approximation guarantees and used it to factor univariate polynomials over the rational numbers in polynomial time.","scope":"Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász gave a polynomial-time lattice-basis reduction algorithm with short-vector approximation guarantees and used it to factor univariate polynomials over the rational numbers in polynomial time. The algorithm reduces a lattice basis under specified rational/integer input and size-reduction/Lovász conditions; it does not generally find an exact shortest vector. Its polynomial bit bound includes input size. Polynomial factorization uses its own coefficient and precision assumptions. Later stronger reductions, floating-point variants and practical cryptographic successes are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aacc038e-75f0-4ae4-ab47-e4d5f6c5a5ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e7735a1bbb8936770ad906d0e09f84689d5cb8c8a9a8511101955a4554ecb18d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lomb-least-squares-irregular-frequency-statistics-1976","title":"Lomb: statistical analysis of least-squares spectra for irregular observations","summary":"Lomb analyzes sinusoidal least-squares spectra for unequally spaced observations, deriving fixed-frequency Gaussian-noise behavior and the correlation of spectral heights at different frequencies, with astronomical numerical illustrations.\n\nAstronomical observations often arrive at irregular times because daylight, weather and telescope access interrupt sampling. Fitting a sinusoid at each candidate frequency gives a meaningful least-squares measure of how much variation that frequency explains. Lomb studies how this measure behaves under random noise and why apparent peaks at different frequencies can be related. That makes the spectrum easier to interpret, but it does not make the largest peak a guaranteed true period. Searching many frequencies, estimating the mean or variance, and resolving sampling aliases require additional care.","boundary":"The target is the 1976 Astrophysics and Space Science 39(2), pages 447-462 paper. The formulas are not an independently certified executable transcription. Fits sine/cosine coefficients at a given frequency with zero-mean observations, independent zero-mean equal-variance errors and a nonsingular two-column design. Fixed-frequency Gaussian-noise reduction is scaled chi-square with two degrees of freedom; subtracting a sample mean or estimating variance requires the corresponding covariance/distribution treatment. Numerical examples use an observed-variance approximation; normalized power is not automatically that same chi-square variable. Cross-frequency correlation and aliases remain; searched-maximum significance does not follow from independent fixed-frequency tests. Section 5 approximations and the reported 11 noise/10 signal simulations are not universal guarantees. A noise-free pattern match need not identify a unique period: integer-time aliases can coincide. Earlier Barning/Vanicek and later Scargle work remain distinct; no complete proof certification.","area":"Astronomical time-series statistics","topic":"Statistics","year":1976,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"lomb-least-squares-irregular-frequency-statistics-1976","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b0bf969-f976-4085-a000-92a18616ad9e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ff2f553223bab412edea7d6c1112fda2e43ea4ad61db1297904d8f2658fb904"},"humans":["N. R. Lomb"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["cooley-tukey-fft","leavitt-period-luminosity"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lomb1976-original","title":"Lomb: statistical analysis of least-squares spectra for irregular observations; exact original technical journal scan","url":"https://bayes.wustl.edu/Manual/LeastSquaresLomb.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-lomb1976-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited exact1976 Lomb journal identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF00648343"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"lomb-least-squares-irregular-frequency-statistics-1976","entry_id":"lomb-least-squares-irregular-frequency-statistics-1976","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b0bf969-f976-4085-a000-92a18616ad9e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ff2f553223bab412edea7d6c1112fda2e43ea4ad61db1297904d8f2658fb904"},"what_changed":"Lomb analyzes sinusoidal least-squares spectra for unequally spaced observations, deriving fixed-frequency Gaussian-noise behavior and the correlation of spectral heights at different frequencies, with astronomical numerical illustrations.","scope":"Lomb analyzes sinusoidal least-squares spectra for unequally spaced observations, deriving fixed-frequency Gaussian-noise behavior and the correlation of spectral heights at different frequencies, with astronomical numerical illustrations. The target is the 1976 Astrophysics and Space Science 39(2), pages 447-462 paper. The formulas are not an independently certified executable transcription. Fits sine/cosine coefficients at a given frequency with zero-mean observations, independent zero-mean equal-variance errors and a nonsingular two-column design. Fixed-frequency Gaussian-noise reduction is scaled chi-square with two degrees of freedom; subtracting a sample mean or estimating variance requires the corresponding covariance/distribution treatment. Numerical examples use an observed-variance approximation; normalized power is not automatically that same chi-square variable. Cross-frequency correlation and aliases remain; searched-maximum significance does not follow from independent fixed-frequency tests. Section 5 approximations and the reported 11 noise/10 signal simulations are not universal guarantees. A noise-free pattern match need not identify a unique period: integer-time aliases can coincide. Earlier Barning/Vanicek and later Scargle work remain distinct; no complete proof certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b0bf969-f976-4085-a000-92a18616ad9e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ff2f553223bab412edea7d6c1112fda2e43ea4ad61db1297904d8f2658fb904"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"london-magnetic-screening-phenomenology-1935","title":"Fritz and Heinz London: describing magnetic screening in a superconductor","summary":"The1935paper postulates a phenomenological current-field relation that captures magnetic screening rather than merely preserving whichever field was initially present.\n\nPerfect electrical conduction by itself can preserve a field already inside a material. The Meissner experiment showed a different phenomenon: entering a superconducting state expels magnetic field from the superconducting interior. Fritz and Heinz London build a magnetic response relation to describe that observation, with fields and currents concentrated near a surface over a material-dependent length. They also explore electrostatic, energy and interface extensions. Those extensions contain provisional choices and unresolved conditions, and their proposed quantum explanation remains a research programme. The target is the magnetic phenomenological advance, with the earlier experiment and later microscopic theories credited separately.","boundary":"The admitted result is a phenomenological magnetic-current/field relation giving screening over a material-dependent length instead of generic flux freezing. The 1935 electrostatic/covariant supplement and all proposed boundary/heat statements are historical model claims, not uniformly established modern facts. Original 76 restricts the potential representation to simply-connected bodies and defers multiply-connected extension. Sphere/infinite-wire examples assume stated geometry and interface conditions; the superconducting/normal interface radius is undetermined without an extra condition, and the minimum-heat choice is expressly a conjectural supplement. Quantum coupling/eigenstate discussion is a programme, not a solved microscopic origin. Qualitative transition-curve resemblance is not a certified measurement fit. All target 71–88 text read; Original Meissner experiment,1936 revision, later Ginzburg-Landau/BCS and applications are distinct. No universal exclusion of vortices, arbitrary fields, all materials or arbitrary topology claimed.","area":"Superconductivity","topic":"Physics","year":1935,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"london-magnetic-screening-phenomenology-1935","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b954e58-8549-4638-a79d-5d7817f29553","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80c26d27b06263178c3809f98a24117b6568cd899eebdb0701cb1b2a6423ec76"},"humans":["Fritz London","Heinz London"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["meissner-ochsenfeld-magnetic-flux-expulsion-1933","ginzburg-landau-superconductivity-1950"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-london-superconductivity-1935-original","title":"F.andH.London, Electromagnetic Equations of the Supraconductor(1935), original71–88","url":"https://w2agz.com/Library/Classic%20Papers%20in%20Superconductivity/London%20%26%20London%2C%20Proc%20Roy%20Soc%20London%20A149%2C%2071%20%281935%29.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-london-1935-publisher-metadata","title":"Royal Society metadata for London1935 electromagnetic paper","url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1935.0048"},{"id":"wrs24-london-duke-bibliography","title":"Duke Physics: Fritz London target bibliography","url":"https://physics.duke.edu/publications-fritz-london"},{"id":"wrs24-london-oxford-identity","title":"Oxford Physics: Clarendon physicists Fritz and Heinz London","url":"https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/news/90-years-low-temperature-physics-oxford"},{"id":"wrs24-london-1936-followup-preview","title":"F.London1936 macroscopic-field note, publisher preview","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/137991b0"}],"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"london-magnetic-screening-phenomenology-1935","entry_id":"london-magnetic-screening-phenomenology-1935","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b954e58-8549-4638-a79d-5d7817f29553","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80c26d27b06263178c3809f98a24117b6568cd899eebdb0701cb1b2a6423ec76"},"what_changed":"A phenomenological magnetic-response law distinguishes Meissner screening from simple flux freezing while leaving microscopic/interface questions open.","scope":"A phenomenological magnetic-response law distinguishes Meissner screening from simple flux freezing while leaving microscopic/interface questions open. The admitted result is a phenomenological magnetic-current/field relation giving screening over a material-dependent length instead of generic flux freezing. The 1935 electrostatic/covariant supplement and all proposed boundary/heat statements are historical model claims, not uniformly established modern facts. Original 76 restricts the potential representation to simply-connected bodies and defers multiply-connected extension. Sphere/infinite-wire examples assume stated geometry and interface conditions; the superconducting/normal interface radius is undetermined without an extra condition, and the minimum-heat choice is expressly a conjectural supplement. Quantum coupling/eigenstate discussion is a programme, not a solved microscopic origin. Qualitative transition-curve resemblance is not a certified measurement fit. All target 71–88 text read; Original Meissner experiment,1936 revision, later Ginzburg-Landau/BCS and applications are distinct. No universal exclusion of vortices, arbitrary fields, all materials or arbitrary topology claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b954e58-8549-4638-a79d-5d7817f29553","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80c26d27b06263178c3809f98a24117b6568cd899eebdb0701cb1b2a6423ec76"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lorentz-moving-electromagnetic-systems-1904","title":"Lorentz: transformed variables for moving electromagnetic systems","summary":"Lorentz developed spatial, local-time and field substitutions for uniformly moving electromagnetic systems and linked corresponding states to selected null optical experiments under explicit force and deformation assumptions.\n\nThe paper seeks a common explanation for several unsuccessful attempts to detect Earth's motion, instead of a separate hypothesis for each experiment. Changes of coordinates, local time and fields connect a moving model with a corresponding reference description. Additional assumptions about electrons and forces are part of the argument, and their historical status remains visible. Einstein's later interpretation is a distinct contribution.","boundary":"This is the original ether/electron-model construction, not the complete later special-relativity interpretation or a proof of covariance for every charge/current system and force. Its material-deformation and electromagnetic-mass assumptions are historical. The account covers selected source passages; it does not independently reconstruct all derivations or certify every formula.","area":"Moving electromagnetic systems","topic":"Physics","year":1904,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"lorentz-moving-electromagnetic-systems-1904","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ca929f9d-a46e-4500-a2d5-239549aa750b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e97dffcd7d8faa265dc5ad2ec3c586d6491e598cc249c3b7d0d35ea84aa1ab91"},"humans":["Hendrik Antoon Lorentz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["maxwell"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lorentz-moving-systems-1904","title":"H. A. Lorentz, Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light, KNAW Proceedings 6 (1903–1904), 809–831","url":"https://pages.jh.edu/rrynasi1/PhysicalPrinciples/literature/Lorentz1904ElectromagneticPhenomenaInASystemMovingWithAnyVelocitySmallerThanThatOfLight.pdf"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"lorentz-moving-electromagnetic-systems-1904","entry_id":"lorentz-moving-electromagnetic-systems-1904","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ca929f9d-a46e-4500-a2d5-239549aa750b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e97dffcd7d8faa265dc5ad2ec3c586d6491e598cc249c3b7d0d35ea84aa1ab91"},"what_changed":"Changes of spatial, local-time and field variables seek a common corresponding-state explanation for selected electromagnetic/optical consequences under uniform subluminal translation and additional material assumptions.","scope":"Changes of spatial, local-time and field variables seek a common corresponding-state explanation for selected electromagnetic/optical consequences under uniform subluminal translation and additional material assumptions. This is the original ether/electron-model construction, not the complete later special-relativity interpretation or a proof of covariance for every charge/current system and force. Its material-deformation and electromagnetic-mass assumptions are historical. The account covers selected source passages; it does not independently reconstruct all derivations or certify every formula.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ca929f9d-a46e-4500-a2d5-239549aa750b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e97dffcd7d8faa265dc5ad2ec3c586d6491e598cc249c3b7d0d35ea84aa1ab91"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lorenz-available-potential-energy-circulation-framework-1955","title":"Lorenz: measure usable atmospheric energy and trace circulation energy transfers","summary":"Lorenz formulates atmospheric available potential energy relative to an adiabatic minimum reference, derives approximate temperature-variance measures and organizes zonal/eddy energy generation, conversion and dissipation.\n\nA large energy store is not necessarily usable. An atmosphere can contain abundant gravitational and internal energy yet have no energy available to drive motion if its mass is already arranged in a stable horizontal reference state. Building explicitly on Margules, Lorenz measures the excess over a minimum accessible by adiabatic rearrangement. He connects that quantity to approximate temperature contrasts and separates large-scale circulation into zonal and eddy energy reservoirs. The resulting accounting explains why heating, cooling, heat transport and momentum transport play different roles. It also separates energy that is available in principle from energy that a particular constrained motion will actually realize. The numerical ratios and circulation budgets in this paper are approximate estimates, not universal constants or a complete weather forecast.","boundary":"The energy definition compares the stated atmospheric state with an admissible reference rearrangement under its thermodynamic assumptions. Available energy differs from total potential energy. Approximate conversions and observational estimates are not a universal circulation forecast or proof of efficiency for every fluid. Later generalized available-energy definitions remain separate.","area":"Earth Science","topic":"Atmospheric energetics and reference-state accounting","year":1955,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"lorenz-available-potential-energy-circulation-framework-1955","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:175ea1dc-98c3-4d77-a7b7-8db3575f191a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:11f9cf00bced7e569d408f584aee7f556c7e71aa75e6beb647217fdb96cf4451"},"humans":["Edward N. Lorenz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lorenz-deterministic-nonperiodic-flow-1963"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lorenz-available-potential-energy-circulation-framework-1955-original","title":"Edward N.Lorenz, Available Potential Energy and the Maintenance of the General Circulation — complete1955original article","url":"https://wind.mit.edu/~emanuel/Lorenz/EdLorenz/Available_Potential_Energy_1955.pdf"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"lorenz-available-potential-energy-circulation-framework-1955","entry_id":"lorenz-available-potential-energy-circulation-framework-1955","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:175ea1dc-98c3-4d77-a7b7-8db3575f191a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:11f9cf00bced7e569d408f584aee7f556c7e71aa75e6beb647217fdb96cf4451"},"what_changed":"Lorenz formulates atmospheric available potential energy relative to an adiabatic minimum reference, derives approximate temperature-variance measures and organizes zonal/eddy energy generation, conversion and dissipation.","scope":"Lorenz formulates atmospheric available potential energy relative to an adiabatic minimum reference, derives approximate temperature-variance measures and organizes zonal/eddy energy generation, conversion and dissipation. The energy definition compares the stated atmospheric state with an admissible reference rearrangement under its thermodynamic assumptions. Available energy differs from total potential energy. Approximate conversions and observational estimates are not a universal circulation forecast or proof of efficiency for every fluid. Later generalized available-energy definitions remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:175ea1dc-98c3-4d77-a7b7-8db3575f191a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:11f9cf00bced7e569d408f584aee7f556c7e71aa75e6beb647217fdb96cf4451"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lucas-kanade-iterative-image-registration-1981","title":"Lucas and Kanade: align images with small gradient-guided steps","summary":"Spatial image gradients guide iterative local least-squares registration, reducing candidate searches and permitting translation, affine and brightness-adjustment extensions.\n\nTo compare two camera views, a computer must find which patches show the same thing. Searching every possible position is expensive. Lucas and Kanade used the way image brightness changes across a patch to estimate a small corrective movement, then repeated the correction. Their least-squares formulation also extends to rotation, scaling, shear and simple brightness changes. This works locally: a good starting estimate and informative image gradients matter. A flat patch supplies no position information, and a single straight edge leaves motion along that edge ambiguous. Smoothing and coarse-to-fine matching can enlarge the useful range but can erase small details. The original stereo system required substantial human guidance. The reported stereo experiment has not been independently reproduced here.","boundary":"The local iterative registration assumes a stated image relation, sufficiently small updates and informative gradients. A singular/poorly conditioned local matrix, large motion or changing appearance can defeat it. The algorithm is not guaranteed global registration of arbitrary image pairs. Pyramids, robust losses and later tracking variants are separate.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Computer vision","year":1981,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lucas-kanade-iterative-image-registration-1981","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:583612ee-6bdf-49e7-ac72-49c3d3699bf8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:beffd2c9eb0da5cfaa66e5d8b72b0267ad15e1bb11554e321a513737a5e3a98b"},"humans":["Bruce D. Lucas","Takeo Kanade"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["harris-stephens-corner-edge-detector-1988","lowe-sift-keypoints-2004"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-lucas-kanade-iterative-image-registration-1981-original","title":"Bruce D. Lucas and Takeo Kanade: An Iterative Image Registration Technique with an Application to Stereo Vision (IJCAI1981)","url":"https://publications.ri.cmu.edu/storage/publications/pub_files/pub3/lucas_bruce_d_1981_1/lucas_bruce_d_1981_1.pdf"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"lucas-kanade-iterative-image-registration-1981","entry_id":"lucas-kanade-iterative-image-registration-1981","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:583612ee-6bdf-49e7-ac72-49c3d3699bf8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:beffd2c9eb0da5cfaa66e5d8b72b0267ad15e1bb11554e321a513737a5e3a98b"},"what_changed":"Spatial image gradients guide iterative local least-squares registration, reducing candidate searches and permitting translation, affine and brightness-adjustment extensions.","scope":"Spatial image gradients guide iterative local least-squares registration, reducing candidate searches and permitting translation, affine and brightness-adjustment extensions. The local iterative registration assumes a stated image relation, sufficiently small updates and informative gradients. A singular/poorly conditioned local matrix, large motion or changing appearance can defeat it. The algorithm is not guaranteed global registration of arbitrary image pairs. Pyramids, robust losses and later tracking variants are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:583612ee-6bdf-49e7-ac72-49c3d3699bf8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:beffd2c9eb0da5cfaa66e5d8b72b0267ad15e1bb11554e321a513737a5e3a98b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"martin-lof-effective-randomness-1966","title":"Martin-Löf: universal effective tests for random sequences","summary":"Martin-Löf constructs universal effective tests and defines infinite random binary sequences by avoidance of effectively specified null tests, connecting finite-string randomness to conditional description complexity.\n\nA sequence can look patternless to one test yet fail another. The paper organizes every test in a precisely defined computable class into a universal test. For infinite fair-coin sequences, randomness means that the evidence for rejection stays bounded as the prefix grows. The theory also treats computable probability distributions and a separate Bernoulli notion based on where successes occur. It gives an individual-sequence foundation for randomness, rather than a finite checklist certifying every observed output.","boundary":"The universal quantifier is over recursively enumerable tests with stated significance bounds, not every conceivable arbitrary set or a practical finite battery. Fair-coin tests, tests for a fixed computable distribution, and conditional Bernoulli tests are distinct constructions. Finite critical levels depend on the test up to an additive constant; the infinite definition is invariant under universal-test choice. Finite complexity uses plain conditional program length given length/counts, not later prefix-free characterizations silently substituted. Almost-sure statements apply to the declared measure or Bernoulli class, not causal trust, scientific correctness or cryptographic unpredictability. Any finite prefix admits a computable nonrandom extension, so finite successful tests cannot certify infinite randomness. The final convergence proof sketches a recursive bound rather than fully displaying it. Full proof/glyph certification and experiment replay were not performed.","area":"Algorithmic randomness","topic":"Mathematics","year":1966,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"martin-lof-effective-randomness-1966","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5adc9418-22c9-4af0-a010-94601b5a7c56","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:13c5891f3414cdf01beb7ac4f3b1a67c06b383cbf14bbf1352e0dfcb656af29a"},"humans":["Per Martin-Löf"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["kolmogorov-algorithmic-information-1965","solomonoff-formal-inductive-inference-i-1964","kolmogorov-probability"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-martin-lof-random-sequences-1966-original","title":"Per Martin-Löf, The Definition of Random Sequences (Information and Control 9,602-619,December1966), original article scan","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/michaelt/martin-lof/master/pdfs/Definition-of-Random-Sequences-1966.pdf"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"martin-lof-effective-randomness-1966","entry_id":"martin-lof-effective-randomness-1966","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5adc9418-22c9-4af0-a010-94601b5a7c56","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:13c5891f3414cdf01beb7ac4f3b1a67c06b383cbf14bbf1352e0dfcb656af29a"},"what_changed":"Martin-Löf constructs universal effective tests and defines infinite random binary sequences by avoidance of effectively specified null tests, connecting finite-string randomness to conditional description complexity.","scope":"Martin-Löf constructs universal effective tests and defines infinite random binary sequences by avoidance of effectively specified null tests, connecting finite-string randomness to conditional description complexity. The universal quantifier is over recursively enumerable tests with stated significance bounds, not every conceivable arbitrary set or a practical finite battery. Fair-coin tests, tests for a fixed computable distribution, and conditional Bernoulli tests are distinct constructions. Finite critical levels depend on the test up to an additive constant; the infinite definition is invariant under universal-test choice. Finite complexity uses plain conditional program length given length/counts, not later prefix-free characterizations silently substituted. Almost-sure statements apply to the declared measure or Bernoulli class, not causal trust, scientific correctness or cryptographic unpredictability. Any finite prefix admits a computable nonrandom extension, so finite successful tests cannot certify infinite randomness. The final convergence proof sketches a recursive bound rather than fully displaying it. Full proof/glyph certification and experiment replay were not performed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5adc9418-22c9-4af0-a010-94601b5a7c56","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:13c5891f3414cdf01beb7ac4f3b1a67c06b383cbf14bbf1352e0dfcb656af29a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"matsuno-equatorial-wave-framework-1966","title":"Matsuno: a wave framework for the equator","summary":"Matsuno solved a simplified rotating-fluid model to connect equatorial gravity and Rossby waves, distinguish a Kelvin-like branch and calculate one bounded stationary forced response.\n\nNear the equator, the rotational influence changes sign across a narrow belt. Matsuno kept that variation in a linear shallow-layer model and used Hermite-shaped modes to organize the waves that can travel along it. The lowest westward mode changes continuously between gravity-like and Rossby-like behavior, so the usual assumption of a clean frequency gap fails for that mode. A separate Kelvin-like solution travels eastward with no meridional velocity. In a damped example with alternating sources and sinks, the model produces a strong equatorial current and split pressure cells. The paper proposes ways to understand real atmosphere and ocean motions, while explicitly requiring observational tests and preserving earlier trapping work and Rosenthal’s overlapping result.","boundary":"Linear small perturbations of a homogeneous incompressible hydrostatic free-surface layer, constant mean depth, equatorial beta-plane f=beta*y, longitudinal harmonic waves and decay at meridional infinity. For n>=1 three branches; n=0 requires excluding a spurious cubic root and has a mixed westward branch; the v=0 Kelvin-like branch is separate. Finite spherical boundaries and near-equator/low-frequency approximations matter. Section 8 forced circulation uses periodic mass sources/sinks and equal linear damping; this is not free-wave observation or a universal heating response. Section 9 vertical-mode extension requires stable stratification, separability and suitable eigenfunctions/boundaries; completeness is conditional there. Prior trapping work and Rosenthal 1965 overlap are acknowledged. Original 41–42 explicitly leaves actual atmospheric/oceanic realization to testing. incomplete equation glyphs and uninspected figures prevent exact formula certification. No independent reconstruction, forecast skill test, nonlinear stability or observational discovery claimed.","area":"Atmospheric dynamics","topic":"Earth science","year":1966,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"matsuno-equatorial-wave-framework-1966","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e72ddd31-3189-4271-a14d-ca03168a1ee8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b661d7ba25f4bd17c50da105cf740f077ef678a0786d65f13673c9f0f37f383"},"humans":["Taroh Matsuno"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["milankovitch-insolation"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-matsuno-1966-original","title":"Matsuno, Quasi-Geostrophic Motions in the Equatorial Area (1966), original pp.25–43","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj1965/44/1/44_1_25/_pdf/-char/en"},{"id":"wrs24-matsuno-1966-publisher-metadata","title":"J-STAGE publisher metadata, DOI10.2151/jmsj1965.44.1_25","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj1965/44/1/44_1_25/_article"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"matsuno-equatorial-wave-framework-1966","entry_id":"matsuno-equatorial-wave-framework-1966","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e72ddd31-3189-4271-a14d-ca03168a1ee8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b661d7ba25f4bd17c50da105cf740f077ef678a0786d65f13673c9f0f37f383"},"what_changed":"A coherent modal framework retaining latitude-varying rotation resolves the mixed lowest westward branch, the separate Kelvin-like solution and a controlled forced-response example.","scope":"A coherent modal framework retaining latitude-varying rotation resolves the mixed lowest westward branch, the separate Kelvin-like solution and a controlled forced-response example. Linear small perturbations of a homogeneous incompressible hydrostatic free-surface layer, constant mean depth, equatorial beta-plane f=beta*y, longitudinal harmonic waves and decay at meridional infinity. For n>=1 three branches; n=0 requires excluding a spurious cubic root and has a mixed westward branch; the v=0 Kelvin-like branch is separate. Finite spherical boundaries and near-equator/low-frequency approximations matter. Section 8 forced circulation uses periodic mass sources/sinks and equal linear damping; this is not free-wave observation or a universal heating response. Section 9 vertical-mode extension requires stable stratification, separability and suitable eigenfunctions/boundaries; completeness is conditional there. Prior trapping work and Rosenthal 1965 overlap are acknowledged. Original 41–42 explicitly leaves actual atmospheric/oceanic realization to testing. incomplete equation glyphs and uninspected figures prevent exact formula certification. No independent reconstruction, forecast skill test, nonlinear stability or observational discovery claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e72ddd31-3189-4271-a14d-ca03168a1ee8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b661d7ba25f4bd17c50da105cf740f077ef678a0786d65f13673c9f0f37f383"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mattern-vector-time-causal-order-1989","title":"Mattern: vector time that preserves distributed causal order","summary":"Mattern formulated vector-valued logical time that captures potential causal order and concurrency, connected possible time vectors with the lattice of consistent cuts, and described distributed debugging applications.\n\nA distributed system has no single clock that reveals what every process knows. Ordinary logical clocks ensure that an earlier causal event has a smaller timestamp, but smaller scalar timestamps can also belong to unrelated events. Vector time keeps one component for each process. A process advances its own component and merges received knowledge using componentwise maxima. Comparing two complete event vectors then distinguishes potential causal ancestry from concurrency in the fully instrumented message-passing model. Mattern also connects consistent global cuts with a lattice of possible vector times, providing a language for reasoning about distributed state. The inspected edited author reprint explicitly acknowledges that Colin J. Fidge independently suggested and discussed vectors of logical clocks. It also credits earlier version vectors for detecting conflicting file copies. This record covers Mattern's specific formulation and cut-lattice account, rather than granting him sole invention of every vector-clock idea. The original Fidge paper remains a separately identified source needing full-body inspection. A causal path means that influence was possible; it does not prove that an earlier event actually caused a later outcome, recover wall-clock timing or reveal every direct message edge.","boundary":"The timestamp construction uses a specified distributed-process and message model. Vector comparisons represent causal partial order under correct updates; concurrent events need not receive a unique total order. Metadata grows with the process model, and clocks do not establish wall-clock time, truth or Sybil-resistant identity. Later dynamic/compact versions are separate.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Distributed systems","year":1989,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"mattern-vector-time-causal-order-1989","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c9a95186-a4ea-44b8-a2a2-6931077d446b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f27c103e710f413bc258b11e56c6f8ba4309dae71cca6fb48d0e6dd523fb751f"},"humans":["Friedemann Mattern"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lamport-logical-clocks","chandy-lamport-distributed-snapshots-1985"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-mattern-vector-time-causal-order-1989-edited-author-version","title":"Mattern, Virtual Time and Global States of Distributed Systems — edited author-posted version","url":"https://vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/VirtTimeGlobStates.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-mattern-vector-time-causal-order-1989-author-bibliography","title":"Mattern author institutional bibliography: original1989 proceedings and1994 reprint","url":"https://vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/bibtex.html?file=papers/VirtTimeGlobStates"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"mattern-vector-time-causal-order-1989","entry_id":"mattern-vector-time-causal-order-1989","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c9a95186-a4ea-44b8-a2a2-6931077d446b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f27c103e710f413bc258b11e56c6f8ba4309dae71cca6fb48d0e6dd523fb751f"},"what_changed":"Mattern formulated vector-valued logical time that captures potential causal order and concurrency, connected possible time vectors with the lattice of consistent cuts, and described distributed debugging applications.","scope":"Mattern formulated vector-valued logical time that captures potential causal order and concurrency, connected possible time vectors with the lattice of consistent cuts, and described distributed debugging applications. The timestamp construction uses a specified distributed-process and message model. Vector comparisons represent causal partial order under correct updates; concurrent events need not receive a unique total order. Metadata grows with the process model, and clocks do not establish wall-clock time, truth or Sybil-resistant identity. Later dynamic/compact versions are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c9a95186-a4ea-44b8-a2a2-6931077d446b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f27c103e710f413bc258b11e56c6f8ba4309dae71cca6fb48d0e6dd523fb751f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"maxwell-governors-1868","title":"Maxwell: dynamical stability of mechanical governors","summary":"Maxwell represented disturbances of regulated machinery with differential equations and connected decaying or growing disturbances to the real parts of characteristic roots.\n\nA governor can overcorrect and produce increasing oscillations. Examining the roots turns that practical problem into a dynamical calculation, contributing a different piece of science from Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.","boundary":"The inspected opening treats disturbances near steady motion. Maxwell explicitly did not give general stability conditions beyond the third-order cases considered; this is not a universal nonlinear stability criterion.","area":"Feedback control","topic":"Feedback control","year":1868,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"maxwell-governors-1868","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f69e04a-9934-4288-ad2c-df431cd50824","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:60eb38658731883d14d72d83716134129f750300172b9a80deb0439d922f8796"},"humans":["James Clerk Maxwell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["maxwell"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-maxwell-governors-1868","title":"On Governors (1868)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1867.0055"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"maxwell-governors-1868","entry_id":"maxwell-governors-1868","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f69e04a-9934-4288-ad2c-df431cd50824","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:60eb38658731883d14d72d83716134129f750300172b9a80deb0439d922f8796"},"what_changed":"Characteristic-root behavior links a regulator's parameters to decaying or growing disturbances and oscillations in specified low-order models.","scope":"Characteristic-root behavior links a regulator's parameters to decaying or growing disturbances and oscillations in specified low-order models. The inspected opening treats disturbances near steady motion. Maxwell explicitly did not give general stability conditions beyond the third-order cases considered; this is not a universal nonlinear stability criterion.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f69e04a-9934-4288-ad2c-df431cd50824","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:60eb38658731883d14d72d83716134129f750300172b9a80deb0439d922f8796"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mckenzie-parker-spherical-tectonics-1967","title":"McKenzie and Parker: testing rigid plate motion on a sphere","summary":"McKenzie and Parker modeled rigid plates as rotations on a sphere and tested a common North Pacific rotation pole against published shallow-earthquake slip directions.\n\nA plate moving on the curved Earth cannot be represented everywhere by the same flat-map translation. McKenzie and Parker used a rotation axis to organize the relative movement of two rigid plates. Transform faults run along small circles about that axis; elsewhere the relative motion can create or consume crust. They estimated a North Pacific pole from two direction constraints, then compared predicted directions with published earthquake solutions. In a Mercator map centered on that pole, compatible slip directions become parallel, making the prediction easy to inspect. Most of the tested shallow-earthquake solutions agreed within the paper's stated angular tolerance, with local exceptions discussed explicitly. The work links different fault mechanisms to one regional motion model. It describes instantaneous kinematics, rather than the forces driving plates or a verified account of every historical and worldwide motion.","boundary":"Approximately rigid aseismic plates on a sphere; relative motion is an instantaneous Euler rotation. Transform slip gives direction, not rate; additional spreading-rate evidence is needed. Local planar velocity circuits apply rigorously only at infinitesimal junctions; global circuits use angular velocities, not summed finite rotations. North Pacific pole is constrained by San Andreas and Kodiak directions; about 80 published shallow-earthquake solutions were tested. Published data are not newly replayed; fit uncertainties and local exceptions remain. Mercator preserves local angles, not velocities near poles. Model is explicitly instantaneous phenomenology, excludes intermediate/deep-focus earthquakes and leaves driving mechanism and plate evolution unresolved. The target covers pages 1276-1280. The original header dates the paper December 30, 1967; some catalogue metadata instead displays December 1. The assessed contribution is limited to this tectonics paper. The regional field-data analysis has not been independently reproduced here.","area":"Geophysics","topic":"Plate tectonics","year":1967,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"mckenzie-parker-spherical-tectonics-1967","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fbc5c1eb-5056-4ef1-aaee-ed036d23c4ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3298517831985c22b30d2a15254f6eeca9b4dd96dbb4437fb820abd65a57481"},"humans":["D. P. McKenzie","R. L. Parker"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["vine-matthews-magnetic-ridges","hess-ocean-basins-model-1962","wilson-transform-faults-1965"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-mckenzieparker1967-original-body","title":"D. P. McKenzie and R. L. Parker, The North Pacific: an Example of Tectonics on a Sphere, original Nature scan, Alberta copy","url":"https://sites.ualberta.ca/~unsworth/UA-classes/699/2011/pdf/McKenzie_Plate_Tectonics_on_sphere_NATURE_1967.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-mckenzieparker1967-publisher-metadata","title":"Publisher Crossref deposit for McKenzie/Parker1967 spherical tectonics","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2F2161276a0"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"mckenzie-parker-spherical-tectonics-1967","entry_id":"mckenzie-parker-spherical-tectonics-1967","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fbc5c1eb-5056-4ef1-aaee-ed036d23c4ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3298517831985c22b30d2a15254f6eeca9b4dd96dbb4437fb820abd65a57481"},"what_changed":"McKenzie and Parker modeled rigid plates as rotations on a sphere and tested a common North Pacific rotation pole against published shallow-earthquake slip directions.","scope":"McKenzie and Parker modeled rigid plates as rotations on a sphere and tested a common North Pacific rotation pole against published shallow-earthquake slip directions. Approximately rigid aseismic plates on a sphere; relative motion is an instantaneous Euler rotation. Transform slip gives direction, not rate; additional spreading-rate evidence is needed. Local planar velocity circuits apply rigorously only at infinitesimal junctions; global circuits use angular velocities, not summed finite rotations. North Pacific pole is constrained by San Andreas and Kodiak directions; about 80 published shallow-earthquake solutions were tested. Published data are not newly replayed; fit uncertainties and local exceptions remain. Mercator preserves local angles, not velocities near poles. Model is explicitly instantaneous phenomenology, excludes intermediate/deep-focus earthquakes and leaves driving mechanism and plate evolution unresolved. The target covers pages 1276-1280. The original header dates the paper December 30, 1967; some catalogue metadata instead displays December 1. The assessed contribution is limited to this tectonics paper. The regional field-data analysis has not been independently reproduced here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fbc5c1eb-5056-4ef1-aaee-ed036d23c4ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3298517831985c22b30d2a15254f6eeca9b4dd96dbb4437fb820abd65a57481"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"merkle-puzzles-public-channel-key-selection-1978","title":"Merkle’s puzzles: agreeing on a key in public","summary":"Merkle describes selecting a shared key over a publicly readable but integrity-protected channel using many deliberately solvable encrypted puzzles, producing a quadratic passive-search work gap in the stated classical model.\n\nTwo people usually need an already secret key to begin encrypted communication. Ralph C. Merkle explores another possibility: one person publishes many puzzles, each containing a hidden identifier and a future communication key. The other person chooses and solves one puzzle, then returns its identifier. The creator can recover the matching key cheaply; a passive observer does not know which published puzzle has that identifier and must search many of them. In the paper’s model, the communicating parties do work proportional to the number of puzzles while the observer’s average search cost grows quadratically. This is a conceptual separation rather than a practical modern security guarantee. It depends on strong underlying encryption, randomness and an integrity-protected key channel. The paper acknowledges that its quadratic gap is expensive and adds later public-key developments to its original proposal. This contribution differs from Merkle’s hash-tree work and is represented by the published 1978 paper, which records submission in August 1975.","boundary":"The puzzle protocol uses the stated computational work and random-choice model. Its honest/adversarial work gap is not an unconditional secrecy theorem or modern practical public-key deployment recommendation. Eavesdropping, active interference and cryptographic assumptions require separate analysis. Earlier conception, publication and later schemes should not be counted as separate discoveries.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Cryptographic foundations","year":1978,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"merkle-puzzles-public-channel-key-selection-1978","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:262d4a92-f206-41cb-a367-d771761bdb0b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be7f8cb941bca0aa8c1fe084451f5bbdff2323363828b0f93ae0bd37c2b30372"},"humans":["Ralph C. Merkle"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-merkle-puzzles-public-channel-key-selection-1978-original","title":"Merkle1978: Secure communications over insecure channels","url":"https://parthad.com/Teaching/539-CommonFiles/Merkle-Paper.PDF"},{"id":"wrs24-merkle-puzzles-public-channel-key-selection-1978-original-later","title":"Brassard/Hoyer/Kalach/Kaplan/Laplante/Salvail: Key establishment a la Merkle in a quantum world","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.2316v2"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"merkle-puzzles-public-channel-key-selection-1978","entry_id":"merkle-puzzles-public-channel-key-selection-1978","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:262d4a92-f206-41cb-a367-d771761bdb0b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be7f8cb941bca0aa8c1fe084451f5bbdff2323363828b0f93ae0bd37c2b30372"},"what_changed":"Merkle describes selecting a shared key over a publicly readable but integrity-protected channel using many deliberately solvable encrypted puzzles, producing a quadratic passive-search work gap in the stated classical model.","scope":"Merkle describes selecting a shared key over a publicly readable but integrity-protected channel using many deliberately solvable encrypted puzzles, producing a quadratic passive-search work gap in the stated classical model. The puzzle protocol uses the stated computational work and random-choice model. Its honest/adversarial work gap is not an unconditional secrecy theorem or modern practical public-key deployment recommendation. Eavesdropping, active interference and cryptographic assumptions require separate analysis. Earlier conception, publication and later schemes should not be counted as separate discoveries.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:262d4a92-f206-41cb-a367-d771761bdb0b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be7f8cb941bca0aa8c1fe084451f5bbdff2323363828b0f93ae0bd37c2b30372"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"miller-conditional-deterministic-primality-1976","title":"Miller: conditional efficient deterministic primality testing","summary":"Miller gives deterministic compositeness-witness algorithms and establishes polynomial-bit-length primality testing conditional on the stated Extended Riemann Hypothesis, alongside number-theoretic functional reductions under declared assumptions.\n\nTo decide whether a huge integer is composite, one can look for a short arithmetic witness instead of trying every possible divisor. Miller combines modular-power checks with bounds on how small such witnesses must be. A fast deterministic guarantee follows under his stated Extended Riemann Hypothesis; a separate unconditional algorithm has a weaker cost. The paper also distinguishes checking a proposed factorization from actually finding it. Later randomized tests and unconditional deterministic tests remove different limitations and remain separate contributions.","boundary":"Exact 1976 J. Comput. Deterministic polynomial bit-length primality result assumes source Appendix ERH for stated Dirichlet-character L-functions; unconditional test has a different non-polynomial-bit-length bound. Perfect-power/root/divisor checks and small witnesses remain. Source abstract shorthand and refined theorem bit costs differ; damaged exponent/log glyphs not certified, no guessed exact complexity pasted in. Eulerphi/Carmichael/factorization equivalences and period oracle reductions retain ERH and source reduction/size conditions; recognizable factorization graph is not efficient general factor generation. No resolution of ERH, Pvs NP or factoring. Tiny own modular checks illustrate witnesses, not inherited analytic lemmas/globalproof. No independent scientific certification.","area":"Computational number theory","topic":"Computing","year":1976,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"miller-conditional-deterministic-primality-1976","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64d7a563-d013-4f8e-a9fa-2d04c54bd40c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c56d9f4e62bc12e7ec021fe189a020007b902663a951a727a46351a649ba59c5"},"humans":["Gary L. Miller"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["rsa-cryptosystem","aks-primes-in-p-2004"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-miller1976-original","title":"Miller: conditional efficient deterministic primality testing; exact original journal technical text","url":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~glmiller/Publications/Papers/Mi76.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-miller1976-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited exact 1976 journal identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0022-0000%2876%2980043-8"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"miller-conditional-deterministic-primality-1976","entry_id":"miller-conditional-deterministic-primality-1976","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64d7a563-d013-4f8e-a9fa-2d04c54bd40c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c56d9f4e62bc12e7ec021fe189a020007b902663a951a727a46351a649ba59c5"},"what_changed":"Miller gives deterministic compositeness-witness algorithms and establishes polynomial-bit-length primality testing conditional on the stated Extended Riemann Hypothesis, alongside number-theoretic functional reductions under declared assumptions.","scope":"Miller gives deterministic compositeness-witness algorithms and establishes polynomial-bit-length primality testing conditional on the stated Extended Riemann Hypothesis, alongside number-theoretic functional reductions under declared assumptions. Exact 1976 J. Comput. Deterministic polynomial bit-length primality result assumes source Appendix ERH for stated Dirichlet-character L-functions; unconditional test has a different non-polynomial-bit-length bound. Perfect-power/root/divisor checks and small witnesses remain. Source abstract shorthand and refined theorem bit costs differ; damaged exponent/log glyphs not certified, no guessed exact complexity pasted in. Eulerphi/Carmichael/factorization equivalences and period oracle reductions retain ERH and source reduction/size conditions; recognizable factorization graph is not efficient general factor generation. No resolution of ERH, Pvs NP or factoring. Tiny own modular checks illustrate witnesses, not inherited analytic lemmas/globalproof. No independent scientific certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64d7a563-d013-4f8e-a9fa-2d04c54bd40c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c56d9f4e62bc12e7ec021fe189a020007b902663a951a727a46351a649ba59c5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"milner-type-polymorphism-soundness-1978","title":"Milner: polymorphic typing with a sound inference algorithm","summary":"Milner organized reusable functions that work at different types into a compile-time discipline and Algorithm W, with separate semantic and syntactic soundness theorems for the small applicative language Exp.\n\nLet-bound functions may receive fresh instances of their generic type variables while enclosing parameter types retain their constraints. This permits flexible reuse without the specified type violations. The paper connects the construction to the ML checker already used in Edinburgh LCF.","boundary":"The proof concerns Exp under a respecting environment and its defined type-error semantics. It does not prove termination, arbitrary program correctness or full imperative-ML safety. Completeness/most-general inference is conjectured here, not proved; the stateful polymorphic-list example exposes an extension failure. Hindley's principal schemes and Robinson's unification are inherited, and later Damas–Milner results remain separate.","area":"Programming languages and type systems","topic":"Computer science","year":1978,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"milner-type-polymorphism-soundness-1978","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:788862ae-f8d1-4868-a679-a249ae454274","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64a511d422bc221f3f1c60cc956598b2b5e115049996bf1b39b97c33adeff853"},"humans":["Robin Milner"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hoare-program-logic","robinson-resolution-principle-1965","lisp-recursive-functions"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-milner-type-polymorphism-1978","title":"Robin Milner, A Theory of Type Polymorphism in Programming, Journal of Computer and System Sciences 17(3), 348–375 (1978), DOI 10.1016/0022-0000(78)90014-4","url":"https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/15143545/1_s2.0_0022000078900144_main.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-edinburgh-milner-publication","title":"University of Edinburgh Research Explorer: A theory of type polymorphism in programming","url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/a-theory-of-type-polymorphism-in-programming/"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"milner-type-polymorphism-soundness-1978","entry_id":"milner-type-polymorphism-soundness-1978","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:788862ae-f8d1-4868-a679-a249ae454274","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64a511d422bc221f3f1c60cc956598b2b5e115049996bf1b39b97c33adeff853"},"what_changed":"Let-local polymorphism and constrained non-generic parameter variables are organized into a usable type discipline, a recursive inference algorithm and separate semantic/syntactic soundness theorems for Exp.","scope":"Let-local polymorphism and constrained non-generic parameter variables are organized into a usable type discipline, a recursive inference algorithm and separate semantic/syntactic soundness theorems for Exp. The proof concerns Exp under a respecting environment and its defined type-error semantics. It does not prove termination, arbitrary program correctness or full imperative-ML safety. Completeness/most-general inference is conjectured here, not proved; the stateful polymorphic-list example exposes an extension failure. Hindley's principal schemes and Robinson's unification are inherited, and later Damas–Milner results remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:788862ae-f8d1-4868-a679-a249ae454274","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64a511d422bc221f3f1c60cc956598b2b5e115049996bf1b39b97c33adeff853"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"morgan-spherical-crustal-blocks-1968","title":"Morgan: spherical block motions tested against faults and spreading rates","summary":"Morgan extended transform-boundary geometry to rigid spherical blocks, estimated relative poles and half-spreading rates in several ocean regions, and examined motion-circuit closure with stated uncertainties.\n\nA curved fault trace and a varying spreading speed can be two signatures of the same rotation. Morgan treated a plate pair as a relative rotation with three parameters: the pole latitude, pole longitude and angular speed. Fault directions constrained the pole, while magnetic anomaly spacing constrained the rate. He compared this construction with Atlantic, Pacific–North American and Pacific–Antarctic observations, then estimated an unmeasured pair from a circuit of relative angular velocities. The analysis distinguished present motion from the average motion since continents separated. It also exposed weaknesses: inferred strikes, excluded fault segments, magnetic time-scale choices, uncertain local boundaries and deformation within nominally rigid blocks. The result is a concrete framework and set of historical tests, rather than a validated modern map of every plate. The shared spherical idea in contemporaneous McKenzie–Parker work and the underlying measurements retain separate credit.","boundary":"The kinematic model treats stated crustal blocks as rigid motions on a sphere with relative rotation poles. Its fit and inferred boundaries do not prove a complete dynamical cause of plate motion. Deformation, uncertain observations and changing geometry limit the idealization. Parallel McKenzie–Parker work and later global plate models remain separate.","area":"Geophysics","topic":"Plate tectonics","year":1968,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"morgan-spherical-crustal-blocks-1968","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:825200c7-cb6f-471a-a096-c5ccb852605c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:193f604facaef599bac6a3444c1eab54cc41500b6446218a589ee2a3ecc7376a"},"humans":["W. Jason Morgan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["wilson-transform-faults-1965","mckenzie-parker-spherical-tectonics-1967","vine-matthews-magnetic-ridges"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-morgan1968-original-body","title":"W. Jason Morgan, Rises, Trenches, Great Faults, and Crustal Blocks, original JGR paper, Harvard copy","url":"https://courses.seas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/Courses/EPS281r/Sources/Plate-tectonics/Plate-motion-on-sphere-and-continental-drift/Morgan-1968-JGR.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-morgan1968-publisher-metadata","title":"AGU Crossref deposit for Morgan1968 rigid crustal-block paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1029%2FJB073i006p01959"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"morgan-spherical-crustal-blocks-1968","entry_id":"morgan-spherical-crustal-blocks-1968","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:825200c7-cb6f-471a-a096-c5ccb852605c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:193f604facaef599bac6a3444c1eab54cc41500b6446218a589ee2a3ecc7376a"},"what_changed":"Morgan extended transform-boundary geometry to rigid spherical blocks, estimated relative poles and half-spreading rates in several ocean regions, and examined motion-circuit closure with stated uncertainties.","scope":"Morgan extended transform-boundary geometry to rigid spherical blocks, estimated relative poles and half-spreading rates in several ocean regions, and examined motion-circuit closure with stated uncertainties. The kinematic model treats stated crustal blocks as rigid motions on a sphere with relative rotation poles. Its fit and inferred boundaries do not prove a complete dynamical cause of plate motion. Deformation, uncertain observations and changing geometry limit the idealization. Parallel McKenzie–Parker work and later global plate models remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:825200c7-cb6f-471a-a096-c5ccb852605c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:193f604facaef599bac6a3444c1eab54cc41500b6446218a589ee2a3ecc7376a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"morrison-patricia-compressed-text-index-1968","title":"PATRICIA: indexing genuine branches instead of every prefix","summary":"Morrison described a compact binary-text index that records only genuine branching positions, finds a candidate from selected key bits, verifies it in the text, and enumerates marked occurrences without scanning the entire library.\n\nA long shared prefix does not need a separate stored index node for every bit. PATRICIA keeps only positions at which indexed text phrases genuinely branch, together with numerical links back to the text. The original system marks allowed starts and stops: it retrieves proper occurrences beginning at a designated start and ending before the associated stop, rather than every substring anywhere. FINDONE follows selected branching bits and returns a candidate location. A final text comparison is essential because skipped bits can otherwise produce a false hit. FINDALL traverses the relevant branches to report additional proper occurrences. The article bounds index work by key length and output occurrences under its indexing model, rather than by a scan of the full library. Unique indexed ends are required; the paper explains identifiers and a reverse-library technique for repeated endings. Fredkin’s earlier trie is an explicit predecessor. The contribution assessed here is the 1968 text-index system, not every later compressed radix tree or a guarantee for arbitrary modern databases. Morrison explicitly credits Charlene Lanford with programming the running versions.","boundary":"The compressed branching structure assumes the stated string/key representation and access operations. Search cost depends on key length and representation; it is not constant-time arbitrary-string lookup or a cryptographic data-integrity scheme. Updates and memory costs must be accounted for. Later trie variants retain separate credit.","area":"Computing","topic":"Data structures and information retrieval","year":1968,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"morrison-patricia-compressed-text-index-1968","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6769e6cd-d903-40bb-a33d-027476468d8e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbaba12707de093a330b8e1607aef7594ac215ad153e30e2e830b4fd3cba9823"},"humans":["Donald R. Morrison"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-morrison-patricia-compressed-text-index-1968-original","title":"Donald R. Morrison, PATRICIA—Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded in Alphanumeric (1968)","url":"https://www.oneofus.la/have-emacs-will-hack/files/PatriciaTrie-JACM1968.pdf"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"morrison-patricia-compressed-text-index-1968","entry_id":"morrison-patricia-compressed-text-index-1968","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6769e6cd-d903-40bb-a33d-027476468d8e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbaba12707de093a330b8e1607aef7594ac215ad153e30e2e830b4fd3cba9823"},"what_changed":"Morrison described a compact binary-text index that records only genuine branching positions, finds a candidate from selected key bits, verifies it in the text, and enumerates marked occurrences without scanning the entire library.","scope":"Morrison described a compact binary-text index that records only genuine branching positions, finds a candidate from selected key bits, verifies it in the text, and enumerates marked occurrences without scanning the entire library. The compressed branching structure assumes the stated string/key representation and access operations. Search cost depends on key length and representation; it is not constant-time arbitrary-string lookup or a cryptographic data-integrity scheme. Updates and memory costs must be accounted for. Later trie variants retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6769e6cd-d903-40bb-a33d-027476468d8e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbaba12707de093a330b8e1607aef7594ac215ad153e30e2e830b4fd3cba9823"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914","title":"Moseley: making atomic number experimentally accessible","summary":"Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight.\n\nThe periodic table already organized chemical properties, but atomic weight did not always put elements in the correct order. Moseley made the ordering experimentally accessible: bombard a sample with electrons, measure its characteristic X-ray lines using a crystal spectrometer, and compare the square roots of their frequencies. Across the surveyed elements, these quantities followed nearly regular sequences when elements were assigned successive integers. Cobalt and nickel supported chemical ordering even though their atomic weights ran the other way. The extended 1914 survey also left gaps where further elements could be sought. This gave strong experimental support to van den Broek's prior proposal that the relevant integer tracks nuclear charge. It did not discover or isolate those missing elements. The original relationship was approximate, some spectra and assignments remained incomplete, and the early ring-model explanation had unresolved difficulties. The record combines the two closely connected papers without taking credit for the existing periodic system, crystal-diffraction methods or later quantum explanations.","boundary":"The reported frequency/atomic-number relation concerns the measured characteristic X-ray series and historical atomic model. It is not a complete modern quantum derivation or proof of every elemental property. Sample coverage, instrumental limits and later interpretation remain distinct. The two reports form the stated contribution lineage rather than independent duplicate awards.","area":"Atomic spectra and element ordering","topic":"Atomic physics","year":1914,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"},"humans":["Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["mendeleev-periodic-system","rutherford-nuclear-atom","bohr-atomic-model"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-moseley1913-original-full-native","title":"Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,1913 original1024-1034","url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1430926/files/article.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-moseley1914-original-full-local-ocr","title":"Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,PartII,1914 original703-713","url":"https://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/pdf_files/moseley-1913-high-freq-spectra-elements-part2.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-moseley-oxford-identity-originalgraph","title":"Oxford Physics, Moseley and X rays, institutional identity/original graph account","url":"https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/highlights-archive/moseley-and-x-rays"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914","entry_id":"moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"},"what_changed":"Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight.","scope":"Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight. The reported frequency/atomic-number relation concerns the measured characteristic X-ray series and historical atomic model. It is not a complete modern quantum derivation or proof of every elemental property. Sample coverage, instrumental limits and later interpretation remain distinct. The two reports form the stated contribution lineage rather than independent duplicate awards.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"munk-lateral-viscous-wind-driven-ocean-circulation-1950","title":"Munk: connect basin-wide wind forcing with narrow ocean boundary currents","summary":"Munk develops a depth-integrated wind-driven ocean-circulation model with lateral eddy viscosity, coupling inherited interior transport balance to asymmetric coastal layers and comparing predicted currents with observations.\n\nWind does not simply push an entire ocean in its own direction. In this steady basin model, the spatial rotation of wind stress supplies the relevant forcing, while the change in planetary rotation with latitude helps concentrate a return current along the western edge. Munk joins the broad interior flow to a lateral-viscous boundary layer and calculates current patterns from observed winds. The calculation explains several patterns and suggests useful scales, but it is deliberately approximate. The effective viscosity is selected using observed current widths, some transports are underpredicted by about a factor of two, and omitted inertia may matter near the inshore edge. The contribution makes earlier interior-balance and western-intensification ideas into a more detailed testable model; it does not establish a complete description of all ocean currents.","boundary":"The model uses a stated wind-driven, idealized basin and lateral-viscosity closure with boundary conditions. Boundary-current structure depends on those approximations. It is not a complete three-dimensional ocean forecast or universal account of turbulent viscosity. Later circulation observations and models receive separate credit.","area":"Earth Science","topic":"Physical ocean circulation and viscous boundary layers","year":1950,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"munk-lateral-viscous-wind-driven-ocean-circulation-1950","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de5f1778-31b5-4acd-a92f-d8c97302663d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99980a3c49eacf036369184a747c2bd1ac5a0813b78f583aa14d4e3a44a409e2"},"humans":["Walter H. Munk"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["stommel-western-intensification-1948"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-munk-lateral-viscous-wind-driven-ocean-circulation-1950-original","title":"Walter H.Munk, On the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation — full1950original scan, physical-circulation scope","url":"https://empslocal.ex.ac.uk/people/staff/gv219/classics.d/Munk-wind_1950.pdf"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"munk-lateral-viscous-wind-driven-ocean-circulation-1950","entry_id":"munk-lateral-viscous-wind-driven-ocean-circulation-1950","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de5f1778-31b5-4acd-a92f-d8c97302663d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99980a3c49eacf036369184a747c2bd1ac5a0813b78f583aa14d4e3a44a409e2"},"what_changed":"Munk develops a depth-integrated wind-driven ocean-circulation model with lateral eddy viscosity, coupling inherited interior transport balance to asymmetric coastal layers and comparing predicted currents with observations.","scope":"Munk develops a depth-integrated wind-driven ocean-circulation model with lateral eddy viscosity, coupling inherited interior transport balance to asymmetric coastal layers and comparing predicted currents with observations. The model uses a stated wind-driven, idealized basin and lateral-viscosity closure with boundary conditions. Boundary-current structure depends on those approximations. It is not a complete three-dimensional ocean forecast or universal account of turbulent viscosity. Later circulation observations and models receive separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de5f1778-31b5-4acd-a92f-d8c97302663d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99980a3c49eacf036369184a747c2bd1ac5a0813b78f583aa14d4e3a44a409e2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"munkres-assignment-transportation-algorithms-1957","title":"Munkres: make optimal assignment a bounded procedure","summary":"Munkres gives a constructive starred/primed-zero variant of Kuhn's assignment algorithm, proves finite termination without requiring integer costs and provides an explicit polynomial bound in the paper's line-operation model, then states a transportation generalization.\n\nSuppose every possible worker-job pair has a cost. Trying all complete assignments quickly becomes impractical, because their number grows factorially. Munkres explains how to build an optimal assignment by marking zero-cost choices in an adjusted cost matrix, following alternating chains and changing the matrix only when needed. The adjustments preserve which complete assignment is best. His analysis shows that progress does not depend on costs being integers, and gives a bound expressed in specified elementary operations. The same idea is adapted to moving integer quantities between sources and destinations. This is a refinement of an existing optimization method, with its own procedure and analysis, rather than a new invention of the entire assignment problem or all later Hungarian-algorithm improvements.","boundary":"archival cover PDF 1 excluded from scientific evidence. Finite square linear assignment with independent one-per-row/column entries; initially integer costs, later integer assumption explicitly removed by bounded progress of covers/starred zeros. Polynomial bound counts whole-line scans/updates as specified operations, not unit-cost scalar instructions or a verified modern O(n^3) implementation. The exact operation-count coefficients and the complete cost-model derivation have not been independently verified here. Transportation section assumes nonnegative integer costs and positive integer supplies/demands with equal totals, provides an integral-quota procedure and omits detailed theoretical remarks. No complete transportation-proof reconstruction or extension to arbitrary real supplies, quadratic assignment, all network flows, bitcomplexity or empirical speedup is imported. Later algorithmic improvements and library implementations are separate; neither all optimal assignments nor unique optimality is claimed.","area":"Assignment and transportation optimization","topic":"Computing","year":1957,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"munkres-assignment-transportation-algorithms-1957","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d1710bd9-cf9f-4af2-af97-046fc1b7e1db","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fcca23e6f2ea3ff72cc7aaba5ed50c91a61077b758c2bcd048514b79b8d01a3"},"humans":["James Munkres"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["kuhn-hungarian-assignment-method-1955","ford-fulkerson-maximal-flow-network-1956"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-munkres1957-assignment-transportation-original","title":"James Munkres, Algorithms for the Assignment and Transportation Problems (1957),32-38","url":"https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~saito/data/emd/munkres.pdf"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"munkres-assignment-transportation-algorithms-1957","entry_id":"munkres-assignment-transportation-algorithms-1957","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d1710bd9-cf9f-4af2-af97-046fc1b7e1db","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fcca23e6f2ea3ff72cc7aaba5ed50c91a61077b758c2bcd048514b79b8d01a3"},"what_changed":"Munkres gives a constructive starred/primed-zero variant of Kuhn's assignment algorithm, proves finite termination without requiring integer costs and provides an explicit polynomial bound in the paper's line-operation model, then states a transportation generalization.","scope":"Munkres gives a constructive starred/primed-zero variant of Kuhn's assignment algorithm, proves finite termination without requiring integer costs and provides an explicit polynomial bound in the paper's line-operation model, then states a transportation generalization. archival cover PDF 1 excluded from scientific evidence. Finite square linear assignment with independent one-per-row/column entries; initially integer costs, later integer assumption explicitly removed by bounded progress of covers/starred zeros. Polynomial bound counts whole-line scans/updates as specified operations, not unit-cost scalar instructions or a verified modern O(n^3) implementation. The exact operation-count coefficients and the complete cost-model derivation have not been independently verified here. Transportation section assumes nonnegative integer costs and positive integer supplies/demands with equal totals, provides an integral-quota procedure and omits detailed theoretical remarks. No complete transportation-proof reconstruction or extension to arbitrary real supplies, quadratic assignment, all network flows, bitcomplexity or empirical speedup is imported. Later algorithmic improvements and library implementations are separate; neither all optimal assignments nor unique optimality is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d1710bd9-cf9f-4af2-af97-046fc1b7e1db","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fcca23e6f2ea3ff72cc7aaba5ed50c91a61077b758c2bcd048514b79b8d01a3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nagle-ack-driven-small-packet-coalescing-1984","title":"Nagle: grouping small TCP writes behind acknowledgments","summary":"Nagle proposes letting acknowledgments trigger the sending of buffered TCP data instead of creating a new packet for every small application write, reducing small-packet overhead without a fixed inter-packet timer.\n\nA keyboard can produce one useful byte at a time, while each TCP packet carries a much larger header. On a slow or congested path, sending a packet for every character wastes bandwidth and can make the queue worse. John Nagle proposes holding new application writes while previously sent data is still unacknowledged, then letting incoming acknowledgments or window updates trigger another sending cycle. A fast path can still send each isolated character promptly; on a slower path, pending characters travel together. RFC 896 gives numerical examples and reports use in the Ford Aerospace network. The original proposal is a discussion memo rather than a standard or a proof of universal performance. Later TCP requirements retain a refined coalescing rule, permit applications to disable it, and recognize interactions with delayed acknowledgments. The same 1984 memo also proposes ICMP Source Quench handling; that historical proposal must be distinguished from the coalescing idea because Source Quench was subsequently deprecated.","boundary":"The TCP mechanism coalesces small writes while unacknowledged data remains under the stated sender policy. It trades packet overhead against latency and interacts with acknowledgement behavior; it does not universally improve every interactive or low-latency application. This is a protocol-design contribution, not a new reliable-transport proof or WRS throughput measurement.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Network protocols","year":1984,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"nagle-ack-driven-small-packet-coalescing-1984","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:426567fa-fe85-441e-aa5a-0eab5111cedc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f49aede296fe12c7d988805416da6fb9a33cfd735f26592751d6930f9314d4d"},"humans":["John Nagle"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-nagle-ack-driven-small-packet-coalescing-1984-original","title":"Nagle1984RFC896: Congestion control in IP/TCP internetworks","url":"https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc896.txt"},{"id":"wrs24-nagle-ack-driven-small-packet-coalescing-1984-original-current","title":"RFC9293(2022), Section3.7.4 Nagle algorithm","url":"https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9293.html"},{"id":"wrs24-nagle-ack-driven-small-packet-coalescing-1984-original-deprecation","title":"RFC6633(2012): Deprecation of ICMP Source Quench messages","url":"https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6633.html"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"nagle-ack-driven-small-packet-coalescing-1984","entry_id":"nagle-ack-driven-small-packet-coalescing-1984","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:426567fa-fe85-441e-aa5a-0eab5111cedc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f49aede296fe12c7d988805416da6fb9a33cfd735f26592751d6930f9314d4d"},"what_changed":"Nagle proposes letting acknowledgments trigger the sending of buffered TCP data instead of creating a new packet for every small application write, reducing small-packet overhead without a fixed inter-packet timer.","scope":"Nagle proposes letting acknowledgments trigger the sending of buffered TCP data instead of creating a new packet for every small application write, reducing small-packet overhead without a fixed inter-packet timer. The TCP mechanism coalesces small writes while unacknowledged data remains under the stated sender policy. It trades packet overhead against latency and interacts with acknowledgement behavior; it does not universally improve every interactive or low-latency application. This is a protocol-design contribution, not a new reliable-transport proof or WRS throughput measurement.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:426567fa-fe85-441e-aa5a-0eab5111cedc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f49aede296fe12c7d988805416da6fb9a33cfd735f26592751d6930f9314d4d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nemhauser-wolsey-fisher-submodular-greedy-1978","title":"Greedy selection: a guarantee when benefits have diminishing returns","summary":"Nemhauser, Wolsey and Fisher established a sharp worst-case guarantee for greedily maximizing a nondecreasing submodular set function under a cardinality limit.\n\nSuppose you can choose only a few locations, services or resources. A greedy method adds the option that gives the greatest remaining benefit. This is simple, but usually does not find the exact optimum. The 1978 paper identified a reusable guarantee when benefit never decreases and has diminishing returns: an option becomes no more valuable when it is added to a larger existing selection. For a budget of K selections and zero benefit at the empty set, greedy achieves at least 1-(1-1/K)^K of the best possible value, approaching about63 percent for large K. The paper also supplied worst-case examples and analyzed separate local-swap, grouped-greedy, relaxation and partial-enumeration approaches. The guarantee concerns the stated benefit model, exact marginal comparisons and a limit on the number of selected elements. It does not cover arbitrary interactions, nonmonotone benefits or every resource constraint. Earlier facility-location results and matroid/submodularity theory remain distinct contributions.","boundary":"The greedy approximation uses the stated finite-set, monotone submodular objective and cardinality constraints. Diminishing returns, feasibility and normalization assumptions matter. Nonmonotone functions and arbitrary constraints do not inherit the same guarantee. An approximation ratio is not exact optimization or measured practical performance.","area":"Combinatorial optimization","topic":"Submodular maximization","year":1978,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"nemhauser-wolsey-fisher-submodular-greedy-1978","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0a074b5-fa6e-428a-ad0b-421e29984a90","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:296a9decb3c130ff7f92bd1b4685addc4f59aed839bdc4235768c046351674b0"},"humans":["G. L. Nemhauser","L. A. Wolsey","M. L. Fisher"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dantzig-simplex-1947"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-nwf1978-primary","title":"Nemhauser, Wolsey and Fisher, An analysis of approximations for maximizing submodular set functions-I,1978originaljournal CMUcoursecopy","url":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aarti/Class/10704_Spring15/submod-max.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-nwf1978-publisher-metadata","title":"Springer publisherCrossrefdeposit for1978original","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF01588971"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"nemhauser-wolsey-fisher-submodular-greedy-1978","entry_id":"nemhauser-wolsey-fisher-submodular-greedy-1978","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0a074b5-fa6e-428a-ad0b-421e29984a90","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:296a9decb3c130ff7f92bd1b4685addc4f59aed839bdc4235768c046351674b0"},"what_changed":"Nemhauser, Wolsey and Fisher established a sharp worst-case guarantee for greedily maximizing a nondecreasing submodular set function under a cardinality limit.","scope":"Nemhauser, Wolsey and Fisher established a sharp worst-case guarantee for greedily maximizing a nondecreasing submodular set function under a cardinality limit. The greedy approximation uses the stated finite-set, monotone submodular objective and cardinality constraints. Diminishing returns, feasibility and normalization assumptions matter. Nonmonotone functions and arbitrary constraints do not inherit the same guarantee. An approximation ratio is not exact optimization or measured practical performance.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0a074b5-fa6e-428a-ad0b-421e29984a90","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:296a9decb3c130ff7f92bd1b4685addc4f59aed839bdc4235768c046351674b0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"newton-white-light-dispersion-1672","title":"Newton: white light as a mixture of differently refracted rays","summary":"Newton used prism arrangements to separate sunlight and test selected parts of its spectrum with a second prism. Different parts retained different refractive behavior, while bringing the separated light together reproduced white light.\n\nThe experiments distinguish a heterogeneous incident beam from colours created solely by an imperfect prism. Selection with apertures and another prism tests the separated components; lens recombination tests the mixture account of white light. The paper asks for careful separation and dark-room controls. Newton's mechanics and calculus remain different contributions, and later optical investigations retain their own authorship.","boundary":"The target is the 1672 letter's prism selection and recomposition evidence, based on experiments reported as begun in 1666. Its historical statements about all colours, all materials and impossible lens correction are not adopted as modern universal laws. This does not establish corpuscular light, all colour perception or the later full Opticks program.","area":"Optics and colour","topic":"Physics","year":1672,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"newton-white-light-dispersion-1672","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dcd6c10e-d177-486c-aaaf-1603875410a3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36777fe9226ff904aa588419f4a9d4783527bfb6a34ed80cbf14cbb37462e910"},"humans":["Isaac Newton"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["newton","newton-fluxions"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-newton-light-colours-1672","title":"Isaac Newton, A Letter ... containing his New Theory about Light and Colors, Philosophical Transactions 80 (19 February 1671/2), 3075–3087; Newton Project transcription","url":"https://newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/diplomatic/NATP00006"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"newton-white-light-dispersion-1672","entry_id":"newton-white-light-dispersion-1672","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dcd6c10e-d177-486c-aaaf-1603875410a3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36777fe9226ff904aa588419f4a9d4783527bfb6a34ed80cbf14cbb37462e910"},"what_changed":"Selection with a second prism and recomposition organize white sunlight as a mixture with differing refractive behavior, instead of colours generated solely by the first prism.","scope":"Selection with a second prism and recomposition organize white sunlight as a mixture with differing refractive behavior, instead of colours generated solely by the first prism. The target is the 1672 letter's prism selection and recomposition evidence, based on experiments reported as begun in 1666. Its historical statements about all colours, all materials and impossible lens correction are not adopted as modern universal laws. This does not establish corpuscular light, all colour perception or the later full Opticks program.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dcd6c10e-d177-486c-aaaf-1603875410a3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36777fe9226ff904aa588419f4a9d4783527bfb6a34ed80cbf14cbb37462e910"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nickolls-et-al-cuda-programming-model-2008","title":"CUDA: cooperating locally, scaling across processors","summary":"The 2008 CUDA article explains a GPU programming model in which independently schedulable thread blocks combine local cooperation, shared memory and barriers, allowing a fixed problem decomposition to run across different processor counts.\n\nA programmer describes many small pieces of work without hard-coding the number of processor cores. Threads inside one block can exchange data and wait for each other; blocks remain independently schedulable. A larger GPU can therefore process more blocks at once using the same decomposition. This combines a useful programming interface with a hardware execution model. It still requires an appropriate parallel algorithm and careful memory use, rather than making every serial program fast automatically.","boundary":"The assessed target is the CUDA model documented in the 2008 article, following the stated 2007 release, rather than the entire later CUDA ecosystem or the invention of GPU computing. Blocks must execute correctly in arbitrary order without cross-block barrier dependence; local barriers and per-block shared memory enable cooperation. Global atomics are a limited coordination mechanism, not a general grid synchronization guarantee. Host/device data transfers, memory access, divergence and occupancy affect performance. The article's 512-thread limit, no kernel recursion or kernel-created grids and Tesla hardware details are historical, not current API specifications. Simple vector, CSR and reduction examples are illustrations, not independently tested production code; power-of-two reduction layout and floating-point order require care. Source-reported speedups and classroom experience do not establish universal speed or usability. Prior Brook/SPMD/parallel systems and separate CPU translation are inherited/contextual work. No GPU or benchmark replay was performed.","area":"Parallel programming","topic":"Computer science","year":2008,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"nickolls-et-al-cuda-programming-model-2008","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44a3cacc-ab85-405a-add9-8055c0c6d31e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:abc57b2aa15ddb4fd37d71ee91911acbe1661f679245af49c47b9c3c18f87154"},"humans":["John Nickolls","Ian Buck","Michael Garland","Kevin Skadron"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["unix-system","fortran-compiler","mapreduce-2004"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-nickolls-cuda-model-2008-original","title":"Nickolls, Buck, Garland and Skadron: Scalable Parallel Programming with CUDA (ACM Queue 6(2),40-53,2008), original article","url":"https://saulius-grazulis.lt/~saulius/paskaitos/VU/kompiuteri%C5%B3-architekt%C5%ABra/skaidr%C4%97s/bibliography/PDF/2008_Nickolls_40.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-cuda-author-bibliography-2008","title":"Kevin Skadron publication bibliography: exact CUDA article authors, journal, pages and DOI","url":"https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~skadron/pub_list_subj.html"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"nickolls-et-al-cuda-programming-model-2008","entry_id":"nickolls-et-al-cuda-programming-model-2008","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44a3cacc-ab85-405a-add9-8055c0c6d31e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:abc57b2aa15ddb4fd37d71ee91911acbe1661f679245af49c47b9c3c18f87154"},"what_changed":"The 2008 CUDA article explains a GPU programming model in which independently schedulable thread blocks combine local cooperation, shared memory and barriers, allowing a fixed problem decomposition to run across different processor counts.","scope":"The 2008 CUDA article explains a GPU programming model in which independently schedulable thread blocks combine local cooperation, shared memory and barriers, allowing a fixed problem decomposition to run across different processor counts. The assessed target is the CUDA model documented in the 2008 article, following the stated 2007 release, rather than the entire later CUDA ecosystem or the invention of GPU computing. Blocks must execute correctly in arbitrary order without cross-block barrier dependence; local barriers and per-block shared memory enable cooperation. Global atomics are a limited coordination mechanism, not a general grid synchronization guarantee. Host/device data transfers, memory access, divergence and occupancy affect performance. The article's 512-thread limit, no kernel recursion or kernel-created grids and Tesla hardware details are historical, not current API specifications. Simple vector, CSR and reduction examples are illustrations, not independently tested production code; power-of-two reduction layout and floating-point order require care. Source-reported speedups and classroom experience do not establish universal speed or usability. Prior Brook/SPMD/parallel systems and separate CPU translation are inherited/contextual work. No GPU or benchmark replay was performed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44a3cacc-ab85-405a-add9-8055c0c6d31e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:abc57b2aa15ddb4fd37d71ee91911acbe1661f679245af49c47b9c3c18f87154"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"noether-ideal-theory-1921","title":"Noether: finite primary decomposition under an ideal finiteness condition","summary":"Noether connected finite ideal generation with the ascending-chain condition and obtained finite primary decomposition for ideals in commutative rings satisfying this condition.\n\nFinite irreducible decompositions provide the bridge: under the finiteness hypothesis irreducible ideals are primary. This lets algebraic objects be analyzed through a finite collection of components. Noether explicitly builds on earlier work of Lasker and Dedekind.","boundary":"The finiteness condition is essential. Primary components need not be unique, and a primary ideal need not be a power of a prime. This does not assert decomposition in arbitrary rings.","area":"Commutative algebra","topic":"Commutative algebra","year":1921,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"noether-ideal-theory-1921","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ae27a3e-31e3-4468-ad37-c2b294d32542","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:653b181487f651c6dec3ba4c4204361c871c5424426ab7fbf85d63fae093e1f7"},"humans":["Emmy Noether"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["noether"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-noether-ideal-theory-1921","title":"Idealtheorie in Ringbereichen (1921); English translation by Daniel Berlyne (2014)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.2577"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"noether-ideal-theory-1921","entry_id":"noether-ideal-theory-1921","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ae27a3e-31e3-4468-ad37-c2b294d32542","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:653b181487f651c6dec3ba4c4204361c871c5424426ab7fbf85d63fae093e1f7"},"what_changed":"Ascending-chain/finite-generation conditions organize ideal decomposition: ideals in the specified commutative rings can be expressed as finite intersections of primary ideals, with scoped structural uniqueness statements.","scope":"Ascending-chain/finite-generation conditions organize ideal decomposition: ideals in the specified commutative rings can be expressed as finite intersections of primary ideals, with scoped structural uniqueness statements. The finiteness condition is essential. Primary components need not be unique, and a primary ideal need not be a power of a prime. This does not assert decomposition in arbitrary rings.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ae27a3e-31e3-4468-ad37-c2b294d32542","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:653b181487f651c6dec3ba4c4204361c871c5424426ab7fbf85d63fae093e1f7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nyquist-regeneration-feedback-stability-1932","title":"Nyquist: when feedback stabilizes or makes a circuit sing","summary":"Nyquist’s 1932 analysis relates the decay of a small disturbance in an idealized linear feedback circuit to how its frequency-response curve winds around a critical point. It explains why high feedback gain can be stable and why looking only at a steady-state gain can give the wrong answer.\n\nA microphone near a loudspeaker can create a sustained howl: part of the output returns as new input. Feedback can also make amplifiers more useful. Nyquist asks which of these outcomes a small disturbance produces. He studies one trip around the loop across frequencies, turning the resulting complex response into a curve. The curve’s winding about the critical point reveals growing transients that a steady-state calculation can miss. The original includes conditional-stability examples where increasing gain can first destabilize and then stabilize a system.","boundary":"The exact target is the original linear, constant-gain feedback analysis, not all modern Nyquist generalizations. Its causal network impulse response has the stated bounded-variation and integrability restrictions; the open-loop auxiliary function is analytic in the right half-plane and has the required high-frequency behavior. Original winding is about +1 under its AJ convention, not blindly about modern -1. Net winding and boundary contacts matter; a gain-above-one crossing alone is not sufficient when phase behavior reverses. Stability means a dying small disturbance produces a response that dies out; a sustained oscillator is unstable under this definition. Unlimited-power linearization excludes general nonlinear amplitude stability. Original example 8 explicitly shows that omitting high-frequency decay invalidates the apparent curve conclusion; distributed effects change the curve. The original restricted criterion does not automatically cover unstable open-loop poles, multivariable or nonlinear systems. the account does not independently certify every formula, numerical curve or physical experiment. Later introductory commentary, generalized argument-principle formulations and global engineering adoption are separate.","area":"Control theory","topic":"Engineering","year":1932,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"nyquist-regeneration-feedback-stability-1932","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:77b96a62-1671-4a59-af1f-c767844de3c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fab062a96b2d4965b3cb29097bbbe594019f4324115e1aa92dff806b2b41c819"},"humans":["Harry Nyquist"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["nyquist-telegraph-transmission-theory-1928","kalman-filter","bellman-dynamic-programming"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-nyquist-1932-wiley-reprint","title":"H. Nyquist, Regeneration Theory (1932), original article reprinted with permission in publisher-hosted control anthology excerpt","url":"https://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/14/07803602/0780360214.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-nyquist-1932-publisher-metadata","title":"Wiley, Regeneration Theory: original January 1932 bibliographic record","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1932.tb02344.x"}],"points":"270000","published_grade":{"id":"nyquist-regeneration-feedback-stability-1932","entry_id":"nyquist-regeneration-feedback-stability-1932","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:77b96a62-1671-4a59-af1f-c767844de3c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fab062a96b2d4965b3cb29097bbbe594019f4324115e1aa92dff806b2b41c819"},"what_changed":"Connects transient decay to winding of the one-round-trip response about +1, explains conditional stability and exposes missing high-frequency assumptions.","scope":"Connects transient decay to winding of the one-round-trip response about +1, explains conditional stability and exposes missing high-frequency assumptions. The exact target is the original linear, constant-gain feedback analysis, not all modern Nyquist generalizations. Its causal network impulse response has the stated bounded-variation and integrability restrictions; the open-loop auxiliary function is analytic in the right half-plane and has the required high-frequency behavior. Original winding is about +1 under its AJ convention, not blindly about modern -1. Net winding and boundary contacts matter; a gain-above-one crossing alone is not sufficient when phase behavior reverses. Stability means a dying small disturbance produces a response that dies out; a sustained oscillator is unstable under this definition. Unlimited-power linearization excludes general nonlinear amplitude stability. Original example 8 explicitly shows that omitting high-frequency decay invalidates the apparent curve conclusion; distributed effects change the curve. The original restricted criterion does not automatically cover unstable open-loop poles, multivariable or nonlinear systems. the account does not independently certify every formula, numerical curve or physical experiment. Later introductory commentary, generalized argument-principle formulations and global engineering adoption are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:77b96a62-1671-4a59-af1f-c767844de3c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fab062a96b2d4965b3cb29097bbbe594019f4324115e1aa92dff806b2b41c819"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"oort-galactic-differential-rotation-1927","title":"Oort: how nearby stars reveal a rotating Galaxy","summary":"Oort compares nearby stellar radial velocities and proper motions with a first-order differential-rotation model, finding a longitude-dependent velocity pattern supporting Lindblad's rotating Galactic system.\n\nA spinning galaxy does not have to rotate like a rigid wheel. Stars at different distances from its center can move at different angular speeds. From inside the Milky Way, that difference should leave a pattern in the velocities of stars seen in different directions. Oort derived the nearby-star pattern and compared it with available observations, turning a Galactic rotation hypothesis into a testable kinematic model. The radial signal changes with direction and roughly with distance in the approximation used. Proper motions supplied another, more uncertain check. The paper helped make the Galaxy a dynamical system that could be investigated from local measurements, while leaving its full rotation curve, mass distribution and accurate dimensions unsettled.","boundary":"Circular-orbit/low-random-motion and small-distance-to-Galactic-radius assumptions justify first-order local formulas; higher orders are neglected. Longitude-harmonic velocity fits and tentative proper-motion agreement support differential rotation, not a unique global mass model or every Galactic component's circular motion. Distance/parallax spread, solar motion, sample selection and precession corrections are uncertain; corrected final proof note revises the provisional force ratio/center distance, so earlier figures must not stand as final paper estimates. Historical coordinates and scales are not present-day Milky Way parameters. Solid-body rotation can have zero radial differential signal, so a null harmonic is not proof of no rotation. The paper's light-obscuring dark material is not a detection of modern nonbaryonic dark matter. The account does not independently reconstruct the complete data and force-law analysis or verify every formula and table. Later rotation curves, modern dark-halo claims, radio mapping and the 1950 comet reservoir are distinct.","area":"Galactic differential rotation","topic":"Astronomy","year":1927,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"oort-galactic-differential-rotation-1927","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:89c4f85a-df50-4156-a994-a36c39b3c941","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:76df4c1e304eb808132acff3badaa4a1eee0b444f21ad83ef641f41cf83914e9"},"humans":["Jan Hendrik Oort"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hubble-distance-velocity","leavitt-period-luminosity"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-oort1927-rotation-original","title":"J.H.Oort, Observational evidence confirming Lindblad's hypothesis of a rotation of the galactic system (1927),275-282","url":"https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1927BAN.....3..275O"},{"id":"wrs24-oort-sonoma-astronomy-name-bibliography","title":"Sonoma State University astronomy: Jan Hendrik Oort identity and1927 bibliography","url":"https://phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/jan-oort"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"oort-galactic-differential-rotation-1927","entry_id":"oort-galactic-differential-rotation-1927","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:89c4f85a-df50-4156-a994-a36c39b3c941","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:76df4c1e304eb808132acff3badaa4a1eee0b444f21ad83ef641f41cf83914e9"},"what_changed":"Oort compares nearby stellar radial velocities and proper motions with a first-order differential-rotation model, finding a longitude-dependent velocity pattern supporting Lindblad's rotating Galactic system.","scope":"Oort compares nearby stellar radial velocities and proper motions with a first-order differential-rotation model, finding a longitude-dependent velocity pattern supporting Lindblad's rotating Galactic system. Circular-orbit/low-random-motion and small-distance-to-Galactic-radius assumptions justify first-order local formulas; higher orders are neglected. Longitude-harmonic velocity fits and tentative proper-motion agreement support differential rotation, not a unique global mass model or every Galactic component's circular motion. Distance/parallax spread, solar motion, sample selection and precession corrections are uncertain; corrected final proof note revises the provisional force ratio/center distance, so earlier figures must not stand as final paper estimates. Historical coordinates and scales are not present-day Milky Way parameters. Solid-body rotation can have zero radial differential signal, so a null harmonic is not proof of no rotation. The paper's light-obscuring dark material is not a detection of modern nonbaryonic dark matter. The account does not independently reconstruct the complete data and force-law analysis or verify every formula and table. Later rotation curves, modern dark-halo claims, radio mapping and the 1950 comet reservoir are distinct.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:89c4f85a-df50-4156-a994-a36c39b3c941","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:76df4c1e304eb808132acff3badaa4a1eee0b444f21ad83ef641f41cf83914e9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"oppenheimer-snyder-pressureless-collapse-1939","title":"Oppenheimer and Snyder: a spherical model of gravitational collapse","summary":"Oppenheimer and Snyder construct an explicit pressureless spherical gravitational-collapse model matched to an exterior Schwarzschild geometry, distinguishing finite comoving time from asymptotic external-clock behavior.\n\nA distant clock and a clock falling with a star need not describe collapse in the same way. In an ideal spherical cloud with no pressure, the authors solve the gravitational equations and connect the cloud to its exterior field. The external-coordinate description approaches a gravitational-radius limit while the falling matter reaches the relevant stage in finite proper time. This supplies a concrete collapse model, with simplified material and symmetry assumptions rather than a universal account of all dying stars.","boundary":"The analytic collapse model is spherical, pressureless and uses a specified interior/exterior matching and initial-data subclass. Rotation, radiation and pressure are omitted. Diverging Schwarzschild coordinate time does not mean infall physically stops or takes infinite comoving time. The paper’s broader singularity assertions are not adopted as a general theorem; later causal/singularity results remain separate.","area":"Pressureless stellar collapse","topic":"Physics","year":1939,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"oppenheimer-snyder-pressureless-collapse-1939","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4f4e3332-fcd6-4078-a9c0-3a2975073f90","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68e74603156251930414280a2c18abde30e21f2008e6b77a6b1441511675e04c"},"humans":["J. R. Oppenheimer","H. Snyder"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["oppenheimer-volkoff-ideal-neutron-equilibrium-1939","penrose-gravitational-collapse-singularities-1965","kerr-spinning-mass-metric-1963"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-oppenheimer-snyder-collapse-1939-original","title":"J. R. Oppenheimer and H. Snyder, On Continued Gravitational Contraction (Physical Review 56,455-459,1 September1939), original public scan","url":"https://the-center-of-gravity.com/documents/140/Oppenheimer-Snyder_On-continued-Gravitational-Contraction.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-datt-class-solutions-1938-metadata","title":"B. Datt, Über eine Klasse von Lösungen der Gravitationsgleichungen der Relativität (Zeitschrift für Physik 108,314-321,May 1938), publisher metadata","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01374951"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"oppenheimer-snyder-pressureless-collapse-1939","entry_id":"oppenheimer-snyder-pressureless-collapse-1939","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4f4e3332-fcd6-4078-a9c0-3a2975073f90","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68e74603156251930414280a2c18abde30e21f2008e6b77a6b1441511675e04c"},"what_changed":"Oppenheimer and Snyder construct an explicit pressureless spherical gravitational-collapse model matched to an exterior Schwarzschild geometry, distinguishing finite comoving time from asymptotic external-clock behavior.","scope":"Oppenheimer and Snyder construct an explicit pressureless spherical gravitational-collapse model matched to an exterior Schwarzschild geometry, distinguishing finite comoving time from asymptotic external-clock behavior. The analytic collapse model is spherical, pressureless and uses a specified interior/exterior matching and initial-data subclass. Rotation, radiation and pressure are omitted. Diverging Schwarzschild coordinate time does not mean infall physically stops or takes infinite comoving time. The paper’s broader singularity assertions are not adopted as a general theorem; later causal/singularity results remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4f4e3332-fcd6-4078-a9c0-3a2975073f90","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68e74603156251930414280a2c18abde30e21f2008e6b77a6b1441511675e04c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"oppenheimer-volkoff-ideal-neutron-equilibrium-1939","title":"Oppenheimer and Volkoff: a relativistic neutron-core equilibrium model","summary":"Oppenheimer and Volkoff formulate general-relativistic hydrostatic equilibrium for a static spherical fluid and apply it to an ideal cold neutron gas, finding a model-dependent maximum gravitational mass near 0.7 solar masses.\n\nPressure can support a compact star, but pressure and internal energy also affect gravity in relativity. The authors turn that balance into equations for a spherical star and numerically explore a simple cold neutron gas. The resulting sequence reaches a largest supported mass in that model. The reusable contribution is the equilibrium framework and an explicit demonstration that the material law matters; the historical ideal-gas number is not a measurement of every real neutron star.","boundary":"The target is the 1939 static, spherical, isotropic perfect-fluid equilibrium formulation and its cold noninteracting neutron-gas application, with zero cosmological constant. Mass/pressure equations require an equation of state, regular central conditions, a pressure-free boundary and exterior matching. The reported about 0.7-solar-mass limit belongs to this ideal equation of state; it is not a universal bound for real neutron stars. Table I samples give a largest listed 0.71, while some web fractions are misread. Thermal energy and forces between neutrons are neglected in the ideal calculation. The authors explicitly acknowledge uncertain extrapolation above nuclear density and consider repulsive-interaction changes; their expectation that the number is near reality is not adopted. Stability is discussed through schematic free-energy reasoning, not an independently reconstructed general perturbation theorem. Numerical integrations, every table glyph and a global uniqueness argument were not replayed. Static equilibrium limits do not themselves supply a general dynamical collapse solution; the Snyder paper is separate. Tolman and earlier degeneracy theory retain credit.","area":"Relativistic stellar equilibrium","topic":"Physics","year":1939,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"oppenheimer-volkoff-ideal-neutron-equilibrium-1939","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b01e054f-9010-4af4-acf2-5a73906e98ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7676c9f53afcab4b10a641b00506d8899f9ec4103ec1f6ef8ca16e454a260bd2"},"humans":["J. R. Oppenheimer","G. M. Volkoff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["chandrasekhar-white-dwarf-limit"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-oppenheimer-volkoff-neutron-1939-original","title":"J. R. Oppenheimer and G. M. Volkoff, On Massive Neutron Cores (Physical Review 55,374-381,15 February1939), original public scan","url":"https://the-center-of-gravity.com/documents/141/Oppenheimer-Volkoff_On-Massive-Neutron-Cores.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-tolman-static-1939-publisher-metadata","title":"Richard C. Tolman, Static Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations for Spheres of Fluid (Physical Review 55,364,15 February1939), publisher abstract","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.55.364"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"oppenheimer-volkoff-ideal-neutron-equilibrium-1939","entry_id":"oppenheimer-volkoff-ideal-neutron-equilibrium-1939","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b01e054f-9010-4af4-acf2-5a73906e98ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7676c9f53afcab4b10a641b00506d8899f9ec4103ec1f6ef8ca16e454a260bd2"},"what_changed":"Oppenheimer and Volkoff formulate general-relativistic hydrostatic equilibrium for a static spherical fluid and apply it to an ideal cold neutron gas, finding a model-dependent maximum gravitational mass near 0.7 solar masses.","scope":"Oppenheimer and Volkoff formulate general-relativistic hydrostatic equilibrium for a static spherical fluid and apply it to an ideal cold neutron gas, finding a model-dependent maximum gravitational mass near 0.7 solar masses. The target is the 1939 static, spherical, isotropic perfect-fluid equilibrium formulation and its cold noninteracting neutron-gas application, with zero cosmological constant. Mass/pressure equations require an equation of state, regular central conditions, a pressure-free boundary and exterior matching. The reported about 0.7-solar-mass limit belongs to this ideal equation of state; it is not a universal bound for real neutron stars. Table I samples give a largest listed 0.71, while some web fractions are misread. Thermal energy and forces between neutrons are neglected in the ideal calculation. The authors explicitly acknowledge uncertain extrapolation above nuclear density and consider repulsive-interaction changes; their expectation that the number is near reality is not adopted. Stability is discussed through schematic free-energy reasoning, not an independently reconstructed general perturbation theorem. Numerical integrations, every table glyph and a global uniqueness argument were not replayed. Static equilibrium limits do not themselves supply a general dynamical collapse solution; the Snyder paper is separate. Tolman and earlier degeneracy theory retain credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b01e054f-9010-4af4-acf2-5a73906e98ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7676c9f53afcab4b10a641b00506d8899f9ec4103ec1f6ef8ca16e454a260bd2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"page-brin-motwani-winograd-pagerank-1998","title":"Page, Brin, Motwani and Winograd: recursive link ranking with PageRank","summary":"The PageRank report formalized recursive hyperlink-based ranking with a rank-source/random-surfer interpretation, described computation on large web-link graphs and explored personalized restart sources.\n\nCounting incoming links treats every endorsement equally. PageRank instead gives more weight to links from pages that themselves receive important endorsements, and divides each referring page's weight among its outgoing links. That recursive definition can be calculated by repeated sparse updates. A rank source prevents weight from being trapped in a closed cycle; changing that source creates a personalized view. The inspected draft describes large graph computation, a separate treatment of pages without outgoing links and applications to search and browsing. It also acknowledges incomplete crawls, biased usage data and limited retrieval evaluation. This is a model of structural prominence in a chosen link graph, not a test of whether the content is scientifically correct. Its mathematical basis uses inherited eigenvector and random-walk ideas; the added contribution is their concrete link-ranking formulation and computation. The four-author PageRank report is assessed separately from the existing two-author Google search-system integration record. Related rankings and later commercial products retain their own credit, and these connected contribution estimates should not be assumed automatically additive.","boundary":"The ranking model uses a declared directed-link graph, normalization and damping/teleportation assumptions. Stationary link weight is not scientific correctness, personal worth or resistance to every manipulation. Convergence and uniqueness require the stated matrix/model conditions. The original experiments, later search-engine engineering and modern ranking variants remain distinct.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Information retrieval","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"page-brin-motwani-winograd-pagerank-1998","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f1cf8e3-e56e-4725-a881-1cdc6cca3a59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ae9ff165e9795752c7cbfcfd89fd6fe03072f6bba5161dc84a31ebb727624f4"},"humans":["Lawrence Page","Sergey Brin","Rajeev Motwani","Terry Winograd"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["brin-page-large-scale-search-engine","codd-relational-model"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-page-brin-motwani-winograd-pagerank-1998-original","title":"The PageRank Citation Ranking — original January29,1998 draft in IEEE archive","url":"https://ethw-images.s3.us-east-va.perf.cloud.ovh.us/ieee/6/64/Ref13-PageEtAl1998-PageRankCitationRanking.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-page-brin-motwani-winograd-pagerank-1998-identity","title":"IEEE original-document citation for the four-author PageRank report","url":"https://ieeemilestones.ethw.org/Milestone-Proposal:The_PageRank_algorithm_and_the_birth_of_Google,_1996-1998"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"page-brin-motwani-winograd-pagerank-1998","entry_id":"page-brin-motwani-winograd-pagerank-1998","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f1cf8e3-e56e-4725-a881-1cdc6cca3a59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ae9ff165e9795752c7cbfcfd89fd6fe03072f6bba5161dc84a31ebb727624f4"},"what_changed":"The PageRank report formalized recursive hyperlink-based ranking with a rank-source/random-surfer interpretation, described computation on large web-link graphs and explored personalized restart sources.","scope":"The PageRank report formalized recursive hyperlink-based ranking with a rank-source/random-surfer interpretation, described computation on large web-link graphs and explored personalized restart sources. The ranking model uses a declared directed-link graph, normalization and damping/teleportation assumptions. Stationary link weight is not scientific correctness, personal worth or resistance to every manipulation. Convergence and uniqueness require the stated matrix/model conditions. The original experiments, later search-engine engineering and modern ranking variants remain distinct.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f1cf8e3-e56e-4725-a881-1cdc6cca3a59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ae9ff165e9795752c7cbfcfd89fd6fe03072f6bba5161dc84a31ebb727624f4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"paige-saunders-lsqr-1982","title":"LSQR: stable sparse linear equations and least squares by bidiagonalization","summary":"Paige and Saunders present LSQR, using Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization and orthogonal transformations to solve sparse rectangular linear equations and least-squares problems using matrix and transpose actions, with inexpensive norm estimates and data-aware stopping criteria.\n\nWhen measurements outnumber unknown quantities, they rarely all agree exactly. Least squares finds the vector that makes their combined mismatch as small as possible. For a huge sparse matrix, storing a dense factorization or explicitly forming the normal equations can be costly and can worsen numerical conditioning. LSQR builds a much smaller bidiagonal problem using only matrix actions and transpose actions, then solves that problem with orthogonal transformations. It also estimates useful norms and supplies stopping tests tied to the accuracy of the input data. This supports tasks such as large gravity-meter adjustments and numerical modeling. A small residual still needs interpretation: an ill-conditioned system can have a sensitive solution, and uncertainty estimates need additional assumptions. The method improves an important computational route without turning an approximate fit into a guarantee that the underlying model is correct.","boundary":"Exact March 1982 ACM TOMS 8(1),43-71 algorithm paper; companion Algorithm 583 is a separate June 1982 software article. Real rectangular matrices need not have fullcolumnrank; exact zero-start vectors remain in range(A^T), giving minimum-length solutions on completed undamped solves. Floating-point rank-deficient iterations can instead grow rapidly; this is explicitly discussed. Algebraic CGLS equivalence is not numerical identity or automatic stability. Exact residual minimization does not make the normal-residual norm ||A^Tr|| monotonically decrease. Residual-based backward-error acceptance is not a forward-error or scientific-correctness certificate. Some norm/condition estimates rely on ideal orthogonality and visible singular directions. Standard-error estimates assume fullcolumnrank, m>n and sufficient convergence; source warns their accuracy cannot be guaranteed. CONLIM regularization is heuristic. Damping selection is outside this paper, and original comparisons do not establish universal solver superiority. Later LSMR/software/preconditioning retain separate credit. Original experimental data/figures and companion code were not independently replayed.","area":"Numerical linear algebra","topic":"Mathematics","year":1982,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"paige-saunders-lsqr-1982","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3754dc64-dc14-4e2f-a574-0f9dea112185","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ffe45c9631e2cb795a0f34b524536ce96e6cd5fd7320be479f62f6a6868a556"},"humans":["Christopher C. Paige","Michael A. Saunders"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hestenes-stiefel-conjugate-gradients-1952","saad-schultz-gmres-1986","paige-saunders-minres-symmlq-1975"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-paigesaunders-lsqr1982-original","title":"Paige and Saunders, LSQR: An Algorithm for Sparse Linear Equations and Sparse Least Squares; exact1982 original","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/group/SOL/software/lsqr/lsqr-toms82a.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-paigesaunders-lsqr1982-crossref","title":"ACM-deposited exact LSQR1982 algorithm-paper identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1145%2F355984.355989"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"paige-saunders-lsqr-1982","entry_id":"paige-saunders-lsqr-1982","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3754dc64-dc14-4e2f-a574-0f9dea112185","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ffe45c9631e2cb795a0f34b524536ce96e6cd5fd7320be479f62f6a6868a556"},"what_changed":"Paige and Saunders present LSQR, using Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization and orthogonal transformations to solve sparse rectangular linear equations and least-squares problems using matrix and transpose actions, with inexpensive norm estimates and data-aware stopping criteria.","scope":"Paige and Saunders present LSQR, using Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization and orthogonal transformations to solve sparse rectangular linear equations and least-squares problems using matrix and transpose actions, with inexpensive norm estimates and data-aware stopping criteria. Exact March 1982 ACM TOMS 8(1),43-71 algorithm paper; companion Algorithm 583 is a separate June 1982 software article. Real rectangular matrices need not have fullcolumnrank; exact zero-start vectors remain in range(A^T), giving minimum-length solutions on completed undamped solves. Floating-point rank-deficient iterations can instead grow rapidly; this is explicitly discussed. Algebraic CGLS equivalence is not numerical identity or automatic stability. Exact residual minimization does not make the normal-residual norm ||A^Tr|| monotonically decrease. Residual-based backward-error acceptance is not a forward-error or scientific-correctness certificate. Some norm/condition estimates rely on ideal orthogonality and visible singular directions. Standard-error estimates assume fullcolumnrank, m>n and sufficient convergence; source warns their accuracy cannot be guaranteed. CONLIM regularization is heuristic. Damping selection is outside this paper, and original comparisons do not establish universal solver superiority. Later LSMR/software/preconditioning retain separate credit. Original experimental data/figures and companion code were not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3754dc64-dc14-4e2f-a574-0f9dea112185","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ffe45c9631e2cb795a0f34b524536ce96e6cd5fd7320be479f62f6a6868a556"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"paige-saunders-minres-symmlq-1975","title":"MINRES and SYMMLQ: solving sparse symmetric indefinite systems","summary":"Paige and Saunders derive the Lanczos-based MINRES residual-minimizing and SYMMLQ LQ-factorization methods for large sparse real symmetric linear systems, avoiding the intermediate factorization failures that can defeat ordinary conjugate gradients on indefinite matrices.\n\nMany scientific calculations ask for a vector x whose matrix action matches measured or modeled data b. Ordinary conjugate gradients works particularly well when the matrix is symmetric positive definite. An indefinite matrix has both positive and negative spectral directions, and intermediate CG steps can become undefined even when the full system has a solution. Paige and Saunders built two alternatives from Lanczos vectors and stable orthogonal factorizations: SYMMLQ and MINRES. These methods use matrix-vector products and a small number of working vectors, which suits large sparse problems. MINRES chooses steps that reduce the residual, the mismatch between Ax and b. That mismatch can be small without x being uniquely determined or accurate, so symmetry, conditioning, the true residual and the chosen solution criterion remain essential.","boundary":"Exact September 1975 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 12(4),617-629 contribution. Symmetry is required; arbitrary nonsymmetric systems are outside scope. SYMMLQ as developed requires a consistent system, while MINRES can address inconsistent symmetric equations. Positive definiteness is not required, but conditioning and roundoff still matter. The general-theory minimum-length conclusion assumes trial vectors span the range of A; residual minimization alone and a b-starting Lanczos chain do not universally select the minimum-length solution of a singular inconsistent system. Exact-arithmetic finite termination is separate from numerical stopping: computed residual estimates can diverge from true residuals and cause premature stopping, explicitly reported in Section 8. Full rounding-error analysis is deferred to later work. Later SPD preconditioning, reorthogonalization, MINRES-QLP, updated stopping criteria and software contributors retain separate version/credit. Original experiments and plotted data were not independently reproduced.","area":"Numerical linear algebra","topic":"Mathematics","year":1975,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"paige-saunders-minres-symmlq-1975","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:beeac395-85ca-4602-af1b-e7426c6438a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c60d3109463e2f797bea993da71f23382c851ead549bb4ad8da7651c23a2b579"},"humans":["Christopher C. Paige","Michael A. Saunders"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hestenes-stiefel-conjugate-gradients-1952","saad-schultz-gmres-1986","lanczos-minimized-eigenvalue-iterations-1950"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-paigesaunders1975-original","title":"Paige and Saunders, Solution of Sparse Indefinite Systems of Linear Equations; exact1975 original","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/group/SOL/software/symmlq/PS75.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-paigesaunders1975-crossref","title":"SIAM-deposited exact1975 Paige/Saunders identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1137%2F0712047"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"paige-saunders-minres-symmlq-1975","entry_id":"paige-saunders-minres-symmlq-1975","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:beeac395-85ca-4602-af1b-e7426c6438a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c60d3109463e2f797bea993da71f23382c851ead549bb4ad8da7651c23a2b579"},"what_changed":"Paige and Saunders derive the Lanczos-based MINRES residual-minimizing and SYMMLQ LQ-factorization methods for large sparse real symmetric linear systems, avoiding the intermediate factorization failures that can defeat ordinary conjugate gradients on indefinite matrices.","scope":"Paige and Saunders derive the Lanczos-based MINRES residual-minimizing and SYMMLQ LQ-factorization methods for large sparse real symmetric linear systems, avoiding the intermediate factorization failures that can defeat ordinary conjugate gradients on indefinite matrices. Exact September 1975 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 12(4),617-629 contribution. Symmetry is required; arbitrary nonsymmetric systems are outside scope. SYMMLQ as developed requires a consistent system, while MINRES can address inconsistent symmetric equations. Positive definiteness is not required, but conditioning and roundoff still matter. The general-theory minimum-length conclusion assumes trial vectors span the range of A; residual minimization alone and a b-starting Lanczos chain do not universally select the minimum-length solution of a singular inconsistent system. Exact-arithmetic finite termination is separate from numerical stopping: computed residual estimates can diverge from true residuals and cause premature stopping, explicitly reported in Section 8. Full rounding-error analysis is deferred to later work. Later SPD preconditioning, reorthogonalization, MINRES-QLP, updated stopping criteria and software contributors retain separate version/credit. Original experiments and plotted data were not independently reproduced.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:beeac395-85ca-4602-af1b-e7426c6438a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c60d3109463e2f797bea993da71f23382c851ead549bb4ad8da7651c23a2b579"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"paillier-composite-residuosity-additive-encryption-1999","title":"Paillier: add messages while keeping them encrypted","summary":"Composite-residuosity classes provide a factorization trapdoor for probabilistic public-key encryption whose ciphertext multiplication implements plaintext addition modulo n, with explicit computational and decisional security assumptions.\n\nOrdinary encrypted messages cannot simply be added together. Paillier constructed a system where multiplying two ciphertexts creates an encryption of the sum of their messages, without revealing the individual messages. The arithmetic takes place modulo a public composite number n and its square. Knowing the secret prime factors enables decryption; fresh randomness hides repeated plaintexts. The 1999 article develops the underlying residuosity-class mechanism and related encryption variants. Its main probabilistic scheme separates one-wayness under a computational assumption from semantic security under a decisional assumption. This is additive homomorphic encryption, not fully homomorphic evaluation of arbitrary programs. Sums wrap modulo n, randomizers must be units, and the basic scheme does not claim protection against chosen-ciphertext attacks. This account follows the complete author-hosted version. An extracted fast-variant complexity statement remains unverified and is excluded from the assessed core.","boundary":"The basic scheme encrypts messages in Z_n using an admissible base, fresh random units and the stated RSA-like modulus conditions. Its additive homomorphism acts modulo n; it is not fully homomorphic encryption. One-wayness and semantic security use different composite-residuosity assumptions; the paper does not supply general chosen-ciphertext security. Fast variants, indicative timing tables and the trapdoor-permutation construction are separate subclaims. WRS has not independently reconstructed every reduction or measured the implementation.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Cryptography","year":1999,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"paillier-composite-residuosity-additive-encryption-1999","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f3e5bfcc-8093-4ded-adec-3f56eedeb2ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5648b2b1618f1aff52bf24ae079afd315e975c63431ba1c1812b8838652afbb"},"humans":["Pascal Paillier"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-paillier-composite-residuosity-additive-encryption-1999-original","title":"Pascal Paillier: Public-Key Cryptosystems Based on Composite Degree Residuosity Classes (1999authorversion)","url":"https://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~fiat/crypt07/papers/Pai99pai.pdf"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"paillier-composite-residuosity-additive-encryption-1999","entry_id":"paillier-composite-residuosity-additive-encryption-1999","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f3e5bfcc-8093-4ded-adec-3f56eedeb2ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5648b2b1618f1aff52bf24ae079afd315e975c63431ba1c1812b8838652afbb"},"what_changed":"Composite-residuosity classes provide a factorization trapdoor for probabilistic public-key encryption whose ciphertext multiplication implements plaintext addition modulo n, with explicit computational and decisional security assumptions.","scope":"Composite-residuosity classes provide a factorization trapdoor for probabilistic public-key encryption whose ciphertext multiplication implements plaintext addition modulo n, with explicit computational and decisional security assumptions. The basic scheme encrypts messages in Z_n using an admissible base, fresh random units and the stated RSA-like modulus conditions. Its additive homomorphism acts modulo n; it is not fully homomorphic encryption. One-wayness and semantic security use different composite-residuosity assumptions; the paper does not supply general chosen-ciphertext security. Fast variants, indicative timing tables and the trapdoor-permutation construction are separate subclaims. WRS has not independently reconstructed every reduction or measured the implementation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f3e5bfcc-8093-4ded-adec-3f56eedeb2ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5648b2b1618f1aff52bf24ae079afd315e975c63431ba1c1812b8838652afbb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pauli-atomic-exclusion-1925","title":"Pauli: an occupation rule explains atomic electron groups","summary":"Pauli proposes that no two equivalent atomic electrons can occupy the same complete four-quantum-number state, using strong-field spectral bookkeeping to account for closed electron groups and restricted atomic terms, without deriving a general spin-statistics theorem.\n\nWhy do atoms have different electron groups instead of putting every electron into the same available state? Pauli introduced a rule about occupation: once a complete atomic electron state is occupied, another equivalent electron cannot occupy that same state. Electrons can still share some quantum numbers; the entire label, including the principal quantum number, matters. The paper connects this rule to shell capacities and the number of spectral terms. It develops Stoner's earlier classification and uses existing spectral evidence. Pauli openly states that he cannot give a deeper justification for the rule and that complex spectra still need tests. This is an important organizing principle, rather than a calculation of every atom's energies or the later quantum-field proof about spin and statistics.","boundary":"The original rule concerns the stated electron-state quantum numbers and atomic-spectrum framework. It is not the later complete spin-statistics theorem or an experimental proof for every particle. Historical terminology and later spin interpretation must be distinguished. Dirac/Fermi statistical developments retain separate credit.","area":"Atomic quantum theory","topic":"Physics","year":1925,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"pauli-atomic-exclusion-1925","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:217699c5-cca3-412c-a226-b4e52cf2ba04","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e208b01f54a62abe33b03f5263e743f73212fa36204fcadfe61570508cfd702"},"humans":["W. Pauli jr."],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dirac-electron","bohr-atomic-model"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-pauli-atomic-exclusion1925-original","title":"W. Pauli jr., Ueber den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektren; original1925","url":"https://gilles.montambaux.com/files/histoire-physique/Pauli-1925-allemand.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-pauli-atomic-exclusion1925-original-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited identity for the exact original 1925 paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF02980631"}],"points":"340000","published_grade":{"id":"pauli-atomic-exclusion-1925","entry_id":"pauli-atomic-exclusion-1925","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:217699c5-cca3-412c-a226-b4e52cf2ba04","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e208b01f54a62abe33b03f5263e743f73212fa36204fcadfe61570508cfd702"},"what_changed":"Pauli proposes that no two equivalent atomic electrons can occupy the same complete four-quantum-number state, using strong-field spectral bookkeeping to account for closed electron groups and restricted atomic terms, without deriving a general spin-statistics theorem.","scope":"Pauli proposes that no two equivalent atomic electrons can occupy the same complete four-quantum-number state, using strong-field spectral bookkeeping to account for closed electron groups and restricted atomic terms, without deriving a general spin-statistics theorem. The original rule concerns the stated electron-state quantum numbers and atomic-spectrum framework. It is not the later complete spin-statistics theorem or an experimental proof for every particle. Historical terminology and later spin interpretation must be distinguished. Dirac/Fermi statistical developments retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:217699c5-cca3-412c-a226-b4e52cf2ba04","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e208b01f54a62abe33b03f5263e743f73212fa36204fcadfe61570508cfd702"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"payne-stellar-atmospheres-1925","title":"Payne: stellar spectra, ionization and the abundance anomaly","summary":"Payne joined stellar spectral observations to thermal-ionization analysis, estimating atmospheric temperatures and relative elemental abundances across spectral classes. Her 1925 calculation made hydrogen and helium appear anomalously abundant, while the published monograph explicitly cautioned that those numerical abundance estimates might be spurious.\n\nA spectral line's strength or appearance cannot be read directly as the amount of an element: temperature, pressure, ionization and the observed wavelength window matter. Payne combined consistent stellar plates with ionization theory to infer atmospheric conditions and compare relative elemental abundances. The resulting hydrogen and helium values challenged terrestrial-composition expectations, but she treated them as suspect in the 1925 text. The record keeps both the innovative inference and its historical uncertainty visible so later confirmation is not retroactively inserted into the thesis.","boundary":"This is the 1925 observational and analytical framework for stellar atmospheres, particularly chapter XIII's relative-abundance inference. It is not an unqualified 1925 proof that all stars or the universe are mostly hydrogen and helium, an inference about stellar interiors, or a claim to have invented Saha's ionization relation. Payne's own published caveat and the limits of marginal spectral-line visibility are part of the target. Later acceptance and independent abundance analyses are separate work.","area":"Stellar-atmosphere spectroscopy and elemental-abundance inference","topic":"Astronomy and astrophysics","year":1925,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"payne-stellar-atmospheres-1925","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4c2a85b-08ab-46c0-a56a-563779cda94b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8977e5eccfe59d4026c98050566d7e57663c8df256988b9939902fc4735b89fe"},"humans":["Cecilia H. Payne"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["saha-ionization-solar-chromosphere-1920","leavitt-period-luminosity","b2fh-stellar-nucleosynthesis"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-payne-stellar-atmospheres-1925","title":"Cecilia H. Payne, Stellar Atmospheres: A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars, Harvard Observatory Monographs 1 (1925)","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/73996/73996-h/73996-h.htm"},{"id":"wrs24-payne-harvard-plate-stacks","title":"Harvard College Observatory Plate Stacks, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: selected publications and historical context","url":"https://platestacks.cfa.harvard.edu/women-at-hco/cecilia-payne-gaposchkin"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"payne-stellar-atmospheres-1925","entry_id":"payne-stellar-atmospheres-1925","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4c2a85b-08ab-46c0-a56a-563779cda94b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8977e5eccfe59d4026c98050566d7e57663c8df256988b9939902fc4735b89fe"},"what_changed":"The 1925 monograph joined comparable stellar spectra with ionization analysis to estimate atmospheric temperatures and relative abundances, exposing extreme hydrogen/helium estimates while explicitly questioning those values.","scope":"The 1925 monograph joined comparable stellar spectra with ionization analysis to estimate atmospheric temperatures and relative abundances, exposing extreme hydrogen/helium estimates while explicitly questioning those values. This is the 1925 observational and analytical framework for stellar atmospheres, particularly chapter XIII's relative-abundance inference. It is not an unqualified 1925 proof that all stars or the universe are mostly hydrogen and helium, an inference about stellar interiors, or a claim to have invented Saha's ionization relation. Payne's own published caveat and the limits of marginal spectral-line visibility are part of the target. Later acceptance and independent abundance analyses are separate work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4c2a85b-08ab-46c0-a56a-563779cda94b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8977e5eccfe59d4026c98050566d7e57663c8df256988b9939902fc4735b89fe"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"peano-continuous-spacefilling-curve-1890","title":"Peano: a continuous curve that fills an entire square","summary":"Peano explicitly constructs a continuous mapping from the closed unit interval onto the whole unit square through ternary digits and parity-controlled complements, showing that continuity alone does not restrict a parametrized curve to an arbitrarily small enclosing area.\n\nA moving point can trace a continuous path without jumping. That sounds like it should leave most of a square untouched. Peano showed otherwise: a carefully defined continuous path reaches every point in the square. The construction specifies the two coordinates using the digits of one parameter, with a complement rule that makes adjacent pieces fit together. This is an exact infinite construction, not a picture with many lines. Its lesson is concrete: continuity alone is weaker than everyday intuition about a curve. Conditions such as a graph representation or bounded variation matter. The path is not a continuous one-to-one identification of a line with a square, and later geometric constructions are separate works.","boundary":"Exact 1890 Mathematische Annalen 36(1),157-160 paper. formula glyphs were not visually certified. The mapping is continuous and onto, not a one-to-one continuous correspondence or a claim that dimension is preserved by arbitrary continuous maps. Parity-controlled digit complements and agreement at the two ternary representations of triadic rationals are essential; naive digit interleaving fails. The argument concerns continuous parametrizations: ordinary graphs and coordinates of bounded variation retain stronger restrictions. The final page also gives a cube construction. Original claims about nondifferentiability and exact preimage multiplicities were read but not independently reconstructed; no universal assertion about all space-filling curves is inferred. Cantor's earlier set-theoretic bijection, Netto's continuity obstruction for such a bijection, Hilbert's 1891 construction and Peano's 1908 visualizations remain distinct. This original paper is arithmetic and contains no curve illustration. Bounded exact rational representation checks illustrate the repair; they are not a full proof audit or a finite grid used as evidence of complete area coverage. January 1890 is the manuscript signature; publisher metadata gives March 1890. Later algorithms and applications keep separate credit.","area":"Topology and real analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1890,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"peano-continuous-spacefilling-curve-1890","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14473075-5c9c-4824-af51-8730d211ac02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:204c351ce556ba02fd4a1eedb867f4241a7008d2424b7b7a20716e8809c82211"},"humans":["Giuseppe Peano"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["cantor-uncountability-1874","cantor-elementary-question-manifold-theory-1891","peano-ode-existence-1890"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-peano-spacefilling1890-original","title":"Peano, Sur une courbe, qui remplit toute une aire plane; exact1890 original hosted by University of Edinburgh","url":"https://webhomes.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/peano.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-peano-spacefilling1890-crossref","title":"Crossref identity for the exact1890 Peano space-filling paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF01199438"},{"id":"wrs24-peano1890-florence-history","title":"University of Florence mathematical history entry: Giuseppe Peano and the1890 space-filling note","url":"https://archimede.dimai.unifi.it/archimede/matematicaitaliana/schede_opere/57peano90.html"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"peano-continuous-spacefilling-curve-1890","entry_id":"peano-continuous-spacefilling-curve-1890","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14473075-5c9c-4824-af51-8730d211ac02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:204c351ce556ba02fd4a1eedb867f4241a7008d2424b7b7a20716e8809c82211"},"what_changed":"Peano explicitly constructs a continuous mapping from the closed unit interval onto the whole unit square through ternary digits and parity-controlled complements, showing that continuity alone does not restrict a parametrized curve to an arbitrarily small enclosing area.","scope":"Peano explicitly constructs a continuous mapping from the closed unit interval onto the whole unit square through ternary digits and parity-controlled complements, showing that continuity alone does not restrict a parametrized curve to an arbitrarily small enclosing area. Exact 1890 Mathematische Annalen 36(1),157-160 paper. formula glyphs were not visually certified. The mapping is continuous and onto, not a one-to-one continuous correspondence or a claim that dimension is preserved by arbitrary continuous maps. Parity-controlled digit complements and agreement at the two ternary representations of triadic rationals are essential; naive digit interleaving fails. The argument concerns continuous parametrizations: ordinary graphs and coordinates of bounded variation retain stronger restrictions. The final page also gives a cube construction. Original claims about nondifferentiability and exact preimage multiplicities were read but not independently reconstructed; no universal assertion about all space-filling curves is inferred. Cantor's earlier set-theoretic bijection, Netto's continuity obstruction for such a bijection, Hilbert's 1891 construction and Peano's 1908 visualizations remain distinct. This original paper is arithmetic and contains no curve illustration. Bounded exact rational representation checks illustrate the repair; they are not a full proof audit or a finite grid used as evidence of complete area coverage. January 1890 is the manuscript signature; publisher metadata gives March 1890. Later algorithms and applications keep separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14473075-5c9c-4824-af51-8730d211ac02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:204c351ce556ba02fd4a1eedb867f4241a7008d2424b7b7a20716e8809c82211"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pedersen-perfectly-hiding-verifiable-secret-sharing-1991","title":"Pedersen: verify shared secret pieces without exposing the secret","summary":"Two-generator perfectly hiding commitments combine with polynomial shares so recipients verify consistency non-interactively; secret privacy is information-theoretic while share consistency relies on the dealer not knowing the generator discrete-log relation.","boundary":"The construction combines threshold sharing with commitments in a prime-order group. Perfect hiding uses uniformly random blinding; computational binding assumes that the discrete-log relationship between the two generators is unknown to the committing party. Share verification and reconstruction use the stated participant indices, threshold and broadcast/private-channel model. Information-theoretic privacy does not mean unconditional resistance to malicious inconsistent openings. The work was presented at CRYPTO 1991 and printed in 1992. WRS has not independently reconstructed the full security proof or certified the exact formula transcription.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Cryptography","year":1991,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"pedersen-perfectly-hiding-verifiable-secret-sharing-1991","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3b77933a-4c32-4d66-a351-27dbc9431da3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4843e2ae25145a6f6b2f918a6a623c8a0703672ce2cf5d45370b2422da92e0f5"},"humans":["Torben Pryds Pedersen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["shamir-polynomial-threshold-secret-sharing-1979"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-pedersen-perfectly-hiding-verifiable-secret-sharing-1991-original","title":"Torben Pryds Pedersen: Non-Interactive and Information-Theoretic Secure Verifiable Secret Sharing (CRYPTO1991,printed1992)","url":"https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs754/2001fa/129.PDF"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"pedersen-perfectly-hiding-verifiable-secret-sharing-1991","entry_id":"pedersen-perfectly-hiding-verifiable-secret-sharing-1991","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3b77933a-4c32-4d66-a351-27dbc9431da3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4843e2ae25145a6f6b2f918a6a623c8a0703672ce2cf5d45370b2422da92e0f5"},"what_changed":"Two-generator perfectly hiding commitments combine with polynomial shares so recipients verify consistency non-interactively; secret privacy is information-theoretic while share consistency relies on the dealer not knowing the generator discrete-log relation.","scope":"Two-generator perfectly hiding commitments combine with polynomial shares so recipients verify consistency non-interactively; secret privacy is information-theoretic while share consistency relies on the dealer not knowing the generator discrete-log relation. The construction combines threshold sharing with commitments in a prime-order group. Perfect hiding uses uniformly random blinding; computational binding assumes that the discrete-log relationship between the two generators is unknown to the committing party. Share verification and reconstruction use the stated participant indices, threshold and broadcast/private-channel model. Information-theoretic privacy does not mean unconditional resistance to malicious inconsistent openings. The work was presented at CRYPTO 1991 and printed in 1992. WRS has not independently reconstructed the full security proof or certified the exact formula transcription.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3b77933a-4c32-4d66-a351-27dbc9431da3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4843e2ae25145a6f6b2f918a6a623c8a0703672ce2cf5d45370b2422da92e0f5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"peebles-xie-diffusion-transformer-backbone-2022","title":"Peebles and Xie: diffusion transformers generate images from latent patches","summary":"Peebles and Xie replace the U-Net denoiser in latent image diffusion with a conditioned transformer, reporting scalable class-conditional ImageNet generation through model size and latent-patch token count.\n\nDiffusion models generate images by repeatedly removing noise. Their usual denoising backbone was a convolutional U-Net. Peebles and Xie keep the established diffusion process but replace that backbone with a transformer that reads patches of compressed image representations. They compare ways to supply the noise level and image class, finding that adaptive layer normalization with zero-initialized residual gates works well in their experiments. Increasing model size or reducing patch size improves their chosen benchmark results within the studied configurations. Their best guided model reports an ImageNet256 FID of2.27. This expands the design options for diffusion generation; it does not invent diffusion, transformers or image autoencoders. Reported quality depends on training, decoder, guidance and evaluation settings, and the method still requires repeated denoising plus image decoding.","boundary":"The work replaces the stated image-diffusion backbone with a transformer and evaluates scaling under specified training, data and guidance settings. Reported compute/quality correlations are not a universal scaling law or guarantee across all modalities. Data preparation, autoencoding and sampling costs remain. WRS has not independently replayed the experiments.","area":"Generative image modeling architectures","topic":"Mathematics and computing","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"peebles-xie-diffusion-transformer-backbone-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a84f0d5b-90ef-48f9-a9aa-db41b130782f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:75e63fc7fadc3eacaff3afb2d671f58e5e2a2335f48cfd7e3b8e28cffa058c0d"},"humans":["William Peebles","Saining Xie"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dosovitskiy-et-al-vit-2020","denoising-diffusion"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-dit-iccv2023-main","title":"Peebles and Xie, Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers; CVF ICCV2023 acceptedpaper","url":"https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/ICCV2023/papers/Peebles_Scalable_Diffusion_Models_with_Transformers_ICCV_2023_paper.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-dit-iccv2023-supplement","title":"DiT officialICCV2023supplement: implementation, complete model/decoder tables andsamplecaptions","url":"https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/ICCV2023/supplemental/Peebles_Scalable_Diffusion_Models_ICCV_2023_supplemental.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-dit-arxiv-identity","title":"OfficialarXiv DiT title/byline and2022first/2023revision history","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.09748v2"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"peebles-xie-diffusion-transformer-backbone-2022","entry_id":"peebles-xie-diffusion-transformer-backbone-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a84f0d5b-90ef-48f9-a9aa-db41b130782f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:75e63fc7fadc3eacaff3afb2d671f58e5e2a2335f48cfd7e3b8e28cffa058c0d"},"what_changed":"A conditioned latent-patch transformer backbone with adaLN-Zero and controlledsize/patch ablations broadens diffusion architectural options while retaining establisheddiffusion/VAE/ViT methods.","scope":"A conditioned latent-patch transformer backbone with adaLN-Zero and controlledsize/patch ablations broadens diffusion architectural options while retaining establisheddiffusion/VAE/ViT methods. The work replaces the stated image-diffusion backbone with a transformer and evaluates scaling under specified training, data and guidance settings. Reported compute/quality correlations are not a universal scaling law or guarantee across all modalities. Data preparation, autoencoding and sampling costs remain. WRS has not independently replayed the experiments.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a84f0d5b-90ef-48f9-a9aa-db41b130782f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:75e63fc7fadc3eacaff3afb2d671f58e5e2a2335f48cfd7e3b8e28cffa058c0d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"perlman-distributed-bridge-spanning-tree-1985","title":"Perlman: a spanning tree for a bridged network","summary":"Perlman gives a distributed protocol that selects a root and forwarding subset of a bridged extended LAN, preserving connectivity while removing forwarding loops after convergence, with explicit aging and reconfiguration delays.\n\nConnecting local networks with redundant bridges offers backup paths, but it can also let packets circulate indefinitely around a loop. Radia Perlman gives the bridges a way to select a usable tree without requiring changes to ordinary connected stations. Each bridge advertises its view of the root and its distance; a designated bridge is selected for each local network, and other forwarding links are disabled. The protocol also ages old information and delays forwarding changes so that bridges can recover when links or the root fail. Its control state depends on a bridge’s attached links rather than requiring a map of the whole network. The paper separates stable-tree reasoning from timer choices needed during reconfiguration. It does not supply a defense against arbitrary malicious announcements, and its guarantees depend on connectivity, unique identifiers and suitable timing bounds. Equal-distance upstream links can be chosen arbitrarily in the stated algorithm, so a unique root does not mean every final port choice is unique.","boundary":"The algorithm selects a loop-free spanning tree among bridges using the stated identifiers, messages and timing assumptions. Convergence after topology changes differs from instantaneous forwarding safety. It does not guarantee shortest paths, Byzantine/Sybil robustness or unlimited dynamic-network behavior. Later standardized variants and implementations are separate.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Network protocols","year":1985,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"perlman-distributed-bridge-spanning-tree-1985","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b840f0c-c07b-489d-a23f-d7c38a8fbf05","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b4c72404cd22f616b9f0076f84c7c1fbf95a4dab29a6b41bc73b0c1aa6e102c"},"humans":["Radia Perlman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-perlman-distributed-bridge-spanning-tree-1985-original","title":"Perlman1985: An algorithm for distributed computation of a spanning tree in an extended LAN","url":"https://people.cs.umass.edu/~phillipa/CSE390/p44-perlman.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-perlman-distributed-bridge-spanning-tree-1985-original-later","title":"RFC6325(2011): Routing Bridges base protocol, abstract and authors only","url":"https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6325/"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"perlman-distributed-bridge-spanning-tree-1985","entry_id":"perlman-distributed-bridge-spanning-tree-1985","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b840f0c-c07b-489d-a23f-d7c38a8fbf05","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b4c72404cd22f616b9f0076f84c7c1fbf95a4dab29a6b41bc73b0c1aa6e102c"},"what_changed":"Perlman gives a distributed protocol that selects a root and forwarding subset of a bridged extended LAN, preserving connectivity while removing forwarding loops after convergence, with explicit aging and reconfiguration delays.","scope":"Perlman gives a distributed protocol that selects a root and forwarding subset of a bridged extended LAN, preserving connectivity while removing forwarding loops after convergence, with explicit aging and reconfiguration delays. The algorithm selects a loop-free spanning tree among bridges using the stated identifiers, messages and timing assumptions. Convergence after topology changes differs from instantaneous forwarding safety. It does not guarantee shortest paths, Byzantine/Sybil robustness or unlimited dynamic-network behavior. Later standardized variants and implementations are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b840f0c-c07b-489d-a23f-d7c38a8fbf05","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b4c72404cd22f616b9f0076f84c7c1fbf95a4dab29a6b41bc73b0c1aa6e102c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"petri-communication-net-foundations-1962","title":"Petri: communication nets, concurrency and conflict","summary":"Petri develops communication nets built from discrete locations and local actions, with explicit causality, parallelism and conflict, and presents constructions for asynchronous, extensible computation instead of assuming one global sequence of machine states.\n\nA single list of successive global states can hide which parts of a computation depend on one another and which can proceed independently. Petri makes communication and local change the starting point: neighboring components act when their required local objects are present, while communication forms describe their relationship to the environment. A conflict marks competing enabled actions, rather than an unspecified bad outcome. The work includes memory and Turing-machine constructions and a proposal for further formalization. Its importance lies in an early net-based language for concurrent computation; later Petri-net theory, verification algorithms and tools remain separate contributions.","boundary":"The 1962 historical work is read through the 1966 author-authorized English translation with errata, not an independently compared German original. diagrams/glyphs were not visually reconstructed. Post-1962 references in the translation do not prove original-version textual identity or move later results into 1962. Section 4 uses two-valued objects at locations, bounded local nodes and environment communication forms; Section 5 restricts conservative/reactive transitions. These are not automatically all later token-net semantics. Gluing conflict-free nets can introduce conflict. Physical signal-speed/information-density premises are postulates, not newly established universal physics; the critique concerns specified synchronous/global-state models, not a prohibition of finite computers. The Turing representation involves extendible construction and communication conditions, not an already completed infinite physical memory or finite deadline for arbitrary programs. Technical realization, universal physical interpretability and a complete CS 4 communication calculus are explicitly unresolved/outside the work; some derivations are sketches and diagrams abbreviate proofs. No full formal/graph/implementation replay or independent certification was performed.","area":"Communication nets and concurrent computation","topic":"Computing","year":1962,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"petri-communication-net-foundations-1962","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90955c0f-a860-4625-a49e-965987d16740","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cdba0296b0580f224a294aa91e1535866490f276d099b03a84b9ee9793c698b4"},"humans":["Carl Adam Petri"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lamport-logical-clocks","turing","chandy-lamport-distributed-snapshots-1985"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-petri-1966-authorized-translation","title":"Petri, Communication with Automata: author-authorized1966 English translation of1962 dissertation, with errata","url":"https://edoc.sub.uni-hamburg.de/informatik/volltexte/2010/155/pdf/diss_petri_engl.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-petri-1962-hamburg-original-metadata","title":"Hamburg INFDok: original1962 Kommunikation mit Automaten dissertation metadata","url":"https://edoc.sub.uni-hamburg.de/informatik/frontdoor.php?source_opus=160"},{"id":"wrs24-petri-1962-hamburg-bibliography","title":"Hamburg Petri Nets Bibliography:1962 original and1966 translation","url":"https://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/TGI/pnbib/p/petri_c_a33.html"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"petri-communication-net-foundations-1962","entry_id":"petri-communication-net-foundations-1962","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90955c0f-a860-4625-a49e-965987d16740","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cdba0296b0580f224a294aa91e1535866490f276d099b03a84b9ee9793c698b4"},"what_changed":"Petri develops communication nets built from discrete locations and local actions, with explicit causality, parallelism and conflict, and presents constructions for asynchronous, extensible computation instead of assuming one global sequence of machine states.","scope":"Petri develops communication nets built from discrete locations and local actions, with explicit causality, parallelism and conflict, and presents constructions for asynchronous, extensible computation instead of assuming one global sequence of machine states. The 1962 historical work is read through the 1966 author-authorized English translation with errata, not an independently compared German original. diagrams/glyphs were not visually reconstructed. Post-1962 references in the translation do not prove original-version textual identity or move later results into 1962. Section 4 uses two-valued objects at locations, bounded local nodes and environment communication forms; Section 5 restricts conservative/reactive transitions. These are not automatically all later token-net semantics. Gluing conflict-free nets can introduce conflict. Physical signal-speed/information-density premises are postulates, not newly established universal physics; the critique concerns specified synchronous/global-state models, not a prohibition of finite computers. The Turing representation involves extendible construction and communication conditions, not an already completed infinite physical memory or finite deadline for arbitrary programs. Technical realization, universal physical interpretability and a complete CS 4 communication calculus are explicitly unresolved/outside the work; some derivations are sketches and diagrams abbreviate proofs. No full formal/graph/implementation replay or independent certification was performed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90955c0f-a860-4625-a49e-965987d16740","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cdba0296b0580f224a294aa91e1535866490f276d099b03a84b9ee9793c698b4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pollard-rho-factorization-1975","title":"Pollard: finding integer factors with a short collision search","summary":"Pollard introduced a low-storage iterative method for finding integer factors through collisions modulo an unknown factor, with a heuristic square-root operation estimate in the factor size under a random-mapping model.\n\nFactoring an integer by trying possible divisors can require many arithmetic operations. Pollard’s 1975 note proposed generating a sequence from a simple polynomial modulo the integer. When this sequence repeats modulo an unknown factor, a greatest-common-divisor calculation can reveal that factor without storing the whole sequence. The original method keeps only a few multi-length variables and combines several differences before computing a gcd. Its speed estimate relies explicitly on treating the induced mapping as random; this is not a worst-case guarantee for every polynomial or input. A gcd can also equal the whole integer, leaving no proper factor to extract, and a finite search can stop without finding anything. The note is therefore a practical search method rather than a universal fast, complete factorization theorem. Pollard’s earlier work and Knuth’s random-mapping ideas retain credit. The 1978 discrete-logarithm methods and Brent’s later improvements are separate contributions.","boundary":"The method uses modular iteration and cycle/collision structure to seek a factor. Its expected behavior depends on heuristic randomness and the factor size; it is not a deterministic polynomial-time factorization guarantee. Failed runs may require changing parameters and do not prove primality. Later improvements and computational records retain separate credit.","area":"Computational number theory","topic":"Integer factorization","year":1975,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"pollard-rho-factorization-1975","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03af491b-5d83-43eb-af66-8f015323f4d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cfae20c7239c2dc9233aa7a2087495182f865b64f0669a48f138cec842fc080f"},"humans":["J. M. Pollard"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["shor-algorithm"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-pollard1975-factorization-original","title":"Pollard,AMonteCarloMethodforFactorization,BIT15(3),331-334(1975),original4pagejournal","url":"https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~cs812-1/pollardrho.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-pollard1975-publisher-metadata","title":"PublisherCrossrefdepositfor10.1007/BF01933667","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF01933667"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"pollard-rho-factorization-1975","entry_id":"pollard-rho-factorization-1975","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03af491b-5d83-43eb-af66-8f015323f4d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cfae20c7239c2dc9233aa7a2087495182f865b64f0669a48f138cec842fc080f"},"what_changed":"Pollard introduced a low-storage iterative method for finding integer factors through collisions modulo an unknown factor, with a heuristic square-root operation estimate in the factor size under a random-mapping model.","scope":"Pollard introduced a low-storage iterative method for finding integer factors through collisions modulo an unknown factor, with a heuristic square-root operation estimate in the factor size under a random-mapping model. The method uses modular iteration and cycle/collision structure to seek a factor. Its expected behavior depends on heuristic randomness and the factor size; it is not a deterministic polynomial-time factorization guarantee. Failed runs may require changing parameters and do not prove primality. Later improvements and computational records retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03af491b-5d83-43eb-af66-8f015323f4d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cfae20c7239c2dc9233aa7a2087495182f865b64f0669a48f138cec842fc080f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"poynting-electromagnetic-energy-transfer-1884","title":"Poynting: accounting for energy transfer in the electromagnetic field","summary":"Poynting derives a local electromagnetic energy balance from Maxwell’s theory and represents field-energy transport by a cross product of electric and magnetic intensities, illustrating how power reaches circuits and waves.\n\nA powered wire heats up, but where does its energy enter? This paper turns the surrounding electromagnetic field into an explicit energy-accounting system. It derives a surface-flux expression and illustrates inward energy flow around a straight resistive wire, capacitor discharge, motors and waves. The result connects a circuit’s supplied power to field energy entering a region and energy converted there into heat or work. The field theory is inherited from Maxwell; the contribution is its organized energy-transport account.","boundary":"The derivation uses Maxwell’s stated medium-energy and constitutive model; stationary-matter and moving-matter work terms must not be conflated. The original uses historical units and a 1/(4*pi) factor, not verbatim modern SI E cross H. Ohmic wire and slow-discharge examples, thermoelectric assumptions and uniform plane-wave cases have their own restrictions. The cell-potential interpretation is explicitly uncertain, and a proposed dielectric probe is prospective, not a completed experiment. Ideal motor efficiency reaches unity at a zero-power limit, not a practical perpetual-motion result. Conservation fixes a divergence and does not alone certify unique microscopic energy paths. Quantum theory, arbitrary dispersive/nonlinear media and all later power engineering are excluded. The complete derivation and its formulas have not been independently certified here.","area":"Classical electromagnetic energy transport","topic":"Physics","year":1884,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"poynting-electromagnetic-energy-transfer-1884","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ebcac54-4cc1-4d43-aa41-f6b953aeaab9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b444d6f3441d89337b8b82cebc65cec678a55bc578cf7bdf9ee6dec93f266f3d"},"humans":["J. H. Poynting"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["maxwell","joule-mechanical-heat","ohm-circuit-law"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-poynting-energy-transfer-1884-original","title":"Poynting: accounting for energy transfer in the electromagnetic field — original article scan","url":"https://fnorio.com/0166Poynting_vector/Poynting_1884/Poynting_1884_Phil_Trans_175_343%EF%BD%9E361.pdf"}],"points":"270000","published_grade":{"id":"poynting-electromagnetic-energy-transfer-1884","entry_id":"poynting-electromagnetic-energy-transfer-1884","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ebcac54-4cc1-4d43-aa41-f6b953aeaab9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b444d6f3441d89337b8b82cebc65cec678a55bc578cf7bdf9ee6dec93f266f3d"},"what_changed":"Poynting derives a local electromagnetic energy balance from Maxwell’s theory and represents field-energy transport by a cross product of electric and magnetic intensities, illustrating how power reaches circuits and waves.","scope":"Poynting derives a local electromagnetic energy balance from Maxwell’s theory and represents field-energy transport by a cross product of electric and magnetic intensities, illustrating how power reaches circuits and waves. The derivation uses Maxwell’s stated medium-energy and constitutive model; stationary-matter and moving-matter work terms must not be conflated. The original uses historical units and a 1/(4*pi) factor, not verbatim modern SI E cross H. Ohmic wire and slow-discharge examples, thermoelectric assumptions and uniform plane-wave cases have their own restrictions. The cell-potential interpretation is explicitly uncertain, and a proposed dielectric probe is prospective, not a completed experiment. Ideal motor efficiency reaches unity at a zero-power limit, not a practical perpetual-motion result. Conservation fixes a divergence and does not alone certify unique microscopic energy paths. Quantum theory, arbitrary dispersive/nonlinear media and all later power engineering are excluded. The complete derivation and its formulas have not been independently certified here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ebcac54-4cc1-4d43-aa41-f6b953aeaab9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b444d6f3441d89337b8b82cebc65cec678a55bc578cf7bdf9ee6dec93f266f3d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"prandtl-boundary-layer-foundation-1904","title":"Prandtl: the thin layer that changes the whole flow","summary":"Prandtl introduces a thin viscous boundary region coupled to the outer flow, derives reduced equations for small-viscosity incompressible motion, and relates boundary-layer separation to observed wakes and a suction experiment.\n\nAn ideal-fluid calculation can miss the drag and wake of a real object. Prandtl explains why making viscosity small does not remove its role near a wall: the fluid adheres to the surface, producing large velocity changes across a thin region. He separates that region from the outer flow while showing how separated layers can alter the outer motion. The paper combines approximate equations, flow sketches and water-tank observations, including removal of one separating layer by suction. This gave aerodynamics a powerful way to connect ideal-flow calculations with wall behavior, rather than treating either the whole fluid as strongly viscous or viscosity as irrelevant everywhere.","boundary":"The historical target was presented in 1904 and printed in the 1905 proceedings; the read source is the 1928 NACA translation through the 1927 reprint. Original German/translation collation is unverified. The text considers incompressible flow, small viscosity, no slip and a thin wall region under stated scale/geometry conditions; it is not a rigorous general inviscid-limit or all-turbulence solution. Large wall gradients and accumulation can preserve viscosity effects, and separation changes the outer flow. The steady tangential equation omits higher-order terms and imports outer pressure; the paper itself notes wall singularities and uncompleted numerical separation evaluation. The original approximate flat-plate drag is not silently replaced by later Blasius results. Several streamline sketches explicitly lack quantitative accuracy; the described water-tank photographs/figures were not visually inspected or experimentally reproduced. figures/photographs are not graph or measurement certification. No original differential-equation/numerical replay or modern validity/priority audit was performed. Later boundary-layer theory, transition analysis and devices remain separately attributed.","area":"Viscous boundary layers and separation","topic":"Physics","year":1904,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"prandtl-boundary-layer-foundation-1904","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb01b541-80fa-43e5-a29a-4c3d413ecec3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de157c12f7dc6179e19af1312d2533a05fd481ef3dc8d579233e3ec30c8990b7"},"humans":["Ludwig Prandtl"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["navier-stokes","reynolds-viscous-flow-criterion-1895"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-prandtl-naca452-translation","title":"Prandtl, Motion of Fluids with Very Little Viscosity: NACA TM452 (1928 translation of1904 work)","url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930090813/downloads/19930090813.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-prandtl-naca452-primary-metadata","title":"NASA NTRS original NACA TM452 publication metadata","url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930090813"},{"id":"wrs24-prandtl-original-translation-history","title":"German Historical Institute primary-source edition: Prandtl original and translation citation","url":"https://germanhistory-intersections.org/en/knowledge-and-education/ghis:document-202"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"prandtl-boundary-layer-foundation-1904","entry_id":"prandtl-boundary-layer-foundation-1904","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb01b541-80fa-43e5-a29a-4c3d413ecec3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de157c12f7dc6179e19af1312d2533a05fd481ef3dc8d579233e3ec30c8990b7"},"what_changed":"Prandtl introduces a thin viscous boundary region coupled to the outer flow, derives reduced equations for small-viscosity incompressible motion, and relates boundary-layer separation to observed wakes and a suction experiment.","scope":"Prandtl introduces a thin viscous boundary region coupled to the outer flow, derives reduced equations for small-viscosity incompressible motion, and relates boundary-layer separation to observed wakes and a suction experiment. The historical target was presented in 1904 and printed in the 1905 proceedings; the read source is the 1928 NACA translation through the 1927 reprint. Original German/translation collation is unverified. The text considers incompressible flow, small viscosity, no slip and a thin wall region under stated scale/geometry conditions; it is not a rigorous general inviscid-limit or all-turbulence solution. Large wall gradients and accumulation can preserve viscosity effects, and separation changes the outer flow. The steady tangential equation omits higher-order terms and imports outer pressure; the paper itself notes wall singularities and uncompleted numerical separation evaluation. The original approximate flat-plate drag is not silently replaced by later Blasius results. Several streamline sketches explicitly lack quantitative accuracy; the described water-tank photographs/figures were not visually inspected or experimentally reproduced. figures/photographs are not graph or measurement certification. No original differential-equation/numerical replay or modern validity/priority audit was performed. Later boundary-layer theory, transition analysis and devices remain separately attributed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb01b541-80fa-43e5-a29a-4c3d413ecec3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de157c12f7dc6179e19af1312d2533a05fd481ef3dc8d579233e3ec30c8990b7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"press-schechter-self-similar-condensation-model-1974","title":"Press and Schechter: estimate a hierarchy of gravitating condensations","summary":"Press and Schechter develop a statistical model connecting small gravitating seeds to a growing condensation mass spectrum, with a Gaussian-tail construction, a surviving maximum-variance self-similar branch and limited N-body tests.\n\nInstead of assuming that all galaxies start as large, smooth disturbances, Press and Schechter ask whether smaller gravitating lumps can build larger structures. They estimate how fluctuations in a volume lead to bound condensations in an expanding universe and obtain a mass distribution with a power-law small-mass part and an exponential cutoff. For their randomly positioned, maximum-variance case, the characteristic condensed mass grows with the square of the expansion factor. The argument uses a spherical accretion estimate to account for initially underdense material and assumes that overlap errors are only of order unity. It is a useful statistical model, not an exact count of real galaxies. Two1000-particle experiments provide tentative numerical support and suggest nonlinear growth effects. A note added in proof accepts Peebles’s correction: the more ordered initial-distribution branch has an invalid energy argument and its stated scaling formulas must not be retained. Later excursion-set theory offers a distinct first-crossing justification under specified filters; that later work remains separately credited.","boundary":"The mass-distribution model uses specified Gaussian initial fluctuations, collapse thresholds and approximations. Its counting/normalization and scale-to-mass mapping are model assumptions, not an exact physical collapse proof. Nonlinear dynamics, mergers and finite simulations need further evidence. The later excursion-set first-crossing derivation is separately credited.","area":"Astronomy","topic":"Statistical condensation mass spectra","year":1974,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"press-schechter-self-similar-condensation-model-1974","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ceab71b-9bc7-4c17-a48c-c2b474c66e40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c70c958934bcea4231f77b3631e29487e007773c0780b1901258c11994b0776"},"humans":["William H. Press","Paul Schechter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-press-schechter-self-similar-condensation-model-1974-original","title":"William H. Press/Paul Schechter1974original425-438includingnoteaddedproof","url":"https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1974ApJ...187..425P"},{"id":"wrs24-press-schechter-self-similar-condensation-model-1974-original-later-repair","title":"Bond/Cole/Efstathiou/Kaiser1991: distinctexcursion-set first-crossing approach","url":"https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1991ApJ...379..440B"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"press-schechter-self-similar-condensation-model-1974","entry_id":"press-schechter-self-similar-condensation-model-1974","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ceab71b-9bc7-4c17-a48c-c2b474c66e40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c70c958934bcea4231f77b3631e29487e007773c0780b1901258c11994b0776"},"what_changed":"Press and Schechter develop a statistical model connecting small gravitating seeds to a growing condensation mass spectrum, with a Gaussian-tail construction, a surviving maximum-variance self-similar branch and limited N-body tests.","scope":"Press and Schechter develop a statistical model connecting small gravitating seeds to a growing condensation mass spectrum, with a Gaussian-tail construction, a surviving maximum-variance self-similar branch and limited N-body tests. The mass-distribution model uses specified Gaussian initial fluctuations, collapse thresholds and approximations. Its counting/normalization and scale-to-mass mapping are model assumptions, not an exact physical collapse proof. Nonlinear dynamics, mergers and finite simulations need further evidence. The later excursion-set first-crossing derivation is separately credited.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ceab71b-9bc7-4c17-a48c-c2b474c66e40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c70c958934bcea4231f77b3631e29487e007773c0780b1901258c11994b0776"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rabi-dirac-magnetic-field-1928","title":"Rabi: solving the relativistic electron in a uniform magnetic field","summary":"Rabi solves the four-component Dirac electron equations in a homogeneous magnetic field, obtains discrete transverse energy branches with continuous longitudinal momentum, and explains a special lowest-state current condition, without deriving thermodynamic diamagnetism.\n\nA magnetic field changes the allowed motion of an electron. Rabi used the newly introduced Dirac equation to solve this clean example while keeping relativity and the electron's spin structure together. The motion along the field remains continuous; across it, only particular energy levels are allowed. In the lowest branch the transverse contribution can vanish, while rest energy and motion along the field remain. The paper also finds a vanishing circulating current in that branch and warns against treating spin and ordinary motion as independent classical pieces. This concrete solution helped make the new equation usable. It is a different contribution from Landau's later calculation of a magnetic material response and from Rabi's later magnetic-resonance experiments.","boundary":"The calculation concerns the Dirac equation in a stated magnetic-field model and its energy/state interpretation. Boundary and ideal-field assumptions matter. It is not the later molecular-beam resonance technique or a complete interacting-field theory. Contemporary and later experimental contributions remain separate.","area":"Relativistic quantum magnetism","topic":"Physics","year":1928,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"rabi-dirac-magnetic-field-1928","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a8715d6-49e2-435f-a805-02aab504e355","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:656319fdd058821e6acc43ec7ae59db6f1dcd77cd13a8209612652924a99d527"},"humans":["I. I. Rabi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dirac-electron","landau-quantum-orbital-diamagnetism-1930"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-rabi-dirac-field1928-original","title":"I. I. Rabi, Das freie Elektron im homogenen Magnetfeld nach der Diracschen Theorie; original1928","url":"https://gilles.montambaux.com/files/histoire-physique/Rabi-1928.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-rabi-dirac-field1928-original-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited identity for the exact original 1928 paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF01333634"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"rabi-dirac-magnetic-field-1928","entry_id":"rabi-dirac-magnetic-field-1928","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a8715d6-49e2-435f-a805-02aab504e355","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:656319fdd058821e6acc43ec7ae59db6f1dcd77cd13a8209612652924a99d527"},"what_changed":"Rabi solves the four-component Dirac electron equations in a homogeneous magnetic field, obtains discrete transverse energy branches with continuous longitudinal momentum, and explains a special lowest-state current condition, without deriving thermodynamic diamagnetism.","scope":"Rabi solves the four-component Dirac electron equations in a homogeneous magnetic field, obtains discrete transverse energy branches with continuous longitudinal momentum, and explains a special lowest-state current condition, without deriving thermodynamic diamagnetism. The calculation concerns the Dirac equation in a stated magnetic-field model and its energy/state interpretation. Boundary and ideal-field assumptions matter. It is not the later molecular-beam resonance technique or a complete interacting-field theory. Contemporary and later experimental contributions remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a8715d6-49e2-435f-a805-02aab504e355","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:656319fdd058821e6acc43ec7ae59db6f1dcd77cd13a8209612652924a99d527"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rabin-randomized-primality-witnesses-1980","title":"Rabin: randomized primality testing with one-sided witness error","summary":"Rabin analyzes randomized compositeness-witness sampling: for each fixed composite, independent uniform trials give exponentially decreasing false acceptance, while a witness certifies compositeness; the journal paper includes implementation and reported experiments.\n\nA modular calculation can expose an integer as composite without finding all its factors. Rabin shows that witnesses are common enough that independent random choices rapidly reduce the chance of mistakenly accepting a composite. Finding a witness is decisive; passing the trials gives a probable-prime result, not a proof that the number is prime. The paper explains this distinction and reports implementations and large-number searches. Its later note simplifies the test using repeated squaring, while preserving the earlier witness theory and contributors.","boundary":"Exact 1980 J. Composite-witness logic and at-most-quarter nonwitness bound yield <=4^-k false acceptance for each fixed composite under independent uniform random residues; this is not posterior primality probability or a deterministic prime certificate. Source inequality/cost glyphs damaged: inclusive quarter bound retained, exact strictness/step coefficient not certified. Arithmetic-operation model not silently unit bit cost; computation/randomness errors separate. Note eliminates gcds through square-root checks. Reported large/twin-prime searches are assertions, not twin-prime conjecture proof or guaranteed termination of all special-form searches; heuristic search costs remain heuristic. The complete proof and the source-reported computer experiments have not been independently reproduced here. Repeating one fixed base gains no independent-trial bound.","area":"Computational number theory","topic":"Computing","year":1980,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"rabin-randomized-primality-witnesses-1980","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1b8fe4bf-d26d-4902-a372-f74c925de360","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:23ef28b13020159a058bcb271a99ee4e65b70e947ef44b85332bb786808df845"},"humans":["Michael O. Rabin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["rsa-cryptosystem","aks-primes-in-p-2004"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-rabin1980-original","title":"Rabin: randomized primality testing with one-sided witness error; exact original journal technical text","url":"https://www.cs.umd.edu/~gasarch/BLOGPAPERS/rabinprime.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-rabin1980-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited exact 1980 journal identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2F0022-314X%2880%2990084-0"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"rabin-randomized-primality-witnesses-1980","entry_id":"rabin-randomized-primality-witnesses-1980","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1b8fe4bf-d26d-4902-a372-f74c925de360","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:23ef28b13020159a058bcb271a99ee4e65b70e947ef44b85332bb786808df845"},"what_changed":"Rabin analyzes randomized compositeness-witness sampling: for each fixed composite, independent uniform trials give exponentially decreasing false acceptance, while a witness certifies compositeness; the journal paper includes implementation and reported experiments.","scope":"Rabin analyzes randomized compositeness-witness sampling: for each fixed composite, independent uniform trials give exponentially decreasing false acceptance, while a witness certifies compositeness; the journal paper includes implementation and reported experiments. Exact 1980 J. Composite-witness logic and at-most-quarter nonwitness bound yield <=4^-k false acceptance for each fixed composite under independent uniform random residues; this is not posterior primality probability or a deterministic prime certificate. Source inequality/cost glyphs damaged: inclusive quarter bound retained, exact strictness/step coefficient not certified. Arithmetic-operation model not silently unit bit cost; computation/randomness errors separate. Note eliminates gcds through square-root checks. Reported large/twin-prime searches are assertions, not twin-prime conjecture proof or guaranteed termination of all special-form searches; heuristic search costs remain heuristic. The complete proof and the source-reported computer experiments have not been independently reproduced here. Repeating one fixed base gains no independent-trial bound.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1b8fe4bf-d26d-4902-a372-f74c925de360","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:23ef28b13020159a058bcb271a99ee4e65b70e947ef44b85332bb786808df845"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rabin-trapdoor-function-inversion-factorization-1979","title":"Rabin: relating trapdoor-function inversion to factorization","summary":"Rabin gives a public-key function based on modular quadratic equations and a randomized reduction showing that inversion on a substantial fraction of its invertible unit-domain outputs enables factorization of the modulus.\n\nA public-key function should be easy to evaluate and hard to reverse without a private key. Michael O. Rabin studies a quadratic function modulo a product of two distinct odd primes. Knowing the two factors makes inversion possible using modular roots and the Chinese remainder theorem. Conversely, an algorithm that finds a root on enough suitable outputs can be used in a randomized procedure to recover a factor. This makes the mathematical relationship to factorization explicit rather than merely assuming that inversion requires factoring. The report also describes randomized message suffixes and hashing for signatures. Those protocol steps require their own assumptions: the primitive reduction does not prove modern security for every hash function, message distribution or adversarial interaction. Nor does the report prove that factorization is inherently hard. The contribution is represented through the 1979 report, with its reference to Rabin’s earlier 1978 signature work retained rather than claiming that every part was first invented in 1979.","boundary":"The inversion/factorization equivalence belongs to the stated modular-square trapdoor construction. Extracting roots has ambiguities and protocol encodings need additional conditions. This is not unrestricted chosen-ciphertext security, authenticated encryption or a current deployment recommendation. Later padding/signature schemes and earlier factorization methods retain separate credit.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Cryptographic foundations","year":1979,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"rabin-trapdoor-function-inversion-factorization-1979","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c181d220-f497-47a5-a9dc-7605f020d1e6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f894575c6ced2c881b099dd3faaae404e0c0f1b3b95f9c767b37b3b39b40109d"},"humans":["Michael O. Rabin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-rabin-trapdoor-function-inversion-factorization-1979-original","title":"Rabin1979MIT-LCS-TR212: Digitalized signatures and public-key functions as intractable as factorization","url":"https://publications.csail.mit.edu/lcs/pubs/pdf/MIT-LCS-TR-212.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-rabin-trapdoor-function-inversion-factorization-1979-original-later","title":"Bellare/Rogaway1996: exact security of digital signatures, author abstract","url":"https://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/exact.html"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"rabin-trapdoor-function-inversion-factorization-1979","entry_id":"rabin-trapdoor-function-inversion-factorization-1979","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c181d220-f497-47a5-a9dc-7605f020d1e6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f894575c6ced2c881b099dd3faaae404e0c0f1b3b95f9c767b37b3b39b40109d"},"what_changed":"Rabin gives a public-key function based on modular quadratic equations and a randomized reduction showing that inversion on a substantial fraction of its invertible unit-domain outputs enables factorization of the modulus.","scope":"Rabin gives a public-key function based on modular quadratic equations and a randomized reduction showing that inversion on a substantial fraction of its invertible unit-domain outputs enables factorization of the modulus. The inversion/factorization equivalence belongs to the stated modular-square trapdoor construction. Extracting roots has ambiguities and protocol encodings need additional conditions. This is not unrestricted chosen-ciphertext security, authenticated encryption or a current deployment recommendation. Later padding/signature schemes and earlier factorization methods retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c181d220-f497-47a5-a9dc-7605f020d1e6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f894575c6ced2c881b099dd3faaae404e0c0f1b3b95f9c767b37b3b39b40109d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rafailov-et-al-direct-preference-optimization-2023","title":"DPO: learn response preferences without a separate reward-training loop","summary":"Rafailov and colleagues reparameterize a KL-regularized preference-learning objective as a direct policy classification loss, removing the separate learned-reward/PPO optimization stage and reporting results on sentiment, summarization and single-turn dialogue.\n\nA model can learn from pairs of responses that people rank without first building a separate reward model and then running a reinforcement-learning loop. DPO uses the model's own response probabilities, compared with a fixed reference model, to fit those preferences directly. A mathematical change of variables connects this loss to a familiar regularized reward objective under specified preference and support assumptions. The paper then tests the resulting training method on several text tasks. It simplifies a particular preference-training pipeline; it does not turn popular answers into scientific truth, eliminate the need for preference data or prove that every future model is aligned.","boundary":"The reformulation uses a specified preference/regularization model, reference policy and pairwise objective. Finite preference data, model misspecification and optimization limits remain. Avoiding an explicit reward-model/RL loop does not imply objectively correct preferences, universal alignment or zero training cost. Reported comparisons are setup-dependent and have not been independently replayed by WRS.","area":"Direct preference learning","topic":"Computing","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"rafailov-et-al-direct-preference-optimization-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:baeaf450-e457-4dbd-abfa-2c2095f0a6a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d547550a5c9df63e7b5e4823946bab912e01612138e8848646389e5b929c5f9"},"humans":["Rafael Rafailov","Archit Sharma","Eric Mitchell","Stefano Ermon","Christopher D. Manning","Chelsea Finn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ppo-2017","instructgpt-2022"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-dpo2023-v1-primary","title":"Rafailov et al., Direct Preference Optimization, arXiv2305.18290v1 (2023)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.18290v1"},{"id":"wrs24-dpo-version-byline-arxiv","title":"arXiv DPO version history and complete byline","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18290v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"rafailov-et-al-direct-preference-optimization-2023","entry_id":"rafailov-et-al-direct-preference-optimization-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:baeaf450-e457-4dbd-abfa-2c2095f0a6a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d547550a5c9df63e7b5e4823946bab912e01612138e8848646389e5b929c5f9"},"what_changed":"Rafailov and colleagues reparameterize a KL-regularized preference-learning objective as a direct policy classification loss, removing the separate learned-reward/PPO optimization stage and reporting results on sentiment, summarization and single-turn dialogue.","scope":"Rafailov and colleagues reparameterize a KL-regularized preference-learning objective as a direct policy classification loss, removing the separate learned-reward/PPO optimization stage and reporting results on sentiment, summarization and single-turn dialogue. The reformulation uses a specified preference/regularization model, reference policy and pairwise objective. Finite preference data, model misspecification and optimization limits remain. Avoiding an explicit reward-model/RL loop does not imply objectively correct preferences, universal alignment or zero training cost. Reported comparisons are setup-dependent and have not been independently replayed by WRS.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:baeaf450-e457-4dbd-abfa-2c2095f0a6a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2d547550a5c9df63e7b5e4823946bab912e01612138e8848646389e5b929c5f9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rao-information-bounds-statistical-metric-1945","title":"Rao: information bounds and a geometry of statistical populations","summary":"Rao related the covariance of unbiased estimators to the Fisher information in regular probability models. He also used the information matrix as a quadratic metric for neighboring statistical populations, connecting estimation precision with parameter-space geometry.\n\nThe score of a probability model has a controlled covariance with an unbiased estimating function, yielding a lower bound on estimation variance. In several parameters the information matrix organizes the corresponding covariance restrictions. Rao then reads the same matrix as the local squared length between nearby populations and considers geodesic distance. Fisher's information is inherited input; Cramér's independent bound development and Blackwell's conditional/sequential estimation retain separate attribution.","boundary":"Differentiability, justified differentiation under the integral, integrability/finite variances and the relevant nonsingular information matrix are required; a nondegenerate metric requires an identifiable regular parameterization. The bound need not be attained. Biased estimators, nonregular models and singular parameters are outside this stated scope. The paper's overstrong sufficient-statistic minimality statements and general testing claims are not adopted.","area":"Statistical estimation and information geometry","topic":"Statistics","year":1945,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"rao-information-bounds-statistical-metric-1945","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c451bcb-4bc6-44c5-ae32-db4d35ffb760","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ef2d1fdf026131b2f1543a7aea002b72e38b3dd2d64c5284af383f6d8816bbe3"},"humans":["Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["fisher-mathematical-foundations-statistics-1922","riemann-geometry-foundations"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-rao-information-estimation-1945","title":"C. Radhakrishna Rao, Information and accuracy attainable in the estimation of statistical parameters, Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society 37(3) (1945), 81–91; 1992 Springer reprint pp.235–247","url":"https://gwern.net/doc/statistics/1992-rao.pdf"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"rao-information-bounds-statistical-metric-1945","entry_id":"rao-information-bounds-statistical-metric-1945","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c451bcb-4bc6-44c5-ae32-db4d35ffb760","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ef2d1fdf026131b2f1543a7aea002b72e38b3dd2d64c5284af383f6d8816bbe3"},"what_changed":"Information gives regular unbiased scalar/multiparameter covariance lower bounds, while the same matrix becomes an invariant local metric on identifiable statistical populations.","scope":"Information gives regular unbiased scalar/multiparameter covariance lower bounds, while the same matrix becomes an invariant local metric on identifiable statistical populations. Differentiability, justified differentiation under the integral, integrability/finite variances and the relevant nonsingular information matrix are required; a nondegenerate metric requires an identifiable regular parameterization. The bound need not be attained. Biased estimators, nonregular models and singular parameters are outside this stated scope. The paper's overstrong sufficient-statistic minimality statements and general testing claims are not adopted.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c451bcb-4bc6-44c5-ae32-db4d35ffb760","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ef2d1fdf026131b2f1543a7aea002b72e38b3dd2d64c5284af383f6d8816bbe3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"renyi-generalized-entropy-information-1961","title":"Rényi: a family of ways to measure uncertainty and information","summary":"The1961 chapter distinguishes Shannon entropy from a broader order-parametrized family by changing the mean-value postulate, and develops corresponding information measures under explicit finite-distribution assumptions.\n\nAn uncertainty measure depends on which rules we ask it to obey. Rényi shows that combining independent experiments additively does not by itself single out Shannon entropy. Requiring an arithmetic mean gives Shannon’s measure; allowing appropriate exponential means produces a family with an adjustable order and Shannon as a limit. The chapter also characterizes corresponding measures of information when one probability distribution is replaced by another. A final finite-state Markov-chain example shows how such information measures can help prove convergence. That example inherits the underlying limit result and the information-proof idea, and does not provide a numerical stopping budget. The contribution is a reusable mathematical framework, rather than one universal uncertainty score that applies unchanged to every setting.","boundary":"Finite discrete distributions, plus generalized nonnegative weights with 0<W<=1. Independent-product additivity is weaker than Shannon grouping: the order-parametrized entropy family does not inherit every Shannon chain rule. Shannon arises as order tends to 1; exponential versus arithmetic means and stated postulates distinguish the family. Information characterization uses matched finite supports with positive reference probabilities; section 3 explicitly needs an extra continuity postulate to exclude nonpositive orders. The opening Radon–Nikodym discussion is not a proof of every infinite/continuous extension. The Markov illustration assumes finitely many states, strictly positive one-step transitions and an inherited positive stationary distribution; it supplies convergence, not a finite burn-in bound or every irreducible chain theorem. Existing KL and Markov limit results are not claimed as first here. no independent proof, estimator performance, quantum-entropy result or universal measure of scientific value. Earlier 1959/1960 work and 1961 selected edition are distinguished without duplicate entries.","area":"Information theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1961,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"renyi-generalized-entropy-information-1961","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5230ad13-9b92-4425-a61a-c6b4c0f4ce14","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b003a65ae9bc2ea7976ec01cafd9dc5652f1d281aa99caa24a96a9a3e70cb509"},"humans":["Alfréd Rényi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["shannon","erdos-renyi-random-graphs-i-1959"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-renyi-entropy-1961-original","title":"Rényi, On Measures of Entropy and Information (1961), original547–561","url":"https://static.renyi.hu/renyi_cikkek/1961_on_measures_of_entropy_and_information.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-renyi-entropy-1961-institute-bibliography","title":"Rényi Institute author bibliography:1961 entropy chapter entry","url":"https://www.renyi.hu/en/belso-oldalak/matematikus-eletmuvek/renyi-alfred"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"renyi-generalized-entropy-information-1961","entry_id":"renyi-generalized-entropy-information-1961","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5230ad13-9b92-4425-a61a-c6b4c0f4ce14","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b003a65ae9bc2ea7976ec01cafd9dc5652f1d281aa99caa24a96a9a3e70cb509"},"what_changed":"A mean/postulate-sensitive order family extends the Shannon limiting case and characterizes finite generalized information measures without equating weaker additivity to full grouping.","scope":"A mean/postulate-sensitive order family extends the Shannon limiting case and characterizes finite generalized information measures without equating weaker additivity to full grouping. Finite discrete distributions, plus generalized nonnegative weights with 0<W<=1. Independent-product additivity is weaker than Shannon grouping: the order-parametrized entropy family does not inherit every Shannon chain rule. Shannon arises as order tends to 1; exponential versus arithmetic means and stated postulates distinguish the family. Information characterization uses matched finite supports with positive reference probabilities; section 3 explicitly needs an extra continuity postulate to exclude nonpositive orders. The opening Radon–Nikodym discussion is not a proof of every infinite/continuous extension. The Markov illustration assumes finitely many states, strictly positive one-step transitions and an inherited positive stationary distribution; it supplies convergence, not a finite burn-in bound or every irreducible chain theorem. Existing KL and Markov limit results are not claimed as first here. no independent proof, estimator performance, quantum-entropy result or universal measure of scientific value. Earlier 1959/1960 work and 1961 selected edition are distinguished without duplicate entries.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5230ad13-9b92-4425-a61a-c6b4c0f4ce14","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b003a65ae9bc2ea7976ec01cafd9dc5652f1d281aa99caa24a96a9a3e70cb509"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"richter-local-instrumental-magnitude-1935","title":"Richter: a local instrumental earthquake magnitude scale","summary":"Richter constructs an empirical local earthquake magnitude scale from the logarithm of standardized instrumental amplitudes corrected for epicentral distance, separating event size from intensity at a particular site.\n\nTo compare earthquakes, a reading at one station must be corrected for the distance and the instrument. Richter combines an empirical distance curve with logarithmic amplitude ratios so multiple stations can assign an approximately consistent event size. The scale was designed to organize a huge range of recorded shocks, including events with few reported surface effects. Its usefulness depends on calibration and observational coverage; site intensity and damage remain different quantities.","boundary":"The target is the 1935 Southern California instrumental scale, not all modern magnitude scales or an exact measurement of released energy. It uses a standard short-period torsion seismometer, a 100-km reference distance and a 1-micron reference trace amplitude. Each magnitude unit multiplies that calibrated amplitude by 10; magnitude 0 is the reference event, not no earthquake. The distance correction is empirical, based initially on January 1932 shocks. Source mechanism, depth, azimuth, local ground and instrument response cause deviations; ordinary reports are rounded to half units, with finer estimates for selected events. The original calls its precision crude. Calibration below 25 km is unsupported, while the inverse-cube extrapolation beyond the tabulated distances requires more evidence. Large traces can be off-scale or underexposed, forcing uncertain comparisons with aftershocks. Its rough energy estimates are conditional and not a modern universal energy conversion. Detection range, clustering and geographic selection affect frequency tables. Historical damage/perceptibility descriptions are not current forecasts or safety advice. Original seismograms/calibrations and exact table glyphs were not independently reconstructed.","area":"Instrumental earthquake magnitude","topic":"Earth science","year":1935,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"richter-local-instrumental-magnitude-1935","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a26c1f63-6709-4398-acc1-c5b7f533ede8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1edfcda7d4492babeabe69672a71e885b93903ac0609327cc2a6da949bdd2772"},"humans":["Charles F. Richter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["gutenberg-richter-earthquake-frequency-1944"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-richter-local-magnitude-1935-original","title":"Charles F. Richter, An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale (BSSA25(1),1-32,January 1935), original scan","url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fvdwy-s2c74/files/1.full__1_.pdf?download=1"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"richter-local-instrumental-magnitude-1935","entry_id":"richter-local-instrumental-magnitude-1935","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a26c1f63-6709-4398-acc1-c5b7f533ede8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1edfcda7d4492babeabe69672a71e885b93903ac0609327cc2a6da949bdd2772"},"what_changed":"Richter constructs an empirical local earthquake magnitude scale from the logarithm of standardized instrumental amplitudes corrected for epicentral distance, separating event size from intensity at a particular site.","scope":"Richter constructs an empirical local earthquake magnitude scale from the logarithm of standardized instrumental amplitudes corrected for epicentral distance, separating event size from intensity at a particular site. The target is the 1935 Southern California instrumental scale, not all modern magnitude scales or an exact measurement of released energy. It uses a standard short-period torsion seismometer, a 100-km reference distance and a 1-micron reference trace amplitude. Each magnitude unit multiplies that calibrated amplitude by 10; magnitude 0 is the reference event, not no earthquake. The distance correction is empirical, based initially on January 1932 shocks. Source mechanism, depth, azimuth, local ground and instrument response cause deviations; ordinary reports are rounded to half units, with finer estimates for selected events. The original calls its precision crude. Calibration below 25 km is unsupported, while the inverse-cube extrapolation beyond the tabulated distances requires more evidence. Large traces can be off-scale or underexposed, forcing uncertain comparisons with aftershocks. Its rough energy estimates are conditional and not a modern universal energy conversion. Detection range, clustering and geographic selection affect frequency tables. Historical damage/perceptibility descriptions are not current forecasts or safety advice. Original seismograms/calibrations and exact table glyphs were not independently reconstructed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a26c1f63-6709-4398-acc1-c5b7f533ede8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1edfcda7d4492babeabe69672a71e885b93903ac0609327cc2a6da949bdd2772"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"riemann-abelian-periods-theta-1857","title":"Riemann: periods and theta functions on algebraic surfaces","summary":"Riemann organized Abelian integrals by their changes around cuts on a branched algebraic surface. Bilinear relations constrain their periods; a normalized period matrix has symmetry and a definite quadratic property that fits the convergence and transformation structure of multivariable theta series.\n\nCuts allow an integral to be followed as a single-valued function while recording constant jumps when the cuts are crossed. Pairing the boundary sides yields bilinear restrictions on those jumps. The normalized periods then furnish the coefficients of a multivariable theta series with controlled convergence and quasi-periodic transformations. This is a new integrals/periods organization beyond the 1851 introduction of branched surfaces; Abel, Jacobi and Weierstrass remain predecessors and adjacent contributors.","boundary":"This target concerns independent everywhere-finite Abelian integrals in the paper's compact algebraic-surface setting and their period/theta organization. Historical normalization uses a negative real quadratic form; modern normalizations change the convention. It is not the full Jacobi inversion proof, every moduli-dimension claim, the later Riemann–Roch equality or a certification of the historical Dirichlet-principle existence argument.","area":"Abelian integrals and complex curves","topic":"Mathematics","year":1857,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"riemann-abelian-periods-theta-1857","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fcd14d3-7886-4672-a6ad-eb9d8fb0e746","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e67db71f19f964adccda2683656bf20994e7b212bf6d046cacb1b77939c24181"},"humans":["Bernhard Riemann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["riemann-complex-function-foundations-1851","riemann-geometry-foundations"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-riemann-abelian-period-theta-1857","title":"Bernhard Riemann, Theorie der Abel'schen Functionen, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik 54 (1857), 115–155; Wilkins German transcription bundled with three preceding papers pp.101–114","url":"https://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/AbelFn/AbelFn.pdf"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"riemann-abelian-periods-theta-1857","entry_id":"riemann-abelian-periods-theta-1857","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fcd14d3-7886-4672-a6ad-eb9d8fb0e746","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e67db71f19f964adccda2683656bf20994e7b212bf6d046cacb1b77939c24181"},"what_changed":"Cut-system period increments obey bilinear constraints; normalized periods have symmetry and a definite quadratic form compatible with convergent multivariable theta series and their transformations.","scope":"Cut-system period increments obey bilinear constraints; normalized periods have symmetry and a definite quadratic form compatible with convergent multivariable theta series and their transformations. This target concerns independent everywhere-finite Abelian integrals in the paper's compact algebraic-surface setting and their period/theta organization. Historical normalization uses a negative real quadratic form; modern normalizations change the convention. It is not the full Jacobi inversion proof, every moduli-dimension claim, the later Riemann–Roch equality or a certification of the historical Dirichlet-principle existence argument.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fcd14d3-7886-4672-a6ad-eb9d8fb0e746","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e67db71f19f964adccda2683656bf20994e7b212bf6d046cacb1b77939c24181"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"riemann-complex-function-foundations-1851","title":"Riemann: complex functions on branched surfaces","summary":"Riemann's dissertation organized complex functions through complex differentiability, local angle-preserving maps, and surfaces spread in multiple sheets over the complex plane. Branch points and connectivity became part of the setting for studying functions independently of a formula.\n\nA multivalued expression becomes easier to study when its different values live on connected sheets. Riemann described how circling a branch point moves between sheets and how cuts express the connectivity of the surface. Together with complex differentiability and conformal interpretation, this shifted attention from algebraic expressions to the geometry and boundary behavior of functions. His later geometry lecture and zeta-function paper remain separate contributions.","boundary":"This entry records the dissertation's complex-function and branched-surface framework. Its general mapping argument relies on a variational minimum-attainment step; that step and a modern mapping theorem have not been independently certified here. The inspected source is a corrected German transcription, not the 1851 physical printing.","area":"Complex analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1851,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"riemann-complex-function-foundations-1851","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d649fe89-2095-4406-a80d-2dcaebae8cb8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b8fe7b8b8935bdd55a82a03178f42fedf26c9fe473fda019b70ffcfb10393804"},"humans":["Bernhard Riemann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["riemann-geometry-foundations","riemann-integrability-1854"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-riemann-dissertation-1851","title":"Bernhard Riemann, Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Functionen einer veränderlichen complexen Grösse (1851); D. R. Wilkins transcription, corrected April 2000","url":"https://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/Grund/Grund.pdf"}],"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"riemann-complex-function-foundations-1851","entry_id":"riemann-complex-function-foundations-1851","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d649fe89-2095-4406-a80d-2dcaebae8cb8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b8fe7b8b8935bdd55a82a03178f42fedf26c9fe473fda019b70ffcfb10393804"},"what_changed":"Complex functions are organized through local conformal behavior, branched multisheeted domains and connectivity, supporting study by domains and boundary/singularity data rather than only expressions.","scope":"Complex functions are organized through local conformal behavior, branched multisheeted domains and connectivity, supporting study by domains and boundary/singularity data rather than only expressions. This entry records the dissertation's complex-function and branched-surface framework. Its general mapping argument relies on a variational minimum-attainment step; that step and a modern mapping theorem have not been independently certified here. The inspected source is a corrected German transcription, not the 1851 physical printing.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d649fe89-2095-4406-a80d-2dcaebae8cb8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b8fe7b8b8935bdd55a82a03178f42fedf26c9fe473fda019b70ffcfb10393804"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"roe-parameter-vector-approximate-riemann-solver-1981","title":"Roe: use a simpler wave problem while preserving the jump in conserved quantities","summary":"Roe constructed approximate Riemann solvers with consistent flux-jump linearizations and a parameter-vector representation simplifying perfect-gas Euler equations, while explicitly identifying entropy and multidimensional limitations.\n\nA fluid calculation divides space into cells. At each boundary, neighbouring states may disagree sharply; an exact wave solution can be expensive and provide more detail than the surrounding numerical scheme can use. Roe replaces this local nonlinear problem with a linear wave system chosen to preserve the full flux jump, approach the physical Jacobian for nearby states and have independent wave directions. A parameter vector makes the perfect-gas state and flux quantities quadratic, simplifying the matrix and its waves. This can recognize isolated discontinuities and provide useful information directly to a difference scheme. The1981 paper compares one shock-tube calculation on historical hardware, but explicitly warns that the base approximation can leave an unphysical expansion discontinuity intact. Additional entropy treatment is needed in such cases; positivity and general multidimensional convergence are also not consequences of the flux-jump property alone.","boundary":"The approximate solver uses a state-dependent linearization satisfying the stated consistency, conservation and wave-decomposition properties. Degeneracy, physical admissibility and entropy behavior need care; an entropy fix may be necessary. It is not a universal exact Riemann solver or automatic positivity/convergence guarantee for every conservation law.","area":"Engineering","topic":"Computational fluid dynamics and hyperbolic conservation laws","year":1981,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"roe-parameter-vector-approximate-riemann-solver-1981","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e04fe4f-e40b-4a06-a084-0fb518ae5e67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ed64a3c8cebbc46543fd6eaa1a76f7ed71555cf8567e3a7075b8537194d191db"},"humans":["P. L. Roe"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["courant-friedrichs-lewy-difference-equations-1928","lax-richtmyer-linear-stability-convergence-1956"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-roe-parameter-vector-approximate-riemann-solver-1981-original","title":"P.L.Roe, Approximate Riemann Solvers, Parameter Vectors, and Difference Schemes(1981),357-372 — original article web text","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip-Roe-2/publication/222453065_Approximate_Riemann_Solvers_Parameter_Vector_and_Difference_Schemes/links/5c83fb6b92851c695067e90c/Approximate-Riemann-Solvers-Parameter-Vector-and-Difference-Schemes.pdf"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"roe-parameter-vector-approximate-riemann-solver-1981","entry_id":"roe-parameter-vector-approximate-riemann-solver-1981","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e04fe4f-e40b-4a06-a084-0fb518ae5e67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ed64a3c8cebbc46543fd6eaa1a76f7ed71555cf8567e3a7075b8537194d191db"},"what_changed":"Roe constructed approximate Riemann solvers with consistent flux-jump linearizations and a parameter-vector representation simplifying perfect-gas Euler equations, while explicitly identifying entropy and multidimensional limitations.","scope":"Roe constructed approximate Riemann solvers with consistent flux-jump linearizations and a parameter-vector representation simplifying perfect-gas Euler equations, while explicitly identifying entropy and multidimensional limitations. The approximate solver uses a state-dependent linearization satisfying the stated consistency, conservation and wave-decomposition properties. Degeneracy, physical admissibility and entropy behavior need care; an entropy fix may be necessary. It is not a universal exact Riemann solver or automatic positivity/convergence guarantee for every conservation law.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e04fe4f-e40b-4a06-a084-0fb518ae5e67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ed64a3c8cebbc46543fd6eaa1a76f7ed71555cf8567e3a7075b8537194d191db"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rossby-collaborators-zonal-planetary-waves-1939","title":"Rossby and collaborators: how planetary waves move through the westerlies","summary":"The1939paper relates large-scale pressure-pattern motion to changes of zonal circulation using absolute-vorticity conservation and an explicitly simplified latitude-dependent rotating-fluid calculation.\n\nAs an air column moves north or south,the Earth's contribution to its spin changes. In the paper's idealizedmodel,thecolumn's relative spin compensates,and that constraint makes a wavypattern move at a speed depending on wavelength and background wind. A pattern can standstill even while airpasses throughit. Rossby links this mechanism to contemporaryweathercharts while distinguishing forced geographical patterns fromfreewaves. The originalbyline saysRossbyandcollaborators: H.C.Willett led synopticcharts withJ.Holmboe/J.Namias; L.Page ledstatisticalwork withR.Allen. Their named work is retained without assuming identical roles.","boundary":"The wave calculation linearizes idealized horizontal flow around a specified zonal background with a constant Coriolis gradient. Latitude-dependent shear, forcing and depth corrections need additional approximations; some extensions in the original remain incomplete. Weather illustrations are not causal proof or held-out forecast skill. The source’s collective and individually named contributors retain their distinct roles.","area":"Atmospheric dynamics","topic":"Earth science","year":1939,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"rossby-collaborators-zonal-planetary-waves-1939","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:afb538ea-6bcb-49cf-aca8-03325820b2cf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6ecd175902fe7749a6c9e497f4a885694203654ba8916d31302e0f45606450ad"},"humans":["Carl-Gustaf Rossby"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["milankovitch-insolation"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-rossby-collaborators-1939-original","title":"Rossby and collaborators:Relation between zonal circulation and centers of action(1939),original38–55","url":"https://empslocal.ex.ac.uk/people/staff/gv219/classics.d/Rossby_collab39.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-rossby-1939-yale-metadata","title":"YaleJMR1939repositorymetadata and expanded recommended citation","url":"https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/journal_of_marine_research/544/"}],"points":"270000","published_grade":{"id":"rossby-collaborators-zonal-planetary-waves-1939","entry_id":"rossby-collaborators-zonal-planetary-waves-1939","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:afb538ea-6bcb-49cf-aca8-03325820b2cf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6ecd175902fe7749a6c9e497f4a885694203654ba8916d31302e0f45606450ad"},"what_changed":"Thelatitude-gradientvorticitymechanism givesanexplicitrelationshipbetweenzonalwind,wavelengthandpatternspeedandboundedstationary-waveconditions.","scope":"Thelatitude-gradientvorticitymechanism givesanexplicitrelationshipbetweenzonalwind,wavelengthandpatternspeedandboundedstationary-waveconditions. The wave calculation linearizes idealized horizontal flow around a specified zonal background with a constant Coriolis gradient. Latitude-dependent shear, forcing and depth corrections need additional approximations; some extensions in the original remain incomplete. Weather illustrations are not causal proof or held-out forecast skill. The source’s collective and individually named contributors retain their distinct roles.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:afb538ea-6bcb-49cf-aca8-03325820b2cf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6ecd175902fe7749a6c9e497f4a885694203654ba8916d31302e0f45606450ad"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"salam-broken-gauge-leptonic-unification-1968","title":"Salam: broken-gauge unification of leptonic interactions","summary":"Salam presented a gauge model of weak and electromagnetic leptonic interactions in which spontaneous symmetry breaking supplies masses while preserving the electromagnetic field's massless mode.\n\nA common field-theoretic construction sought to account for weak and electromagnetic processes instead of simply inserting unrelated vector-boson masses. It includes neutral mixing and a scalar mass source, while explicitly leaving the hadronic extension and part of the renormalization argument unfinished.","boundary":"The target is the 1968 sole-author proceedings paper 367–377, including its discussion, not all of electroweak theory. Glashow's earlier model, Ward's work, Higgs/Kibble's mechanism and Weinberg's nearly identical parallel development are explicit inherited/parallel contributions. Salam claims renormalizability, but the discussion at 376 says the dictionary to the conventional gauge formulation has not been worked out; this is not credited as the later full renormalizability proof. Hadronic interactions remain unsolved in the paper. No later boson discovery, precise modern parameters, or complete Standard Model is assigned to this target.","area":"Electroweak gauge theory","topic":"Physics","year":1968,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"salam-broken-gauge-leptonic-unification-1968","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54e23f1a-b106-40c3-a69f-c880efa6d4f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0cd18a2d732441a85cf84679dce976e6698c69d905ea97e638025d50e25893b3"},"humans":["Abdus Salam"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["glashow-partial-symmetries-1961","weinberg-model-leptons-1967","fermi-beta-decay-theory-1934"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-salam-1968-facsimile","title":"Abdus Salam, Weak and electromagnetic interactions, Elementary Particle Theory,367–377(1968), proceedings facsimile mirrored publicly","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yousbot/Quantum-Papers/master/1968%20-%20A.%20Salam%2C%20Weak%20and%20Electromagnetic%20Interactions.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-inspire-salam-1968-identity","title":"INSPIRE53083: Salam's1968 sole-author proceedings contribution and later reprints","url":"https://inspirehep.net/literature/53083"}],"points":"360000","published_grade":{"id":"salam-broken-gauge-leptonic-unification-1968","entry_id":"salam-broken-gauge-leptonic-unification-1968","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54e23f1a-b106-40c3-a69f-c880efa6d4f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0cd18a2d732441a85cf84679dce976e6698c69d905ea97e638025d50e25893b3"},"what_changed":"A1968 published construction joins weak/electromagnetic leptonic fields with neutral mixing and spontaneous breaking that produces massive modes while preserving a massless electromagnetic mode.","scope":"A1968 published construction joins weak/electromagnetic leptonic fields with neutral mixing and spontaneous breaking that produces massive modes while preserving a massless electromagnetic mode. The target is the 1968 sole-author proceedings paper 367–377, including its discussion, not all of electroweak theory. Glashow's earlier model, Ward's work, Higgs/Kibble's mechanism and Weinberg's nearly identical parallel development are explicit inherited/parallel contributions. Salam claims renormalizability, but the discussion at 376 says the dictionary to the conventional gauge formulation has not been worked out; this is not credited as the later full renormalizability proof. Hadronic interactions remain unsolved in the paper. No later boson discovery, precise modern parameters, or complete Standard Model is assigned to this target.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54e23f1a-b106-40c3-a69f-c880efa6d4f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0cd18a2d732441a85cf84679dce976e6698c69d905ea97e638025d50e25893b3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schwarz-bayesian-dimension-1978","title":"Schwarz: regular-interior Bayesian dimension penalty","summary":"Schwarz derived a dimension-dependent log-sample penalty for asymptotic Bayesian model comparison in regular finite-dimensional settings, giving the criterion now called BIC.\n\nFitting more parameters usually improves likelihood, but it also spreads prior probability over more possible parameter values. Schwarz compared models through integrated likelihood. Near a regular interior best fit, a k-dimensional neighborhood contracts at the scale n to the power minus k over two. Its logarithm contributes a penalty of k log n over two to the fitted log likelihood. This connects model dimension to Bayesian evidence rather than to the predictive information objective of Akaike’s criterion. The original analysis focuses on independent, identically distributed observations and linear submodels of an exponential family with proper, locally positive priors. The scope needs care: its printed fixed-statistic proposition also invokes an attained interior maximum. A Bernoulli sample containing only zeros has its best fit at a boundary; an exactly integrable proper prior then produces a different log-sample penalty. This boundary example restricts the proposition’s literal scope, while leaving the familiar regular-interior construction intact. Singular or growing-dimensional models require separate analysis.","boundary":"The model-selection penalty is an asymptotic approximation under the stated finite-dimensional regular model and prior assumptions. It is not an exact finite-sample evidence value or a universal rule for singular, high-dimensional or misspecified models. Prior and parameter-count conventions matter. Later generalized criteria retain separate credit.","area":"Statistics","topic":"Model selection","year":1978,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"schwarz-bayesian-dimension-1978","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd77a834-29e6-451c-ae24-7e7a2cd54758","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd5a273fbcf153e91195505163a211bd1c792216784396403e5b45f945c1b8f4"},"humans":["Gideon Schwarz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["akaike-information-criterion-1974","bayes-inverse-probability"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-schwarz1978-original-body","title":"Gideon Schwarz, Estimating the Dimension of a Model, original Annals paper, CMU copy","url":"https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/kk3n/simplicity/schwarzbic.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-schwarz1978-publisher-metadata","title":"IMS Crossref deposit for Schwarz1978 dimension-estimation paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176344136"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"schwarz-bayesian-dimension-1978","entry_id":"schwarz-bayesian-dimension-1978","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd77a834-29e6-451c-ae24-7e7a2cd54758","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd5a273fbcf153e91195505163a211bd1c792216784396403e5b45f945c1b8f4"},"what_changed":"Schwarz derived a dimension-dependent log-sample penalty for asymptotic Bayesian model comparison in regular finite-dimensional settings, giving the criterion now called BIC.","scope":"Schwarz derived a dimension-dependent log-sample penalty for asymptotic Bayesian model comparison in regular finite-dimensional settings, giving the criterion now called BIC. The model-selection penalty is an asymptotic approximation under the stated finite-dimensional regular model and prior assumptions. It is not an exact finite-sample evidence value or a universal rule for singular, high-dimensional or misspecified models. Prior and parameter-count conventions matter. Later generalized criteria retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd77a834-29e6-451c-ae24-7e7a2cd54758","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd5a273fbcf153e91195505163a211bd1c792216784396403e5b45f945c1b8f4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916","title":"Schwarzschild: an exact spherical exterior geometry for Einstein gravity","summary":"Schwarzschild derives an exact static spherically symmetric exterior solution of Einstein gravitational equations under specified asymptotic and coordinate conditions, and relates its geodesics to Einstein perihelion calculations.\n\nEinstein supplied gravitational field equations and an approximate account of planetary motion. Schwarzschild then solved a sharply defined spherical exterior problem exactly. The result describes how clocks, radial distances and orbital motion fit together in that geometry, and shows how the earlier orbital calculation sits inside an exact solution. Its lasting significance is the concrete solvable gravitational geometry and trajectory equations. The original coordinate origin differs from a modern areal-radius origin, and an exterior coordinate formula alone is not a complete collapse model or global spacetime construction. A later translation includes its translators own controversial interpretation; that interpretation is not part of the1916contribution. We retain the precise solution without assigning Schwarzschild ownership of Einstein theory or every later black-hole result.","boundary":"The exact solution concerns a static, spherically symmetric vacuum exterior in classical general relativity. Coordinate choices and excluded singular/boundary regions matter. It is not an interior stellar model, the later maximal extension, rotating geometry or a quantum resolution. Later physical and causal interpretations receive separate credit.","area":"Physics","topic":"Exact gravitational geometry and geodesics","year":1916,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:666fbc9e-0434-436a-a330-c818fe3a1946","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:459ae2669ecfda270d4bd6361a382ba1972db3c092c004c43ae6bc8a55f1dd7a"},"humans":["Karl Schwarzschild"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["kerr-spinning-mass-metric-1963"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916-original-transcription","title":"K.Schwarzschild, Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie — complete1916German original transcription","url":"https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cber_das_Gravitationsfeld_eines_Massenpunktes_nach_der_Einsteinschen_Theorie&oldid=4388732"},{"id":"wrs24-schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916-original-transcription-english","title":"Schwarzschild1916body, English translation by S.Antoci/A.Loinger1999; foreword excluded from scientific evidence","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9905030v1"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916","entry_id":"schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:666fbc9e-0434-436a-a330-c818fe3a1946","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:459ae2669ecfda270d4bd6361a382ba1972db3c092c004c43ae6bc8a55f1dd7a"},"what_changed":"Schwarzschild derives an exact static spherically symmetric exterior solution of Einstein gravitational equations under specified asymptotic and coordinate conditions, and relates its geodesics to Einstein perihelion calculations.","scope":"Schwarzschild derives an exact static spherically symmetric exterior solution of Einstein gravitational equations under specified asymptotic and coordinate conditions, and relates its geodesics to Einstein perihelion calculations. The exact solution concerns a static, spherically symmetric vacuum exterior in classical general relativity. Coordinate choices and excluded singular/boundary regions matter. It is not an interior stellar model, the later maximal extension, rotating geometry or a quantum resolution. Later physical and causal interpretations receive separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:666fbc9e-0434-436a-a330-c818fe3a1946","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:459ae2669ecfda270d4bd6361a382ba1972db3c092c004c43ae6bc8a55f1dd7a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schwarzschild-uniform-density-fluid-interior-solution-1916","title":"Schwarzschild: an exact interior solution for a uniform-density fluid sphere","summary":"Schwarzschild derives the exact static spherical interior geometry and pressure of an incompressible homogeneous fluid, matches it to exterior vacuum, and identifies the finite-positive-central-pressure compactness limit of this model.\n\nWhat happens inside a gravitating body, where matter and pressure both enter Einstein equations? Schwarzschild answered a specific idealized case: a spherical body at rest with constant density. He solved its interior geometry and pressure and joined them to the previously solved exterior field. Increasing concentration raises the central pressure; in this model it diverges when the exterior-measured radius approaches nine eighths of the gravitational length alpha. This established a concrete relativistic matter solution and exposed a limit hidden by a weak-gravity approximation. The model separates gravitational mass from mass obtained by integrating density over proper volume, and distinguishes circumference-based radius from an interior ruler measurement. It is a benchmark idealization, not an equation of state for real stars or a universal theorem about every kind of matter. Earlier Einstein field equations and Schwarzschild exterior geometry remain separate inherited contributions.","boundary":"The interior model assumes a static spherical fluid with the stated constant-density equation/pressure construction and matching to an exterior. The pressure and admissible size/compactness conditions matter. It is not an arbitrary realistic stellar equation of state or universal collapse bound. Later general bounds and neutron-star models are separate.","area":"Physics","topic":"Relativistic fluid equilibrium and exact interior geometry","year":1916,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"schwarzschild-uniform-density-fluid-interior-solution-1916","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8549712-6e65-4739-a704-16f70f18250d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:748f476b7d33a49e3f0a952201ef7b2aadd29945c996c0c46fb3aaeef8b92428"},"humans":["Karl Schwarzschild"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["schwarzschild-static-spherical-vacuum-exact-solution-1916"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-schwarzschild-uniform-density-fluid-interior-solution-1916-original-transcription","title":"K.Schwarzschild, Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie —1916original transcription","url":"https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitationsfeld_einer_Kugel_aus_inkompressibler_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit&oldid=4388733"},{"id":"wrs24-schwarzschild-uniform-density-fluid-interior-solution-1916-original-transcription-english","title":"Schwarzschild1916 homogeneous-fluid paper, English translation S.Antoci1999","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9912033v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"schwarzschild-uniform-density-fluid-interior-solution-1916","entry_id":"schwarzschild-uniform-density-fluid-interior-solution-1916","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8549712-6e65-4739-a704-16f70f18250d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:748f476b7d33a49e3f0a952201ef7b2aadd29945c996c0c46fb3aaeef8b92428"},"what_changed":"Schwarzschild derives the exact static spherical interior geometry and pressure of an incompressible homogeneous fluid, matches it to exterior vacuum, and identifies the finite-positive-central-pressure compactness limit of this model.","scope":"Schwarzschild derives the exact static spherical interior geometry and pressure of an incompressible homogeneous fluid, matches it to exterior vacuum, and identifies the finite-positive-central-pressure compactness limit of this model. The interior model assumes a static spherical fluid with the stated constant-density equation/pressure construction and matching to an exterior. The pressure and admissible size/compactness conditions matter. It is not an arbitrary realistic stellar equation of state or universal collapse bound. Later general bounds and neutron-star models are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8549712-6e65-4739-a704-16f70f18250d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:748f476b7d33a49e3f0a952201ef7b2aadd29945c996c0c46fb3aaeef8b92428"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schwinger-electron-magnetic-moment-1948","title":"Schwinger: a radiative correction to the electron magnetic moment","summary":"Schwinger reports a finite radiative correction to the electron spin magnetic moment after expressing electrodynamic interactions in terms of measured mass and charge, and compares it with contemporary atomic measurements.\n\nAn electron behaves like a tiny magnet. Atomic measurements indicated that its spin-associated magnetism was slightly larger than the simplest expectation. This short letter explains how interaction with the radiation field can change that prediction while separating divergent mass and charge terms from a finite observable correction. It presents the magnetic-moment prediction and its comparison with measurements. The detailed theory was still being prepared; this record covers the specific announcement, not the whole later development of quantum electrodynamics.","boundary":"Exact 1948 Physical Review short communication, beginning on printed 416 and continuing 417; original letter text/footnotes read on both PDF pages. Written 30 Dec 1947, published 15 Feb 1948. Weak matter-radiation interaction and a perturbative correction expressed using measured mass/charge; external magnetic-field application, not a nonperturbative/all-energy theorem. The selected text reports a fractional additional moment of about 0.001162. This account does not independently certify the exact symbolic coefficient or reproduce the complete calculation. Hyperfine and sodium/gallium comparisons are the author's use of earlier experimental results, not WRS remeasurements. Detailed theory explicitly in preparation; no full derivation/all-orders renormalizability proof, modern precision anomaly calculation, completed Lamb-shift theory or general scattering audit admitted. Adjacent letters on Ca 45 and silver, their figures/acknowledgments, are excluded. no experimental or independent scientific certification.","area":"Radiative corrections in quantum electrodynamics","topic":"Physics","year":1948,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"schwinger-electron-magnetic-moment-1948","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a31a9335-7d27-47a0-a038-42dd4960f91f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c376787aad5f6c0067b6baaad12da204bde454a6d799f0964c58cfd411159a7c"},"humans":["Julian Schwinger"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lamb-retherford-hydrogen-fine-structure-1947","feynman-diagram-method","dirac-electron"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-schwinger1948-original-letter","title":"Schwinger, On Quantum-Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron, Phys.Rev.73,416(1948), original short letter","url":"https://physics.umd.edu/grt/taj/624c/Schwinger_AnomalousMoment.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-schwinger1948-aps-identity","title":"APS publication record for Schwinger magnetic-moment letter","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.73.416"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"schwinger-electron-magnetic-moment-1948","entry_id":"schwinger-electron-magnetic-moment-1948","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a31a9335-7d27-47a0-a038-42dd4960f91f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c376787aad5f6c0067b6baaad12da204bde454a6d799f0964c58cfd411159a7c"},"what_changed":"Schwinger reports a finite radiative correction to the electron spin magnetic moment after expressing electrodynamic interactions in terms of measured mass and charge, and compares it with contemporary atomic measurements.","scope":"Schwinger reports a finite radiative correction to the electron spin magnetic moment after expressing electrodynamic interactions in terms of measured mass and charge, and compares it with contemporary atomic measurements. Exact 1948 Physical Review short communication, beginning on printed 416 and continuing 417; original letter text/footnotes read on both PDF pages. Written 30 Dec 1947, published 15 Feb 1948. Weak matter-radiation interaction and a perturbative correction expressed using measured mass/charge; external magnetic-field application, not a nonperturbative/all-energy theorem. The selected text reports a fractional additional moment of about 0.001162. This account does not independently certify the exact symbolic coefficient or reproduce the complete calculation. Hyperfine and sodium/gallium comparisons are the author's use of earlier experimental results, not WRS remeasurements. Detailed theory explicitly in preparation; no full derivation/all-orders renormalizability proof, modern precision anomaly calculation, completed Lamb-shift theory or general scattering audit admitted. Adjacent letters on Ca 45 and silver, their figures/acknowledgments, are excluded. no experimental or independent scientific certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a31a9335-7d27-47a0-a038-42dd4960f91f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c376787aad5f6c0067b6baaad12da204bde454a6d799f0964c58cfd411159a7c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"scott-lattice-computation-outline-1970","title":"Scott: lattice models for computation and self-application","summary":"Scott's PRG-2 monograph organized partial computational information as ordered approximations in complete lattices, with continuous mappings and effective bases supporting mathematical program semantics.\n\nThe outline describes products, sums and continuous function spaces, then a limiting construction whose elements can themselves represent functions on the same space. This supplies a mathematical account of recursive data and self-application beyond recording execution steps.","boundary":"The function space contains continuous mappings, not every set-theoretic function; the recursive domain equation holds up to isomorphism. An effective basis is additional structure: continuity alone does not make every element computable. PRG-2 sketches construction and store/procedure semantics rather than fully proving all later domain-theory or compiler-correctness results. Originality/first-model claims are not independently certified.","area":"Mathematical semantics of programming languages","topic":"Computer science","year":1970,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"scott-lattice-computation-outline-1970","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:713459cc-11df-42ea-add9-193ba2b802ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:191713de45c7d0b33d82ccf9d835459ad9c07c1d48e8068bdafff44f608ac931"},"humans":["Dana Scott"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lisp-recursive-functions","hoare-program-logic","floyd-assigning-meanings-programs-1967"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-scott-outline-computation-1970","title":"Dana Scott, Outline of a Mathematical Theory of Computation, Oxford Programming Research Group Technical Monograph PRG-2 (November 1970)","url":"https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/files/3222/PRG02.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-oxford-scott-prg2-metadata","title":"Oxford Computer Science publication record: Outline of a Mathematical Theory of Computation, PRG02","url":"https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/publications/publication3720-abstract.html"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"scott-lattice-computation-outline-1970","entry_id":"scott-lattice-computation-outline-1970","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:713459cc-11df-42ea-add9-193ba2b802ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:191713de45c7d0b33d82ccf9d835459ad9c07c1d48e8068bdafff44f608ac931"},"what_changed":"PRG-2 combines information approximation, complete-lattice types, continuity, effective bases and a recursive self-function-space outline to model higher-order computation mathematically.","scope":"PRG-2 combines information approximation, complete-lattice types, continuity, effective bases and a recursive self-function-space outline to model higher-order computation mathematically. The function space contains continuous mappings, not every set-theoretic function; the recursive domain equation holds up to isomorphism. An effective basis is additional structure: continuity alone does not make every element computable. PRG-2 sketches construction and store/procedure semantics rather than fully proving all later domain-theory or compiler-correctness results. Originality/first-model claims are not independently certified.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:713459cc-11df-42ea-add9-193ba2b802ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:191713de45c7d0b33d82ccf9d835459ad9c07c1d48e8068bdafff44f608ac931"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shamir-polynomial-threshold-secret-sharing-1979","title":"Shamir: recover a secret only when enough shares come together","summary":"Uniform random polynomial coefficients over a finite field make any k valid shares sufficient to recover a secret, while fewer shares have secret-independent distributions.\n\nA vital key kept in one place can be lost; keeping complete copies in many places can expose it. Shamir gave a simple way to divide it so that a chosen minimum number of holders can recover it together. Shares are values of a random polynomial, and interpolation reconstructs its constant term. Below the threshold, the shares provide no extra information about that term under the stated random-generation assumptions. The construction is small and mathematically exact, but ordinary shares do not prove that a holder is honest or that a submitted share is correct. Secure distribution, valid identifiers and proper randomness remain necessary. The paper credits a different contemporary threshold scheme by Blakley. This account does not independently audit a deployed secret-sharing product.","boundary":"The secret is encoded in a finite field, with distinct nonzero participant indices and independently uniform polynomial coefficients. Any k consistent shares reconstruct it; fewer than k reveal no information under that randomization model. The original prime-field construction requires a modulus large enough for the secret and participant indices. Reconstruction assumes honest, intact shares. Detecting a malicious dealer, authenticating shares and verifiable secret sharing are later/separate mechanisms. Blakley developed a different threshold construction independently. WRS has not performed an implementation/security audit.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Cryptography","year":1979,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"shamir-polynomial-threshold-secret-sharing-1979","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0511472-b53b-48d4-a077-d24e5ff51570","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:968c381b8996462113834e39ec4909b7eea7d3f86a73e6d25e7142b9d7ccba74"},"humans":["Adi Shamir"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["rsa-cryptosystem"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-shamir-polynomial-threshold-secret-sharing-1979-original","title":"Adi Shamir: How to Share a Secret (CACM1979 original)","url":"https://people.cs.pitt.edu/~litman/courses/cs2001/lectures/lecture-02-p612-shamir.pdf"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"shamir-polynomial-threshold-secret-sharing-1979","entry_id":"shamir-polynomial-threshold-secret-sharing-1979","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0511472-b53b-48d4-a077-d24e5ff51570","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:968c381b8996462113834e39ec4909b7eea7d3f86a73e6d25e7142b9d7ccba74"},"what_changed":"Uniform random polynomial coefficients over a finite field make any k valid shares sufficient to recover a secret, while fewer shares have secret-independent distributions.","scope":"Uniform random polynomial coefficients over a finite field make any k valid shares sufficient to recover a secret, while fewer shares have secret-independent distributions. The secret is encoded in a finite field, with distinct nonzero participant indices and independently uniform polynomial coefficients. Any k consistent shares reconstruct it; fewer than k reveal no information under that randomization model. The original prime-field construction requires a modulus large enough for the secret and participant indices. Reconstruction assumes honest, intact shares. Detecting a malicious dealer, authenticating shares and verifiable secret sharing are later/separate mechanisms. Blakley developed a different threshold construction independently. WRS has not performed an implementation/security audit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0511472-b53b-48d4-a077-d24e5ff51570","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:968c381b8996462113834e39ec4909b7eea7d3f86a73e6d25e7142b9d7ccba74"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shannon-bandlimited-sampling-1949","title":"Shannon: reconstructing band-limited signals from samples","summary":"Shannon's 1949 paper presents sampling and reconstruction for ideal band-limited signals and represents signal samples as coordinates in a geometric space. The representation links signal energy and noise to distances and regions in that space.\n\nA continuous waveform seems to require infinitely many measurements. Under ideal bandwidth restrictions, sampled values can specify the waveform, and interpolation gives a way to recover it. Thinking of those values as coordinates also turns differences between waveforms into geometric distances, making communication problems easier to formulate.","boundary":"This record covers sampled signal representation and reconstruction. It does not count the 1948 entropy/capacity theory again or claim sole priority for sampling; Shannon cites earlier mathematical and communication work. Ideal bandwidth and reconstruction assumptions do not describe arbitrary finite recordings.","area":"Signal processing and communication theory","topic":"Computer science","year":1949,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"shannon-bandlimited-sampling-1949","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d90bba85-6345-47cd-a50d-7370b76ee1a6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2007d0156c1e2ba3ed6efe4fa9e0d58335e3c385bfd698ee8ac94e556d43ed8e"},"humans":["Claude E. Shannon"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["shannon"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-shannon-noise","title":"Claude E. Shannon, Communication in the Presence of Noise (1949), IEEE 1998 reprint","url":"https://webusers.imj-prg.fr/~antoine.chambert-loir/enseignement/2020-21/shannon/shannon1949.pdf"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"shannon-bandlimited-sampling-1949","entry_id":"shannon-bandlimited-sampling-1949","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d90bba85-6345-47cd-a50d-7370b76ee1a6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2007d0156c1e2ba3ed6efe4fa9e0d58335e3c385bfd698ee8ac94e556d43ed8e"},"what_changed":"The paper formulates ideal reconstruction of bandlimited signals from sufficiently spaced samples and connects that representation to the geometry of communication signals.","scope":"The paper formulates ideal reconstruction of bandlimited signals from sufficiently spaced samples and connects that representation to the geometry of communication signals. This record covers sampled signal representation and reconstruction. It does not count the 1948 entropy/capacity theory again or claim sole priority for sampling; Shannon cites earlier mathematical and communication work. Ideal bandwidth and reconstruction assumptions do not describe arbitrary finite recordings.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d90bba85-6345-47cd-a50d-7370b76ee1a6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2007d0156c1e2ba3ed6efe4fa9e0d58335e3c385bfd698ee8ac94e556d43ed8e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shannon-computer-chess-1950","title":"Shannon: search and evaluation for computer chess","summary":"Shannon described how a computer could generate chess moves, search continuations and evaluate positions. He contrasted fixed-depth exploration of all variations with selective search guided by promising moves and unstable tactical positions.\n\nChess made limited computation a concrete design problem. An exhaustive tree grows rapidly, so Shannon examined evaluation functions, move-generation subprograms and selective continuations. This is a human-designed AI method whose approximations differ from an exact game specification.","boundary":"The paper is a programming and search proposal. It does not report a strong implemented player, solve chess or guarantee that heuristic evaluation and selective search select the best move.","area":"Game-playing algorithms","topic":"Game-playing algorithms","year":1950,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"shannon-computer-chess-1950","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c716476c-fc74-41be-a0c1-8c864b1ae82f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c6f8e48027d55710ec677deff7809912d962f56ebefd608086f00e7d4a6372e"},"humans":["Claude E. Shannon"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-shannon-chess","title":"Claude E. Shannon, Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, Philosophical Magazine 41 (1950), 256–275","url":"https://vision.unipv.it/IA1/ProgrammingaComputerforPlayingChess.pdf"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"shannon-computer-chess-1950","entry_id":"shannon-computer-chess-1950","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c716476c-fc74-41be-a0c1-8c864b1ae82f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c6f8e48027d55710ec677deff7809912d962f56ebefd608086f00e7d4a6372e"},"what_changed":"Move-generation routines, position evaluation and fixed-depth versus selective continuations make limited-computation game search an explicit programming design.","scope":"Move-generation routines, position evaluation and fixed-depth versus selective continuations make limited-computation game search an explicit programming design. The paper is a programming and search proposal. It does not report a strong implemented player, solve chess or guarantee that heuristic evaluation and selective search select the best move.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c716476c-fc74-41be-a0c1-8c864b1ae82f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c6f8e48027d55710ec677deff7809912d962f56ebefd608086f00e7d4a6372e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shazeer-et-al-sparsely-gated-experts-2017","title":"Sparse experts: more stored capacity without activating every expert","summary":"The 2017 sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer routes each input to a small subset of learned networks, coupling large stored capacity to selective computation and explicit load-balancing mechanisms.\n\nInstead of sending every input through every available network, a learned gate chooses a few experts. Different inputs can use different specialists while a large pool of parameters remains available. The hard engineering problem is keeping experts busy without exhausting communication or memory. This paper combines sparse routing, balancing losses and distributed execution, and tests the approach in language modelling and translation. It shows a specific route toward larger models, with reported failures and cost comparisons that need their original context.","boundary":"Sparse gating activates a subset of experts in the specified neural architectures. Capacity, load balancing, communication and training overhead remain costs; parameter count is not compute used per example. Reported language-model/translation results are specific benchmarks, not a universal performance guarantee. Later routing and mixture-of-experts systems retain separate credit.","area":"Sparse neural architectures","topic":"Computer science","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"shazeer-et-al-sparsely-gated-experts-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:31cddb8e-4460-429d-a0dd-f628404fe215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5e529bf4dcad672b0430bb6b380493f0e7b0d7592b1c573096cab1a7340ad00a"},"humans":["Noam Shazeer","Azalia Mirhoseini","Krzysztof Maziarz","Andy Davis","Quoc Le","Geoffrey Hinton","Jeff Dean"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["backprop-representations","lstm-architecture","fedus-et-al-switch-transformers-2021","jiang-et-al-mixtral-2024"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-shazeer-sparse-moe-2017-v1","title":"Shazeer and six coauthors: Outrageously Large Neural Networks, arXiv1701.06538v1(23 January 2017)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.06538v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"shazeer-et-al-sparsely-gated-experts-2017","entry_id":"shazeer-et-al-sparsely-gated-experts-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:31cddb8e-4460-429d-a0dd-f628404fe215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5e529bf4dcad672b0430bb6b380493f0e7b0d7592b1c573096cab1a7340ad00a"},"what_changed":"The 2017 sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer routes each input to a small subset of learned networks, coupling large stored capacity to selective computation and explicit load-balancing mechanisms.","scope":"The 2017 sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer routes each input to a small subset of learned networks, coupling large stored capacity to selective computation and explicit load-balancing mechanisms. Sparse gating activates a subset of experts in the specified neural architectures. Capacity, load balancing, communication and training overhead remain costs; parameter count is not compute used per example. Reported language-model/translation results are specific benchmarks, not a universal performance guarantee. Later routing and mixture-of-experts systems retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:31cddb8e-4460-429d-a0dd-f628404fe215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5e529bf4dcad672b0430bb6b380493f0e7b0d7592b1c573096cab1a7340ad00a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shockley-queisser-detailed-balance-1961","title":"Shockley and Queisser: a detailed-balance limit for solar cells","summary":"Shockley and Queisser calculated an ideal efficiency limit for p-n junction solar converters by balancing radiation absorption and emission. Their model varied band gap and the share of radiative recombination.\n\nA solar cell must also emit radiation, so absorption alone does not determine attainable power. Detailed balance exposes losses even in a simplified ideal device. The work distinguishes this theoretical benchmark from nonradiative recombination and deviations of actual junctions.","boundary":"The abstract assumes blackbody sun and cell temperatures of 6000 K and 300 K and an ideal radiative limit. This is not a universal ceiling for every photovoltaic design or a measured device efficiency.","area":"Photovoltaics","topic":"Energy and engineering","year":1961,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"LIMITATION","package_id":"shockley-queisser-detailed-balance-1961","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0307310-4565-4b71-a344-1f242d27eaeb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5ae01d9cfd6ee8806fba35e4ca5fc2e4c8eff33b04c60970b4c84f59327bc9f3"},"humans":["William Shockley","Hans J. Queisser"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["silicon-solar-cell","perovskite-photovoltaics"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-shockley-queisser","title":"William Shockley and Hans J. Queisser, Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells (1961)","url":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107368395790720"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"shockley-queisser-detailed-balance-1961","entry_id":"shockley-queisser-detailed-balance-1961","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0307310-4565-4b71-a344-1f242d27eaeb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5ae01d9cfd6ee8806fba35e4ca5fc2e4c8eff33b04c60970b4c84f59327bc9f3"},"what_changed":"Absorption and emission are combined in a detailed-balance calculation that constrains ideal p-n junction conversion as band gap and radiative recombination vary.","scope":"Absorption and emission are combined in a detailed-balance calculation that constrains ideal p-n junction conversion as band gap and radiative recombination vary. The abstract assumes blackbody sun and cell temperatures of 6000 K and 300 K and an ideal radiative limit. This is not a universal ceiling for every photovoltaic design or a measured device efficiency.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d0307310-4565-4b71-a344-1f242d27eaeb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5ae01d9cfd6ee8806fba35e4ca5fc2e4c8eff33b04c60970b4c84f59327bc9f3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"slepian-wolf-correlated-source-coding-1973","title":"Slepian and Wolf: compressing correlated data separately","summary":"For two finite-alphabet iid sources, separate encoders and a joint decoder can approach the correlated-source entropy rate region, even though neither encoder sees the other input.\n\nImagine two instruments producing related streams. If each compresses in isolation using only its own stream statistics, it can miss the redundancy shared between them. Slepian and Wolf show that separate encoders can still exploit that redundancy when the decoder has both messages. The proof assigns blocks to randomly chosen code collections; the decoder uses the other stream to distinguish possibilities. Their result determines an asymptotic rate region and shows why independent access at the encoders need not require two independent compression budgets. It establishes existence under a precise model, leaving efficient finite-length code design and more general sources for further work.","boundary":"Two finite-alphabet sources formed by iid draws of a fixed joint distribution; each encoder sees only its own block and a joint decoder receives both noiseless messages. The region is the closure of achievable rate pairs: Rx>=H(X|Y), Ry>=H(Y|X), Rx+Ry>=H(X, Y), in a consistent log base. Achievability means block error probability can be made arbitrarily small with increasing block length/rate slack; closure does not promise finite-block zero error at every boundary. Random-supercode existence and time sharing do not provide an efficient implementable code or finite resource guarantee. General ergodic sources, continuous alphabets, rate-distortion, many-source variants and variable-length design are expressly left open in this paper. The target is the paper on pages 471-480. This account does not supply a machine-checked proof or independently certified numerical and formula transcription. Neighboring article fragments are excluded. No practical compression benchmark, real communication reliability or later noisy-channel results absorbed.","area":"Information theory","topic":"Computing","year":1973,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"slepian-wolf-correlated-source-coding-1973","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:552a695e-6fd5-4850-af3f-b57e0a5a34df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8bdfa04cc5add1803c44f4c738aa84eed47b40e8c8b21dec5f3d1f09ed512b5"},"humans":["David Slepian","Jack K. Wolf"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["shannon"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-slepian-wolf-1973-original","title":"Slepian and Wolf, Noiseless Coding of Correlated Information Sources (1973), original471–480","url":"https://web.mit.edu/6.454/www/www_fall_2001/kusuma/slepwolf.pdf"}],"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"slepian-wolf-correlated-source-coding-1973","entry_id":"slepian-wolf-correlated-source-coding-1973","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:552a695e-6fd5-4850-af3f-b57e0a5a34df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8bdfa04cc5add1803c44f4c738aa84eed47b40e8c8b21dec5f3d1f09ed512b5"},"what_changed":"An iid correlated pair can be compressed separately down to conditional-entropy individual limits and joint-entropy total limit when decoded jointly.","scope":"An iid correlated pair can be compressed separately down to conditional-entropy individual limits and joint-entropy total limit when decoded jointly. Two finite-alphabet sources formed by iid draws of a fixed joint distribution; each encoder sees only its own block and a joint decoder receives both noiseless messages. The region is the closure of achievable rate pairs: Rx>=H(X|Y), Ry>=H(Y|X), Rx+Ry>=H(X, Y), in a consistent log base. Achievability means block error probability can be made arbitrarily small with increasing block length/rate slack; closure does not promise finite-block zero error at every boundary. Random-supercode existence and time sharing do not provide an efficient implementable code or finite resource guarantee. General ergodic sources, continuous alphabets, rate-distortion, many-source variants and variable-length design are expressly left open in this paper. The target is the paper on pages 471-480. This account does not supply a machine-checked proof or independently certified numerical and formula transcription. Neighboring article fragments are excluded. No practical compression benchmark, real communication reliability or later noisy-channel results absorbed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:552a695e-6fd5-4850-af3f-b57e0a5a34df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8bdfa04cc5add1803c44f4c738aa84eed47b40e8c8b21dec5f3d1f09ed512b5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"song-dhariwal-improved-consistency-training-2023","title":"Song and Dhariwal: improved consistency training with corrected teacher updates","summary":"Song and Dhariwal correct an asymptotic justification for direct consistency training and combine teacher-update, robust-loss, discretization and noise-schedule changes to improve one-step and two-step image generation.\n\nConsistency models aim to generate an image with one or a few network evaluations. This follow-up studies how to train them directly from data, without a pretrained diffusion teacher. Its point-mass example shows why matching two losses asymptotically is insufficient when the teacher has different parameters: the limiting loss can lose information about the data. The authors remove the moving average from the training teacher while retaining a stopped gradient and allowing averaged parameters for inference. They also adapt a robust Pseudo-Huber loss, noise embeddings, dropout, discretization curriculum and noise sampling. On specified CIFAR-10 and ImageNet benchmarks, the combined method substantially improves reported generation quality. The strongest variants also use deeper networks and larger batches; these results do not isolate one change or establish universal convergence. This two-author contribution remains separate from the original four-author consistency-model paper.","boundary":"This is the follow-up arXiv 2310.14189v1. It corrects a limitation in the original direct-training argument and changes the teacher update, loss and schedules. Removing the moving average from the training teacher differs from averaging parameters for inference. Its one-step and two-step image metrics depend on the stated training and evaluation setup. It does not retroactively validate every claim in the original consistency-model paper or guarantee exact sampling for arbitrary distributions. WRS has not replayed the training or benchmark.","area":"Direct training of fast generative models","topic":"Mathematics and computing","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"song-dhariwal-improved-consistency-training-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28ae6aec-f1b0-4f73-a230-dc7365666c3e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce1702511a3cfad1f1ded627a840bc09024aec13dfbc2f963e2bc20eddde0017"},"humans":["Yang Song","Prafulla Dhariwal"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["song-et-al-consistency-generative-models-2023","denoising-diffusion"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-improved-consistency2023-v1-full","title":"Song and Dhariwal, Improved Techniques for Training Consistency Models; exact arXiv2310.14189v1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.14189v1"},{"id":"wrs24-improved-consistency2023-identity-full","title":"Official arXiv two-author byline and initial-only version identity","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.14189v1"}],"points":"40000","published_grade":{"id":"song-dhariwal-improved-consistency-training-2023","entry_id":"song-dhariwal-improved-consistency-training-2023","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28ae6aec-f1b0-4f73-a230-dc7365666c3e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce1702511a3cfad1f1ded627a840bc09024aec13dfbc2f963e2bc20eddde0017"},"what_changed":"Exposes unequal-parameter asymptotic loss limitation, fixes teacher update under stopgradient, and combines inherited robust loss with empirical weighting/schedule/architecture choices for stronger direct training.","scope":"Exposes unequal-parameter asymptotic loss limitation, fixes teacher update under stopgradient, and combines inherited robust loss with empirical weighting/schedule/architecture choices for stronger direct training. This is the follow-up arXiv 2310.14189v1. It corrects a limitation in the original direct-training argument and changes the teacher update, loss and schedules. Removing the moving average from the training teacher differs from averaging parameters for inference. Its one-step and two-step image metrics depend on the stated training and evaluation setup. It does not retroactively validate every claim in the original consistency-model paper or guarantee exact sampling for arbitrary distributions. WRS has not replayed the training or benchmark.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28ae6aec-f1b0-4f73-a230-dc7365666c3e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce1702511a3cfad1f1ded627a840bc09024aec13dfbc2f963e2bc20eddde0017"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"song-et-al-consistency-generative-models-2023","title":"Song and colleagues: consistency models support one-step and few-step generation","summary":"Song and colleagues learn a map from points on a probability-flow trajectory to its near-data endpoint, introducing consistency distillation and direct consistency training for one-step or few-step image generation.\n\nDiffusion models often need many network evaluations to turn noise into an image. Consistency models learn a shortcut: points along the same ideal probability-flow trajectory should map to the same near-data endpoint. The resulting model can generate with one network evaluation, or repeat denoising and noise injection to trade additional compute for quality. The paper introduces two training routes: distilling a trained diffusion model, and training directly from data with paired noise perturbations. It reports promising results on specified image benchmarks and demonstrates editing without separate task-specific training. One-step generation does not eliminate training costs, endpoint approximation or quality trade-offs. Subsequent work by Song and Dhariwal identifies a limitation in the original direct-training justification and changes its teacher update; those corrections and improved results remain separate contributions.","boundary":"The target is arXiv 2303.01469v2. Consistency distillation and direct training have different assumptions and costs. The endpoint is smoothed and approximate; the theoretical bounds require the paper’s regularity, boundary and discretization conditions and do not guarantee successful optimization. A later Song–Dhariwal point-mass counterexample exposes a problem in the unequal-teacher moving-average justification for original direct training. Its corrected justification and improved benchmark scores are credited separately. Editing examples may use many steps. WRS has not replayed the image benchmarks or certified every theorem.","area":"Fast generative modeling and diffusion distillation","topic":"Mathematics and computing","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"song-et-al-consistency-generative-models-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:acfb8a06-c2d4-4533-a1b6-38f692b6c3e6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4d65ec054b9d3b300e29a6a76712c2fdba26af9711dcca63124b7edb0356545f"},"humans":["Yang Song","Prafulla Dhariwal","Mark Chen","Ilya Sutskever"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["denoising-diffusion","neural-ordinary-differential-equations-2018"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-consistency2023-v2-original","title":"Song, Dhariwal, Chen and Sutskever, Consistency Models; exactarXiv2303.01469v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.01469v2"},{"id":"wrs24-consistency2023-arxiv-identity","title":"OriginalConsistencymodels officialarXiv completebyline/versiondates","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.01469v2"},{"id":"wrs24-improved-consistency2023-correction-scope","title":"Song and Dhariwal, Improved Techniques for Training Consistency Models; selectedrelatedcorrection only","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.14189v1"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"song-et-al-consistency-generative-models-2023","entry_id":"song-et-al-consistency-generative-models-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:acfb8a06-c2d4-4533-a1b6-38f692b6c3e6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4d65ec054b9d3b300e29a6a76712c2fdba26af9711dcca63124b7edb0356545f"},"what_changed":"A boundary-constrainedtrajectory-endpoint map supports one/fewstep generation, teacher distillation anddirect-data training interface; originalfiniteexperiments andlaterCTargumentlimits separated.","scope":"A boundary-constrainedtrajectory-endpoint map supports one/fewstep generation, teacher distillation anddirect-data training interface; originalfiniteexperiments andlaterCTargumentlimits separated. The target is arXiv 2303.01469v2. Consistency distillation and direct training have different assumptions and costs. The endpoint is smoothed and approximate; the theoretical bounds require the paper’s regularity, boundary and discretization conditions and do not guarantee successful optimization. A later Song–Dhariwal point-mass counterexample exposes a problem in the unequal-teacher moving-average justification for original direct training. Its corrected justification and improved benchmark scores are credited separately. Editing examples may use many steps. WRS has not replayed the image benchmarks or certified every theorem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:acfb8a06-c2d4-4533-a1b6-38f692b6c3e6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4d65ec054b9d3b300e29a6a76712c2fdba26af9711dcca63124b7edb0356545f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"stark-electric-spectral-splitting-1914","title":"Electric fields split spectral lines: Stark's detailed experimental account","summary":"Stark reported that an electric field separates selected gas spectral lines into polarized components, with a detailed 1914 experimental account following his 1913 announcement.\n\nAtoms reveal information through the light they emit. This experiment showed that an electric field can change a spectral line into several components. Stark compared spectra with and without the field and observed the light across the field direction, reducing a competing shift caused by moving emitters. Hydrogen and helium showed different patterns, creating a new experimental constraint for atomic theory. The detailed paper acknowledged Kirschbaum's essential assistance during long exposures. Measurements were provisional: field estimates, faint components and instrumental resolution limited what could be concluded. It did not supply the later quantum explanation. Stark's 1913 announcement and this 1914 account are linked publications of the same investigation. Antonino Lo Surdo independently observed the phenomenon in 1913; that attribution is supported here by a primary history-of-physics research abstract, while his original experimental body remains unread. This record does not award exclusive discovery ownership.","boundary":"The contribution is the reported splitting of specified spectral lines in an applied electric field, with historical instrumental and interpretation limits. It is not a complete quantum derivation or a universal linear splitting law for every atom/field regime. Parallel and later theoretical/experimental work remain separate.","area":"Atomic physics","topic":"Electric-field spectral splitting","year":1914,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"stark-electric-spectral-splitting-1914","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bb9b6603-6406-4102-af83-1db97df880ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f18916ef69145e8c9cf7d768a2586d5563397263babebe60105e49c635e62469"},"humans":["J. Stark"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["zeeman-magnetisation-light-1897","schrodinger"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-stark1914-original-body","title":"J. Stark, Beobachtungen uber den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spektrallinien. I. Quereffekt, original 1914 author paper","url":"https://uni-tuebingen.de/fileadmin/Uni_Tuebingen/Fakultaeten/MathePhysik/Institute/IAP/Forschung/MOettel/Geburt_QM/stark_AnnPhys_348_965_1914.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-stark1914-publisher-metadata","title":"Wiley Crossref deposit for Stark 1914 detailed paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fandp.19143480702"},{"id":"wrs24-stark1913-announcement-preview","title":"J. Stark, Observation of the Separation of Spectral Lines by an Electric Field, Nature 92,401","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/092401b0"},{"id":"wrs24-stark-losurdo2004-history-abstract","title":"Leone, Paoletti and Robotti, A Simultaneous Discovery: The Case of Johannes Stark and Antonino Lo Surdo","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00016-003-0170-2"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"stark-electric-spectral-splitting-1914","entry_id":"stark-electric-spectral-splitting-1914","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bb9b6603-6406-4102-af83-1db97df880ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f18916ef69145e8c9cf7d768a2586d5563397263babebe60105e49c635e62469"},"what_changed":"Stark reported that an electric field separates selected gas spectral lines into polarized components, with a detailed 1914 experimental account following his 1913 announcement.","scope":"Stark reported that an electric field separates selected gas spectral lines into polarized components, with a detailed 1914 experimental account following his 1913 announcement. The contribution is the reported splitting of specified spectral lines in an applied electric field, with historical instrumental and interpretation limits. It is not a complete quantum derivation or a universal linear splitting law for every atom/field regime. Parallel and later theoretical/experimental work remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bb9b6603-6406-4102-af83-1db97df880ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f18916ef69145e8c9cf7d768a2586d5563397263babebe60105e49c635e62469"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"steinitz-abstract-field-structure-1910","title":"Steinitz: organizing abstract fields through algebraic closure and transcendence","summary":"Steinitz organizes abstract commutative fields using prime fields, algebraic closure and transcendence bases, and classifies algebraically closed fields by characteristic and transcendence degree.\n\nA field may look like rational numbers, finite arithmetic or rational functions, yet the same abstract operations can govern it. Steinitz separates two ways to enlarge it: add algebraically independent quantities, then add roots of polynomial equations. This exposes reusable structure across different examples. His framework guarantees algebraic closures and gives an invariant size to a transcendence basis. The particularly clean classification by characteristic and transcendence degree applies to algebraically closed fields; ordinary fields with those same invariants can still differ. The existence proofs use well-ordering rather than providing a universal computer procedure.","boundary":"Scope is the original 1910 commutative-field structure framework described on printed pages 167–186 and 279–309. Every field has an algebraically closed algebraic extension, unique up to base-fixing isomorphism, not a unique chosen map. Transcendence bases and their cardinal invariant use choice/well-ordering and earlier within-paper lemmas; the intervening lemmas on printed pages 187–278 have not been independently checked for this record. Characteristic and transcendence degree classify algebraically closed fields up to abstract isomorphism; they do not classify all fields. General fields occupy intermediate extensions between a rational-function field and an algebraic closure. No uniform effective algorithm is supplied. The original says the higher-transcendence-degree analogue of Lüroth remains unresolved; the one-variable result is not extrapolated. Weber's field definition and preceding root-adjunction methods are inherited. No theorem equating closure existence with choice in ZF is claimed. The complete proof chain has not been independently reconstructed. Further perfect/imperfect-field details are outside the assessed contribution scope.","area":"Field theory and algebraic structure","topic":"Mathematics","year":1910,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"steinitz-abstract-field-structure-1910","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fb05c80d-c648-42bd-a242-0247e43f3e45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c397c4fb5d572bfe12b6c00cd12cd54cf3aef1ddefb28bfe5ec9681102105540"},"humans":["Ernst Steinitz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["galois-memoir-equations","dedekind-nature-meaning-numbers-1888","cantor-uncountability-1874"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-steinitz-field-structure-1910-original","title":"Ernst Steinitz, Algebraische Theorie der Körper (1910), original GDZ article facsimile","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN243919689_0137/LOG_0009.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-steinitz-1910-bibliography","title":"Mathdoc original-article bibliography: Steinitz, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik 137 (1910), 167–309","url":"https://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/JRAM_1910__137_149323/"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"steinitz-abstract-field-structure-1910","entry_id":"steinitz-abstract-field-structure-1910","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fb05c80d-c648-42bd-a242-0247e43f3e45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c397c4fb5d572bfe12b6c00cd12cd54cf3aef1ddefb28bfe5ec9681102105540"},"what_changed":"Steinitz organizes abstract commutative fields using prime fields, algebraic closure and transcendence bases, and classifies algebraically closed fields by characteristic and transcendence degree.","scope":"Steinitz organizes abstract commutative fields using prime fields, algebraic closure and transcendence bases, and classifies algebraically closed fields by characteristic and transcendence degree. Scope is the original 1910 commutative-field structure framework described on printed pages 167–186 and 279–309. Every field has an algebraically closed algebraic extension, unique up to base-fixing isomorphism, not a unique chosen map. Transcendence bases and their cardinal invariant use choice/well-ordering and earlier within-paper lemmas; the intervening lemmas on printed pages 187–278 have not been independently checked for this record. Characteristic and transcendence degree classify algebraically closed fields up to abstract isomorphism; they do not classify all fields. General fields occupy intermediate extensions between a rational-function field and an algebraic closure. No uniform effective algorithm is supplied. The original says the higher-transcendence-degree analogue of Lüroth remains unresolved; the one-variable result is not extrapolated. Weber's field definition and preceding root-adjunction methods are inherited. No theorem equating closure existence with choice in ZF is claimed. The complete proof chain has not been independently reconstructed. Further perfect/imperfect-field details are outside the assessed contribution scope.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fb05c80d-c648-42bd-a242-0247e43f3e45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c397c4fb5d572bfe12b6c00cd12cd54cf3aef1ddefb28bfe5ec9681102105540"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"stommel-thermohaline-two-stable-flow-regimes-1961","title":"Stommel: two stable circulation regimes under the same external conditions","summary":"Stommel shows that a symmetric idealized heat-and-salt convection system can admit two locally stable flow regimes, with a separating unstable equilibrium and parameter-dependent transitions.\n\nThe same external conditions need not select a single circulation. Temperature and salinity change fluid density in opposing ways, and they relax at different rates. If density differences also drive exchange between two well-mixed vessels, that feedback can support either a temperature-dominated or a salinity-dominated circulation, with opposite flow directions. A third steady state is unstable. The model makes multiple equilibria and history-dependent transitions concrete enough to analyse, while explicitly stopping short of a direct description of real ocean circulation. Different parameters can leave only one stable regime. This is a contribution about a physical mechanism and its possible consequences, not a measured forecast of an Atlantic tipping threshold.","boundary":"The box model uses specified temperature/salinity forcing, exchange and feedback assumptions. Multiple equilibria and their stability belong to that idealized system, not a complete global ocean circulation forecast. Parameter dependence and basin/forcing simplifications matter. Later observations, spatial models and tipping analyses receive separate credit.","area":"Earth Science","topic":"Physical circulation, density feedback and multiple equilibria","year":1961,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"stommel-thermohaline-two-stable-flow-regimes-1961","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d591c5a-f7cf-428b-a8fc-f83bebf8a6af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:92d512335a30d75bcc3238aaf5c71066b1da2af0f56a83af09edec5c45023bd5"},"humans":["Henry Stommel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["stommel-western-intensification-1948"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-stommel-thermohaline-two-stable-flow-regimes-1961-original","title":"Henry Stommel, Thermohaline Convection with Two Stable Regimes of Flow — complete1961physical-model article","url":"https://courses.seas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/Courses/EPS131/Sources/07-AMOC/Papers/Stommel-1961.pdf"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"stommel-thermohaline-two-stable-flow-regimes-1961","entry_id":"stommel-thermohaline-two-stable-flow-regimes-1961","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d591c5a-f7cf-428b-a8fc-f83bebf8a6af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:92d512335a30d75bcc3238aaf5c71066b1da2af0f56a83af09edec5c45023bd5"},"what_changed":"Stommel shows that a symmetric idealized heat-and-salt convection system can admit two locally stable flow regimes, with a separating unstable equilibrium and parameter-dependent transitions.","scope":"Stommel shows that a symmetric idealized heat-and-salt convection system can admit two locally stable flow regimes, with a separating unstable equilibrium and parameter-dependent transitions. The box model uses specified temperature/salinity forcing, exchange and feedback assumptions. Multiple equilibria and their stability belong to that idealized system, not a complete global ocean circulation forecast. Parameter dependence and basin/forcing simplifications matter. Later observations, spatial models and tipping analyses receive separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d591c5a-f7cf-428b-a8fc-f83bebf8a6af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:92d512335a30d75bcc3238aaf5c71066b1da2af0f56a83af09edec5c45023bd5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"stommel-western-intensification-1948","title":"Stommel: latitude-dependent rotation and western ocean currents","summary":"Stommel's idealized wind-driven circulation model linked concentration of streamlines at an ocean's western boundary to variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude.\n\nBroad wind forcing can produce a narrow current on one side of a basin. Stommel isolated latitude-dependent rotation in a simplified force balance, giving a mechanism for this asymmetry. The paper suggests a Gulf Stream connection, which this record separates from direct real-ocean validation.","boundary":"The abstract specifies a homogeneous rectangular ocean, surface wind stress, linearized bottom friction and horizontal pressure gradients. It is not a complete model or forecast of all real ocean currents.","area":"Physical oceanography","topic":"Physical oceanography","year":1948,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"stommel-western-intensification-1948","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:818a86ce-882a-468f-ac0d-e899cbca9586","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90304a47e411ee4c3a3f5efa8b675e7d61a3bba85bda259504d075d77f0e0437"},"humans":["Henry Stommel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pc26-stommel-western","title":"Henry Stommel, The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents (1948)","url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/TR029i002p00202"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"stommel-western-intensification-1948","entry_id":"stommel-western-intensification-1948","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:818a86ce-882a-468f-ac0d-e899cbca9586","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90304a47e411ee4c3a3f5efa8b675e7d61a3bba85bda259504d075d77f0e0437"},"what_changed":"Latitude dependence of rotation generates western concentration of streamlines in a specified idealized wind/friction/pressure model.","scope":"Latitude dependence of rotation generates western concentration of streamlines in a specified idealized wind/friction/pressure model. The abstract specifies a homogeneous rectangular ocean, surface wind stress, linearized bottom friction and horizontal pressure gradients. It is not a complete model or forecast of all real ocean currents.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:818a86ce-882a-468f-ac0d-e899cbca9586","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90304a47e411ee4c3a3f5efa8b675e7d61a3bba85bda259504d075d77f0e0437"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"strang-symmetric-second-order-directional-splitting-1968","title":"Strang: split a numerical update without losing second-order accuracy","summary":"Strang constructs a half-step/full-step/half-step composition that retains second-order accuracy under the stated smoothness and substep assumptions, with conditional stability and cost comparisons for multidimensional difference schemes.\n\nA complicated simulation can sometimes be divided into simpler updates: move in one direction, then in another. Performing those updates in an arbitrary order introduces an extra error when they do not commute. Strang showed how a symmetric ordering—half of one update, all of the other, then the remaining half—retains second-order accuracy under the paper’s assumptions. The method allows existing one-dimensional difference procedures to become building blocks for multidimensional calculations. The paper treats both a linear wave model and smooth nonlinear systems, and compares accuracy with stability and computational work. A stable component method is still essential; smaller apparent cost does not establish the right physical shock solution. The original explicitly leaves convergence for discontinuous solutions to future progress. This contribution is the ordering and scoped comparison framework, with earlier Lax–Wendroff, Richtmyer and Strang difference methods retained as predecessors.","boundary":"Second-order accuracy concerns a symmetric composition of stated evolution operators with sufficient regularity and controlled local/global error. Noncommuting operators need the stated analysis; stiffness, boundaries and nonsmooth solutions can change behavior. It is not a universal stability or convergence guarantee for every split PDE or arbitrary step size.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Numerical differential equations and operator splitting","year":1968,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"strang-symmetric-second-order-directional-splitting-1968","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d89297ca-89ea-41b1-a8e3-bc10ec520639","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2ca6e3e02c5280016896905361132d478bd08a1c4ffa551d158b319ef016c70"},"humans":["Gilbert Strang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lax-wendroff-conservative-limit-schemes-la2285-1959"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-strang-symmetric-second-order-directional-splitting-1968-original","title":"Gilbert Strang: On the Construction and Comparison of Difference Schemes,1968original506-517 publictextmirror","url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/230442704/Strang-1968-On-the-Construction-and-Comparison-of-Difference-Schemes"},{"id":"wrs24-strang-symmetric-second-order-directional-splitting-1968-original-author","title":"Gilbert Strang MITbibliography selecteditems11,12,21","url":"https://math.mit.edu/~gs/papers/papers.html"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"strang-symmetric-second-order-directional-splitting-1968","entry_id":"strang-symmetric-second-order-directional-splitting-1968","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d89297ca-89ea-41b1-a8e3-bc10ec520639","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2ca6e3e02c5280016896905361132d478bd08a1c4ffa551d158b319ef016c70"},"what_changed":"Strang constructs a half-step/full-step/half-step composition that retains second-order accuracy under the stated smoothness and substep assumptions, with conditional stability and cost comparisons for multidimensional difference schemes.","scope":"Strang constructs a half-step/full-step/half-step composition that retains second-order accuracy under the stated smoothness and substep assumptions, with conditional stability and cost comparisons for multidimensional difference schemes. Second-order accuracy concerns a symmetric composition of stated evolution operators with sufficient regularity and controlled local/global error. Noncommuting operators need the stated analysis; stiffness, boundaries and nonsmooth solutions can change behavior. It is not a universal stability or convergence guarantee for every split PDE or arbitrary step size.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d89297ca-89ea-41b1-a8e3-bc10ec520639","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2ca6e3e02c5280016896905361132d478bd08a1c4ffa551d158b319ef016c70"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tarjan-set-union-inverse-ackermann-1975","title":"Tarjan: inverse-Ackermann analysis of weighted union and path compression","summary":"Tarjan established nearly linear amortized bounds for weighted union with path compression, with inverse-Ackermann dependence, and a matching lower-bound analysis within the studied tree-algorithm model.\n\nA disjoint-set structure keeps track of which objects have been joined into the same group. It can represent each group as a rooted tree. Weighted union attaches a smaller tree to a larger one; path compression shortens a traversed path to its root. These operations had predecessors. Tarjan's contribution was to explain their combined sequence cost much more sharply: the number of repeated expensive traversals is controlled by slowly growing classes related to the inverse Ackermann function. The result gives almost-linear total work over a long sequence, rather than promising that each individual operation always takes constant time. The inspected1974 report also studies lower bounds for the same tree/compression family. It explicitly leaves the possibility of a different general linear-time set-union algorithm open. The familiar1975 journal citation belongs to this contribution lineage, but its complete body has not been read here and its more general two-parameter notation is not substituted into the report proof.","boundary":"The amortized bound concerns the specified sequence of disjoint-set operations and union/path-compression rules in its computational model. It is not a worst-case constant bound for each operation or every variant. Input size, storage and operation accounting remain. Later refinements and implementations retain separate credit.","area":"Computer science","topic":"Algorithms and data structures","year":1975,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"tarjan-set-union-inverse-ackermann-1975","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d4035e5d-5de6-4b49-a3cd-2873c3ecfa8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:40d24dc49765e23678ed2da62513badbd30447990b52f6e38cc807d0726b49a4"},"humans":["Robert Endre Tarjan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["codd-relational-model","cook-completeness"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-tarjan-set-union-inverse-ackermann-1975-report","title":"Tarjan — original Berkeley ERL-M4341974 report","url":"https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1974/Archive/ERL-m-434.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-tarjan-set-union-inverse-ackermann-1975-publisher","title":"Tarjan —1975 Journal of the ACM publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1145%2F321879.321884"},{"id":"wrs24-tarjan-set-union-inverse-ackermann-1975-prior-identity","title":"Galler/Fischer report citation —1964 publisher identity and date deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1145%2F364099.364331"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"tarjan-set-union-inverse-ackermann-1975","entry_id":"tarjan-set-union-inverse-ackermann-1975","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d4035e5d-5de6-4b49-a3cd-2873c3ecfa8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:40d24dc49765e23678ed2da62513badbd30447990b52f6e38cc807d0726b49a4"},"what_changed":"Tarjan established nearly linear amortized bounds for weighted union with path compression, with inverse-Ackermann dependence, and a matching lower-bound analysis within the studied tree-algorithm model.","scope":"Tarjan established nearly linear amortized bounds for weighted union with path compression, with inverse-Ackermann dependence, and a matching lower-bound analysis within the studied tree-algorithm model. The amortized bound concerns the specified sequence of disjoint-set operations and union/path-compression rules in its computational model. It is not a worst-case constant bound for each operation or every variant. Input size, storage and operation accounting remain. Later refinements and implementations retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d4035e5d-5de6-4b49-a3cd-2873c3ecfa8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:40d24dc49765e23678ed2da62513badbd30447990b52f6e38cc807d0726b49a4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tesla-phase-displaced-rotating-field-motors-1888","title":"Tesla: phase-displaced currents driving rotating-field motors","summary":"Tesla explains how phase-displaced alternating currents create a rotating magnetic field and describes synchronous and closed-rotor-coil motor forms that use it.\n\nA motor can turn without mechanically switching the current in every rotor winding. Tesla connects two phase-displaced circuits to fixed coils so that their combined magnetic attraction travels around a ring. A rotor can follow that attraction synchronously, or receive induced currents in closed coils that supply starting torque. These forms behave differently as the load changes. The 1888 lecture connects the principle to motors and transformers; the contemporaneous patent supplies apparatus details. Earlier induction science, Ferraris's related work and later industrial engineering retain separate credit.","boundary":"The target is the May 1888 lecture's rotating-field motor and transformer construction, crosschecked with US 381968 and an approved 1894 reprint. A constant field assumes weak-magnetization proportionality, a uniform generator field and constant-speed quadrature currents. Synchronous speed holds within load and capacity limits; closed-rotor-coil torque motors have load-dependent speed and slip. DC-excited and rotating-winding variants differ. Sliding contacts disappear in certain stationary-primary forms, not universally. Claims of instantaneous reversal, equal DC torque and better efficiency are author statements, not independently replayed benchmarks; later tests reported in 1894 are not backdated. A patent discloses a design without certifying performance, safety, deployment or global priority. Ferraris's original body is unread, so exclusive first rotating-field or induction-motor claims are withheld. The lecture transcription and edited reprint are not first-print facsimiles; illustrations were not inspected. Earlier induction and later industrial engineering retain separate credit.","area":"Electrical power and rotating machines","topic":"Physics","year":1888,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"tesla-phase-displaced-rotating-field-motors-1888","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4b18819-611c-4e26-a4ba-49a8d362aabd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d2fe71f7a0694ea97185cff49aaaa95d71513896d44248648b72d72950f5d80"},"humans":["Nikola Tesla"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["faraday-induction","ohm-circuit-law"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-tesla-motors-1888-lecture-transcription","title":"Nikola Tesla, A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers (May1888), society-hosted lecture transcription","url":"https://www.teslasociety.ca/docs/writings/ANewSystemOfACMotorsAndTransformers1888.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-tesla-381968-1888-patent","title":"Nikola Tesla, Electro-magnetic motor, US381968A, original1888patent specification","url":"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/c9/47/b2/d2a511b818d8a6/US381968.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-martin-tesla-1894-approved-reprint","title":"Thomas Commerford Martin, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla (1894), authorized collected reprint","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/39272/pg39272-images.html"},{"id":"wrs24-ferraris-rotations-1888-publisher-metadata","title":"Galileo Ferraris, Rotazioni elettrodinamiche prodotte per mezzo di correnti alternate (1888), publisher bibliography","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02730244"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"tesla-phase-displaced-rotating-field-motors-1888","entry_id":"tesla-phase-displaced-rotating-field-motors-1888","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4b18819-611c-4e26-a4ba-49a8d362aabd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d2fe71f7a0694ea97185cff49aaaa95d71513896d44248648b72d72950f5d80"},"what_changed":"Tesla explains how phase-displaced alternating currents create a rotating magnetic field and describes synchronous and closed-rotor-coil motor forms that use it.","scope":"Tesla explains how phase-displaced alternating currents create a rotating magnetic field and describes synchronous and closed-rotor-coil motor forms that use it. The target is the May 1888 lecture's rotating-field motor and transformer construction, crosschecked with US 381968 and an approved 1894 reprint. A constant field assumes weak-magnetization proportionality, a uniform generator field and constant-speed quadrature currents. Synchronous speed holds within load and capacity limits; closed-rotor-coil torque motors have load-dependent speed and slip. DC-excited and rotating-winding variants differ. Sliding contacts disappear in certain stationary-primary forms, not universally. Claims of instantaneous reversal, equal DC torque and better efficiency are author statements, not independently replayed benchmarks; later tests reported in 1894 are not backdated. A patent discloses a design without certifying performance, safety, deployment or global priority. Ferraris's original body is unread, so exclusive first rotating-field or induction-motor claims are withheld. The lecture transcription and edited reprint are not first-print facsimiles; illustrations were not inspected. Earlier induction and later industrial engineering retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4b18819-611c-4e26-a4ba-49a8d362aabd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d2fe71f7a0694ea97185cff49aaaa95d71513896d44248648b72d72950f5d80"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tomonaga-spacelike-field-state-formulation-1943","title":"Tomonaga: quantum states on spacelike surfaces","summary":"The1943work, read through its1946English publication, reformulates quantum field-state evolution as a functional of a spacelike surface. Under the stated interaction-density and commutation assumptions, local surface deformations give an explicitly Lorentz-compatible formal description.\n\nDifferent observers disagree about which distant events happen at the same time. A field state tied only to one flat time slice can hide that issue. Tomonaga instead describes the state on a spacelike surface and how interactions change it when a small patch moves. This gives a way to express the same formal physics without privileging one observer’s time coordinate. The paper also states that this reformulation leaves the existing infinite quantities unresolved.","boundary":"Exact contribution is the 1943 formulation as represented by its 1946 English translation; Japanese original unread and no separate translation achievement. The argument assumes a scalar interaction-energy density and the required commutation at separated and adjacent spacelike points, motivated by the stated derivative-free interaction setting. Fields are transformed with free evolution; the surface-state equations are formal and restricted to spacelike surfaces, not arbitrary timelike boundaries. Section 4 handles continuum amplitudes through an indicated countable approximation and states results rather than supplying a modern measure-theoretic construction. Section 6 explicitly retains divergence problems and says the equations have pathological infinite solutions; this is not a renormalization proof, rigorous existence theorem for interacting continuum QFT or new verified physical prediction. equation images/glyphs imperfect, no independent reconstruction, replay or original-Japanese verification. Dirac/Bloch, Pauli, Stueckelberg, Heisenberg and Yukawa inputs remain inherited. Later Schwinger formulations, QED corrections and experimental confirmations are separate.","area":"Quantum field theory","topic":"Physics","year":1943,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"tomonaga-spacelike-field-state-formulation-1943","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f157a003-95d0-41b4-a2ca-f295421c6015","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac2ad3f37fe2728dd45c4fcffedc99d8caa7de770290b249b5d906daf3b798c9"},"humans":["S. Tomonaga"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dirac-electron","feynman-diagram-method"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-tomonaga-1946-publisher-original","title":"Tomonaga:1946 English publication of the1943 spacelike-surface field formulation","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ptp1946/1/2/1_2_27/_pdf/-char/en"},{"id":"wrs24-tomonaga-1946-jstage-metadata","title":"J-STAGE original publication metadata:Tomonaga1946translation","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ptp1946/1/2/1_2_27/_article/-char/en"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"tomonaga-spacelike-field-state-formulation-1943","entry_id":"tomonaga-spacelike-field-state-formulation-1943","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f157a003-95d0-41b4-a2ca-f295421c6015","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac2ad3f37fe2728dd45c4fcffedc99d8caa7de770290b249b5d906daf3b798c9"},"what_changed":"A spacelike-surface state functional and local-deformation formalism exposes Lorentz-compatible free/interaction separation under explicit commutation/density conditions.","scope":"A spacelike-surface state functional and local-deformation formalism exposes Lorentz-compatible free/interaction separation under explicit commutation/density conditions. Exact contribution is the 1943 formulation as represented by its 1946 English translation; Japanese original unread and no separate translation achievement. The argument assumes a scalar interaction-energy density and the required commutation at separated and adjacent spacelike points, motivated by the stated derivative-free interaction setting. Fields are transformed with free evolution; the surface-state equations are formal and restricted to spacelike surfaces, not arbitrary timelike boundaries. Section 4 handles continuum amplitudes through an indicated countable approximation and states results rather than supplying a modern measure-theoretic construction. Section 6 explicitly retains divergence problems and says the equations have pathological infinite solutions; this is not a renormalization proof, rigorous existence theorem for interacting continuum QFT or new verified physical prediction. equation images/glyphs imperfect, no independent reconstruction, replay or original-Japanese verification. Dirac/Bloch, Pauli, Stueckelberg, Heisenberg and Yukawa inputs remain inherited. Later Schwinger formulations, QED corrections and experimental confirmations are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f157a003-95d0-41b4-a2ca-f295421c6015","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac2ad3f37fe2728dd45c4fcffedc99d8caa7de770290b249b5d906daf3b798c9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"toomre-kalnajs-local-stellar-disk-stability-1964","title":"Toomre and Kalnajs: when random stellar motion resists disk clumping","summary":"Toomre analyzes the competition between rotation, stellar random motion and self-gravity, deriving with Kalnajs a local neutral-stability relation and the Gaussian stellar-disk threshold sigma_R approximately3.36G Sigma/kappa.\n\nA galaxy can rotate and still be vulnerable to gravitational clumping. Rotation helps resist long disturbances, while random stellar motions suppress short ones. Toomre explains why both effects are needed and calculates the dividing line for small, axisymmetric disturbances in an idealized thin stellar disk. The calculation uses nearly circular stellar orbits and an approximately Gaussian velocity distribution. Its familiar threshold compares radial velocity dispersion with the disk surface density and epicyclic frequency; the coefficient is3.36, not the pi appearing in the corresponding gas calculation. The paper expressly credits A. Kalnajs for the final neutral-wave formula after he identified an error in an earlier version. Toomre also gives numerical ring examples and a solar-neighborhood comparison, but he does not establish that every disk above the local threshold is globally stable or immune to bars. The work supplies a useful diagnostic with declared assumptions, rather than a universal certificate for a galaxy.","boundary":"The stability analysis uses an idealized thin stellar disk, local tightly wound perturbations and the stated collisionless velocity distribution. The local axisymmetric criterion is not a universal global/nonaxisymmetric stability theorem. Finite thickness, gas, nonlinear evolution and different distributions require additional analysis. Earlier and later disk models remain separate.","area":"Astronomy","topic":"Local stellar-disk stability","year":1964,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"toomre-kalnajs-local-stellar-disk-stability-1964","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e9018dbf-ec7b-4f22-a126-96aab99627d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7aad3d7e472532f4f99ad0b7acb44912c779b4f96826b58f4e0ea79be98ae2c1"},"humans":["Alar Toomre"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-toomre-kalnajs-local-stellar-disk-stability-1964-original","title":"Alar Toomre1964: On the gravitational stability of a disk of stars, original1217-1238","url":"https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1964ApJ...139.1217T"},{"id":"wrs24-toomre-kalnajs-local-stellar-disk-stability-1964-original-modern-use","title":"James Binney2019: The shearing sheet and swing amplification revisited","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.11696"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"toomre-kalnajs-local-stellar-disk-stability-1964","entry_id":"toomre-kalnajs-local-stellar-disk-stability-1964","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e9018dbf-ec7b-4f22-a126-96aab99627d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7aad3d7e472532f4f99ad0b7acb44912c779b4f96826b58f4e0ea79be98ae2c1"},"what_changed":"Toomre analyzes the competition between rotation, stellar random motion and self-gravity, deriving with Kalnajs a local neutral-stability relation and the Gaussian stellar-disk threshold sigma_R approximately3.36G Sigma/kappa.","scope":"Toomre analyzes the competition between rotation, stellar random motion and self-gravity, deriving with Kalnajs a local neutral-stability relation and the Gaussian stellar-disk threshold sigma_R approximately3.36G Sigma/kappa. The stability analysis uses an idealized thin stellar disk, local tightly wound perturbations and the stated collisionless velocity distribution. The local axisymmetric criterion is not a universal global/nonaxisymmetric stability theorem. Finite thickness, gas, nonlinear evolution and different distributions require additional analysis. Earlier and later disk models remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e9018dbf-ec7b-4f22-a126-96aab99627d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7aad3d7e472532f4f99ad0b7acb44912c779b4f96826b58f4e0ea79be98ae2c1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tracy-widom-airy-kernel-edge-distribution-1994","title":"Tracy and Widom: Airy-kernel distributions at a random-matrix spectral edge","summary":"Tracy and Widom derive differential equations for Airy-kernel Fredholm determinants and characterize the soft-edge gap distribution on a half-line through a specified Painleve II solution, giving computable distributions for the largest ordered eigenvalues in the declared unitary random-matrix limit.\n\nLarge random matrices have many eigenvalues, but the behavior of the largest ones near the edge of the spectrum is especially revealing. The relevant distribution differs from the familiar Gaussian limit for sums. Tracy and Widom turn an Airy-kernel gap probability into differential equations with a precise boundary condition, making the limiting largest-eigenvalue distribution accessible to computation. This bridges random-matrix probability and integrable differential equations. The exact1994 work covers the stated unitary soft-edge setting; later universality theorems and applications broadened the story through separate contributions. A mathematical relationship, a source-reported numerical plot and a heuristic asymptotic argument remain different kinds of evidence.","boundary":"Exact 1994 Communications in Mathematical Physics 159(1), 151-174 article. The Airy-kernel scaling limit is inherited for the stated unitary/GUE spectral edge; this paper is not a general universality theorem for arbitrary matrices or beta 1/4 ensembles. The half-line determinant uses the specified Painleve II boundary condition, not any solution of that equation; interval identities require the stated invertibility and endpoint conventions. At lambda=1, the zero-point gap is the largest scaled eigenvalue CDF; its derivative is the density. Finite matrices need their own scaling/convergence justification. The source explicitly calls the WKB eigenvalue asymptotics heuristic; fixed-index limits, proposed all-n extensions and the conjectured asymptotic constant are not certified theorems here. Reported density moments and plots were not independently reproduced. The earlier 1992 preprint and 1993 short announcement remain distinct versions; full-line projection does not make a half-line compression a projection. No complete independent proof certification.","area":"Random-matrix probability and integrable systems","topic":"Mathematics","year":1994,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"tracy-widom-airy-kernel-edge-distribution-1994","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36d43736-ff8b-48bc-aed8-5067e38e9acb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a4229438c560b6a2c5b9c565bbfffb2310a5629acdd638b92b85220e37a6724d"},"humans":["Craig A. Tracy","Harold Widom"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["fisher-mathematical-foundations-statistics-1922","cooley-tukey-fft"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-tracywidom1994-original","title":"Tracy and Widom, Level-Spacing Distributions and the Airy Kernel; exact1994 journal technical body","url":"https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~tracy/selectedPapers/1990s/CV47.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-tracywidom1994-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited exact1994 Tracy-Widom journal identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2FBF02100489"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"tracy-widom-airy-kernel-edge-distribution-1994","entry_id":"tracy-widom-airy-kernel-edge-distribution-1994","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36d43736-ff8b-48bc-aed8-5067e38e9acb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a4229438c560b6a2c5b9c565bbfffb2310a5629acdd638b92b85220e37a6724d"},"what_changed":"Tracy and Widom derive differential equations for Airy-kernel Fredholm determinants and characterize the soft-edge gap distribution on a half-line through a specified Painleve II solution, giving computable distributions for the largest ordered eigenvalues in the declared unitary random-matrix limit.","scope":"Tracy and Widom derive differential equations for Airy-kernel Fredholm determinants and characterize the soft-edge gap distribution on a half-line through a specified Painleve II solution, giving computable distributions for the largest ordered eigenvalues in the declared unitary random-matrix limit. Exact 1994 Communications in Mathematical Physics 159(1), 151-174 article. The Airy-kernel scaling limit is inherited for the stated unitary/GUE spectral edge; this paper is not a general universality theorem for arbitrary matrices or beta 1/4 ensembles. The half-line determinant uses the specified Painleve II boundary condition, not any solution of that equation; interval identities require the stated invertibility and endpoint conventions. At lambda=1, the zero-point gap is the largest scaled eigenvalue CDF; its derivative is the density. Finite matrices need their own scaling/convergence justification. The source explicitly calls the WKB eigenvalue asymptotics heuristic; fixed-index limits, proposed all-n extensions and the conjectured asymptotic constant are not certified theorems here. Reported density moments and plots were not independently reproduced. The earlier 1992 preprint and 1993 short announcement remain distinct versions; full-line projection does not make a half-line compression a projection. No complete independent proof certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36d43736-ff8b-48bc-aed8-5067e38e9acb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a4229438c560b6a2c5b9c565bbfffb2310a5629acdd638b92b85220e37a6724d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tully-fisher-galaxy-distance-method-1977","title":"Tully and Fisher: using galaxy line widths to estimate distances","summary":"Tully and Fisher developed and calibrated an extragalactic distance method connecting corrected global neutral-hydrogen profile width with intrinsic photographic luminosity or galaxy diameter, and applied it to nearby calibrators and two galaxy clusters.\n\nA distant galaxy looks dimmer both when it is intrinsically faint and when it is far away. The global width of its neutral-hydrogen radio line supplies another observable: after projection correction, it reflects the internal motion of the galaxy without itself requiring the distance. Tully and Fisher used nearby galaxies with independently constrained distances to calibrate a width-luminosity relation, then compared cluster samples at approximately common distances. Apparent brightness and the estimated intrinsic brightness provide a distance modulus. The original work also explored a diameter-width relation. Its new contribution is the calibrated distance application and supporting observations; it explicitly acknowledges earlier observations of width-luminosity correlations. Calibration, inclination, extinction, sample selection and cluster membership matter. The paper states that its small samples do not establish the intrinsic scatter, and its note added during publication preserves a disagreement with Sandage and Tammann that could reflect systematic corrections. The historical photographic slope corresponds algebraically to a luminosity exponent near2.5 under its specific width definition, rather than the later baryonic fourth-power formulation. Its preliminary distance and Hubble-constant values are historical outputs, not current accepted measurements.","boundary":"The empirical relation connects specified galaxy luminosity and rotational line-width measures with calibration, inclination and sample assumptions. Scatter and selection effects limit individual distance estimates. It is not an exact universal law for every galaxy or an independently replayed modern distance calibration. Later refinements retain separate credit.","area":"Astronomy","topic":"Extragalactic distance measurement","year":1977,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"tully-fisher-galaxy-distance-method-1977","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ec9b06d3-33bd-4ebd-a433-10d5588f49c6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73022bf3d5dc6dcaee792d9b5f21d42f2995495d9c7b71d6aec888467a8db3e3"},"humans":["R. Brent Tully","J. Richard Fisher"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["leavitt-period-luminosity","hubble-distance-velocity"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-tully-fisher-galaxy-distance-method-1977-original","title":"Tully and Fisher, A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies (1977) — original13page journal article","url":"https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1977A%26A....54..661T"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"tully-fisher-galaxy-distance-method-1977","entry_id":"tully-fisher-galaxy-distance-method-1977","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ec9b06d3-33bd-4ebd-a433-10d5588f49c6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73022bf3d5dc6dcaee792d9b5f21d42f2995495d9c7b71d6aec888467a8db3e3"},"what_changed":"Tully and Fisher developed and calibrated an extragalactic distance method connecting corrected global neutral-hydrogen profile width with intrinsic photographic luminosity or galaxy diameter, and applied it to nearby calibrators and two galaxy clusters.","scope":"Tully and Fisher developed and calibrated an extragalactic distance method connecting corrected global neutral-hydrogen profile width with intrinsic photographic luminosity or galaxy diameter, and applied it to nearby calibrators and two galaxy clusters. The empirical relation connects specified galaxy luminosity and rotational line-width measures with calibration, inclination and sample assumptions. Scatter and selection effects limit individual distance estimates. It is not an exact universal law for every galaxy or an independently replayed modern distance calibration. Later refinements retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ec9b06d3-33bd-4ebd-a433-10d5588f49c6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73022bf3d5dc6dcaee792d9b5f21d42f2995495d9c7b71d6aec888467a8db3e3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tutte-perfect-matching-characterization-1947","title":"Tutte: a complete criterion for perfect matching in a finite graph","summary":"Tutte's1947 theorem characterizes when a finite graph can pair all its vertices: after deleting any vertex set S, the remaining number of odd-order connected components must be at most the size of S.\n\nA graph may represent which pairs of objects can be joined. Can every object be paired once without conflict? Each odd component left after removing S needs a different vertex from S to finish a pairing. Tutte proves that this necessary obstruction is also sufficient in the paper's finite graph class, using a Pfaffian encoding and structural arguments.","boundary":"The exact target is Theorem IV and the 109 Pfaffian lemma for the finite simplicial 1-complex graph class defined on 107, corresponding to finite simple undirected graphs. A factor means a spanning degree-one subgraph, or perfect matching. The condition is for every vertex subset, with odd-order components counted after deleting the subset and incident edges; one failed subset certifies nonexistence. Odd graph order is handled by the empty subset. The Pfaffian vanishing statement is symbolic over independent edge indeterminates, not an arbitrary numerical substitution test. This is not an efficient matching algorithm, randomized identity test or proof for infinite, directed, weighted or hypergraph matching. The paper's regular-graph application has extra hypotheses and is not an unconditional assertion about all regular graphs. No independent reconstruction, formal verification or performance measurement is recorded. Adjacent Taylor-series material on the shared first page and later Edmonds/general-factor extensions are excluded.","area":"Graph theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1947,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"tutte-perfect-matching-characterization-1947","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1737527-480b-4fdb-a782-21715eae80f2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad2a93bdcd2a24fa79d3cb667a7ed3995a785d6b0d146da5c55bcc2c6d48dac4"},"humans":["William T. Tutte"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hopcroft-karp-bipartite-matching-1973","ford-fulkerson-maximal-flow-network-1956"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-tutte-1947-michigan-facsimile","title":"W.T.Tutte, The Factorization of Linear Graphs, JLMS22(1947),107–111; Michigan-hosted facsimile","url":"https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~pettie/matching/Tutte-factorization-of-linear-graphs.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-tutte-1947-publisher-metadata","title":"London Mathematical Society/Wiley metadata for Tutte's1947 Factorization of Linear Graphs","url":"https://londmathsoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1112/jlms/s1-22.2.107"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"tutte-perfect-matching-characterization-1947","entry_id":"tutte-perfect-matching-characterization-1947","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1737527-480b-4fdb-a782-21715eae80f2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad2a93bdcd2a24fa79d3cb667a7ed3995a785d6b0d146da5c55bcc2c6d48dac4"},"what_changed":"Makes the odd-component deletion obstruction necessary and sufficient for perfect matching across the defined finite graph class, linked to the symbolic Pfaffian representation.","scope":"Makes the odd-component deletion obstruction necessary and sufficient for perfect matching across the defined finite graph class, linked to the symbolic Pfaffian representation. The exact target is Theorem IV and the 109 Pfaffian lemma for the finite simplicial 1-complex graph class defined on 107, corresponding to finite simple undirected graphs. A factor means a spanning degree-one subgraph, or perfect matching. The condition is for every vertex subset, with odd-order components counted after deleting the subset and incident edges; one failed subset certifies nonexistence. Odd graph order is handled by the empty subset. The Pfaffian vanishing statement is symbolic over independent edge indeterminates, not an arbitrary numerical substitution test. This is not an efficient matching algorithm, randomized identity test or proof for infinite, directed, weighted or hypergraph matching. The paper's regular-graph application has extra hypotheses and is not an unconditional assertion about all regular graphs. No independent reconstruction, formal verification or performance measurement is recorded. Adjacent Taylor-series material on the shared first page and later Edmonds/general-factor extensions are excluded.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1737527-480b-4fdb-a782-21715eae80f2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad2a93bdcd2a24fa79d3cb667a7ed3995a785d6b0d146da5c55bcc2c6d48dac4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"udrescu-tegmark-ai-feynman-symbolic-regression-2020","title":"AI Feynman: use learned structure to turn formula search into smaller problems","summary":"Udrescu and Tegmark combine neural-network interpolation with dimensional analysis, symmetry and separability tests, polynomial fitting and symbolic search to recover known physics formulas from generated numerical data.\n\nA table of measurements can fit many different formulas. AI Feynman searches for an understandable symbolic expression by first looking for structure. Known physical units reduce the number of variables; a trained neural network helps test whether variables can be combined or whether the function separates into smaller pieces. Polynomial fitting or symbolic search then solves the reduced problems. The authors report recovering all 100 selected Feynman formulas, and 18 of 20 more difficult formulas selected after the method was finalized. They explicitly call the first 100 a training set for their algorithm and settings. Success is checked against the known answer by symbolic simplification, rather than numerical fit alone. These experiments demonstrate automated recovery of known equations under the chosen data and search assumptions. They do not report a previously unknown physical law, and a good fit on finitely many samples is not a general proof of the recovered formula.","boundary":"Original 2019 preprint and AI Feynman 2.0 are separate versions/works. Physics-generated known algebraic functions,1-9 variables; derivatives/integrals excluded. Samples generally uniform 1-5 with adjusted physical domains; units optionally supplied. First 100 equations were used to tune implementation/hyperparameters;20 bonus equations held out until finalization. Reported 100/100 and 18/20 are author results, not WRS replay. Eureqa baseline is 71% in abstract/results but 68% in conclusion: unresolved discrepancy, no single verified baseline asserted. Table timings omit earlier alphabet-search hours in four cases; budgets are not a uniform total-runtime comparison. Neural symmetry/separability tests use empirical error thresholds, not global identity proofs. Scoring uses simplification against known formulas; domains/branches still matter. Noise tested in dependent outputs, with threshold changes; independent-variable noise/real measurements remain future work. Mc Dermott subset report 66.7%vs 48.9% is separate. Two bonus failures and feature/grammar dependencies retained. No unknown-law discovery, polynomial-time solver or model/provider correctness guarantee. April 15 manuscript vs April 17 publisher print date retained.","area":"AI methods for physical equation recovery","topic":"Physics and computing","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"udrescu-tegmark-ai-feynman-symbolic-regression-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da3debb2-6749-4499-a465-ae260b570e2a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:506f1ad3389186f9365261cccb740508e20cf403eb0b57cc1c4ea8bf924c54c8"},"humans":["Silviu-Marian Udrescu","Max Tegmark"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["denoising-diffusion","shao-et-al-deepseekmath-grpo-2024"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-ai-feynman2020-v2-original","title":"Udrescu and Tegmark, AI Feynman; exact arXiv1905.11481v2 author manuscript","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.11481v2"},{"id":"wrs24-ai-feynman2020-crossref","title":"Publisher-deposited identity of the exact2020 AI Feynman paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aay2631"}],"points":"38000","published_grade":{"id":"udrescu-tegmark-ai-feynman-symbolic-regression-2020","entry_id":"udrescu-tegmark-ai-feynman-symbolic-regression-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da3debb2-6749-4499-a465-ae260b570e2a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:506f1ad3389186f9365261cccb740508e20cf403eb0b57cc1c4ea8bf924c54c8"},"what_changed":"A neural interpolator proposes simplifying symmetries/separability for recursive symbolic recovery, combined with existing units/fitting/search tools; reported known-equation benchmark recovery is scoped and revisable.","scope":"A neural interpolator proposes simplifying symmetries/separability for recursive symbolic recovery, combined with existing units/fitting/search tools; reported known-equation benchmark recovery is scoped and revisable. Original 2019 preprint and AI Feynman 2.0 are separate versions/works. Physics-generated known algebraic functions,1-9 variables; derivatives/integrals excluded. Samples generally uniform 1-5 with adjusted physical domains; units optionally supplied. First 100 equations were used to tune implementation/hyperparameters;20 bonus equations held out until finalization. Reported 100/100 and 18/20 are author results, not WRS replay. Eureqa baseline is 71% in abstract/results but 68% in conclusion: unresolved discrepancy, no single verified baseline asserted. Table timings omit earlier alphabet-search hours in four cases; budgets are not a uniform total-runtime comparison. Neural symmetry/separability tests use empirical error thresholds, not global identity proofs. Scoring uses simplification against known formulas; domains/branches still matter. Noise tested in dependent outputs, with threshold changes; independent-variable noise/real measurements remain future work. Mc Dermott subset report 66.7%vs 48.9% is separate. Two bonus failures and feature/grammar dependencies retained. No unknown-law discovery, polynomial-time solver or model/provider correctness guarantee. April 15 manuscript vs April 17 publisher print date retained.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da3debb2-6749-4499-a465-ae260b570e2a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:506f1ad3389186f9365261cccb740508e20cf403eb0b57cc1c4ea8bf924c54c8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"urysohn-normal-second-countable-metrization-1925","title":"Urysohn: turning a normal countable-base topology into a metric","summary":"The1925 article proves that a normal Hausdorff space with a countable base can be described by a compatible distance, using continuous separating functions. It distinguishes this from the weaker regularity condition left as a question in the paper.\n\nA topology tells us which sets count as open; a metric additionally assigns distances. This result gives a practical structural bridge: in a Hausdorff space with a countable base, the ability to separate disjoint closed sets by disjoint open neighborhoods is necessary and sufficient for a compatible metric. The paper builds continuous separators, arranges a countable family of them, and combines their differences into a distance with the same open sets.","boundary":"The exact 1925 target is the normal, second-countable Hausdorff-space criterion in printed 310 Hauptsatz and its countable-separator metric construction, not an unqualified attribution of the later familiar regular-second-countable theorem. Printed 315 explicitly asks whether regularity alone together with a countable base suffices; this paper does not resolve that weaker assumption. Countable dense subsets alone cannot replace a countable base for arbitrary topological spaces, as its printed 310 footnote notes. Hausdorff separation used in printed 312 is retained; modern non-Hausdorff spaces are not admitted. Continuous closed-set separation is an inherited earlier Urysohn lemma reproved here, not a separately duplicated achievement. The compact-space corollary uses the historical Hausdorff setting and is not extended to arbitrary modern non-Hausdorff compact spaces. Original byline remains Urysohn, while Alexandroff's explicit posthumous scientific redaction is retained in the narrative credit rather than silently added as an original coauthor.","area":"General topology","topic":"Mathematics","year":1925,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"urysohn-normal-second-countable-metrization-1925","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b717fbeb-a22e-428e-ad24-8570b40da160","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bfccb8c175a648cf246e9af4c8ccdac6a24af6f7f14a9a0a15fc4818c0c538b8"},"humans":["Paul Urysohn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["stone-boolean-rings-general-topology-1937"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-urysohn-1925-gdz-original-ocr","title":"Paul Urysohn, Zum Metrisationsproblem, Mathematische Annalen94(1925),309–315: original-page GDZ OCR","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235181684_0094"},{"id":"wrs24-urysohn-1925-eudml-bibliography","title":"EuDML bibliographic record for Zum Metrisationsproblem","url":"https://eudml.org/doc/159113"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"urysohn-normal-second-countable-metrization-1925","entry_id":"urysohn-normal-second-countable-metrization-1925","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b717fbeb-a22e-428e-ad24-8570b40da160","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bfccb8c175a648cf246e9af4c8ccdac6a24af6f7f14a9a0a15fc4818c0c538b8"},"what_changed":"Unifies normality and second countability into an explicit metrization criterion, with a countable continuous-separator construction and two-direction topology compatibility.","scope":"Unifies normality and second countability into an explicit metrization criterion, with a countable continuous-separator construction and two-direction topology compatibility. The exact 1925 target is the normal, second-countable Hausdorff-space criterion in printed 310 Hauptsatz and its countable-separator metric construction, not an unqualified attribution of the later familiar regular-second-countable theorem. Printed 315 explicitly asks whether regularity alone together with a countable base suffices; this paper does not resolve that weaker assumption. Countable dense subsets alone cannot replace a countable base for arbitrary topological spaces, as its printed 310 footnote notes. Hausdorff separation used in printed 312 is retained; modern non-Hausdorff spaces are not admitted. Continuous closed-set separation is an inherited earlier Urysohn lemma reproved here, not a separately duplicated achievement. The compact-space corollary uses the historical Hausdorff setting and is not extended to arbitrary modern non-Hausdorff compact spaces. Original byline remains Urysohn, while Alexandroff's explicit posthumous scientific redaction is retained in the narrative credit rather than silently added as an original coauthor.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b717fbeb-a22e-428e-ad24-8570b40da160","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bfccb8c175a648cf246e9af4c8ccdac6a24af6f7f14a9a0a15fc4818c0c538b8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"volder-cordic-coordinate-rotation-1959","title":"Volder: CORDIC shift-add coordinate rotation and vectoring","summary":"Volder presents signed binary shift-add coordinate operations for real-time trigonometric rotation and vectoring, with a fixed gain correction and finite-word navigation implementation.\n\nA computer can turn a coordinate vector through many small angles whose tangents are powers of two. Each step then uses shifts and additions instead of a general multiplier. Running these steps in one mode follows a requested angle; another mode drives the vertical coordinate toward zero and accumulates direction and magnitude. Every pseudo-rotation also stretches the vector, so a scale correction is essential. Volder connects this practical method to a navigation computer; its finite precision, correction routines and hardware schedule remain part of the result.","boundary":"Exact 1959 IRE Trans. Electron. Comput. EC-8(3),330-334, authorized reprint PDF 1-5 all technical text read; reprint pagination differs from original. First quadrant-handling step swaps/signs coordinates by 90 degrees; subsequent signed shift-add pseudo-rotations provide rotation/vectoring with constant gain only when scheduled steps are retained. Gain compensation and finite word/truncation error remain; navigation example includes two multiplication routines, not an entirely multiplication-free application. Own ideal 23-step gain 1.64676025812105 differs from printed 1.646760255 by 3.12 e-9: initial 1 e-9 equality check failed and is preserved, original finite-precision coefficient/table glyphs unreconstructed. No binary-table/hardware-time replication. Similar multiply/divide/hyperbolic/log routines are mentioned but not derived here; later unified methods remain separate. No all-domain optimality or independent certification.","area":"Signal computation and communication","topic":"Computing","year":1959,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"volder-cordic-coordinate-rotation-1959","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:004058b5-6d94-462e-aee7-b14e410b5ebf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:82e3119f21efbc3592ed9e299bffe6d37b649b8189f6dc20d7a7790dd3d8937a"},"humans":["Jack E. Volder"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["cooley-tukey-fft","shannon"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-cordic1959-original-reprint","title":"Volder: CORDIC shift-add coordinate rotation and vectoring; exact original contribution text","url":"https://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~vojin/CLASSES/EPFL/Papers/3-Volder_CORDIC.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-cordic1959-crossref","title":"IEEE-deposited exact CORDIC journal identity","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1109%2FTEC.1959.5222693"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"volder-cordic-coordinate-rotation-1959","entry_id":"volder-cordic-coordinate-rotation-1959","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:004058b5-6d94-462e-aee7-b14e410b5ebf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:82e3119f21efbc3592ed9e299bffe6d37b649b8189f6dc20d7a7790dd3d8937a"},"what_changed":"Volder presents signed binary shift-add coordinate operations for real-time trigonometric rotation and vectoring, with a fixed gain correction and finite-word navigation implementation.","scope":"Volder presents signed binary shift-add coordinate operations for real-time trigonometric rotation and vectoring, with a fixed gain correction and finite-word navigation implementation. Exact 1959 IRE Trans. Electron. Comput. EC-8(3),330-334, authorized reprint PDF 1-5 all technical text read; reprint pagination differs from original. First quadrant-handling step swaps/signs coordinates by 90 degrees; subsequent signed shift-add pseudo-rotations provide rotation/vectoring with constant gain only when scheduled steps are retained. Gain compensation and finite word/truncation error remain; navigation example includes two multiplication routines, not an entirely multiplication-free application. Own ideal 23-step gain 1.64676025812105 differs from printed 1.646760255 by 3.12 e-9: initial 1 e-9 equality check failed and is preserved, original finite-precision coefficient/table glyphs unreconstructed. No binary-table/hardware-time replication. Similar multiply/divide/hyperbolic/log routines are mentioned but not derived here; later unified methods remain separate. No all-domain optimality or independent certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:004058b5-6d94-462e-aee7-b14e410b5ebf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:82e3119f21efbc3592ed9e299bffe6d37b649b8189f6dc20d7a7790dd3d8937a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769","title":"Watt: separating the steam cylinder from the condenser","summary":"Watt's1769 specification separates the steam cylinder, kept hot, from a distinct condenser kept cold, with provision for removing non-condensable air.\n\nAn engine need not repeatedly cool the vessel where steam performs its work. Moving condensation elsewhere changes that thermal arrangement. Preserved1765 models document development, including imperfect early hardware; industrial realization is a further step.","boundary":"The exact target is the first three thermal-design principles in the 1769 specification, inspected in its 1855 official reprint and crosschecked with museum records. A patent is not measured fuel efficiency or validation of every proposed mechanism. Newcomen's earlier engine, later manufacture and Boulton's business contribution remain separate; Watt did not invent steam power as a whole. The second model is not relabeled as the first.","area":"Thermal engineering and power systems","topic":"Energy & engineering","year":1769,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"},"humans":["James Watt"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["carnot-heat-engines","joule-mechanical-heat"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-watt-patent913-1769","title":"James Watt, Steam Engines: Specification No.913 of 1769, official London reprint1855","url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/James_Watt_Patent_1769_No_913.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-powerhouse-watt-specification","title":"Powerhouse Collection, Specification of James Watt's separate condenser patent, Object92/1","url":"https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/119115"},{"id":"wrs24-smg-watt-second-condenser","title":"Science Museum Group, Watt's second separate condenser,1765, Object1876-1267","url":"https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co50928"},{"id":"wrs24-smg-watt-context-2019","title":"Science Museum curator Ben Russell, James Watt and the separate condenser,5 January2019","url":"https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/james-watt-and-the-separate-condenser/"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769","entry_id":"watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"},"what_changed":"The inspected specification isolates a hot working vessel from a cold condensation vessel and provides non-condensable-air removal, changing the inherited thermal arrangement.","scope":"The inspected specification isolates a hot working vessel from a cold condensation vessel and provides non-condensable-air removal, changing the inherited thermal arrangement. The exact target is the first three thermal-design principles in the 1769 specification, inspected in its 1855 official reprint and crosschecked with museum records. A patent is not measured fuel efficiency or validation of every proposed mechanism. Newcomen's earlier engine, later manufacture and Boulton's business contribution remain separate; Watt did not invent steam power as a whole. The second model is not relabeled as the first.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"weierstrass-uniform-polynomial-approximation-1885","title":"Weierstrass: uniform polynomial approximation on finite real intervals","summary":"Weierstrass showed how continuous real functions can be approximated uniformly on a fixed finite interval by polynomials. An integral smoothing construction and truncation of an analytic expansion connect continuous functions with simpler algebraic expressions.\n\nThe approximation error is controlled over the interval, rather than separately at each point. After smoothing a continuous function, a finite part of an analytic expansion provides a polynomial with the required accuracy. The paper also connects the construction with polynomial series converging uniformly on finite intervals; that is the same original contribution family. Later abstract approximation and practical error-rate algorithms retain separate credit.","boundary":"The conclusion is uniform approximation on a fixed finite real interval, with polynomial choice depending on the function, interval and requested error. It does not make every continuous function analytic, give one fixed polynomial valid to arbitrary accuracy, guarantee uniform approximation on the entire real line or establish the later abstract Stone–Weierstrass theorem. Selected German reprint pages were inspected; full proof certification is not awarded.","area":"Approximation of continuous functions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1885,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"weierstrass-uniform-polynomial-approximation-1885","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:421b9a76-c5df-4247-a495-a6625bd796dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f4e628f77e5a155ccdae0bc199e2875d633f7b1679f5ca05bbec57b6203b7455"},"humans":["Karl Weierstrass"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["riemann-integrability-1854"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-weierstrass-polynomial-approximation-1885","title":"Karl Weierstrass, Über die analytische Darstellbarkeit sogenannter willkürlicher Functionen reeller Argumente, collected-works reprint of communications of 9 and 30 July 1885, pp.1–37","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/wei5.pdf"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"weierstrass-uniform-polynomial-approximation-1885","entry_id":"weierstrass-uniform-polynomial-approximation-1885","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:421b9a76-c5df-4247-a495-a6625bd796dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f4e628f77e5a155ccdae0bc199e2875d633f7b1679f5ca05bbec57b6203b7455"},"what_changed":"A chosen polynomial uniformly approximates the continuous real function across a specified finite interval to a prescribed positive error; polynomial-series organization retains local uniform convergence.","scope":"A chosen polynomial uniformly approximates the continuous real function across a specified finite interval to a prescribed positive error; polynomial-series organization retains local uniform convergence. The conclusion is uniform approximation on a fixed finite real interval, with polynomial choice depending on the function, interval and requested error. It does not make every continuous function analytic, give one fixed polynomial valid to arbitrary accuracy, guarantee uniform approximation on the entire real line or establish the later abstract Stone–Weierstrass theorem. Selected German reprint pages were inspected; full proof certification is not awarded.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:421b9a76-c5df-4247-a495-a6625bd796dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f4e628f77e5a155ccdae0bc199e2875d633f7b1679f5ca05bbec57b6203b7455"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"welch-adaptive-dictionary-compression-1984","title":"LZW: rebuilding a compression dictionary as data arrives","summary":"Welch presents a practical adaptive dictionary compressor that sends codes for previously encountered strings while its decoder reconstructs the dictionary, with simple mechanisms suited to high-throughput storage systems.\n\nRepeated strings can be replaced by short identifiers. The compressor learns those strings as it scans the input; the decoder rebuilds the same table from the received codes, so a separate dictionary need not accompany the message. Welch explains how to make this inexpensive and fast, including a subtle case where the next dictionary entry has not yet reached the decoder. The article also explains why a good compression method can still be difficult to integrate into disks, tapes and communication paths.","boundary":"The target is the 1984 LZW engineering construction and system analysis, not the earlier LZ 77/LZ 78 universal-coding theory or all later file formats and patents. Lossless decoding needs the same initial alphabet and code-assignment conventions, including the newly-created-code special case. Practical dictionary capacity, reset/extension policy and bit packing require an agreed format. A common 12-bit implementation is an example, not a universal code width. Short inputs can expand by 50% initially; some tested floating-point arrays expand, and changing data statistics or a full table affect compression. Reported ratios cover several Lempel-Ziv variants and imperfectly comparable data, not one uniformly superior algorithm. Variable compressed lengths, buffering, error propagation and random-access integration remain costs. The source does not assert optimal parsing or every-input compression. Later deployment evidence is not inherited automatically.","area":"Lossless data compression","topic":"Computer science","year":1984,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"welch-adaptive-dictionary-compression-1984","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cfa7136e-eed6-4017-aa95-682f0e437406","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae79f2ea82716089a9908269c715ec51b7b81ac670b663d99a2a9af004563e7f"},"humans":["Terry A. Welch"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ziv-lempel-universal-sequential-compression-1977","ziv-lempel-individual-variable-rate-1978","huffman-minimum-redundancy-codes-1952"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-welch-lzw-1984-original","title":"Terry A. Welch, A Technique for High-Performance Data Compression (Computer 17(6),8-19,June1984), original scan","url":"https://courses.cs.duke.edu/spring03/cps296.5/papers/welch_1984_technique_for.pdf"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"welch-adaptive-dictionary-compression-1984","entry_id":"welch-adaptive-dictionary-compression-1984","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cfa7136e-eed6-4017-aa95-682f0e437406","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae79f2ea82716089a9908269c715ec51b7b81ac670b663d99a2a9af004563e7f"},"what_changed":"Welch presents a practical adaptive dictionary compressor that sends codes for previously encountered strings while its decoder reconstructs the dictionary, with simple mechanisms suited to high-throughput storage systems.","scope":"Welch presents a practical adaptive dictionary compressor that sends codes for previously encountered strings while its decoder reconstructs the dictionary, with simple mechanisms suited to high-throughput storage systems. The target is the 1984 LZW engineering construction and system analysis, not the earlier LZ 77/LZ 78 universal-coding theory or all later file formats and patents. Lossless decoding needs the same initial alphabet and code-assignment conventions, including the newly-created-code special case. Practical dictionary capacity, reset/extension policy and bit packing require an agreed format. A common 12-bit implementation is an example, not a universal code width. Short inputs can expand by 50% initially; some tested floating-point arrays expand, and changing data statistics or a full table affect compression. Reported ratios cover several Lempel-Ziv variants and imperfectly comparable data, not one uniformly superior algorithm. Variable compressed lengths, buffering, error propagation and random-access integration remain costs. The source does not assert optimal parsing or every-input compression. Later deployment evidence is not inherited automatically.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cfa7136e-eed6-4017-aa95-682f0e437406","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae79f2ea82716089a9908269c715ec51b7b81ac670b663d99a2a9af004563e7f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"weyl-local-phase-electromagnetic-connection-1929","title":"Weyl: local quantum phase and electromagnetic potential","summary":"Weyl related position-dependent quantum phase freedom to a compensating electromagnetic potential in covariant differentiation. Simultaneous phase and potential changes preserve the proposed matter action, and the gauge-invariant action is connected with current conservation.\n\nA phase choice that varies from point to point changes how a wave field is differentiated. A corresponding potential change permits a covariant description. Weyl identifies the connection with electromagnetism and relates invariance to conservation within his specified action. This quantum unit-modulus phase construction differs from his earlier real-scale gauge proposal. The April PNAS sketch and the fuller May-received paper belong to one work family.","boundary":"This entry isolates the local phase/potential connection. The original paper's broader electron-mass and gravitational-unification proposals are not certified or adopted wholesale. Maxwell dynamics require the stated action ansatz; local phase freedom alone is not a proof of a unique electromagnetic theory. Later non-Abelian theories remain separate.","area":"Quantum gauge structure","topic":"Physics","year":1929,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"weyl-local-phase-electromagnetic-connection-1929","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1318c696-dff7-43d6-a394-fc3a638dd595","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec828858ec0a56d560a91be95735d0e4013d3c3df79397228692e71938b0902a"},"humans":["Hermann Weyl"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["dirac-electron","maxwell"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-weyl-local-phase-1929","title":"Hermann Weyl, Elektron und Gravitation I, Zeitschrift für Physik 56 (1929), 330–352; original facsimile in Edition Open Sources","url":"https://edition-open-sources.org/media/sources/10/14/sources10chap12.pdf"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"weyl-local-phase-electromagnetic-connection-1929","entry_id":"weyl-local-phase-electromagnetic-connection-1929","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1318c696-dff7-43d6-a394-fc3a638dd595","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec828858ec0a56d560a91be95735d0e4013d3c3df79397228692e71938b0902a"},"what_changed":"Local unit-modulus phase freedom is compensated by a potential transformation in covariant differentiation; the specified action connects gauge invariance with electromagnetic current conservation.","scope":"Local unit-modulus phase freedom is compensated by a potential transformation in covariant differentiation; the specified action connects gauge invariance with electromagnetic current conservation. This entry isolates the local phase/potential connection. The original paper's broader electron-mass and gravitational-unification proposals are not certified or adopted wholesale. Maxwell dynamics require the stated action ansatz; local phase freedom alone is not a proof of a unique electromagnetic theory. Later non-Abelian theories remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1318c696-dff7-43d6-a394-fc3a638dd595","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec828858ec0a56d560a91be95735d0e4013d3c3df79397228692e71938b0902a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wheatstone-balanced-resistance-measurement-1843","title":"Wheatstone: measuring resistance by restoring a balance","summary":"Wheatstone develops practical adjustable-resistance and balance methods for comparing electrical circuit constants, including a differential resistance measurer whose original principle he credits to Christie.\n\nInstead of assuming that every angle of a galvanometer is already calibrated, these methods return its needle to the same reading or to zero. An adjustable wire or known resistance supplies the comparison. A balanced arrangement splits one source current into two paths, allowing a small resistance difference to disturb the needle while ordinary source-strength fluctuations leave an established balance intact. Wheatstone packages that idea with working instruments, standards and procedures; the underlying circuit law and the earlier balance principle keep their own credit.","boundary":"The target is Wheatstone's 1843 measurement methods and constructions, especially sections 16-18, within an Ohmic, steady circuit. It is not the first invention of the balance principle: the page 325 footnote explicitly assigns that idea to Christie's 1833 work. Wire geometry, material and adjustment matter; the differential instrument is unsuitable for substances whose electrical action creates opposing electromotive forces through chemical change. The separate-source arrangement in section 17 is more sensitive but loses balance when either source changes. Other substitution methods require sufficiently constant sources or matched elements. The liquid measurements must be made before current changes the solution, and the proposed survey is deferred. The current-divider calibration instrument is matched to its own galvanometer. Historical copper-wire resistance units, author sensitivity claims and possible applications are not certified modern accuracy or deployment. no apparatus was replayed.","area":"Electrical measurement and instrumentation","topic":"Engineering","year":1843,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"wheatstone-balanced-resistance-measurement-1843","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c40953b-7c3f-4157-a126-282eddf6f25c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e4db7ca1fb99b6aab9163db1e6bba8f15c473be2530c6ad2ffb38d752fb3199"},"humans":["Charles Wheatstone"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ohm-circuit-law"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-wheatstone-balanced-resistance-1843-original","title":"Charles Wheatstone, The Bakerian Lecture: instruments and processes for determining the constants of a voltaic circuit (1843), original facsimile","url":"https://g6yb.com/g3ynh/zdocs/bridges/general/refs/Wheatstone1843_several_new_instr.pdf"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"wheatstone-balanced-resistance-measurement-1843","entry_id":"wheatstone-balanced-resistance-measurement-1843","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c40953b-7c3f-4157-a126-282eddf6f25c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e4db7ca1fb99b6aab9163db1e6bba8f15c473be2530c6ad2ffb38d752fb3199"},"what_changed":"Wheatstone develops practical adjustable-resistance and balance methods for comparing electrical circuit constants, including a differential resistance measurer whose original principle he credits to Christie.","scope":"Wheatstone develops practical adjustable-resistance and balance methods for comparing electrical circuit constants, including a differential resistance measurer whose original principle he credits to Christie. The target is Wheatstone's 1843 measurement methods and constructions, especially sections 16-18, within an Ohmic, steady circuit. It is not the first invention of the balance principle: the page 325 footnote explicitly assigns that idea to Christie's 1833 work. Wire geometry, material and adjustment matter; the differential instrument is unsuitable for substances whose electrical action creates opposing electromotive forces through chemical change. The separate-source arrangement in section 17 is more sensitive but loses balance when either source changes. Other substitution methods require sufficiently constant sources or matched elements. The liquid measurements must be made before current changes the solution, and the proposed survey is deferred. The current-divider calibration instrument is matched to its own galvanometer. Historical copper-wire resistance units, author sensitivity claims and possible applications are not certified modern accuracy or deployment. no apparatus was replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c40953b-7c3f-4157-a126-282eddf6f25c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e4db7ca1fb99b6aab9163db1e6bba8f15c473be2530c6ad2ffb38d752fb3199"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wien-blackbody-spectral-displacement-1893","title":"Wien: how blackbody spectra shift with temperature","summary":"Wien relates equilibrium blackbody spectra at different temperatures through reversible radiation compression and Doppler shifts: corresponding wavelengths move inversely with absolute temperature, with a wavelength-density rescaling that preserves the total fourth-power law.\n\nHotter ideal thermal emitters shift their characteristic radiation toward shorter wavelengths. Wien explains how an entire equilibrium spectrum changes with temperature, using a slowly moving reflecting cavity and the second law of thermodynamics. His 1893 paper connects corresponding wavelengths through a constant wavelength-temperature product and explains how to rescale the spectral curve. This gives a powerful constraint even before the spectrum itself is known. It does not determine an arbitrary spectral shape or the numerical peak constant from scaling alone. The later 1896 Wien spectrum and Planck energy-element derivation are distinct contributions. The idealized original argument assumes equilibrium, radiation pressure, reversible wall motion and suitable reflection; it is not a demonstrated property of every real material or every nonequilibrium light source.","boundary":"The displacement/scaling relation concerns the stated equilibrium blackbody radiation and thermodynamic argument. It does not determine the complete spectral function or guarantee a model for arbitrary nonequilibrium emitters. The later 1896 exponential spectral proposal and Planck’s law are separate contributions.","area":"Thermal radiation and spectral scaling","topic":"Thermodynamics and electromagnetism","year":1893,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"wien-blackbody-spectral-displacement-1893","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e6d1ac47-b1fe-4537-a869-6a24b063e6b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fcd4b70febedb51fd7876e46afaf8adbab00870a4ad125d541ee3869bcbeb3a"},"humans":["Wilhelm Wien"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["planck-radiation","einstein-solid-specific-heat"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-wien1893-complete-akademie-original","title":"Wien, Eine neue Beziehung der Strahlung schwarzer Koerper zum zweiten Hauptsatz der Waermetheorie,1893","url":"https://gilles.montambaux.com/files/histoire-physique/Wien-1893.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-wien1893-selected-scholarly-identity","title":"CiNii scholarly bibliography: Wilhelm Wien,1893 Akademie55-62","url":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573950399506026752"},{"id":"wrs24-wien1893-princeton-bibliography-selected","title":"Collected Einsteinpapers scholarly bibliography, selected Wien1893/1894/1896 identities","url":"https://assets.press.princeton.edu/books/einstein11/c_biblio.pdf"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"wien-blackbody-spectral-displacement-1893","entry_id":"wien-blackbody-spectral-displacement-1893","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e6d1ac47-b1fe-4537-a869-6a24b063e6b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fcd4b70febedb51fd7876e46afaf8adbab00870a4ad125d541ee3869bcbeb3a"},"what_changed":"Constrains full temperature-dependent equilibrium spectra through reversible compression/Doppler reasoning, preserving a constant wavelength-temperature coordinate and appropriate spectral-density rescaling.","scope":"Constrains full temperature-dependent equilibrium spectra through reversible compression/Doppler reasoning, preserving a constant wavelength-temperature coordinate and appropriate spectral-density rescaling. The displacement/scaling relation concerns the stated equilibrium blackbody radiation and thermodynamic argument. It does not determine the complete spectral function or guarantee a model for arbitrary nonequilibrium emitters. The later 1896 exponential spectral proposal and Planck’s law are separate contributions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e6d1ac47-b1fe-4537-a869-6a24b063e6b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fcd4b70febedb51fd7876e46afaf8adbab00870a4ad125d541ee3869bcbeb3a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wien-exponential-blackbody-spectrum-1896","title":"Wien: an exponential thermal spectrum and its limits","summary":"Wien proposes an exponential wavelength spectrum for equilibrium thermal radiation by combining inherited displacement and total-power constraints with an explicit molecular emission hypothesis; the model has lasting short-wavelength use but is not the general blackbody spectrum.\n\nHow much radiation does a hot ideal emitter produce at each wavelength? The earlier displacement law constrains how spectra shift with temperature, but does not supply the full shape. In 1896 Wien adds a molecular hypothesis to obtain a wavelength spectrum proportional to lambda^-5 exp[-c/(lambda*T)]. The formula reproduces the fourth-power total scaling and gives a characteristic peak. It became an important step toward a usable spectral law. Wien openly says his remaining hypotheses are uncertain and testable. He also credits Paschen with independently finding an empirical formula of this form, with its wavelength power still to be determined. Later measurements showed that Wien's full spectrum was not generally valid; Planck's 1901 paper explicitly reports that failure and supplies a different spectrum. The Wien form remains a useful short-wavelength approximation, while its long-wavelength behavior differs strongly. The historical model, the earlier scaling law, the independent measurements and the later quantum explanation are separate contributions.","boundary":"The historical exponential spectral proposal fits a limited radiation regime and is not the correct full spectrum in every temperature/frequency limit. Its assumptions and later experimental discrepancies are part of the record. Wien’s displacement law and Planck’s later spectral formula retain separate credit; this entry does not present the historical model as a modern universal law.","area":"Thermal radiation and historical spectral models","topic":"Thermodynamics and electromagnetism","year":1896,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"wien-exponential-blackbody-spectrum-1896","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93019832-c7a4-4cd5-ae5c-9b7de7295d7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee9731412b515b81d80273991668403ea4224caa73ee2dee5107ee87caef931f"},"humans":["Wilhelm Wien"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["wien-blackbody-spectral-displacement-1893","planck-radiation"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-wien1896-complete-spectrum-original","title":"Wien, Ueber die Energievertheilung im Emissionsspectrum eines schwarzen Koerpers,1896","url":"https://myweb.rz.uni-augsburg.de/~eckern/adp/history/historic-papers/1896_294_662-669.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-wien1896-complete-community-transcription","title":"Complete community transcription of Wien1896, fixed oldid4051018","url":"https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Ueber_die_Energievertheilung_im_Emissionspectrum_eines_schwarzen_K%C3%B6rpers&oldid=4051018"},{"id":"wrs24-planck1901-complete-spectrum-boundary-original","title":"Planck, Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum,1901, boundary comparison only","url":"https://myweb.rz.uni-augsburg.de/~eckern/adp/history/historic-papers/1901_309_553-563.pdf"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"wien-exponential-blackbody-spectrum-1896","entry_id":"wien-exponential-blackbody-spectrum-1896","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93019832-c7a4-4cd5-ae5c-9b7de7295d7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee9731412b515b81d80273991668403ea4224caa73ee2dee5107ee87caef931f"},"what_changed":"Supplies a concrete equilibrium thermal spectral model with explicit uncertain microscopic hypotheses, temperature/peak properties and experimentally testable limits.","scope":"Supplies a concrete equilibrium thermal spectral model with explicit uncertain microscopic hypotheses, temperature/peak properties and experimentally testable limits. The historical exponential spectral proposal fits a limited radiation regime and is not the correct full spectrum in every temperature/frequency limit. Its assumptions and later experimental discrepancies are part of the record. Wien’s displacement law and Planck’s later spectral formula retain separate credit; this entry does not present the historical model as a modern universal law.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93019832-c7a4-4cd5-ae5c-9b7de7295d7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee9731412b515b81d80273991668403ea4224caa73ee2dee5107ee87caef931f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wilson-transform-faults-1965","title":"Wilson: transform faults and the geometry of ridge offsets","summary":"Wilson defined transform faults as shear boundaries ending at other tectonic features and used their geometry to explain apparent ridge offsets and the connected boundaries of rigid crustal regions.\n\nAn ocean ridge can appear displaced sideways where it meets a fracture zone. A simple picture treats that offset as the result of one fault moving a previously continuous ridge. Wilson proposed a different geometry: new crust forms at the ridge, disappears at convergent boundaries, and slides between adjoining regions along a transform fault. Between two offset ridge segments, the predicted sense of sliding can be the opposite of that inferred from the apparent offset. Old continuations of the fracture zone can remain visible while being inactive. This distinction connected otherwise puzzling fault endings into a network of boundaries around comparatively rigid regions. The paper classified twelve possible types and discussed examples of at least six, while explicitly asking for further tests. It did not independently measure every proposed boundary, solve the driving mechanism or establish all modern plate reconstructions.","boundary":"1965 geometric model of crust production, consumption and conserved shear, with twelve proposed transform types and examples of at least six. Ridge-to-ridge slip can oppose the sense inferred from apparent ridge offset; inactive traces are distinct from the active connecting segment. Many named boundary connections are proposals, not independently established global facts. Regions are approximately rigid except at edges. The source calls for further investigation, rather than claiming completed proof of all continental drift. Earlier observations, Carey concepts and later spherical/global models retain separate credit. The assessed tectonics paper covers pages 343-347. Its earthquake data and modern plate-boundary maps have not been independently reproduced or validated here. Publisher metadata gives July 1965; original header July 24 is the specific issue date. Publication/digitization dates are separate.","area":"Geophysics","topic":"Plate tectonics","year":1965,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"wilson-transform-faults-1965","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14e64ff5-9e2c-48b9-a620-3dcc74d2e864","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cb8521acffd6dabc5dbc053a46dbe1d918d4050f0bac4c78adfeb7c0af54feb"},"humans":["J. Tuzo Wilson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["vine-matthews-magnetic-ridges","hess-ocean-basins-model-1962"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-wilson1965-original-body","title":"J. Tuzo Wilson, A New Class of Faults and their Bearing on Continental Drift, original Nature scan, Harvard copy","url":"https://courses.seas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/Courses/EPS281r/Sources/Plate-tectonics/Plate-motion-on-sphere-and-continental-drift/Wilson-1965.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-wilson1965-publisher-metadata","title":"Publisher Crossref deposit for Wilson1965 transform-fault paper","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2F207343a0"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"wilson-transform-faults-1965","entry_id":"wilson-transform-faults-1965","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14e64ff5-9e2c-48b9-a620-3dcc74d2e864","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cb8521acffd6dabc5dbc053a46dbe1d918d4050f0bac4c78adfeb7c0af54feb"},"what_changed":"Wilson defined transform faults as shear boundaries ending at other tectonic features and used their geometry to explain apparent ridge offsets and the connected boundaries of rigid crustal regions.","scope":"Wilson defined transform faults as shear boundaries ending at other tectonic features and used their geometry to explain apparent ridge offsets and the connected boundaries of rigid crustal regions. 1965 geometric model of crust production, consumption and conserved shear, with twelve proposed transform types and examples of at least six. Ridge-to-ridge slip can oppose the sense inferred from apparent ridge offset; inactive traces are distinct from the active connecting segment. Many named boundary connections are proposals, not independently established global facts. Regions are approximately rigid except at edges. The source calls for further investigation, rather than claiming completed proof of all continental drift. Earlier observations, Carey concepts and later spherical/global models retain separate credit. The assessed tectonics paper covers pages 343-347. Its earthquake data and modern plate-boundary maps have not been independently reproduced or validated here. Publisher metadata gives July 1965; original header July 24 is the specific issue date. Publication/digitization dates are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14e64ff5-9e2c-48b9-a620-3dcc74d2e864","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cb8521acffd6dabc5dbc053a46dbe1d918d4050f0bac4c78adfeb7c0af54feb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wirth-stepwise-program-refinement-1971","title":"Wirth: program development through stepwise refinement","summary":"Wirth describes program construction as explicit, revisable design decisions that refine tasks and their data representations together, demonstrated through an eight-queens solver and its extension.\n\nHigh-level steps become implementable instructions while representation choices are delayed until needed. Auxiliary state and recursive alternatives expose tradeoffs; the same components are then reused to enumerate solutions rather than find only one.","boundary":"This is a worked design/teaching methodology, not a universal formal refinement theorem, first invention of backtracking or measured guarantee of software productivity. Original timings and solution counts are author-reported and unreplayed. Pascal, Hoare/Dijkstra correctness work and later refinement calculi retain separate credit.","area":"Program design and software engineering","topic":"Computer science","year":1971,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wirth-stepwise-program-refinement-1971","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:22211c9d-ae89-4702-adcf-6c4e2c7c0147","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12f8a3a971566110d7d2c9ee8f2a2c787837f29fe7e564f42ab335df01084d4f"},"humans":["Niklaus Wirth"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hoare-program-logic","brooks-no-silver-bullet-1987","dijkstra-guarded-commands-1975"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-wirth-stepwise-refinement-1971","title":"Niklaus Wirth, Program Development by Stepwise Refinement, Communications of the ACM14(4),221–227 (1971), DOI10.1145/362575.362577","url":"https://webarchive.di.uminho.pt/wiki.di.uminho.pt/twiki/pub/Education/ClubeProgramacao/Literatura/p221-wirth.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-eth-wirth-refinement-metadata","title":"ETH Zurich Research Collection: Program development by step-wise refinement (1971 report)","url":"https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/items/cf590cb8-3d8f-40eb-9026-071a68b7a116"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"wirth-stepwise-program-refinement-1971","entry_id":"wirth-stepwise-program-refinement-1971","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:22211c9d-ae89-4702-adcf-6c4e2c7c0147","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12f8a3a971566110d7d2c9ee8f2a2c787837f29fe7e564f42ab335df01084d4f"},"what_changed":"The article makes progressive task/data design, revisable choices, representation delay and reuse visible through one developed and extended nontrivial program.","scope":"The article makes progressive task/data design, revisable choices, representation delay and reuse visible through one developed and extended nontrivial program. This is a worked design/teaching methodology, not a universal formal refinement theorem, first invention of backtracking or measured guarantee of software productivity. Original timings and solution counts are author-reported and unreplayed. Pascal, Hoare/Dijkstra correctness work and later refinement calculi retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:22211c9d-ae89-4702-adcf-6c4e2c7c0147","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12f8a3a971566110d7d2c9ee8f2a2c787837f29fe7e564f42ab335df01084d4f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wu-he-group-normalization-2018","title":"GroupNorm: train visual models with small batches","summary":"Wu and He introduced group normalization, computing mean and variance across spatial positions and groups of channels within each example, enabling visual-network normalization without batch statistics.\n\nLarge images and video clips can leave room for only a few training examples on each GPU. GroupNorm helps avoid relying on statistics from that small batch: it splits feature channels into groups and normalizes each group within each example. Unlike a group convolution, it can be inserted into an ordinary network without requiring grouped convolutional layers. In the reported ResNet-50 ImageNet experiment with two images per GPU, error falls from 34.7% with unsynchronized BatchNorm to 24.1% with GroupNorm. With 32 images per GPU, BatchNorm instead has the lower error. The paper also studies object detection, segmentation and video classification under stated training settings. Group count remains a design choice, and freedom from batch statistics does not mean optimization is unaffected by batch size. The 2018 revised preprint keeps its own result version; later code, models and applications are not automatically included in the original contribution.","boundary":"Normalization groups channels within each example under a chosen group count and architecture. It avoids batch-statistics dependence but does not give a universal invariance, convergence or quality guarantee. Extreme group counts connect to different normalization cases, and empirical results depend on task/training settings. WRS has not independently replayed the benchmarks.","area":"Normalization for neural-network training","topic":"Machine learning methods","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wu-he-group-normalization-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:756f1a61-b85c-4edf-a861-02f0e7bce28f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fdb0775d50b40bebfd97d36f205433a84a232067b16af6efecac1243533a22a7"},"humans":["Yuxin Wu","Kaiming He"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ioffe-szegedy-batch-normalization-2015","ba-kiros-hinton-layer-normalization-2016"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-groupnorm2018-v3-original","title":"WuandHe,GroupNormalization,exact2018arXiv1803.08494v3","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.08494v3"},{"id":"wrs24-groupnorm2018-v3-original-metadata","title":"WuandHe,GroupNormalization,exact2018arXiv1803.08494v3 repositoryidentity","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.08494v3"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"wu-he-group-normalization-2018","entry_id":"wu-he-group-normalization-2018","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:756f1a61-b85c-4edf-a861-02f0e7bce28f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fdb0775d50b40bebfd97d36f205433a84a232067b16af6efecac1243533a22a7"},"what_changed":"Wu and He introduced group normalization, computing mean and variance across spatial positions and groups of channels within each example, enabling visual-network normalization without batch statistics.","scope":"Wu and He introduced group normalization, computing mean and variance across spatial positions and groups of channels within each example, enabling visual-network normalization without batch statistics. Normalization groups channels within each example under a chosen group count and architecture. It avoids batch-statistics dependence but does not give a universal invariance, convergence or quality guarantee. Extreme group counts connect to different normalization cases, and empirical results depend on task/training settings. WRS has not independently replayed the benchmarks.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:756f1a61-b85c-4edf-a861-02f0e7bce28f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fdb0775d50b40bebfd97d36f205433a84a232067b16af6efecac1243533a22a7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zeldovich-lagrangian-density-approximation-1970","title":"Zeldovich: a Lagrangian approximation for growing cosmic density perturbations","summary":"Zeldovich extrapolates a growing-mode Lagrangian displacement from linear pressureless Newtonian cosmology and obtains density through its deformation Jacobian, predicting generic first compression into sheet-like structures while explicitly retaining uncertain nonlinear accuracy and post-compression limits.\n\nA nearly uniform early universe eventually develops dense regions and large empty regions. Following that change in three dimensions is difficult. Zeldovich instead labels each piece of matter by its initial position and approximates how its displacement grows with cosmic expansion. Conservation of mass then relates density to how the displacement stretches or compresses local volume. A generic small region reaches extreme density by collapsing first along one direction, producing a sheet-like shape rather than a perfectly spherical collapse. The paper is useful as an interpretable approximation with visible conditions. It also explains where the picture stops: pressure, heating, shocks and uncertain nonlinear gravity cannot all be hidden in the same simple displacement formula. This gives later researchers a structured starting model without claiming to explain the entire formation of galaxies.","boundary":"Exact 1970 Astronomy and Astrophysics 5,84-89 paper, received September 1969. Pressureless Newtonian growing-mode assumptions and the stated cosmological epoch/scales matter. Extrapolating the displacement does not solve all nonlinear gravitational dynamics: the source says its real accuracy is unknown pending a proposed force comparison. Density follows mass conservation while the map remains locally invertible; after caustic compression the same single-fluid formula cannot simply be continued for affected particles. Shock heating/pressure requires additional treatment. Generic first sheet-like compression assumes nondegenerate deformation eigenvalues and specified perturbation statistics; perfectly symmetric simultaneous collapse is an exception. The paper does not provide a complete galaxy-formation theory or guarantee that its sheets persist in observed galaxies. Small-scale pressure-dominated entropy fluctuations are explicitly outside the approximation. Several thermodynamic numbers are only order-of-magnitude estimates with detailed calculations deferred. Historical Hubble/redshift assumptions are not present-day measurements. Later simulations, dark-matter interpretations and higher-order Lagrangian methods retain separate credit. Original numerical estimates, Gaussian eigenvalue percentages and figures were not independently replayed.","area":"Cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":1970,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"zeldovich-lagrangian-density-approximation-1970","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59e0d20c-c72e-4dc0-ae22-96981fea1b28","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1cc05209cfe0cb8b04c5a881d8ab481c4f66ea43fbed4f436606aea3a411a16c"},"humans":["Ya. B. Zeldovich"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["lemaitre-expanding-universe","hubble-distance-velocity"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-zeldovich1970-original","title":"Zeldovich, Gravitational Instability: An Approximate Theory for Large Density Perturbations; exact1970 original hosted by NASA GISS","url":"https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/mway/cluster/zeldovich.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-zeldovich1970-inspire-identity","title":"INSPIRE curated identity for exact1970 Zeldovich perturbation paper","url":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/55133"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"zeldovich-lagrangian-density-approximation-1970","entry_id":"zeldovich-lagrangian-density-approximation-1970","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59e0d20c-c72e-4dc0-ae22-96981fea1b28","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1cc05209cfe0cb8b04c5a881d8ab481c4f66ea43fbed4f436606aea3a411a16c"},"what_changed":"Zeldovich extrapolates a growing-mode Lagrangian displacement from linear pressureless Newtonian cosmology and obtains density through its deformation Jacobian, predicting generic first compression into sheet-like structures while explicitly retaining uncertain nonlinear accuracy and post-compression limits.","scope":"Zeldovich extrapolates a growing-mode Lagrangian displacement from linear pressureless Newtonian cosmology and obtains density through its deformation Jacobian, predicting generic first compression into sheet-like structures while explicitly retaining uncertain nonlinear accuracy and post-compression limits. Exact 1970 Astronomy and Astrophysics 5,84-89 paper, received September 1969. Pressureless Newtonian growing-mode assumptions and the stated cosmological epoch/scales matter. Extrapolating the displacement does not solve all nonlinear gravitational dynamics: the source says its real accuracy is unknown pending a proposed force comparison. Density follows mass conservation while the map remains locally invertible; after caustic compression the same single-fluid formula cannot simply be continued for affected particles. Shock heating/pressure requires additional treatment. Generic first sheet-like compression assumes nondegenerate deformation eigenvalues and specified perturbation statistics; perfectly symmetric simultaneous collapse is an exception. The paper does not provide a complete galaxy-formation theory or guarantee that its sheets persist in observed galaxies. Small-scale pressure-dominated entropy fluctuations are explicitly outside the approximation. Several thermodynamic numbers are only order-of-magnitude estimates with detailed calculations deferred. Historical Hubble/redshift assumptions are not present-day measurements. Later simulations, dark-matter interpretations and higher-order Lagrangian methods retain separate credit. Original numerical estimates, Gaussian eigenvalue percentages and figures were not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59e0d20c-c72e-4dc0-ae22-96981fea1b28","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1cc05209cfe0cb8b04c5a881d8ab481c4f66ea43fbed4f436606aea3a411a16c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhang-sennrich-rms-layer-normalization-2019","title":"RMSNorm: simplify normalization by removing mean centering","summary":"Zhang and Sennrich introduced RMSNorm, replacing LayerNorm mean-and-variance normalization with root-mean-square scaling, and studied partial RMS estimation as a cheaper variant.\n\nLayerNorm computes both a mean and a variance for every normalized activation vector. RMSNorm asks whether both are necessary in the tested models. It removes mean centering and scales the vector by its root mean square, retaining uniform positive-rescaling invariance in the ideal nondegenerate formula while giving up shift invariance. The 2019 paper reports comparable performance in several language and retrieval tasks with lower per-step overhead than its LayerNorm implementations. The measured time reductions depend on the framework, hardware and network; they are not a guaranteed speedup on every modern device. Partial RMSNorm estimates the scale from an initial subset of coordinates. That can save arithmetic but can produce unstable estimates, and the paper does not consistently observe a further speed improvement. Some visual comparisons favor other methods. This entry credits the scoped simplification and experiments, while LayerNorm, earlier normalization methods and later model adoption retain their own contributions.","boundary":"The transformation normalizes a stated root-mean-square statistic without subtracting the mean. Its invariance assumptions differ from layer normalization and are affected by numerical stabilization. Partial RMS estimation and full RMSNorm are distinct variants. Reported efficiency/quality results are architecture- and setup-dependent, not universal guarantees.","area":"Normalization for neural-network training","topic":"Machine learning methods","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhang-sennrich-rms-layer-normalization-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3fbf2d2d-f730-4f5f-aca1-8f16ce29955f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a92be1f814b017a0a007d321a08fab297e1a7181586e128b0dda7cbe170b636b"},"humans":["Biao Zhang","Rico Sennrich"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ioffe-szegedy-batch-normalization-2015","ba-kiros-hinton-layer-normalization-2016","wu-he-group-normalization-2018"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-rmsnorm2019-v1-original","title":"ZhangandSennrich,RootMeanSquareLayerNormalization,exact2019arXiv1910.07467v1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.07467v1"},{"id":"wrs24-rmsnorm2019-v1-original-metadata","title":"ZhangandSennrich,RootMeanSquareLayerNormalization,exact2019arXiv1910.07467v1 repositoryidentity","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07467v1"}],"points":"35000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-sennrich-rms-layer-normalization-2019","entry_id":"zhang-sennrich-rms-layer-normalization-2019","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3fbf2d2d-f730-4f5f-aca1-8f16ce29955f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a92be1f814b017a0a007d321a08fab297e1a7181586e128b0dda7cbe170b636b"},"what_changed":"Zhang and Sennrich introduced RMSNorm, replacing LayerNorm mean-and-variance normalization with root-mean-square scaling, and studied partial RMS estimation as a cheaper variant.","scope":"Zhang and Sennrich introduced RMSNorm, replacing LayerNorm mean-and-variance normalization with root-mean-square scaling, and studied partial RMS estimation as a cheaper variant. The transformation normalizes a stated root-mean-square statistic without subtracting the mean. Its invariance assumptions differ from layer normalization and are affected by numerical stabilization. Partial RMS estimation and full RMSNorm are distinct variants. Reported efficiency/quality results are architecture- and setup-dependent, not universal guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3fbf2d2d-f730-4f5f-aca1-8f16ce29955f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a92be1f814b017a0a007d321a08fab297e1a7181586e128b0dda7cbe170b636b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ziegler-nichols-practical-controller-tuning-rules-1942","title":"Ziegler and Nichols: practical rules for tuning a controller","summary":"Ziegler and Nichols give practical proportional, integral-reset and derivative-pre-act tuning rules based on measured ultimate sensitivity and period or on a process reaction curve, with a declared decay-versus-offset compromise.\n\nAn industrial controller must react strongly enough to correct a disturbance without making the process oscillate excessively. Ziegler and Nichols turn this adjustment into a practical measurement procedure. They describe proportional action, automatic reset and pre-act using consistent units, then relate their settings to either a small sustained oscillation or the lag and maximum slope of a valve-step response. Their usual target is a compromise resembling a quarter-amplitude decay, rather than a universally optimal response. The paper explains why proportional-only control leaves an offset, why reset removes it while reducing stability, and why derivative action can help some applications. It also warns that settings must account for the most difficult load condition and that acceptable oscillation and offset depend on the process. These rules became a useful reference for controller tuning; they do not prove robust performance for every plant, and many processes need different tuning methods.","boundary":"The rules are empirical starting points for specified plant-response or critical-oscillation measurements and controller forms. Stability, noise, delay, actuator limits and safety must be evaluated for the actual system. The rules do not guarantee optimal or safe control of every plant. Later tuning methods and deployment results remain separate.","area":"Engineering","topic":"Controller tuning","year":1942,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ziegler-nichols-practical-controller-tuning-rules-1942","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d45b52af-e685-43b3-a208-42f65b21240f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1242806bc152c513690de7d92294252c150e63c3d5a42601b473cdfb3bfcdc08"},"humans":["J. G. Ziegler","N. B. Nichols"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-ziegler-nichols-practical-controller-tuning-rules-1942-original","title":"Ziegler/Nichols1942: Optimumsettingsforautomaticcontrollers, body759-765editedreproduction","url":"https://files.engineering.com/files/70fa8133-77a7-449c-9f6b-6981918a352e/Optimum_Settings_for_Automatic_Controllers_-_Zeigler-Nichols.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-ziegler-nichols-practical-controller-tuning-rules-1942-original-scan","title":"Ziegler/Nichols1942originalscanplusdiscussion, OCRaccesslimitations","url":"https://skoge.folk.ntnu.no/puublications_others/1942_ziegler-nichols.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-ziegler-nichols-practical-controller-tuning-rules-1942-original-later","title":"Astrom/Hagglund2004: revisitingstepresponsetuning fromrobustloopshaping","url":"https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/publication/3558483a-4e6c-4cb2-9862-0185d19a11ba"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"ziegler-nichols-practical-controller-tuning-rules-1942","entry_id":"ziegler-nichols-practical-controller-tuning-rules-1942","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d45b52af-e685-43b3-a208-42f65b21240f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1242806bc152c513690de7d92294252c150e63c3d5a42601b473cdfb3bfcdc08"},"what_changed":"Ziegler and Nichols give practical proportional, integral-reset and derivative-pre-act tuning rules based on measured ultimate sensitivity and period or on a process reaction curve, with a declared decay-versus-offset compromise.","scope":"Ziegler and Nichols give practical proportional, integral-reset and derivative-pre-act tuning rules based on measured ultimate sensitivity and period or on a process reaction curve, with a declared decay-versus-offset compromise. The rules are empirical starting points for specified plant-response or critical-oscillation measurements and controller forms. Stability, noise, delay, actuator limits and safety must be evaluated for the actual system. The rules do not guarantee optimal or safe control of every plant. Later tuning methods and deployment results remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d45b52af-e685-43b3-a208-42f65b21240f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1242806bc152c513690de7d92294252c150e63c3d5a42601b473cdfb3bfcdc08"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ziv-lempel-individual-variable-rate-1978","title":"Ziv and Lempel: individual-sequence variable-rate lossless coding","summary":"The paper defines compressibility for an individual infinite sequence against finite-state information-lossless encoders and gives an incremental-parsing coding construction that asymptotically attains that benchmark without a specified probabilistic source.\n\nThe decoder preserves the original symbols exactly. New phrases combine an earlier phrase with a new symbol, supporting the construction associated with LZ78. Converse bounds explain the finite-state benchmark; a separate theorem connects it to entropy for ergodic sources.","boundary":"The target is the 1978 paper's finite-alphabet, finite-state lossless setting. Its state-count and input-length limits retain their stated order; a family with growing block length is not one fixed machine that compresses every finite input optimally. LZ 77, later dictionary formats and lossy coding remain distinct. The paper's proof was read but not independently reconstructed or formally replayed.","area":"Information theory and lossless data compression","topic":"Computer science","year":1978,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ziv-lempel-individual-variable-rate-1978","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c125c351-57e4-497a-a7b6-5d8710335d13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dba5f27f4423d04eec8f36e5a04c7eb0360fb14dde5230dc400f4f155d03f8b7"},"humans":["Jacob Ziv","Abraham Lempel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["ziv-lempel-universal-sequential-compression-1977","shannon"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-ziv-lempel-variable-rate-1978","title":"Jacob Ziv and Abraham Lempel, Compression of Individual Sequences via Variable-Rate Coding, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 24(5), 530–536 (1978), DOI 10.1109/TIT.1978.1055934","url":"https://www.philippe-fournier-viger.com/spmf/lz78.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-dblp-ziv-lempel-1978","title":"DBLP bibliographic record for Ziv and Lempel, 1978 variable-rate coding paper","url":"https://dblp.org/rec/journals/tit/ZivL78"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"ziv-lempel-individual-variable-rate-1978","entry_id":"ziv-lempel-individual-variable-rate-1978","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c125c351-57e4-497a-a7b6-5d8710335d13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dba5f27f4423d04eec8f36e5a04c7eb0360fb14dde5230dc400f4f155d03f8b7"},"what_changed":"The exact 1978 joint paper broadens the encoder class to generalized variable-rate lossless coding and supplies a constructive incremental-parsing family with converse/attainment results for the finite-state compressibility of every individual infinite sequence.","scope":"The exact 1978 joint paper broadens the encoder class to generalized variable-rate lossless coding and supplies a constructive incremental-parsing family with converse/attainment results for the finite-state compressibility of every individual infinite sequence. The target is the 1978 paper's finite-alphabet, finite-state lossless setting. Its state-count and input-length limits retain their stated order; a family with growing block length is not one fixed machine that compresses every finite input optimally. LZ 77, later dictionary formats and lossy coding remain distinct. The paper's proof was read but not independently reconstructed or formally replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c125c351-57e4-497a-a7b6-5d8710335d13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dba5f27f4423d04eec8f36e5a04c7eb0360fb14dde5230dc400f4f155d03f8b7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zwicky-coma-virial-mass-discrepancy-1933","title":"Zwicky: a dynamical mass discrepancy in the Coma cluster","summary":"Zwicky compared Coma's large observed velocity spread with gravitational estimates based on luminous matter, identifying a mass discrepancy under explicit cluster-model assumptions.\n\nThe motion of galaxies supplied information that brightness alone could not. A stationary virial estimate suggested substantially more gravitating matter than the adopted luminous estimate; the paper also considered departures from equilibrium and apparent-redshift alternatives, leaving a concrete unresolved problem.","boundary":"The target is section 5 of the 1933 paper, checked in the original German and a later translation. Stationarity, approximate uniform distribution, historical distances/masses and interpreting redshifts as velocities are model inputs. The paper's numerical density factor is a historical estimate, not a modern recalibration or independently replayed measurement. Its conclusion is conditional and calls the cluster dispersion unresolved; no dark-matter particle detection, proof of nonbaryonic composition or endorsement of the separate tired-light/cosmic-ray proposals is claimed. Earlier mass-deficit work and later observations retain separate credit; priority as the universal first use of dark matter is not asserted.","area":"Galaxy-cluster dynamics","topic":"Earth & space","year":1933,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"zwicky-coma-virial-mass-discrepancy-1933","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:797f0999-4800-4aea-a9f6-a3abbf170a50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a0e630de1e3f1b9f072e7197cefb130c351e544303071f399ef4eb811a47b24"},"humans":["Fritz Zwicky"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.","agents":[],"related":["hubble-distance-velocity","leavitt-period-luminosity"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-zwicky-1933-ned-original","title":"F. Zwicky, Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln, Helvetica Physica Acta6,110–127(1933), original German facsimile","url":"https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March17/Zwicky/paper.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-zwicky-andernach-translation","title":"Heinz Andernach's English translation of Zwicky's1933 redshift article, NED institutional edition","url":"https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March17/Zwicky/translation.pdf"},{"id":"wrs24-caltech-zwicky-work-identity","title":"CaltechAUTHORS, Zwicky1933 work and separately attributed Andernach translation","url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/858yp-34954"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"zwicky-coma-virial-mass-discrepancy-1933","entry_id":"zwicky-coma-virial-mass-discrepancy-1933","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:797f0999-4800-4aea-a9f6-a3abbf170a50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a0e630de1e3f1b9f072e7197cefb130c351e544303071f399ef4eb811a47b24"},"what_changed":"An explicit Coma gravitational/velocity comparison exposes a large mass discrepancy and articulates conditional extra-dark-matter implications with alternative cases.","scope":"An explicit Coma gravitational/velocity comparison exposes a large mass discrepancy and articulates conditional extra-dark-matter implications with alternative cases. The target is section 5 of the 1933 paper, checked in the original German and a later translation. Stationarity, approximate uniform distribution, historical distances/masses and interpreting redshifts as velocities are model inputs. The paper's numerical density factor is a historical estimate, not a modern recalibration or independently replayed measurement. Its conclusion is conditional and calls the cluster dispersion unresolved; no dark-matter particle detection, proof of nonbaryonic composition or endorsement of the separate tired-light/cosmic-ray proposals is claimed. Earlier mass-deficit work and later observations retain separate credit; priority as the universal first use of dark matter is not asserted.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:797f0999-4800-4aea-a9f6-a3abbf170a50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a0e630de1e3f1b9f072e7197cefb130c351e544303071f399ef4eb811a47b24"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"openai-math-low-selmer-bsd-2026","title":"OpenAI: Exact BSD formula under Selmer corank zero or one","summary":"For an elliptic curve over the rational numbers, the manuscript claims the complete Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer leading-term formula whenever its full q-power Selmer group has corank zero or one at some prime q. It includes finiteness of the Tate–Shafarevich group and all prime factors of the formula. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"The hypothesis is on the full Selmer group, not merely Mordell–Weil rank. This is not BSD in every rank. The paper imports the unrestricted converse and the two-primary formula from separate manuscripts. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean.","area":"Arithmetic and number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-low-selmer-bsd-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:53b68114-130c-4494-a1ca-c04348334b43","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2793fa503419c378a9fb85c4eef442c3f54f834d4e00ecb5a261a971fcad7b74"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI (organizational manuscript byline); individual human roles not fully disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation; human preparation/editing roles retained separately where disclosed","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-low-selmer-bsd-2026-paper"}],"related":["bsd"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-low-selmer-bsd-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, Exact Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer Formula from Low Selmer Corank","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Exact-Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer-Formula-from-Low-Selmer-Corank-October-7-2026/exact-bsd-low-selmer-corank.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT","publication_date":"October 7, 2026","publication_date_type":"Manuscript version date; collection announced 2026-10-06"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:53b68114-130c-4494-a1ca-c04348334b43","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2793fa503419c378a9fb85c4eef442c3f54f834d4e00ecb5a261a971fcad7b74"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-low-selmer-bsd-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:53b68114-130c-4494-a1ca-c04348334b43","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2793fa503419c378a9fb85c4eef442c3f54f834d4e00ecb5a261a971fcad7b74"},"band":"A","modifier":"+","points":"300000","range":{"lower":"180000","upper":"500000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"The hypothesis is on the full Selmer group, not merely Mordell–Weil rank. This is not BSD in every rank. The paper imports the unrestricted converse and the two-primary formula from separate manuscripts. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean."}},{"id":"openai-math-quasi-riemann-2026","title":"OpenAI: A claimed fixed zero-free half-plane for zeta and Dirichlet L-functions","summary":"The manuscript claims nonvanishing for the Riemann zeta function and every Dirichlet L-function in Re(s)>7/8, and for finite-order Hecke L-functions over Q(sqrt(-3)). The bound is independent of height and conductor. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Principal-character poles at s=1 are allowed. The boundary Re(s)=7/8 is excluded. This does not put all nontrivial zeros on Re(s)=1/2 and is not the Riemann hypothesis. 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WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean.","area":"Arithmetic and number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-quasi-riemann-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d943d37-c1a2-4ccf-af50-eb854b73e613","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f0109bfdf8c2d76c0b3e70f8a578e273c520f4cd80216d31aaf522cf37313b5"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI (organizational manuscript byline); individual human roles not fully disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation; human preparation/editing roles retained separately where disclosed","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-quasi-riemann-2026-paper"}],"related":["riemann"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-quasi-riemann-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, The Quasi-Riemann Hypothesis: A Zero-Free Half-Plane Re(s)>7/8","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/The-Quasi-Riemann-Hypothesis-September-30-2026/paper.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT","publication_date":"30 September 2026","publication_date_type":"Manuscript version date; collection announced 2026-10-06"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d943d37-c1a2-4ccf-af50-eb854b73e613","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f0109bfdf8c2d76c0b3e70f8a578e273c520f4cd80216d31aaf522cf37313b5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-quasi-riemann-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d943d37-c1a2-4ccf-af50-eb854b73e613","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f0109bfdf8c2d76c0b3e70f8a578e273c520f4cd80216d31aaf522cf37313b5"},"band":"S","modifier":null,"points":"700000","range":{"lower":"450000","upper":"950000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"Principal-character poles at s=1 are allowed. The boundary Re(s)=7/8 is excluded. This does not put all nontrivial zeros on Re(s)=1/2 and is not the Riemann hypothesis. A bound on the number of zeros is a different result. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean."}},{"id":"openai-math-hilbert-tenth-rationals-2026","title":"OpenAI: A claimed negative solution of Hilbert’s tenth problem over the rationals","summary":"The manuscript claims that no algorithm can decide, for an integer-coefficient polynomial whose number of variables is part of the input, whether it has a rational zero. Rational numbers permit fractions, so this is a different decision problem from the classical integer result. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"It does not assert that any given equation is unsolvable, nor that restricted classes cannot have algorithms. The already known integer undecidability theorem cannot simply be relabelled as the rational result. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean.","area":"Mathematical logic","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-hilbert-tenth-rationals-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55099faf-460f-4d39-a151-9e5ae4f6d224","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3fc6f130451bd3e3b458b2ff1adf7e75f883542fdc49e0c7c1c012e771b96722"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI (organizational manuscript byline); individual human roles not fully disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation; human preparation/editing roles retained separately where disclosed","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-hilbert-tenth-rationals-2026-paper"}],"related":["hilbert-tenth-negative"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-hilbert-tenth-rationals-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, Hilbert's tenth problem over the rational numbers","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Hilberts-tenth-problem-over-the-rational-numbers-October-6-2026/main.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT","publication_date":"October 6, 2026","publication_date_type":"Manuscript version date; collection announced 2026-10-06"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55099faf-460f-4d39-a151-9e5ae4f6d224","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3fc6f130451bd3e3b458b2ff1adf7e75f883542fdc49e0c7c1c012e771b96722"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-hilbert-tenth-rationals-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55099faf-460f-4d39-a151-9e5ae4f6d224","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3fc6f130451bd3e3b458b2ff1adf7e75f883542fdc49e0c7c1c012e771b96722"},"band":"S","modifier":null,"points":"500000","range":{"lower":"300000","upper":"750000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"It does not assert that any given equation is unsolvable, nor that restricted classes cannot have algorithms. The already known integer undecidability theorem cannot simply be relabelled as the rational result. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean."}},{"id":"openai-math-ordinary-two-point-chowla-2026","title":"OpenAI: Claimed ordinary two-point Chowla cancellation","summary":"The manuscript claims a correlation bound O(X/(log X)^c) for Liouville values on every fixed pair of nonproportional affine forms, with an absolute positive c. It also claims a binary Elliott cancellation result under uniform nonpretentiousness. Ordinary averages count all integers equally. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"The constants may depend on fixed affine forms and need not be effective. No uniformity for coefficients growing with X is asserted. 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WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean.","area":"Arithmetic and number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-ordinary-two-point-chowla-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:736c5310-79da-4d07-ab37-f6ecbaa34cd1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:551b64af7478d5d9a71c56f094718e51771b248f35d3097b48f7487964cdda8a"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI (organizational manuscript byline); individual human roles not fully disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation; human preparation/editing roles retained separately where disclosed","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-ordinary-two-point-chowla-2026-paper"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-ordinary-two-point-chowla-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, Ordinary two-point correlations of multiplicative functions","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Ordinary-two-point-correlations-of-multiplicative-functions-September-24-2026/final.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT","publication_date":"September 24, 2026","publication_date_type":"Manuscript version date; collection announced 2026-10-06"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:736c5310-79da-4d07-ab37-f6ecbaa34cd1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:551b64af7478d5d9a71c56f094718e51771b248f35d3097b48f7487964cdda8a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-ordinary-two-point-chowla-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:736c5310-79da-4d07-ab37-f6ecbaa34cd1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:551b64af7478d5d9a71c56f094718e51771b248f35d3097b48f7487964cdda8a"},"band":"S","modifier":"-","points":"380000","range":{"lower":"230000","upper":"580000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"The constants may depend on fixed affine forms and need not be effective. No uniformity for coefficients growing with X is asserted. The result concerns two-point correlations, not the full higher-order Chowla conjecture. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean."}},{"id":"openai-math-pi-irrationality-exponent-2026","title":"OpenAI: A claimed irrationality exponent of two for pi","summary":"The manuscript claims that for every exponent nu>2, all sufficiently large denominators q satisfy |pi-p/q|>=q^(-nu) for every integer numerator p. This specifies how exceptionally well fractions can approximate pi, beyond merely proving that pi is irrational. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"The denominator threshold may depend on nu and is ineffective. The statement does not imply a uniform c/q^2 bound or bounded continued-fraction entries. The Flint–Hills convergence consequence is outside the selected formal statement in the scope note. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean.","area":"Arithmetic and number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-pi-irrationality-exponent-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9655650c-244a-430c-a844-094a7a95f17f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:376d8aa272e1073d9ebe79438803757662a5f97e7ccfafec7291819bf4c74cc2"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI (organizational manuscript byline); individual human roles not fully disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation; human preparation/editing roles retained separately where disclosed","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-pi-irrationality-exponent-2026-paper"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-pi-irrationality-exponent-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, The irrationality exponent of π is 2","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/The-irrationality-exponent-of-pi-is-2-September-24-2026/paper.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT","publication_date":"September 24, 2026","publication_date_type":"Manuscript version date; collection announced 2026-10-06"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9655650c-244a-430c-a844-094a7a95f17f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:376d8aa272e1073d9ebe79438803757662a5f97e7ccfafec7291819bf4c74cc2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-pi-irrationality-exponent-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9655650c-244a-430c-a844-094a7a95f17f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:376d8aa272e1073d9ebe79438803757662a5f97e7ccfafec7291819bf4c74cc2"},"band":"S","modifier":"-","points":"350000","range":{"lower":"200000","upper":"550000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"The denominator threshold may depend on nu and is ineffective. 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Three withdrawn Weil/K3 manuscripts remain separate records of unsupported proofs; this manuscript was not named in those withdrawal notices, which does not establish its validity or independence from every affected dependency. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean.","area":"Algebraic and complex geometry","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-cm-hodge-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:392b232b-4f9f-4b57-ad39-12862fd06b1d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69bbc62c6a66e556ed5a9ce70bac4d8a0982c51c2e9ec5e3e113402df0930411"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI (organizational manuscript byline); individual human roles not fully disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation; human preparation/editing roles retained separately where disclosed","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-cm-hodge-2026-paper"}],"related":["hodge"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-cm-hodge-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, The rational Hodge conjecture for CM abelian varieties","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/The-rational-Hodge-conjecture-for-CM-abelian-varieties-October-6-2026/paper.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT","publication_date":"October 6, 2026","publication_date_type":"Manuscript version date; collection announced 2026-10-06"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:392b232b-4f9f-4b57-ad39-12862fd06b1d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69bbc62c6a66e556ed5a9ce70bac4d8a0982c51c2e9ec5e3e113402df0930411"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-cm-hodge-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:392b232b-4f9f-4b57-ad39-12862fd06b1d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69bbc62c6a66e556ed5a9ce70bac4d8a0982c51c2e9ec5e3e113402df0930411"},"band":"S","modifier":null,"points":"700000","range":{"lower":"400000","upper":"950000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"This is not the Hodge conjecture for every smooth projective variety. Three withdrawn Weil/K3 manuscripts remain separate records of unsupported proofs; this manuscript was not named in those withdrawal notices, which does not establish its validity or independence from every affected dependency. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean."}},{"id":"openai-math-symmetric-mahler-2026","title":"OpenAI: A claimed all-dimensional symmetric Mahler inequality","summary":"The manuscript claims |K| |K-polar|>=4^n/n! for every origin-symmetric convex body in every dimension n>=1, with equality exactly for invertible linear images of Hanner polytopes. It is a sharp statement about the smallest possible volume product. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"The selected paper is the symmetric result. 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The general nonsymmetric theorem, functional variants and symplectic consequences need their own exact source targets. A single family is not automatically one credit per companion PDF. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean."}},{"id":"openai-math-torsionfree-direct-finiteness-2026","title":"OpenAI: A claimed torsion-free group-algebra counterexample to direct finiteness","summary":"The manuscript claims a finitely presented torsion-free group G and elements a,b,c in F2[G] with ab=1, ac=0 and c nonzero. These identities would force ba!=1, disproving direct finiteness in this positive-characteristic setting. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"The known characteristic-zero theorem is unchanged. 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The available family scope note describes other characteristic-two and odd-characteristic constructions, not this selected torsion-free paper; that Lean coverage cannot be transferred to this target. The August nonsofic-group package needs explicit overlap review. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean."}},{"id":"openai-math-free-group-factor-isomorphism-2026","title":"OpenAI: A claimed isomorphism of free group factors of different ranks","summary":"The manuscript claims a normal trace-preserving isomorphism between the von Neumann algebras of the free groups on two and three generators. With the classical dichotomy, it concludes that all interpolated free group factors are isomorphic. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"The selected source proves a consecutive-rank step and states the two-to-three conclusion separately. These are operator algebras; the underlying free groups themselves are not being declared isomorphic. The fundamental-group corollary is beyond the selected formal statement. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean.","area":"Operator algebras","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-free-group-factor-isomorphism-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:349fe1ce-453c-417e-afa2-254bd3592a9d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7292708e48ac527e372532a305cc0c162abe9292d450874c772097d2fedf6ded"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI (organizational manuscript byline); individual human roles not fully disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation; human preparation/editing roles retained separately where disclosed","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-free-group-factor-isomorphism-2026-paper"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-free-group-factor-isomorphism-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, An isomorphism of the free group factors","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/An-isomorphism-of-the-free-group-factors-September-23-2026/An-isomorphism-of-the-free-group-factors-September-23-2026.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT","publication_date":"September 23, 2026","publication_date_type":"Manuscript version date; collection announced 2026-10-06"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:349fe1ce-453c-417e-afa2-254bd3592a9d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7292708e48ac527e372532a305cc0c162abe9292d450874c772097d2fedf6ded"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-free-group-factor-isomorphism-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:349fe1ce-453c-417e-afa2-254bd3592a9d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7292708e48ac527e372532a305cc0c162abe9292d450874c772097d2fedf6ded"},"band":"S","modifier":null,"points":"550000","range":{"lower":"350000","upper":"800000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"The selected source proves a consecutive-rank step and states the two-to-three conclusion separately. These are operator algebras; the underlying free groups themselves are not being declared isomorphic. The fundamental-group corollary is beyond the selected formal statement. WRS has inspected the cited statement and source-reported formalization scope where available; it has not audited the full proof or replayed Lean."}},{"id":"openai-math-vlasov-maxwell-global-2026","title":"OpenAI: Claimed large-data global smoothness for three-dimensional relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell","summary":"The manuscript claims a unique global classical solution for the three-dimensional one-species relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system, with nonnegative smooth compactly supported initial particle density and smooth finite-energy initial fields whose derivatives are bounded and whose Gauss constraints hold. No smallness or symmetry restriction is imposed. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. 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WRS inspected the selected opening statement and available scope note, not the full proof; independent formal replay was not run.","area":"Harmonic analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-kakeya-maximal-3d-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:56bd512f-3fc1-41f6-aeb3-dcbf3b682d82","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6185f66d122989b3be7fc2204ffb198cb1fe687e531c73245a0ba70448706c4"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI organizational byline; individual human preparation and verification roles incompletely disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-kakeya-maximal-3d-2026-paper"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-kakeya-maximal-3d-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, The Kakeya maximal conjecture in three dimensions","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/The-Kakeya-maximal-conjecture-in-three-dimensions-September-23-2026/paper.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:56bd512f-3fc1-41f6-aeb3-dcbf3b682d82","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6185f66d122989b3be7fc2204ffb198cb1fe687e531c73245a0ba70448706c4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-kakeya-maximal-3d-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:56bd512f-3fc1-41f6-aeb3-dcbf3b682d82","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6185f66d122989b3be7fc2204ffb198cb1fe687e531c73245a0ba70448706c4"},"band":"S","modifier":null,"points":"500000","range":{"lower":"300000","upper":"750000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"This is the maximal estimate, distinct from the prior three-dimensional set-dimension theorem and from the separate four-dimensional companion. 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WRS inspected the selected opening statement and available scope note, not the full proof; independent formal replay was not run.","area":"Theoretical computer science","topic":"Computing & AI","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-unique-games-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:89c8d5c5-b5d0-4a5a-a73d-dbb14c1df281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c73c8d958ef256bb09125a85104514c55999b0577d0d9cd3220dc41eb591bebc"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI organizational byline; individual human preparation and verification roles incompletely disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-unique-games-2026-paper"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-unique-games-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, The Unique Games Theorem","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/The-Unique-Games-Theorem-September-23-2026/paper.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:89c8d5c5-b5d0-4a5a-a73d-dbb14c1df281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c73c8d958ef256bb09125a85104514c55999b0577d0d9cd3220dc41eb591bebc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-unique-games-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:89c8d5c5-b5d0-4a5a-a73d-dbb14c1df281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c73c8d958ef256bb09125a85104514c55999b0577d0d9cd3220dc41eb591bebc"},"band":"S","modifier":null,"points":"650000","range":{"lower":"400000","upper":"900000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"The reduction does not prove P!=NP. 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WRS inspected the selected opening statement and available scope note, not the full proof; independent formal replay was not run.","area":"Theoretical computer science","topic":"Computing & AI","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"openai-math-logspace-derandomization-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a3998ba-dde4-4517-a592-b607e04e7be2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cce298ae74d6de8106ffd12a1a037f7eccc809d72cb590e9cb8eec6f484d1d84"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"OpenAI organizational byline; individual human preparation and verification roles incompletely disclosed","agents":[{"product":"OpenAI research model","model":"Unreleased internal frontier model; exact identifier not disclosed","provider":"OpenAI","role":"Source-reported mathematical argument generation","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"openai-math-logspace-derandomization-2026-paper"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"openai-math-logspace-derandomization-2026-paper","title":"OpenAI, Exact Derandomization of Logarithmic Space: L = RL = BPL","url":"https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Exact-Derandomization-of-Logarithmic-Space-L-equals-RL-equals-BPL-September-23-2026/paper.pdf","kind":"ORIGINAL_MANUSCRIPT"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a3998ba-dde4-4517-a592-b607e04e7be2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cce298ae74d6de8106ffd12a1a037f7eccc809d72cb590e9cb8eec6f484d1d84"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"openai-math-logspace-derandomization-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a3998ba-dde4-4517-a592-b607e04e7be2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cce298ae74d6de8106ffd12a1a037f7eccc809d72cb590e9cb8eec6f484d1d84"},"band":"S","modifier":null,"points":"500000","range":{"lower":"300000","upper":"750000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"This is not P=BPP. 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Elastic/supernetwork training and autoregression have prior art; no first-ever or universal optimality claim is imported. Submodel quality and post-training stability are source-reported.","area":"Unified multimodal generation and elastic training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ernie-team-unified-elastic-moe-training-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39fe80e3-ed68-4c59-a143-7ca7c5f1f323","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b8201ef45e9f54d85b0f5e7b5835418a43ff9bab84c7aa3319f9267590958bea"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Diffusion, autoregressive modeling and Ray orchestration are inherited. Later CosmosReason/Transfer/3 additions are excluded from this original platform record; deployment safety is unverified.","area":"Video modeling and physical-AI research resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"nvidia-cosmos-video-world-resource-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:77ecd7bc-1f26-451c-abc9-ea4e4b947e12","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ab2f6818056f4ec322557f6de36b7a64dc39050ce4f380f15a8fa6a91f1965b4"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Simulation and limited bimanual hardware tests do not establish general humanoid autonomy, out-of-distribution safety or unrestricted deployment. N1.5–1.7 changes in the live repository are not backdated.","area":"Generalist robot policy learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"nvidia-gr00t-dualsystem-action-policy-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:baddcc24-b09a-4e01-abe1-233160ee0a56","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3d0cbb06553369414f15cd2417e7b282ec3c6821559279b6c8b4a42f9346ba38"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Collisions, feature-memory cost and scene/device-dependent quality-speed tradeoffs remain.","area":"Efficient neural graphics representations","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"muller-et-al-instant-ngp-hash-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d98dc99b-2330-403b-a57a-ee81350fe88b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8fd4f5bb7ab064bd96c62a4fd2d4ab4b597a7d957d072d39aef28e531a92120"},"humans":["Thomas Müller","Alex Evans","Christoph Schied","Alexander Keller"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Collisions, feature-memory cost and scene/device-dependent quality-speed tradeoffs remain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d98dc99b-2330-403b-a57a-ee81350fe88b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8fd4f5bb7ab064bd96c62a4fd2d4ab4b597a7d957d072d39aef28e531a92120"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kerbl-et-al-gaussian-splatting-2023","title":"Kerbl et al.: optimized 3D Gaussian splatting for radiance rendering","summary":"Optimized anisotropic Gaussian scene primitives with adaptive density control and visibility-aware differentiable splatting to enable high-quality novel-view rendering at interactive rates.","boundary":"Point splatting and radiance-field reconstruction have predecessors. Requires scene images/camera estimates; not an image-independent world simulator or guaranteed accurate geometry. Original paper and live project state different frame-rate thresholds, so no universal FPS figure exported.","area":"Differentiable 3D scene rendering","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kerbl-et-al-gaussian-splatting-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bb9806aa-0a4e-4e7f-acdf-d985115c5a93","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3e0f902b14cb33f07c3603b5541dc70eb61b649c0f19a157a21f5f96c3edc89d"},"humans":["Bernhard Kerbl","Georgios Kopanas","Thomas Leimkühler","George Drettakis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2308-04079v1","title":"3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.04079v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-kerbl-et-al-gaussian-splatting-2023","title":"Kerbl et al.: optimized 3D Gaussian splatting for radiance rendering — author/institutional project","url":"https://repo-sam.inria.fr/fungraph/3d-gaussian-splatting/"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"kerbl-et-al-gaussian-splatting-2023","entry_id":"kerbl-et-al-gaussian-splatting-2023","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bb9806aa-0a4e-4e7f-acdf-d985115c5a93","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3e0f902b14cb33f07c3603b5541dc70eb61b649c0f19a157a21f5f96c3edc89d"},"what_changed":"Optimized anisotropic Gaussian scene primitives with adaptive density control and visibility-aware differentiable splatting to enable high-quality novel-view rendering at interactive rates.","scope":"Optimized anisotropic Gaussian scene primitives with adaptive density control and visibility-aware differentiable splatting to enable high-quality novel-view rendering at interactive rates. 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ACT/ALOHA bundled as one original system contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a0cd56f-2a44-4275-af15-9095978df71f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:391ab6b3d59ea81db0ac7abc04fe605e4fb7154b3e51df8e86288657fa5c4062"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"black-et-al-pi0-flow-action-expert-2024","title":"Black et al.: pretrained vision-language control with a flow-action expert","summary":"Coupled a pretrained vision-language backbone to a separate continuous-action flow-matching expert and trained across dexterous robot embodiments, supporting direct prompting and task-specific adaptation.","boundary":"Vision-language pretraining, flow matching and multi-robot policies are inherited. System integration is acquired, not invention of these components. Selected laundry/box tasks do not establish arbitrary-task autonomy, physical safety or out-of-distribution guarantees.","area":"Generalist vision-language-action systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"black-et-al-pi0-flow-action-expert-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:26356e0a-955b-4665-ac31-2dfe1f54ffab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:614ee293285ac95b5429c3949cdadeb5c7a0074aa297637ecb4b35e88635e601"},"humans":["Kevin Black","Noah Brown","Danny Driess","Adnan Esmail","Michael Equi","Chelsea Finn","Niccolo Fusai","Lachy Groom","Karol Hausman","Brian Ichter","Szymon Jakubczak","Tim Jones","Liyiming Ke","Sergey Levine","Adrian Li-Bell","Mohith Mothukuri","Suraj Nair","Karl Pertsch","Lucy Xiaoyang Shi","James Tanner","Quan Vuong","Anna Walling","Haohuan Wang","Ury Zhilinsky"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Vision-language pretraining, flow matching and multi-robot policies are inherited. System integration is acquired, not invention of these components. Selected laundry/box tasks do not establish arbitrary-task autonomy, physical safety or out-of-distribution guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:26356e0a-955b-4665-ac31-2dfe1f54ffab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:614ee293285ac95b5429c3949cdadeb5c7a0074aa297637ecb4b35e88635e601"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"physical-intelligence-heterogeneous-vla-cotraining-2025","title":"Physical Intelligence: heterogeneous semantic/action co-training for robot transfer","summary":"Co-trained on robot trajectories, web vision-language tasks, object grounding and semantic subtask prediction, combining high-level instructions and a low-level action expert to transfer manipulation to unseen household environments.","boundary":"Uses prior pi0 architecture. Acquired delta is heterogeneous-task/hybrid-example integration and transfer evidence, not another size or invention of VLA. Evaluated new homes are a finite test set, not all open worlds; later knowledge-insulation method has separate original credit.","area":"Vision-language-action transfer systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"physical-intelligence-heterogeneous-vla-cotraining-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:775e7903-aa33-4d63-aec2-e33cfaa1d265","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0691a5e0f1295cab5f1373444127cf8375a14ce36fb6253337fa24a61467094"},"humans":["Kevin Black","Noah Brown","James Darpinian","Karan Dhabalia","Danny Driess","Adnan Esmail","Michael Equi","Chelsea Finn","Niccolo Fusai","Manuel Y. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2504-16054v1","title":"$π_{0.5}$: a Vision-Language-Action Model with Open-World Generalization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16054v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"physical-intelligence-heterogeneous-vla-cotraining-2025","entry_id":"physical-intelligence-heterogeneous-vla-cotraining-2025","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:775e7903-aa33-4d63-aec2-e33cfaa1d265","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0691a5e0f1295cab5f1373444127cf8375a14ce36fb6253337fa24a61467094"},"what_changed":"Co-trained on robot trajectories, web vision-language tasks, object grounding and semantic subtask prediction, combining high-level instructions and a low-level action expert to transfer manipulation to unseen household environments.","scope":"Co-trained on robot trajectories, web vision-language tasks, object grounding and semantic subtask prediction, combining high-level instructions and a low-level action expert to transfer manipulation to unseen household environments. Uses prior pi0 architecture. Acquired delta is heterogeneous-task/hybrid-example integration and transfer evidence, not another size or invention of VLA. Evaluated new homes are a finite test set, not all open worlds; later knowledge-insulation method has separate original credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:775e7903-aa33-4d63-aec2-e33cfaa1d265","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0691a5e0f1295cab5f1373444127cf8375a14ce36fb6253337fa24a61467094"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chollet-abstraction-reasoning-corpus-2019","title":"Chollet: abstraction-and-reasoning corpus with explicit task priors","summary":"Introduced ARC as a few-example abstraction/generalization benchmark organized around explicit prior assumptions, separating acquired task skill from broader skill-acquisition efficiency.","boundary":"The proposed intelligence formalization is a research framework, not an accepted proof that ARC measures all intelligence. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1911-01547v1","title":"The Measure of Intelligence","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-chollet-abstraction-reasoning-corpus-2019","title":"Chollet: abstraction-and-reasoning corpus with explicit task priors — original project","url":"https://github.com/fchollet/ARC-AGI"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"chollet-abstraction-reasoning-corpus-2019","entry_id":"chollet-abstraction-reasoning-corpus-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8796c525-90ad-4171-af65-83b85ad2ba67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c71f40c1030927cda5d97a7d634763ae36f1f1e482a85099c32aff7bfdb00b3"},"what_changed":"Introduced ARC as a few-example abstraction/generalization benchmark organized around explicit prior assumptions, separating acquired task skill from broader skill-acquisition efficiency.","scope":"Introduced ARC as a few-example abstraction/generalization benchmark organized around explicit prior assumptions, separating acquired task skill from broader skill-acquisition efficiency. 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A puzzle score does not certify general autonomy.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8796c525-90ad-4171-af65-83b85ad2ba67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c71f40c1030927cda5d97a7d634763ae36f1f1e482a85099c32aff7bfdb00b3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jain-et-al-livecodebench-time-window-2024","title":"Jain et al.: time-windowed live code-generation and execution evaluation","summary":"Continuously collected timestamped programming-contest problems and evaluated generation, repair, execution and test-output prediction to assess coding models beyond a static generation-only test.","boundary":"Contamination-free is a design goal relative to chosen release/training cutoffs, not independently guaranteed knowledge of every provider's training data. Original March2024 snapshot is distinct from later question totals and live rankings.","area":"Code-model evaluation resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"jain-et-al-livecodebench-time-window-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6c054d92-4fa7-4e5d-a6b7-4c328dd611fc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2c116abff38a05e9549dd1b03232dbd5e4108af47b71e91e02b305e00fe435b6"},"humans":["Naman Jain","King Han","Alex Gu","Wen-Ding Li","Fanjia Yan","Tianjun Zhang","Sida I. Wang","Armando Solar-Lezama","Koushik Sen","Ion Stoica"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2403-07974v1","title":"LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07974v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-jain-et-al-livecodebench-time-window-2024","title":"Jain et al.: time-windowed live code-generation and execution evaluation — original project","url":"https://livecodebench.github.io/"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"jain-et-al-livecodebench-time-window-2024","entry_id":"jain-et-al-livecodebench-time-window-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6c054d92-4fa7-4e5d-a6b7-4c328dd611fc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2c116abff38a05e9549dd1b03232dbd5e4108af47b71e91e02b305e00fe435b6"},"what_changed":"Continuously collected timestamped programming-contest problems and evaluated generation, repair, execution and test-output prediction to assess coding models beyond a static generation-only test.","scope":"Continuously collected timestamped programming-contest problems and evaluated generation, repair, execution and test-output prediction to assess coding models beyond a static generation-only test. Contamination-free is a design goal relative to chosen release/training cutoffs, not independently guaranteed knowledge of every provider's training data. 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Product quantization, HNSW and other incorporated indexes retain their own origins. FAISS indexes supplied vectors; it is not an embedding extractor, hosted service or transactional database. Exact and approximate modes differ; library breadth and historical benchmarks do not imply all indexes originated with FAISS or universal speed.","area":"Vector-search computing systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"johnson-et-al-gpu-similarity-search-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d3ff7abe-5eb6-4228-a902-74cbd8d44bd2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80f7ed27cc6c087f8ee883ff2631d2bbc12325e53f9ca0f3a9db5c100343e58b"},"humans":["Jeff Johnson","Matthijs Douze","Hervé Jégou","Alexandr Guzhva","Chengqi Deng","Gergely Szilvasy","Pierre-Emmanuel Mazaré","Maria Lomeli","Lucas Hosseini"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1702-08734v1","title":"Billion-scale similarity search with GPUs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.08734v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2401-08281v1","title":"The Faiss library","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.08281v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"johnson-et-al-gpu-similarity-search-2017","entry_id":"johnson-et-al-gpu-similarity-search-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d3ff7abe-5eb6-4228-a902-74cbd8d44bd2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80f7ed27cc6c087f8ee883ff2631d2bbc12325e53f9ca0f3a9db5c100343e58b"},"what_changed":"Designed GPU-efficient k-selection and memory-aware similarity-search pipelines; the later library report documents composable indexing, compression and search tradeoffs in the evolving FAISS toolkit.","scope":"Designed GPU-efficient k-selection and memory-aware similarity-search pipelines; the later library report documents composable indexing, compression and search tradeoffs in the evolving FAISS toolkit. One2017/2024 contribution family with separate3- and9-author source sets. Product quantization, HNSW and other incorporated indexes retain their own origins. FAISS indexes supplied vectors; it is not an embedding extractor, hosted service or transactional database. 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Pins the original2019 six-author loss paper, not the later seven-author ScaNN systems revision or2020 implementation release. Statistical/theoretical assumptions and empirical speed–recall tradeoffs remain source-specific.","area":"Approximate vector-search methods","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"guo-et-al-scoreaware-vector-quantization-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a59b88c5-abdb-4939-ad7f-87ce8955f2c5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b3dfedf7c715e60c32fe07d671aeb0871e4bb788a3e462250df45a1311b3f09b"},"humans":["Ruiqi Guo","Quan Geng","David Simcha","Felix Chern","Sanjiv Kumar","Xiang Wu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1908-10396v1","title":"New Loss Functions for Fast Maximum Inner Product Search","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10396v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"guo-et-al-scoreaware-vector-quantization-2019","entry_id":"guo-et-al-scoreaware-vector-quantization-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a59b88c5-abdb-4939-ad7f-87ce8955f2c5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b3dfedf7c715e60c32fe07d671aeb0871e4bb788a3e462250df45a1311b3f09b"},"what_changed":"Weighted quantization error by high-inner-product query/data pairs, optimizing approximate retrieval relevance rather than only Euclidean vector reconstruction error.","scope":"Weighted quantization error by high-inner-product query/data pairs, optimizing approximate retrieval relevance rather than only Euclidean vector reconstruction error. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1603-09320v1","title":"Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using Hierarchical Navigable Small World graphs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.09320v1"}],"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"malkov-yashunin-hnsw-2016","entry_id":"malkov-yashunin-hnsw-2016","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:33c94569-e714-45fc-a4d5-5b8d365505c8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c13c513ade9eeb2f775a50cfaee4e359a97945199a66e0aeadf8639023bf82a0"},"what_changed":"Built nested proximity-graph layers with randomized maximum levels and searched from coarse upper layers toward the base, combining distance-scale separation and neighbor-selection heuristics.","scope":"Built nested proximity-graph layers with randomized maximum levels and searched from coarse upper layers toward the base, combining distance-scale separation and neighbor-selection heuristics. 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Flow models, autoregression, transformers and Gaussian splats are inherited; acquired delta is pose-grounded shared spatial-context generation/reconstruction integration. Missing geometry is synthesized, not measured truth. Comparison gives Atlas camera poses but baselines text prompts, so no unconditional fair-architecture superiority is inferred. MetaAtlas2022 is unrelated.","area":"Spatial world-model integration systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"world-labs-spatial-context-worldmodel-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a9074b5-830e-42f8-a53f-74d199c0897e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36d027fc3b6e8c2cbae47067c1f4c6a16043099ac512f0dd32b1e7c47a87f9e9"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-world-labs-atlas-account","title":"Atlas: A World Model for Spatial Intelligence — World Labs Team","url":"https://www.worldlabs.ai/blog/atlas"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"world-labs-spatial-context-worldmodel-2026","entry_id":"world-labs-spatial-context-worldmodel-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a9074b5-830e-42f8-a53f-74d199c0897e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36d027fc3b6e8c2cbae47067c1f4c6a16043099ac512f0dd32b1e7c47a87f9e9"},"what_changed":"Conditioned sequential flow-based multimodal generation on images, camera poses and depth in a shared spatial context, integrating novel-view generation, geometry reconstruction and explicit3D outputs.","scope":"Conditioned sequential flow-based multimodal generation on images, camera poses and depth in a shared spatial context, integrating novel-view generation, geometry reconstruction and explicit3D outputs. Institutional technical account, not a full public paper/weights audit. Flow models, autoregression, transformers and Gaussian splats are inherited; acquired delta is pose-grounded shared spatial-context generation/reconstruction integration. Missing geometry is synthesized, not measured truth. Comparison gives Atlas camera poses but baselines text prompts, so no unconditional fair-architecture superiority is inferred. MetaAtlas2022 is unrelated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a9074b5-830e-42f8-a53f-74d199c0897e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36d027fc3b6e8c2cbae47067c1f4c6a16043099ac512f0dd32b1e7c47a87f9e9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pertsch-et-al-fast-action-tokenization-2025","title":"Pertsch et al.: frequency-space robot-action tokenization","summary":"Compressed continuous action chunks through discrete-cosine-transform-based tokenization before autoregressive learning, releasing a tokenizer trained across diverse robot embodiments and control rates.","boundary":"DCT, compression and subword/token modeling are inherited. Acquired delta is action-sequence encoding for VLA training, not invention of DCT or a universal tokenizer guarantee. Training-speed comparisons are workload-specific; FAST+ and pi0-FAST bundled.","area":"Robot-action sequence tokenization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"pertsch-et-al-fast-action-tokenization-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6704a4f6-6860-4b4d-a193-a226b0d7d63c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:10d65351a186b70d9d7d8c1342c52cdfedc4892dbbd132d56aa3a85cdaaf8599"},"humans":["Karl Pertsch","Kyle Stachowicz","Brian Ichter","Danny Driess","Suraj Nair","Quan Vuong","Oier Mees","Chelsea Finn","Sergey Levine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2501-09747v1","title":"FAST: Efficient Action Tokenization for Vision-Language-Action Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.09747v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-pertsch-et-al-fast-action-tokenization-2025","title":"Pertsch et al.: frequency-space robot-action tokenization — institutional account","url":"https://www.pi.website/research/fast"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"pertsch-et-al-fast-action-tokenization-2025","entry_id":"pertsch-et-al-fast-action-tokenization-2025","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6704a4f6-6860-4b4d-a193-a226b0d7d63c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:10d65351a186b70d9d7d8c1342c52cdfedc4892dbbd132d56aa3a85cdaaf8599"},"what_changed":"Compressed continuous action chunks through discrete-cosine-transform-based tokenization before autoregressive learning, releasing a tokenizer trained across diverse robot embodiments and control rates.","scope":"Compressed continuous action chunks through discrete-cosine-transform-based tokenization before autoregressive learning, releasing a tokenizer trained across diverse robot embodiments and control rates. DCT, compression and subword/token modeling are inherited. Acquired delta is action-sequence encoding for VLA training, not invention of DCT or a universal tokenizer guarantee. Training-speed comparisons are workload-specific; FAST+ and pi0-FAST bundled.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6704a4f6-6860-4b4d-a193-a226b0d7d63c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:10d65351a186b70d9d7d8c1342c52cdfedc4892dbbd132d56aa3a85cdaaf8599"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"black-et-al-realtime-action-inpainting-2025","title":"Black et al.: asynchronous action chunks with committed-prefix inpainting","summary":"Generated the next diffusion/flow action chunk while executing the current one, freezing already committed actions and inpainting the remaining sequence to reduce latency-induced discontinuities.","boundary":"Action chunking, flow/diffusion and inpainting are inherited. No-retraining applies to compatible policy/runtime assumptions, not all robot controllers or arbitrary inference delays. Later training-time conditioning is a distinct modification; empirical smoothness is not a safety/stability proof.","area":"Real-time robot-policy inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"black-et-al-realtime-action-inpainting-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1337eb5-2471-46ae-a0c4-5941c3733820","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb91d9331ef8572f87b4ce8f0154380003aa1e87285691a54b320a61b9d715de"},"humans":["Kevin Black","Manuel Y. Galliker","Sergey Levine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2506-07339v1","title":"Real-Time Execution of Action Chunking Flow Policies","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.07339v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-black-et-al-realtime-action-inpainting-2025","title":"Black et al.: asynchronous action chunks with committed-prefix inpainting — institutional account","url":"https://www.pi.website/research/real_time_chunking"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"black-et-al-realtime-action-inpainting-2025","entry_id":"black-et-al-realtime-action-inpainting-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1337eb5-2471-46ae-a0c4-5941c3733820","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb91d9331ef8572f87b4ce8f0154380003aa1e87285691a54b320a61b9d715de"},"what_changed":"Generated the next diffusion/flow action chunk while executing the current one, freezing already committed actions and inpainting the remaining sequence to reduce latency-induced discontinuities.","scope":"Generated the next diffusion/flow action chunk while executing the current one, freezing already committed actions and inpainting the remaining sequence to reduce latency-induced discontinuities. Action chunking, flow/diffusion and inpainting are inherited. No-retraining applies to compatible policy/runtime assumptions, not all robot controllers or arbitrary inference delays. Later training-time conditioning is a distinct modification; empirical smoothness is not a safety/stability proof.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1337eb5-2471-46ae-a0c4-5941c3733820","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb91d9331ef8572f87b4ce8f0154380003aa1e87285691a54b320a61b9d715de"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"black-et-al-trainingtime-action-prefix-2025","title":"Black et al.: delay-simulated action-prefix conditioning for real-time control","summary":"Simulated inference delay during training and conditioned on action prefixes directly, replacing inference-time inpainting while retaining asynchronous action-chunk execution.","boundary":"Inherits RTC runtime and chunking. Removes additional inpainting overhead, not all model inference or communication latency; costs shift to training/fine-tuning. Simulation and two-task real-world tests do not certify every robot/delay regime.","area":"Latency-aware robot-policy training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"black-et-al-trainingtime-action-prefix-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:716d816d-f342-45b6-aa57-044dc78632de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07dc4bf7f5e7736b24a9bd2cef97d265a2397948b5485d9a44df7e9455b547e0"},"humans":["Kevin Black","Allen Z. Ren","Michael Equi","Sergey Levine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2512-05964v1","title":"Training-Time Action Conditioning for Efficient Real-Time Chunking","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.05964v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-black-et-al-trainingtime-action-prefix-2025","title":"Black et al.: delay-simulated action-prefix conditioning for real-time control — institutional account","url":"https://www.pi.website/research/real_time_chunking"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"black-et-al-trainingtime-action-prefix-2025","entry_id":"black-et-al-trainingtime-action-prefix-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:716d816d-f342-45b6-aa57-044dc78632de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07dc4bf7f5e7736b24a9bd2cef97d265a2397948b5485d9a44df7e9455b547e0"},"what_changed":"Simulated inference delay during training and conditioned on action prefixes directly, replacing inference-time inpainting while retaining asynchronous action-chunk execution.","scope":"Simulated inference delay during training and conditioned on action prefixes directly, replacing inference-time inpainting while retaining asynchronous action-chunk execution. Inherits RTC runtime and chunking. Removes additional inpainting overhead, not all model inference or communication latency; costs shift to training/fine-tuning. Simulation and two-task real-world tests do not certify every robot/delay regime.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:716d816d-f342-45b6-aa57-044dc78632de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07dc4bf7f5e7736b24a9bd2cef97d265a2397948b5485d9a44df7e9455b547e0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"driess-et-al-vla-knowledge-insulation-2025","title":"Driess et al.: gradient-insulated continuous-action experts","summary":"Trained the vision-language backbone with discrete-action/text prediction while separately training a continuous flow-action expert, stopping the expert's gradients into the backbone to preserve useful representations.","boundary":"Stop-gradient, discrete action tokens and flow-action experts are inherited. Insulation is a specific training recipe, not guaranteed preservation of every pretrained fact or capability. pi0/pi0.5 system records do not separately own this original method.","area":"Vision-language-action transfer training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"driess-et-al-vla-knowledge-insulation-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8606d30f-7c0e-46dd-a428-f00e04f64bce","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d887b04a57d2b89fcbe70ee461fc2322b1fdef0ad5585821397b9f07144c7a9d"},"humans":["Danny Driess","Jost Tobias Springenberg","Brian Ichter","Lili Yu","Adrian Li-Bell","Karl Pertsch","Allen Z. Ren","Homer Walke","Quan Vuong","Lucy Xiaoyang Shi","Sergey Levine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-pi-ki-report","title":"Driess et al.: gradient-insulated continuous-action experts — original technical report","url":"https://www.pi.website/download/pi05_KI.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-driess-et-al-vla-knowledge-insulation-2025","title":"Driess et al.: gradient-insulated continuous-action experts — institutional account","url":"https://www.pi.website/research/knowledge_insulation"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"driess-et-al-vla-knowledge-insulation-2025","entry_id":"driess-et-al-vla-knowledge-insulation-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8606d30f-7c0e-46dd-a428-f00e04f64bce","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d887b04a57d2b89fcbe70ee461fc2322b1fdef0ad5585821397b9f07144c7a9d"},"what_changed":"Trained the vision-language backbone with discrete-action/text prediction while separately training a continuous flow-action expert, stopping the expert's gradients into the backbone to preserve useful representations.","scope":"Trained the vision-language backbone with discrete-action/text prediction while separately training a continuous flow-action expert, stopping the expert's gradients into the backbone to preserve useful representations. Stop-gradient, discrete action tokens and flow-action experts are inherited. Insulation is a specific training recipe, not guaranteed preservation of every pretrained fact or capability. pi0/pi0.5 system records do not separately own this original method.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8606d30f-7c0e-46dd-a428-f00e04f64bce","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d887b04a57d2b89fcbe70ee461fc2322b1fdef0ad5585821397b9f07144c7a9d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"physical-intelligence-recap-policy-improvement-2025","title":"Physical Intelligence: advantage-conditioned learning from deployment and corrections","summary":"Combined demonstrations, autonomous rollouts and human interventions with value-based advantage estimates and conditioned policy extraction, iterating offline RL and real-robot deployment data collection.","boundary":"OfflineRL, advantage conditioning and human-gated DAgger have prior work explicitly acknowledged. Acquired delta is their VLA-scale integration, not invention of each component. Long task runs and throughput are source-reported, not independently verified deployment reliability.","area":"Robot reinforcement-learning systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"physical-intelligence-recap-policy-improvement-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1dc67fc7-761b-48d9-a731-7989f5c0cdfe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bf82fc5651222b6c92276c95079c3da65cd7269f2f89b83e78a9f1af98b4835"},"humans":["Ali Amin","Raichelle Aniceto","Ashwin Balakrishna","Kevin Black","Ken Conley","Grace Connors","James Darpinian","Karan Dhabalia","Jared DiCarlo","Danny Driess","Michael Equi","Adnan Esmail","Yunhao Fang","Chelsea Finn","Catherine Glossop","Thomas Godden","Ivan Goryachev","Lachy Groom","Hunter Hancock","Karol Hausman","Gashon Hussein","Brian Ichter","Szymon Jakubczak","Rowan Jen","Tim Jones","Ben Katz","Liyiming Ke","Chandra Kuchi","Marinda Lamb","Devin LeBlanc","Sergey Levine","Adrian Li-Bell","Yao Lu","Vishnu Mano","Mohith Mothukuri","Suraj Nair","Karl Pertsch","Allen Z. Ren","Charvi Sharma","Lucy Xiaoyang Shi","Laura Smith","Jost Tobias Springenberg","Kyle Stachowicz","Will Stoeckle","Alex Swerdlow","James Tanner","Marcel Torne","Quan Vuong","Anna Walling","Haohuan Wang","Blake Williams","Sukwon Yoo","Lili Yu","Ury Zhilinsky","Zhiyuan Zhou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-pi-recap-report","title":"Physical Intelligence: advantage-conditioned learning from deployment and corrections — original technical report","url":"https://www.pi.website/download/pistar06.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-physical-intelligence-recap-policy-improvement-2025","title":"Physical Intelligence: advantage-conditioned learning from deployment and corrections — institutional account","url":"https://www.pi.website/blog/pistar06"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"physical-intelligence-recap-policy-improvement-2025","entry_id":"physical-intelligence-recap-policy-improvement-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1dc67fc7-761b-48d9-a731-7989f5c0cdfe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bf82fc5651222b6c92276c95079c3da65cd7269f2f89b83e78a9f1af98b4835"},"what_changed":"Combined demonstrations, autonomous rollouts and human interventions with value-based advantage estimates and conditioned policy extraction, iterating offline RL and real-robot deployment data collection.","scope":"Combined demonstrations, autonomous rollouts and human interventions with value-based advantage estimates and conditioned policy extraction, iterating offline RL and real-robot deployment data collection. OfflineRL, advantage conditioning and human-gated DAgger have prior work explicitly acknowledged. Acquired delta is their VLA-scale integration, not invention of each component. Long task runs and throughput are source-reported, not independently verified deployment reliability.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1dc67fc7-761b-48d9-a731-7989f5c0cdfe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bf82fc5651222b6c92276c95079c3da65cd7269f2f89b83e78a9f1af98b4835"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"torne-et-al-multiscale-embodied-memory-2026","title":"Torne et al.: short-video and long-text memory for robot policies","summary":"Combined compressed video history for short-term spatial context with language summaries for long-term semantic events, integrating both into a robot policy for partially observed multistage tasks.","boundary":"Robot memory, video encoders and language summaries are inherited. Fifteen-minute task evidence does not establish unlimited or lossless memory, guaranteed causal reasoning or universal in-context adaptation. Computational budget and error accumulation remain.","area":"Memory-augmented robot-policy systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"torne-et-al-multiscale-embodied-memory-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f22d4717-6a00-4281-a17e-51f91248ab70","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:944d9a706118b6b25a1e0b321f6f86f4c23128ae7776159a248afa58271f31c7"},"humans":["Marcel Torne","Karl Pertsch","Homer Walke","Kyle Vedder","Suraj Nair","Brian Ichter","Allen Z. Ren","Haohuan Wang","Jiaming Tang","Kyle Stachowicz","Karan Dhabalia","Michael Equi","Quan Vuong","Jost Tobias Springenberg","Sergey Levine","Chelsea Finn","Danny Driess"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-pi-mem-report","title":"Torne et al.: short-video and long-text memory for robot policies — original technical report","url":"https://www.pi.website/download/Mem.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-torne-et-al-multiscale-embodied-memory-2026","title":"Torne et al.: short-video and long-text memory for robot policies — institutional account","url":"https://www.pi.website/research/memory"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"torne-et-al-multiscale-embodied-memory-2026","entry_id":"torne-et-al-multiscale-embodied-memory-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f22d4717-6a00-4281-a17e-51f91248ab70","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:944d9a706118b6b25a1e0b321f6f86f4c23128ae7776159a248afa58271f31c7"},"what_changed":"Combined compressed video history for short-term spatial context with language summaries for long-term semantic events, integrating both into a robot policy for partially observed multistage tasks.","scope":"Combined compressed video history for short-term spatial context with language summaries for long-term semantic events, integrating both into a robot policy for partially observed multistage tasks. Robot memory, video encoders and language summaries are inherited. Fifteen-minute task evidence does not establish unlimited or lossless memory, guaranteed causal reasoning or universal in-context adaptation. Computational budget and error accumulation remain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f22d4717-6a00-4281-a17e-51f91248ab70","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:944d9a706118b6b25a1e0b321f6f86f4c23128ae7776159a248afa58271f31c7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xu-et-al-rl-token-vla-interface-2026","title":"Xu et al.: compact frozen-VLA interface for online actor–critic adaptation","summary":"Exposed a compact task-relevant token from a pretrained VLA and trained lightweight actor/critic heads with a regularizer anchoring actions to the frozen VLA, enabling online adaptation of precise manipulation.","boundary":"Actor–critic, residual control, frozen representations and VLA pretraining are inherited. Acquired delta is the learned compact interface/anchored adaptation recipe, not onlineRL itself. Four task improvements do not imply arbitrary-task sample efficiency or physical safety.","area":"Sample-efficient robot reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"xu-et-al-rl-token-vla-interface-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cbb5b625-519d-4a62-a59d-1824d39a40c9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:86b06389ced16890662d4c6bd842e87fb85d2f959c5c158971658f38fbb8cca6"},"humans":["Charles Xu","Jost Tobias Springenberg","Michael Equi","Ali Amin","Adnan Esmail","Sergey Levine","Liyiming Ke"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Liquid branding is not evidence of a continuous-time liquid-neural-network architecture. CPU-specific latency gains do not generalize to all devices. Front requests LiquidAI citation; contributor appendix not promoted.","area":"Edge foundation-model systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"liquid-ai-edge-cooptimized-model-system-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81d66110-307d-497f-a001-9ecda4eb3c8b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:589e6413b3a1dbe48b224e3de292bd04a86ca0dee7a38e4786cb2a466dbc0f39"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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No new experiment or submission performed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d5d1c2d-a8dd-4d2b-a19a-735c88517858","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c4847dace92fa788fcaaf1c517cf1f7d38d96cf6a008ea8c9a48a4585d16f641"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhang-et-al-darwin-godel-agent-evolution-2025","title":"Zhang et al.: archive-based empirical self-modification of coding agents","summary":"Maintained a diverse archive of coding-agent programs, selected variants for LLM-guided self-modification and evaluated them on coding benchmarks, allowing improvements to the agent harness itself.","boundary":"Frozen foundation models, evolutionary search and coding benchmarks are inherited. 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Acquired method/framework is distinct from claiming every generated candidate is mathematically novel or correct; reported packing/optimization improvements require task-specific independent checks. No search/program execution was run here.","area":"LLM-guided algorithm-search systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lange-et-al-shinka-program-evolution-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b17d1c9-de55-41cf-ae4f-2f69d8f7d709","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d2759ffe80030f944a7ec418816f038d9e68cc5fba4d4d25c67918a8908ecb8"},"humans":["Robert Tjarko Lange","Yuki Imajuku","Edoardo Cetin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2509-19349v1","title":"ShinkaEvolve: Towards Open-Ended And Sample-Efficient Program Evolution","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.19349v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-lange-et-al-shinka-program-evolution-2025","title":"Lange et al.: novelty-filtered sample-efficient program evolution — author/institutional project","url":"https://sakana.ai/shinka-evolve/"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"lange-et-al-shinka-program-evolution-2025","entry_id":"lange-et-al-shinka-program-evolution-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b17d1c9-de55-41cf-ae4f-2f69d8f7d709","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d2759ffe80030f944a7ec418816f038d9e68cc5fba4d4d25c67918a8908ecb8"},"what_changed":"Combined archive-parent sampling, code-novelty rejection and bandit-based model selection to allocate program-evolution attempts, testing sample efficiency across computational tasks.","scope":"Combined archive-parent sampling, code-novelty rejection and bandit-based model selection to allocate program-evolution attempts, testing sample efficiency across computational tasks. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2410-13166v1","title":"An Evolved Universal Transformer Memory","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.13166v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-cetin-et-al-evolved-attention-memory-2024","title":"Cetin et al.: evolved attention-conditioned KV memory pruning — author/institutional project","url":"https://sakana.ai/namm/"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"cetin-et-al-evolved-attention-memory-2024","entry_id":"cetin-et-al-evolved-attention-memory-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1e9e4557-6e41-4422-a4ba-67399ef4f6bb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e0d9d7c6a2254daf565b69e76ceef15d659990c7e30f9da8916b0bdce8e0cb08"},"what_changed":"Evolved a learned memory-management network conditioned on attention values to select retained KV context separately across layers/heads, studying transfer across model/task settings.","scope":"Evolved a learned memory-management network conditioned on attention values to select retained KV context separately across layers/heads, studying transfer across model/task settings. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2403-13187v1","title":"Evolutionary Optimization of Model Merging Recipes","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13187v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-akiba-et-al-evolutionary-merge-recipes-2024","title":"Akiba et al.: evolutionary search over parameter and dataflow model merges — author/institutional project","url":"https://sakana.ai/evolutionary-model-merge/"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"akiba-et-al-evolutionary-merge-recipes-2024","entry_id":"akiba-et-al-evolutionary-merge-recipes-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b2e11b00-052c-4bc5-a1a9-98f940faefe1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:daed28aeee8712608cf4ba17c497f592062213a2b94a7f4a86a3addccc56b542"},"what_changed":"Optimized model-merging recipes in parameter and inference-dataflow spaces using evolutionary search, combining capabilities of existing models without retraining each from scratch.","scope":"Optimized model-merging recipes in parameter and inference-dataflow spaces using evolutionary search, combining capabilities of existing models without retraining each from scratch. 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Acquired contribution is objective-discovery framework plus scoped DiscoPOP loss, not evidence that human preferences or safety are universally optimized. Numerical results and generated-code novelty were not independently audited.","area":"Automated optimization-objective design","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lu-et-al-discopop-loss-discovery-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:37c2cc75-45b1-4cfd-a53a-3843ac622ad5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fbd5a30f766b30616940446ea0513db7dd5418e1e21cb656f5cdac970ab234c5"},"humans":["Chris Lu","Samuel Holt","Claudio Fanconi","Alex J. Chan","Jakob Foerster","Mihaela van der Schaar","Robert Tjarko Lange"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[{"provider":"OpenAI","product":"GPT-4","model":"GPT-4","role":"Generated candidate preference-loss code inside a human-designed search, training and evaluation loop; exact service snapshot is not specified by this record.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"cur20261015-arxiv-2406-08414v1"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2406-08414v1","title":"Discovering Preference Optimization Algorithms with and for Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.08414v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-lu-et-al-discopop-loss-discovery-2024","title":"Lu et al.: feedback-driven discovery of preference-optimization objectives — author/institutional project","url":"https://sakana.ai/llm-squared/"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"lu-et-al-discopop-loss-discovery-2024","entry_id":"lu-et-al-discopop-loss-discovery-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:37c2cc75-45b1-4cfd-a53a-3843ac622ad5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fbd5a30f766b30616940446ea0513db7dd5418e1e21cb656f5cdac970ab234c5"},"what_changed":"Iteratively proposed and evaluated preference-training loss code with an LLM, yielding a logistic/exponential blending objective and testing transfer to held-out tasks.","scope":"Iteratively proposed and evaluated preference-training loss code with an LLM, yielding a logistic/exponential blending objective and testing transfer to held-out tasks. 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Original March report controls method; later multi-model ARCAGI2 extension is not backdated. Search quality depends on feedback correctness and inference budget, not guaranteed reasoning success.","area":"Feedback-guided inference-time search","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"misaki-et-al-adaptive-branching-search-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ac26e44a-0316-4e4d-ace4-d9ab012f6231","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c5fd7a0cb08ffbabc313c0d44542562cc8954e0f12d04e20de69af08da2f3814"},"humans":["Kou Misaki","Yuichi Inoue","Yuki Imajuku","So Kuroki","Taishi Nakamura","Takuya Akiba"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Search quality depends on feedback correctness and inference budget, not guaranteed reasoning success.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ac26e44a-0316-4e4d-ace4-d9ab012f6231","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c5fd7a0cb08ffbabc313c0d44542562cc8954e0f12d04e20de69af08da2f3814"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"blattmann-et-al-curated-video-diffusion-2023","title":"Blattmann et al.: staged video-diffusion pretraining and curation","summary":"Systematized image pretraining, large-scale video pretraining and high-quality video fine-tuning, studying captioning/filtering pipelines for transferable latent-video models.","boundary":"Latent diffusion and inserted temporal layers are inherited, including VideoLDM. 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Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2311-15127v1","title":"Stable Video Diffusion: Scaling Latent Video Diffusion Models to Large Datasets","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.15127v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"blattmann-et-al-curated-video-diffusion-2023","entry_id":"blattmann-et-al-curated-video-diffusion-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:428f7193-4d69-4e17-a50d-c16b949fa477","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3fc675a6223fad98dd5252bc9d0265d2be091ec50db12c5de6339e70d0330b41"},"what_changed":"Systematized image pretraining, large-scale video pretraining and high-quality video fine-tuning, studying captioning/filtering pipelines for transferable latent-video models.","scope":"Systematized image pretraining, large-scale video pretraining and high-quality video fine-tuning, studying captioning/filtering pipelines for transferable latent-video models. Latent diffusion and inserted temporal layers are inherited, including VideoLDM. Acquired delta is staged training/data-curation evidence and base resource, not invention of video diffusion. Source benchmark quality is not physical-world simulation fidelity.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:428f7193-4d69-4e17-a50d-c16b949fa477","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3fc675a6223fad98dd5252bc9d0265d2be091ec50db12c5de6339e70d0330b41"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chen-et-al-videocrafter-open-resource-2023","title":"Chen et al.: open text/image-conditioned video-diffusion resource","summary":"Released documented text-to-video and reference-image-conditioned video models, supporting experiments on content-preserving video generation beyond closed commercial tools.","boundary":"Diffusion, latent encoding and image conditioning are inherited. Acquired contribution is the integrated open foundation resource; image-content/style preservation is empirical, not a strict invariant for every prompt/input. First-open-source priority not independently asserted.","area":"Open video-generation model resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"chen-et-al-videocrafter-open-resource-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b7d6710e-a27a-42b9-a38d-4e009227bfb5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c4b552811c3bdebace063d87e03885be9607a0c93d5de17dc4ef73533a221f3"},"humans":["Haoxin Chen","Menghan Xia","Yingqing He","Yong Zhang","Xiaodong Cun","Shaoshu Yang","Jinbo Xing","Yaofang Liu","Qifeng Chen","Xintao Wang","Chao Weng","Ying Shan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2310-19512v1","title":"VideoCrafter1: Open Diffusion Models for High-Quality Video Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.19512v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"chen-et-al-videocrafter-open-resource-2023","entry_id":"chen-et-al-videocrafter-open-resource-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b7d6710e-a27a-42b9-a38d-4e009227bfb5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c4b552811c3bdebace063d87e03885be9607a0c93d5de17dc4ef73533a221f3"},"what_changed":"Released documented text-to-video and reference-image-conditioned video models, supporting experiments on content-preserving video generation beyond closed commercial tools.","scope":"Released documented text-to-video and reference-image-conditioned video models, supporting experiments on content-preserving video generation beyond closed commercial tools. Diffusion, latent encoding and image conditioning are inherited. Acquired contribution is the integrated open foundation resource; image-content/style preservation is empirical, not a strict invariant for every prompt/input. First-open-source priority not independently asserted.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b7d6710e-a27a-42b9-a38d-4e009227bfb5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c4b552811c3bdebace063d87e03885be9607a0c93d5de17dc4ef73533a221f3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"villegas-et-al-phenaki-causal-tokenization-2022","title":"Villegas et al.: causal video tokenization with variable-prompt generation","summary":"Compressed videos with a temporally causal discrete tokenizer and generated tokens with a text-conditioned masked transformer, combining image/text and video/text data for variable-length prompt sequences.","boundary":"Masked generation, transformers and discrete autoencoders are inherited. Variable-length generation is an architectural capability, not arbitrarily long semantic/visual coherence or unlimited compute. Original2022 snapshot controls.","area":"Token-based video-generation architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"villegas-et-al-phenaki-causal-tokenization-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e213f79-6c98-40c5-a085-ec40621a1eef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:88d14c01f4419c9f0386c10ad22877dacfe90369ca4aec6149ee07a37002b2dc"},"humans":["Ruben Villegas","Mohammad Babaeizadeh","Pieter-Jan Kindermans","Hernan Moraldo","Han Zhang","Mohammad Taghi Saffar","Santiago Castro","Julius Kunze","Dumitru Erhan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2210-02399v1","title":"Phenaki: Variable Length Video Generation From Open Domain Textual Description","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02399v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"villegas-et-al-phenaki-causal-tokenization-2022","entry_id":"villegas-et-al-phenaki-causal-tokenization-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e213f79-6c98-40c5-a085-ec40621a1eef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:88d14c01f4419c9f0386c10ad22877dacfe90369ca4aec6149ee07a37002b2dc"},"what_changed":"Compressed videos with a temporally causal discrete tokenizer and generated tokens with a text-conditioned masked transformer, combining image/text and video/text data for variable-length prompt sequences.","scope":"Compressed videos with a temporally causal discrete tokenizer and generated tokens with a text-conditioned masked transformer, combining image/text and video/text data for variable-length prompt sequences. Masked generation, transformers and discrete autoencoders are inherited. Variable-length generation is an architectural capability, not arbitrarily long semantic/visual coherence or unlimited compute. Original2022 snapshot controls.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e213f79-6c98-40c5-a085-ec40621a1eef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:88d14c01f4419c9f0386c10ad22877dacfe90369ca4aec6149ee07a37002b2dc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"movie-gen-team-media-generation-system-2024","title":"Movie Gen Team: integrated video/audio, personalization and editing system","summary":"Scaled flow-matching media models and post-training to combine video synthesis, synchronized audio, reference-based personalization and instruction editing within a documented model cast.","boundary":"Transformers and flow matching are inherited. The cast comprises coordinated specialized models, not one universal all-modality network.96-page report first page/introduction inspected, not a full architecture/experiment audit. Expanded contributor appendix not promoted to named authors; no videos generated.","area":"Media foundation-model integration systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"movie-gen-team-media-generation-system-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf7bd633-422d-4b21-ac3a-b9aeaf8a6dd3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73715d7e75e4c83ff5398d923f187df1615d6db6de88dd76e35f0e8cd44a7252"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2410-13720v1","title":"Movie Gen: A Cast of Media Foundation Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.13720v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"movie-gen-team-media-generation-system-2024","entry_id":"movie-gen-team-media-generation-system-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf7bd633-422d-4b21-ac3a-b9aeaf8a6dd3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73715d7e75e4c83ff5398d923f187df1615d6db6de88dd76e35f0e8cd44a7252"},"what_changed":"Scaled flow-matching media models and post-training to combine video synthesis, synchronized audio, reference-based personalization and instruction editing within a documented model cast.","scope":"Scaled flow-matching media models and post-training to combine video synthesis, synchronized audio, reference-based personalization and instruction editing within a documented model cast. Transformers and flow matching are inherited. The cast comprises coordinated specialized models, not one universal all-modality network.96-page report first page/introduction inspected, not a full architecture/experiment audit. Expanded contributor appendix not promoted to named authors; no videos generated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf7bd633-422d-4b21-ac3a-b9aeaf8a6dd3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73715d7e75e4c83ff5398d923f187df1615d6db6de88dd76e35f0e8cd44a7252"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"qwen-team-dualencoded-text-image-system-2025","title":"Qwen Team: bilingual text-rendering curriculum and dual-encoded image editing","summary":"Combined progressively harder text-rendering training with multitask reconstruction/editing and separate semantic/reconstructive image encodings to align a vision-language encoder with a diffusion transformer.","boundary":"Qwen2.5VL, VAE and MMDiT are inherited. Acquired delta is training/dual-encoding integration and released image resource, not those components' invention. Complex-character benchmarks do not guarantee exact typography or edit preservation on every image.","area":"Image-generation and editing systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"qwen-team-dualencoded-text-image-system-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e4c63ba6-d955-4ac1-a9a7-678ad9033347","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3a2ae5f739e4ea4f14303f5eafcae4406d8d8c0c0dfb1d3e71d0dc2a4159d092"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2508-02324v1","title":"Qwen-Image Technical Report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02324v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"qwen-team-dualencoded-text-image-system-2025","entry_id":"qwen-team-dualencoded-text-image-system-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e4c63ba6-d955-4ac1-a9a7-678ad9033347","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3a2ae5f739e4ea4f14303f5eafcae4406d8d8c0c0dfb1d3e71d0dc2a4159d092"},"what_changed":"Combined progressively harder text-rendering training with multitask reconstruction/editing and separate semantic/reconstructive image encodings to align a vision-language encoder with a diffusion transformer.","scope":"Combined progressively harder text-rendering training with multitask reconstruction/editing and separate semantic/reconstructive image encodings to align a vision-language encoder with a diffusion transformer. Qwen2.5VL, VAE and MMDiT are inherited. Acquired delta is training/dual-encoding integration and released image resource, not those components' invention. Complex-character benchmarks do not guarantee exact typography or edit preservation on every image.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e4c63ba6-d955-4ac1-a9a7-678ad9033347","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3a2ae5f739e4ea4f14303f5eafcae4406d8d8c0c0dfb1d3e71d0dc2a4159d092"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bytedance-seed-joint-audiovisual-generation-2025","title":"ByteDance Seed: joint audio/video diffusion with cross-modal training","summary":"Integrated dual-branch audio/video diffusion with cross-modal coupling, staged data curation and multidimensional post-training rewards to generate synchronized visual and audio sequences.","boundary":"Seedance video backbone, diffusion, RLHF and distillation are inherited. New jointly generated audio is the scoped system delta rather than a mere size/version bump. Lip synchronization and inference speed are source-reported; no audio/video was generated or evaluated here.","area":"Audio-visual generation systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"bytedance-seed-joint-audiovisual-generation-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9040426a-a4cc-4147-a1fa-c8e25edae281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c55ddd57094a20a126a9e14a217fbf754ba6542eeec26981a6cdb46464b1460"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2512-13507v1","title":"Seedance 1.5 pro: A Native Audio-Visual Joint Generation Foundation Model","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.13507v1"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"bytedance-seed-joint-audiovisual-generation-2025","entry_id":"bytedance-seed-joint-audiovisual-generation-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9040426a-a4cc-4147-a1fa-c8e25edae281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c55ddd57094a20a126a9e14a217fbf754ba6542eeec26981a6cdb46464b1460"},"what_changed":"Integrated dual-branch audio/video diffusion with cross-modal coupling, staged data curation and multidimensional post-training rewards to generate synchronized visual and audio sequences.","scope":"Integrated dual-branch audio/video diffusion with cross-modal coupling, staged data curation and multidimensional post-training rewards to generate synchronized visual and audio sequences. Seedance video backbone, diffusion, RLHF and distillation are inherited. New jointly generated audio is the scoped system delta rather than a mere size/version bump. Lip synchronization and inference speed are source-reported; no audio/video was generated or evaluated here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9040426a-a4cc-4147-a1fa-c8e25edae281","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c55ddd57094a20a126a9e14a217fbf754ba6542eeec26981a6cdb46464b1460"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kondratyuk-et-al-videopoet-token-generation-2023","title":"Kondratyuk et al.: autoregressive multimodal video/audio generation","summary":"Trained a decoder-only transformer on mixed multimodal generation objectives over video, image, text and audio representations, then adapted the pretrained model to conditioned video-generation tasks.","boundary":"Autoregressive transformers and pretrained tokenizers are inherited. Acquired delta is unified multimodal training/task integration, not generic next-token modeling. Zero-shot generation in tested settings is not arbitrary-domain or long-horizon consistency.","area":"Multimodal sequence-generation systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"kondratyuk-et-al-videopoet-token-generation-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5320e429-4c97-4b54-a5b8-2eeb1633d06d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc750a800a8b7f0bc3b86ba9404fda69d3d19a1a8deadd84a9ace1537940f6af"},"humans":["Dan Kondratyuk","Lijun Yu","Xiuye Gu","José Lezama","Jonathan Huang","Rachel Hornung","Hartwig Adam","Hassan Akbari","Yair Alon","Vighnesh Birodkar","Yong Cheng","Ming-Chang Chiu","Josh Dillon","Irfan Essa","Agrim Gupta","Meera Hahn","Anja Hauth","David Hendon","Alonso Martinez","David Minnen","David Ross","Grant Schindler","Mikhail Sirotenko","Kihyuk Sohn","Krishna Somandepalli","Huisheng Wang","Jimmy Yan","Ming-Hsuan Yang","Xuan Yang","Bryan Seybold","Lu Jiang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2312-14125v1","title":"VideoPoet: A Large Language Model for Zero-Shot Video Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.14125v1"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"kondratyuk-et-al-videopoet-token-generation-2023","entry_id":"kondratyuk-et-al-videopoet-token-generation-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5320e429-4c97-4b54-a5b8-2eeb1633d06d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc750a800a8b7f0bc3b86ba9404fda69d3d19a1a8deadd84a9ace1537940f6af"},"what_changed":"Trained a decoder-only transformer on mixed multimodal generation objectives over video, image, text and audio representations, then adapted the pretrained model to conditioned video-generation tasks.","scope":"Trained a decoder-only transformer on mixed multimodal generation objectives over video, image, text and audio representations, then adapted the pretrained model to conditioned video-generation tasks. Autoregressive transformers and pretrained tokenizers are inherited. Acquired delta is unified multimodal training/task integration, not generic next-token modeling. Zero-shot generation in tested settings is not arbitrary-domain or long-horizon consistency.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5320e429-4c97-4b54-a5b8-2eeb1633d06d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc750a800a8b7f0bc3b86ba9404fda69d3d19a1a8deadd84a9ace1537940f6af"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tencent-hunyuan-native-image-language-system-2025","title":"Tencent Hunyuan Team: native sparse language/image generation integration","summary":"Extended a sparse language backbone with semantic/latent visual encodings and diffusion image modeling, integrating reasoning-style prompting and progressive multimodal training into an open image-generation resource.","boundary":"HunyuanA13B, Transfusion/JanusFlow-style image diffusion, VAE and vision encoders are explicitly inherited. Image-generation module is public; this does not mean every internally unified capability was released. No largest-model or universal superiority priority asserted.","area":"Unified multimodal image-generation systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"tencent-hunyuan-native-image-language-system-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:767890f7-1163-4a25-ad63-2df589390748","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6e4181c433a572a0256bae0ef6b3d55571e90f3b8fff0c23f174ba3d5370a5f"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2509-23951v1","title":"HunyuanImage 3.0 Technical Report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23951v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"tencent-hunyuan-native-image-language-system-2025","entry_id":"tencent-hunyuan-native-image-language-system-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:767890f7-1163-4a25-ad63-2df589390748","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6e4181c433a572a0256bae0ef6b3d55571e90f3b8fff0c23f174ba3d5370a5f"},"what_changed":"Extended a sparse language backbone with semantic/latent visual encodings and diffusion image modeling, integrating reasoning-style prompting and progressive multimodal training into an open image-generation resource.","scope":"Extended a sparse language backbone with semantic/latent visual encodings and diffusion image modeling, integrating reasoning-style prompting and progressive multimodal training into an open image-generation resource. HunyuanA13B, Transfusion/JanusFlow-style image diffusion, VAE and vision encoders are explicitly inherited. Image-generation module is public; this does not mean every internally unified capability was released. No largest-model or universal superiority priority asserted.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:767890f7-1163-4a25-ad63-2df589390748","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6e4181c433a572a0256bae0ef6b3d55571e90f3b8fff0c23f174ba3d5370a5f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bytedance-seed-multishot-video-system-2025","title":"ByteDance Seed: native multishot video training and accelerated inference","summary":"Jointly trained text-to-video and image-to-video tasks with native multishot support, combining curated caption data, video-specific post-training rewards and multistage inference distillation.","boundary":"Diffusion, RLHF and distillation have predecessors. Acquired delta is documented multishot/task integration, not the later Seedance1.5 native-audio system. Source-specific speed/leaderboard figures are not exported as current or universal results.","area":"Video foundation-model training systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"bytedance-seed-multishot-video-system-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e8baa74b-8678-44cf-a774-d41f4dd87cc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e0666d4c72fcba37876bc5910680da116d53d1e8c1810b9792e54d457a672e0"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2506-09113v1","title":"Seedance 1.0: Exploring the Boundaries of Video Generation Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.09113v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"bytedance-seed-multishot-video-system-2025","entry_id":"bytedance-seed-multishot-video-system-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e8baa74b-8678-44cf-a774-d41f4dd87cc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e0666d4c72fcba37876bc5910680da116d53d1e8c1810b9792e54d457a672e0"},"what_changed":"Jointly trained text-to-video and image-to-video tasks with native multishot support, combining curated caption data, video-specific post-training rewards and multistage inference distillation.","scope":"Jointly trained text-to-video and image-to-video tasks with native multishot support, combining curated caption data, video-specific post-training rewards and multistage inference distillation. Diffusion, RLHF and distillation have predecessors. Acquired delta is documented multishot/task integration, not the later Seedance1.5 native-audio system. Source-specific speed/leaderboard figures are not exported as current or universal results.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e8baa74b-8678-44cf-a774-d41f4dd87cc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e0666d4c72fcba37876bc5910680da116d53d1e8c1810b9792e54d457a672e0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-et-al-modelscope-temporal-video-resource-2023","title":"Wang et al.: mixed image/video latent diffusion baseline","summary":"Added spatiotemporal blocks to a pretrained latent image model and used variable-frame joint image/video training, releasing a reproducible text-to-video baseline.","boundary":"StableDiffusion, VQGAN, text encoders and temporal modeling are inherited. Acquired contribution is documented integration/resource and mixed-frame training, not invention of latent diffusion or all video generation.","area":"Open text-to-video training resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"wang-et-al-modelscope-temporal-video-resource-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fa776196-2025-43fa-a3ef-28edaca28604","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:932d2f101e53e5ed53ead3a87758ffa353c7e0449e5a706966190dcd0ca2a088"},"humans":["Jiuniu Wang","Hangjie Yuan","Dayou Chen","Yingya Zhang","Xiang Wang","Shiwei Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2308-06571v1","title":"ModelScope Text-to-Video Technical Report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.06571v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"wang-et-al-modelscope-temporal-video-resource-2023","entry_id":"wang-et-al-modelscope-temporal-video-resource-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fa776196-2025-43fa-a3ef-28edaca28604","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:932d2f101e53e5ed53ead3a87758ffa353c7e0449e5a706966190dcd0ca2a088"},"what_changed":"Added spatiotemporal blocks to a pretrained latent image model and used variable-frame joint image/video training, releasing a reproducible text-to-video baseline.","scope":"Added spatiotemporal blocks to a pretrained latent image model and used variable-frame joint image/video training, releasing a reproducible text-to-video baseline. StableDiffusion, VQGAN, text encoders and temporal modeling are inherited. Acquired contribution is documented integration/resource and mixed-frame training, not invention of latent diffusion or all video generation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fa776196-2025-43fa-a3ef-28edaca28604","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:932d2f101e53e5ed53ead3a87758ffa353c7e0449e5a706966190dcd0ca2a088"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"blattmann-et-al-temporal-latent-alignment-2023","title":"Blattmann et al.: temporal alignment of image diffusion and upsamplers","summary":"Inserted and trained temporal components in pretrained image latent-diffusion models and upsamplers, reusing spatial weights for coherent higher-resolution video and personalized-model transfer.","boundary":"Image latent diffusion and upsampling are inherited. Later StableVideoDiffusion curation/staged-training study is distinct. Transfer is tested within compatible model families, not all image generators or physically accurate driving simulation.","area":"Latent video-generation architecture adaptation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"blattmann-et-al-temporal-latent-alignment-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03e7c0fb-c3ac-43f6-a234-f0f0ac4f72c9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e68998085a89d93822b106ac16da72b948401ca2b726198af5dc865f7fa98765"},"humans":["Andreas Blattmann","Robin Rombach","Huan Ling","Tim Dockhorn","Seung Wook Kim","Sanja Fidler","Karsten Kreis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2304-08818v1","title":"Align your Latents: High-Resolution Video Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.08818v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"blattmann-et-al-temporal-latent-alignment-2023","entry_id":"blattmann-et-al-temporal-latent-alignment-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03e7c0fb-c3ac-43f6-a234-f0f0ac4f72c9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e68998085a89d93822b106ac16da72b948401ca2b726198af5dc865f7fa98765"},"what_changed":"Inserted and trained temporal components in pretrained image latent-diffusion models and upsamplers, reusing spatial weights for coherent higher-resolution video and personalized-model transfer.","scope":"Inserted and trained temporal components in pretrained image latent-diffusion models and upsamplers, reusing spatial weights for coherent higher-resolution video and personalized-model transfer. Image latent diffusion and upsampling are inherited. Later StableVideoDiffusion curation/staged-training study is distinct. Transfer is tested within compatible model families, not all image generators or physically accurate driving simulation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03e7c0fb-c3ac-43f6-a234-f0f0ac4f72c9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e68998085a89d93822b106ac16da72b948401ca2b726198af5dc865f7fa98765"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"guo-et-al-animatediff-motion-adapter-2023","title":"Guo et al.: transferable motion modules for personalized diffusion models","summary":"Trained a motion module on video while freezing a base text-to-image model, then inserted that module into compatible personalized variants to animate them without variant-specific video tuning.","boundary":"Diffusion, DreamBooth, LoRA and temporal attention are inherited. No-specific-tuning means no extra tuning for each compatible derived model, not no initial motion training or universal compatibility. First two pages inspected.","area":"Personalized video-generation adapters","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"guo-et-al-animatediff-motion-adapter-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7769494-2786-4f71-acf2-d534a8e4bdac","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3737456d48afd4799383a59bf8f4b45d2a2d364fead8628a5c963d37a6c173a6"},"humans":["Yuwei Guo","Ceyuan Yang","Anyi Rao","Yaohui Wang","Yu Qiao","Dahua Lin","Bo Dai"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2307-04725v1","title":"AnimateDiff: Animate Your Personalized Text-to-Image Diffusion Models without Specific Tuning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.04725v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"guo-et-al-animatediff-motion-adapter-2023","entry_id":"guo-et-al-animatediff-motion-adapter-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7769494-2786-4f71-acf2-d534a8e4bdac","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3737456d48afd4799383a59bf8f4b45d2a2d364fead8628a5c963d37a6c173a6"},"what_changed":"Trained a motion module on video while freezing a base text-to-image model, then inserted that module into compatible personalized variants to animate them without variant-specific video tuning.","scope":"Trained a motion module on video while freezing a base text-to-image model, then inserted that module into compatible personalized variants to animate them without variant-specific video tuning. Diffusion, DreamBooth, LoRA and temporal attention are inherited. No-specific-tuning means no extra tuning for each compatible derived model, not no initial motion training or universal compatibility. First two pages inspected.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7769494-2786-4f71-acf2-d534a8e4bdac","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3737456d48afd4799383a59bf8f4b45d2a2d364fead8628a5c963d37a6c173a6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zimage-team-efficient-singlestream-system-2025","title":"Z-Image Team: efficient single-stream image-generation training resource","summary":"Integrated a scalable single-stream diffusion transformer, curated training curriculum, few-step distillation and reward post-training into an accessible image-generation/editing model family.","boundary":"Single-stream diffusion, distillation and reward training have predecessors. Acquired delta is documented efficient training/deployment resource, not invention of every component. Hardware cost estimates and sub-second latency are historical/source-specific; Turbo/Edit variants bundled.","area":"Efficient image foundation-model systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"zimage-team-efficient-singlestream-system-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9c921ac8-9d2f-44c1-a078-cd66348751ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3fcfa6c78ff22338e8687403a6c2f24a00a66ba6d262a6e62b9129eb7957a842"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2511-22699v1","title":"Z-Image: An Efficient Image Generation Foundation Model with Single-Stream Diffusion Transformer","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.22699v1"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"zimage-team-efficient-singlestream-system-2025","entry_id":"zimage-team-efficient-singlestream-system-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9c921ac8-9d2f-44c1-a078-cd66348751ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3fcfa6c78ff22338e8687403a6c2f24a00a66ba6d262a6e62b9129eb7957a842"},"what_changed":"Integrated a scalable single-stream diffusion transformer, curated training curriculum, few-step distillation and reward post-training into an accessible image-generation/editing model family.","scope":"Integrated a scalable single-stream diffusion transformer, curated training curriculum, few-step distillation and reward post-training into an accessible image-generation/editing model family. Single-stream diffusion, distillation and reward training have predecessors. Acquired delta is documented efficient training/deployment resource, not invention of every component. Hardware cost estimates and sub-second latency are historical/source-specific; Turbo/Edit variants bundled.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9c921ac8-9d2f-44c1-a078-cd66348751ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3fcfa6c78ff22338e8687403a6c2f24a00a66ba6d262a6e62b9129eb7957a842"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"girdhar-et-al-imagefactorized-video-generation-2023","title":"Girdhar et al.: explicit image-first factorization of text-to-video generation","summary":"First generated an image from text, then generated a video conditioned on both that image and the prompt, using adjusted noise schedules and staged training rather than a deep model cascade.","boundary":"Text/image diffusion and image conditioning are inherited. Acquired delta is explicit factorization/training design, not generic video diffusion. Blind human preference results are scoped to tested comparisons and do not establish universal coherence or current rankings.","area":"Factorized video-generation methods","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"girdhar-et-al-imagefactorized-video-generation-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b28945e9-57ed-4de9-ab62-89051eace234","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc21b3148580d6ebbff648633a7869704ab95bd502a5ffd12ff2c96ebfb13f38"},"humans":["Rohit Girdhar","Mannat Singh","Andrew Brown","Quentin Duval","Samaneh Azadi","Sai Saketh Rambhatla","Akbar Shah","Xi Yin","Devi Parikh","Ishan Misra"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2311-10709v1","title":"Emu Video: Factorizing Text-to-Video Generation by Explicit Image Conditioning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.10709v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"girdhar-et-al-imagefactorized-video-generation-2023","entry_id":"girdhar-et-al-imagefactorized-video-generation-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b28945e9-57ed-4de9-ab62-89051eace234","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc21b3148580d6ebbff648633a7869704ab95bd502a5ffd12ff2c96ebfb13f38"},"what_changed":"First generated an image from text, then generated a video conditioned on both that image and the prompt, using adjusted noise schedules and staged training rather than a deep model cascade.","scope":"First generated an image from text, then generated a video conditioned on both that image and the prompt, using adjusted noise schedules and staged training rather than a deep model cascade. Text/image diffusion and image conditioning are inherited. Acquired delta is explicit factorization/training design, not generic video diffusion. Blind human preference results are scoped to tested comparisons and do not establish universal coherence or current rankings.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b28945e9-57ed-4de9-ab62-89051eace234","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc21b3148580d6ebbff648633a7869704ab95bd502a5ffd12ff2c96ebfb13f38"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"blackforestlabs-kontext-image-sequence-editing-2025","title":"Black Forest Labs: concatenated-context image generation and iterative editing","summary":"Used text/image semantic context through sequence concatenation in a flow-matching model to unify local and generative editing, introducing a benchmark for single-turn quality and multi-turn consistency.","boundary":"Flow matching, multimodal transformers and prior inpainting/editing are inherited. Acquired delta is in-context integration/evaluation resource, not first image editing or perfect character preservation. Noncommercial/open-weight and proprietary variants are not conflated.","area":"In-context image-generation/editing systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"blackforestlabs-kontext-image-sequence-editing-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a913f68-dbd7-49b3-a4ed-76db0a0dc35c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5eb959fc8c479ac445ed464c94b546a7b6255c3055e30aec75c79f81b2217856"},"humans":["Stephen Batifol","Andreas Blattmann","Frederic Boesel","Saksham Consul","Cyril Diagne","Tim Dockhorn","Jack English","Zion English","Patrick Esser","Sumith Kulal","Kyle Lacey","Yam Levi","Cheng Li","Dominik Lorenz","Jonas Müller","Dustin Podell","Robin Rombach","Harry Saini","Axel Sauer","Luke Smith"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2506-15742v1","title":"FLUX.1 Kontext: Flow Matching for In-Context Image Generation and Editing in Latent Space","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15742v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-support-blackforestlabs-kontext-image-sequence-editing-2025","title":"Black Forest Labs: concatenated-context image generation and iterative editing — institutional account","url":"https://bfl.ai/blog/flux-1-kontext"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"blackforestlabs-kontext-image-sequence-editing-2025","entry_id":"blackforestlabs-kontext-image-sequence-editing-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a913f68-dbd7-49b3-a4ed-76db0a0dc35c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5eb959fc8c479ac445ed464c94b546a7b6255c3055e30aec75c79f81b2217856"},"what_changed":"Used text/image semantic context through sequence concatenation in a flow-matching model to unify local and generative editing, introducing a benchmark for single-turn quality and multi-turn consistency.","scope":"Used text/image semantic context through sequence concatenation in a flow-matching model to unify local and generative editing, introducing a benchmark for single-turn quality and multi-turn consistency. Flow matching, multimodal transformers and prior inpainting/editing are inherited. Acquired delta is in-context integration/evaluation resource, not first image editing or perfect character preservation. Noncommercial/open-weight and proprietary variants are not conflated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a913f68-dbd7-49b3-a4ed-76db0a0dc35c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5eb959fc8c479ac445ed464c94b546a7b6255c3055e30aec75c79f81b2217856"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"esser-et-al-depthguided-video-editing-2023","title":"Esser et al.: depth-controlled structure/content video diffusion","summary":"Conditioned video diffusion on adjustable-detail monocular depth and text/image content, jointly training on images/videos to balance structural fidelity and desired edits.","boundary":"Latent diffusion, depth estimation and text/image guidance are inherited. Structure/content disentanglement is an empirical control mechanism, not guaranteed independent causal factors. This original Gen1 method is distinct from later Runway launch/marketing claims.","area":"Guided video-synthesis methods","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"esser-et-al-depthguided-video-editing-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:95424047-3c76-454e-a16d-02a7f6d9a333","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d6b24d6bef5ce7310fda5bd219ef5479c982e079c02422d5edfc95f55c841f1"},"humans":["Patrick Esser","Johnathan Chiu","Parmida Atighehchian","Jonathan Granskog","Anastasis Germanidis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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This original Gen1 method is distinct from later Runway launch/marketing claims.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:95424047-3c76-454e-a16d-02a7f6d9a333","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d6b24d6bef5ce7310fda5bd219ef5479c982e079c02422d5edfc95f55c841f1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bytedance-seed-bilingual-multimodal-image-system-2025","title":"ByteDance Seed: bilingual and multimodal image-generation training system","summary":"Developed bilingual text/image encoding and glyph-aware training, extended the pipeline with defect-aware sampling and accelerated generation, and integrated text generation, image editing and multi-image composition.","boundary":"One contribution-level family package, not three release-name entries. 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One contribution-level family package, not three release-name entries. Glyph-aligned ByT5, RoPE, representation alignment, distillation, quantization and speculative decoding are inherited. Acquired deltas are bilingual data/encoding integration, explicitly described acceleration/training and unified multi-image generation/editing. Front collective aliases differ; named authors/appendices remain incomplete here. Resolution, speed and aesthetic results are source-specific and not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c735f83-6de0-44f5-a422-c5b9204cc676","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:118e88d5890d031768a2db7567a304c18a79c31aab19273abbf27ad958d06454"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chefer-et-al-selfsupervised-dualtime-flow-2026","title":"Chefer et al.: dual-noise self-supervised representation learning within flow models","summary":"Applied different noise levels across token subsets and matched mixed-input features to a cleaner internal target, combining representation prediction with standard flow loss without an externally pretrained representation teacher.","boundary":"Flow matching, denoising and self-supervised alignment have predecessors, including independently noised sequence tokens. Scoped delta is dual-noise internal feature prediction combined with flow training, not invention of arbitrary heterogeneous noise. No external teacher encoder does not mean no training data, text supervision, autoencoder or extra forward cost. Report/index/arXiv dates differ; no exact first-disclosure-day priority inferred.","area":"Self-supervised generative-model training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chefer-et-al-selfsupervised-dualtime-flow-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07d1c8d9-9772-4527-a259-9d3858232429","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:846c8766100e411827b4558963a375fa23752a07f50727c0c7343ddabfb5095a"},"humans":["Hila Chefer","Patrick Esser","Dominik Lorenz","Dustin Podell","Vikash Raja","Vinh Tong","Antonio Torralba","Robin Rombach"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2603-06507v1","title":"Self-Supervised Flow Matching for Scalable Multi-Modal Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.06507v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-self-flow-project","title":"Self-Flow — original Black Forest Labs project","url":"https://bfl.ai/research/self-flow"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"chefer-et-al-selfsupervised-dualtime-flow-2026","entry_id":"chefer-et-al-selfsupervised-dualtime-flow-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07d1c8d9-9772-4527-a259-9d3858232429","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:846c8766100e411827b4558963a375fa23752a07f50727c0c7343ddabfb5095a"},"what_changed":"Applied different noise levels across token subsets and matched mixed-input features to a cleaner internal target, combining representation prediction with standard flow loss without an externally pretrained representation teacher.","scope":"Applied different noise levels across token subsets and matched mixed-input features to a cleaner internal target, combining representation prediction with standard flow loss without an externally pretrained representation teacher. Flow matching, denoising and self-supervised alignment have predecessors, including independently noised sequence tokens. Scoped delta is dual-noise internal feature prediction combined with flow training, not invention of arbitrary heterogeneous noise. No external teacher encoder does not mean no training data, text supervision, autoencoder or extra forward cost. Report/index/arXiv dates differ; no exact first-disclosure-day priority inferred.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07d1c8d9-9772-4527-a259-9d3858232429","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:846c8766100e411827b4558963a375fa23752a07f50727c0c7343ddabfb5095a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"blackforestlabs-latent-representation-comparison-2025","title":"Black Forest Labs: controlled latent-representation learnability/fidelity comparison","summary":"Compared semantic and perceptual autoencoder spaces under mostly controlled flow-training settings, varying noise/sampling schedules and assessing reconstruction fidelity, compression and generative learnability.","boundary":"Institutional empirical study, not proof of an optimal universal latent space or independent replay. DiT/SiT, flow matching, VAE/RAE and timestep shifts are inherited. Comparisons depend on chosen autoencoders,256pxImageNet, schedule search and evaluation budget; scores do not imply every full FLUX2 product capability. Individual study authors not resolved.","area":"Latent generative-model evaluation studies","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"blackforestlabs-latent-representation-comparison-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66ebd87f-1dd2-4f3c-a495-a74d3cafe23e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d206501b1ee79cc85fcf1e9511979654204336e76f4176eedaa2b022945b3bec"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Institutional empirical study, not proof of an optimal universal latent space or independent replay. DiT/SiT, flow matching, VAE/RAE and timestep shifts are inherited. Comparisons depend on chosen autoencoders,256pxImageNet, schedule search and evaluation budget; scores do not imply every full FLUX2 product capability. Individual study authors not resolved.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66ebd87f-1dd2-4f3c-a495-a74d3cafe23e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d206501b1ee79cc85fcf1e9511979654204336e76f4176eedaa2b022945b3bec"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yu-et-al-representation-alignment-diffusion-2024","title":"REPA: external representation alignment for diffusion-transformer training","summary":"Aligned projected noisy-input hidden features with clean-image features from a pretrained visual encoder as an auxiliary loss for diffusion and flow transformers.","boundary":"External representation pretraining and ordinary denoising/flow objectives are inherited. Reported training-step savings depend on the baseline, target metric and setup; they are not end-to-end compute savings including the teacher's pretraining or universal convergence guarantees.","area":"Generative-model training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yu-et-al-representation-alignment-diffusion-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64c4532a-180e-4964-a734-f0546df9dad3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d84507ee434912c3f11279ed7c6864baa0c528ba0289f1a43b5baf4d95f3d6b9"},"humans":["Sihyun Yu","Sangkyung Kwak","Huiwon Jang","Jongheon Jeong","Jonathan Huang","Jinwoo Shin","Saining Xie"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2410-06940v1","title":"Representation Alignment for Generation: Training Diffusion Transformers Is Easier Than You Think","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.06940v1"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"yu-et-al-representation-alignment-diffusion-2024","entry_id":"yu-et-al-representation-alignment-diffusion-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64c4532a-180e-4964-a734-f0546df9dad3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d84507ee434912c3f11279ed7c6864baa0c528ba0289f1a43b5baf4d95f3d6b9"},"what_changed":"Aligned projected noisy-input hidden features with clean-image features from a pretrained visual encoder as an auxiliary loss for diffusion and flow transformers.","scope":"Aligned projected noisy-input hidden features with clean-image features from a pretrained visual encoder as an auxiliary loss for diffusion and flow transformers. External representation pretraining and ordinary denoising/flow objectives are inherited. Reported training-step savings depend on the baseline, target metric and setup; they are not end-to-end compute savings including the teacher's pretraining or universal convergence guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64c4532a-180e-4964-a734-f0546df9dad3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d84507ee434912c3f11279ed7c6864baa0c528ba0289f1a43b5baf4d95f3d6b9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zheng-et-al-representation-autoencoder-diffusion-2025","title":"Representation autoencoders: semantic latent spaces for diffusion transformers","summary":"Paired frozen pretrained representation encoders with trained decoders and adapted diffusion training to high-dimensional semantic latents using width, noise-schedule and decoder-robustness changes.","boundary":"Inherits pretrained DINO/SigLIP/MAE encoders, diffusion transformers, alignment work and prior DDT inspiration. Acquired delta is the RAE integration/design study; no universal default/optimality claim or independently certified theorem. Extra teacher pretraining and decoder training remain costs.","area":"Latent generative modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zheng-et-al-representation-autoencoder-diffusion-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af6414c4-6822-4685-a486-582465c50215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ec8efbb470c28af151f25d0f0cc414fb9e77bfc29b5ed3c82abd58367879aa2"},"humans":["Boyang Zheng","Nanye Ma","Shengbang Tong","Saining Xie"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2510-11690v1","title":"Diffusion Transformers with Representation Autoencoders","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11690v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"zheng-et-al-representation-autoencoder-diffusion-2025","entry_id":"zheng-et-al-representation-autoencoder-diffusion-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af6414c4-6822-4685-a486-582465c50215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ec8efbb470c28af151f25d0f0cc414fb9e77bfc29b5ed3c82abd58367879aa2"},"what_changed":"Paired frozen pretrained representation encoders with trained decoders and adapted diffusion training to high-dimensional semantic latents using width, noise-schedule and decoder-robustness changes.","scope":"Paired frozen pretrained representation encoders with trained decoders and adapted diffusion training to high-dimensional semantic latents using width, noise-schedule and decoder-robustness changes. Inherits pretrained DINO/SigLIP/MAE encoders, diffusion transformers, alignment work and prior DDT inspiration. Acquired delta is the RAE integration/design study; no universal default/optimality claim or independently certified theorem. Extra teacher pretraining and decoder training remain costs.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af6414c4-6822-4685-a486-582465c50215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ec8efbb470c28af151f25d0f0cc414fb9e77bfc29b5ed3c82abd58367879aa2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chen-et-al-diffusion-forcing-2024","title":"Diffusion Forcing: independently noised token sequences with causal generation","summary":"Trained a causal denoising sequence model with independent per-token noise levels, permitting variable-horizon generation, guidance and planning within one training/sampling framework.","boundary":"Inherits diffusion, teacher forcing and planning. The paper's conditional variational-bound result is source-reported, not proof-audited here. Long-rollout examples do not guarantee indefinite physical fidelity, bounded control error or all-environment planning.","area":"Sequence generative modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chen-et-al-diffusion-forcing-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c853491-9f23-47cf-afdf-ed6c099fd763","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b9453a29222d0d7225118d9e7b7d327b65ed5275fb6c91f6e3610275b48ab965"},"humans":["Boyuan Chen","Diego Martí Monsó","Yilun Du","Max Simchowitz","Russ Tedrake","Vincent Sitzmann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2407-01392v1","title":"Diffusion Forcing: Next-token Prediction Meets Full-Sequence Diffusion","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.01392v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"chen-et-al-diffusion-forcing-2024","entry_id":"chen-et-al-diffusion-forcing-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c853491-9f23-47cf-afdf-ed6c099fd763","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b9453a29222d0d7225118d9e7b7d327b65ed5275fb6c91f6e3610275b48ab965"},"what_changed":"Trained a causal denoising sequence model with independent per-token noise levels, permitting variable-horizon generation, guidance and planning within one training/sampling framework.","scope":"Trained a causal denoising sequence model with independent per-token noise levels, permitting variable-horizon generation, guidance and planning within one training/sampling framework. Inherits diffusion, teacher forcing and planning. The paper's conditional variational-bound result is source-reported, not proof-audited here. Long-rollout examples do not guarantee indefinite physical fidelity, bounded control error or all-environment planning.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c853491-9f23-47cf-afdf-ed6c099fd763","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b9453a29222d0d7225118d9e7b7d327b65ed5275fb6c91f6e3610275b48ab965"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhou-et-al-transfusion-2024","title":"Transfusion: mixed discrete-token prediction and continuous-image diffusion","summary":"Trained one transformer on interleaved text and continuous image latents with next-token text loss, image diffusion loss and causal-text/bidirectional-image attention.","boundary":"Not first multimodal modeling or diffusion. Acquired delta is the joint recipe/controlled integration, not a claim of information-lossless pixels: image encoding and patch compression remain. Controlled Chameleon-style comparisons are not blanket superiority over every trained model.","area":"Unified multimodal generative modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhou-et-al-transfusion-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e9a14e7-7cb4-4eb8-a3f8-4e5c62c321e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68fb84f2a3c0d08329e3ea4864a53ca505813cf17689a4038d5e306e96e42182"},"humans":["Chunting Zhou","Lili Yu","Arun Babu","Kushal Tirumala","Michihiro Yasunaga","Leonid Shamis","Jacob Kahn","Xuezhe Ma","Luke Zettlemoyer","Omer Levy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2408-11039v1","title":"Transfusion: Predict the Next Token and Diffuse Images with One Multi-Modal Model","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.11039v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"zhou-et-al-transfusion-2024","entry_id":"zhou-et-al-transfusion-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e9a14e7-7cb4-4eb8-a3f8-4e5c62c321e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68fb84f2a3c0d08329e3ea4864a53ca505813cf17689a4038d5e306e96e42182"},"what_changed":"Trained one transformer on interleaved text and continuous image latents with next-token text loss, image diffusion loss and causal-text/bidirectional-image attention.","scope":"Trained one transformer on interleaved text and continuous image latents with next-token text loss, image diffusion loss and causal-text/bidirectional-image attention. Not first multimodal modeling or diffusion. Acquired delta is the joint recipe/controlled integration, not a claim of information-lossless pixels: image encoding and patch compression remain. Controlled Chameleon-style comparisons are not blanket superiority over every trained model.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e9a14e7-7cb4-4eb8-a3f8-4e5c62c321e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68fb84f2a3c0d08329e3ea4864a53ca505813cf17689a4038d5e306e96e42182"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wu-et-al-janus-decoupled-visual-encoding-2024","title":"Janus: separate visual encoders in a unified multimodal transformer","summary":"Decoupled semantic-understanding and image-generation visual encoders while retaining a shared autoregressive transformer, reducing the empirically observed representation tradeoff.","boundary":"Inherits multimodal autoregression, discrete image tokenization and pretrained visual/LLM components. No proof that every shared encoder must fail; original Janus is separate from later flow alignment, while ordinary Pro model scaling is not another invention.","area":"Unified visual understanding and generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wu-et-al-janus-decoupled-visual-encoding-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d8bb44b-e8b0-4471-aaae-764c17eee74a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba255f9923afa9a983ea57bcc4c8d4404757de644b59d9fa0cce4c52ba620d6c"},"humans":["Chengyue Wu","Xiaokang Chen","Zhiyu Wu","Yiyang Ma","Xingchao Liu","Zizheng Pan","Wen Liu","Zhenda Xie","Xingkai Yu","Chong Ruan","Ping Luo"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2410-13848v1","title":"Janus: Decoupling Visual Encoding for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.13848v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"wu-et-al-janus-decoupled-visual-encoding-2024","entry_id":"wu-et-al-janus-decoupled-visual-encoding-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d8bb44b-e8b0-4471-aaae-764c17eee74a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba255f9923afa9a983ea57bcc4c8d4404757de644b59d9fa0cce4c52ba620d6c"},"what_changed":"Decoupled semantic-understanding and image-generation visual encoders while retaining a shared autoregressive transformer, reducing the empirically observed representation tradeoff.","scope":"Decoupled semantic-understanding and image-generation visual encoders while retaining a shared autoregressive transformer, reducing the empirically observed representation tradeoff. Inherits multimodal autoregression, discrete image tokenization and pretrained visual/LLM components. No proof that every shared encoder must fail; original Janus is separate from later flow alignment, while ordinary Pro model scaling is not another invention.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d8bb44b-e8b0-4471-aaae-764c17eee74a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba255f9923afa9a983ea57bcc4c8d4404757de644b59d9fa0cce4c52ba620d6c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ma-et-al-janusflow-2024","title":"JanusFlow: decoupled visual encoders with rectified-flow and representation alignment","summary":"Integrated rectified-flow image generation with an autoregressive language backbone, retaining separate understanding/generation encoders and aligning intermediate representations during training.","boundary":"Inherits Janus encoder decoupling, rectified flow and unified transformer predecessors. Delta is the stated flow/alignment integration, not invention of autoregression-plus-diffusion or representation alignment. Benchmark advantages are source-specific, not independently replayed.","area":"Unified multimodal generative modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ma-et-al-janusflow-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b257746b-9f71-4faf-a9a8-79043aa1a064","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:585df78d1ad7acdf8d051290a965076d777b97873edcfd4838bbcaa041055bd8"},"humans":["Yiyang Ma","Xingchao Liu","Xiaokang Chen","Wen Liu","Chenyue Wu","Zhiyu Wu","Zizheng Pan","Zhenda Xie","Haowei Zhang","Xingkai Yu","Liang Zhao","Yisong Wang","Jiaying Liu","Chong Ruan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2411-07975v1","title":"JanusFlow: Harmonizing Autoregression and Rectified Flow for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07975v1"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"ma-et-al-janusflow-2024","entry_id":"ma-et-al-janusflow-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b257746b-9f71-4faf-a9a8-79043aa1a064","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:585df78d1ad7acdf8d051290a965076d777b97873edcfd4838bbcaa041055bd8"},"what_changed":"Integrated rectified-flow image generation with an autoregressive language backbone, retaining separate understanding/generation encoders and aligning intermediate representations during training.","scope":"Integrated rectified-flow image generation with an autoregressive language backbone, retaining separate understanding/generation encoders and aligning intermediate representations during training. Inherits Janus encoder decoupling, rectified flow and unified transformer predecessors. Delta is the stated flow/alignment integration, not invention of autoregression-plus-diffusion or representation alignment. Benchmark advantages are source-specific, not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b257746b-9f71-4faf-a9a8-79043aa1a064","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:585df78d1ad7acdf8d051290a965076d777b97873edcfd4838bbcaa041055bd8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"deng-et-al-bagel-unified-multimodal-pretraining-2025","title":"BAGEL: interleaved multimodal pretraining with shared-attention transformer experts","summary":"Combined two modality-specific transformer experts and distinct visual encoders with shared self-attention, training on curated interleaved text/image/video/web data and releasing a unified understanding/generation system.","boundary":"Explicitly inherits Qwen2.5, rectified flow, modality-expert and integrated-transformer predecessors. Acquisition is the concrete integrated system/data protocol, not invention of all multimodal experts. Qualitative navigation/3D editing is not validated physical simulation or general autonomy.","area":"Unified multimodal systems and resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"deng-et-al-bagel-unified-multimodal-pretraining-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b4379b2-415a-41b7-a130-406233ce27f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22d66f0fc7fa57b6d9c23c7f97553b79b29f7c541367e72b114bdeeb46d98521"},"humans":["Chaorui Deng","Deyao Zhu","Kunchang Li","Chenhui Gou","Feng Li","Zeyu Wang","Shu Zhong","Weihao Yu","Xiaonan Nie","Ziang Song","Guang Shi","Haoqi Fan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2505-14683v1","title":"Emerging Properties in Unified Multimodal Pretraining","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.14683v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"deng-et-al-bagel-unified-multimodal-pretraining-2025","entry_id":"deng-et-al-bagel-unified-multimodal-pretraining-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b4379b2-415a-41b7-a130-406233ce27f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22d66f0fc7fa57b6d9c23c7f97553b79b29f7c541367e72b114bdeeb46d98521"},"what_changed":"Combined two modality-specific transformer experts and distinct visual encoders with shared self-attention, training on curated interleaved text/image/video/web data and releasing a unified understanding/generation system.","scope":"Combined two modality-specific transformer experts and distinct visual encoders with shared self-attention, training on curated interleaved text/image/video/web data and releasing a unified understanding/generation system. Explicitly inherits Qwen2.5, rectified flow, modality-expert and integrated-transformer predecessors. Acquisition is the concrete integrated system/data protocol, not invention of all multimodal experts. Qualitative navigation/3D editing is not validated physical simulation or general autonomy.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b4379b2-415a-41b7-a130-406233ce27f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22d66f0fc7fa57b6d9c23c7f97553b79b29f7c541367e72b114bdeeb46d98521"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chameleon-team-early-fusion-multimodal-2024","title":"Chameleon: early-fusion mixed-modal transformer training","summary":"Developed stable early-fusion training and mixed-modal alignment for a transformer generating interleaved discrete image/text tokens, with architectural normalization changes and a long-form mixed-modal evaluation.","boundary":"Inherits autoregression, visual tokenization and transformer normalization. Acquired delta is the concrete stable-training/evaluation system, not first multimodal tokens or invention of QK normalization. Human preference comparisons use tested prompts/baselines and do not establish universal dominance.","area":"Unified multimodal systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chameleon-team-early-fusion-multimodal-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ac3b965-ae89-4cd7-aaf9-43fd50c14636","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43ea6f19c0a49ea1c2d4584d94c5db3ed2b145c19b324865d2450a648cf55afa"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2405-09818v1","title":"Chameleon: Mixed-Modal Early-Fusion Foundation Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.09818v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"chameleon-team-early-fusion-multimodal-2024","entry_id":"chameleon-team-early-fusion-multimodal-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ac3b965-ae89-4cd7-aaf9-43fd50c14636","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43ea6f19c0a49ea1c2d4584d94c5db3ed2b145c19b324865d2450a648cf55afa"},"what_changed":"Developed stable early-fusion training and mixed-modal alignment for a transformer generating interleaved discrete image/text tokens, with architectural normalization changes and a long-form mixed-modal evaluation.","scope":"Developed stable early-fusion training and mixed-modal alignment for a transformer generating interleaved discrete image/text tokens, with architectural normalization changes and a long-form mixed-modal evaluation. Inherits autoregression, visual tokenization and transformer normalization. Acquired delta is the concrete stable-training/evaluation system, not first multimodal tokens or invention of QK normalization. Human preference comparisons use tested prompts/baselines and do not establish universal dominance.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ac3b965-ae89-4cd7-aaf9-43fd50c14636","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43ea6f19c0a49ea1c2d4584d94c5db3ed2b145c19b324865d2450a648cf55afa"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wortsman-et-al-model-soups-2022","title":"Model soups: averaging independently fine-tuned models from a common initialization","summary":"Studied uniform and validation-greedy weight averaging across independently fine-tuned models from a shared pretrained initialization, retaining a single-model inference footprint.","boundary":"Inherits weight averaging and low-error-basin observations. Fine-tuning sweeps and validation selection still cost compute; no extra inference cost does not mean free training. No guarantee for arbitrary independently initialized models, architectures, basins or every downstream task.","area":"Model merging","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wortsman-et-al-model-soups-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1088e79-b191-4bbc-a70d-03cf4d2eb11d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d47a0f09f50ca05274dc392b0abb739c062b27647880d596f9ba5c1471c5dd9"},"humans":["Mitchell Wortsman","Gabriel Ilharco","Samir Yitzhak Gadre","Rebecca Roelofs","Raphael Gontijo-Lopes","Ari S. Morcos","Hongseok Namkoong","Ali Farhadi","Yair Carmon","Simon Kornblith","Ludwig Schmidt"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2203-05482v1","title":"Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine-tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference time","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.05482v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"wortsman-et-al-model-soups-2022","entry_id":"wortsman-et-al-model-soups-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1088e79-b191-4bbc-a70d-03cf4d2eb11d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d47a0f09f50ca05274dc392b0abb739c062b27647880d596f9ba5c1471c5dd9"},"what_changed":"Studied uniform and validation-greedy weight averaging across independently fine-tuned models from a shared pretrained initialization, retaining a single-model inference footprint.","scope":"Studied uniform and validation-greedy weight averaging across independently fine-tuned models from a shared pretrained initialization, retaining a single-model inference footprint. Inherits weight averaging and low-error-basin observations. Fine-tuning sweeps and validation selection still cost compute; no extra inference cost does not mean free training. No guarantee for arbitrary independently initialized models, architectures, basins or every downstream task.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1088e79-b191-4bbc-a70d-03cf4d2eb11d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d47a0f09f50ca05274dc392b0abb739c062b27647880d596f9ba5c1471c5dd9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yadav-et-al-ties-merging-2023","title":"TIES-Merging: trimming task deltas and resolving sign conflicts","summary":"Trimmed small task-vector updates, elected a parameter-wise sign and merged only aligned updates to reduce empirical interference between models fine-tuned from a common base.","boundary":"Inherits task vectors and model merging. Common parameter alignment/base assumptions matter; sign agreement does not prove universal multitask retention, optimum loss or safe behavior. No retraining refers to the merge, not the source fine-tuning or validation search.","area":"Model merging","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yadav-et-al-ties-merging-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0d56583-2eac-4eb5-a5d0-3c7fb770e585","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b1e91b0c2fc6576a05f501fe87afd93f67663904b464ff363f459f011bce387f"},"humans":["Prateek Yadav","Derek Tam","Leshem Choshen","Colin Raffel","Mohit Bansal"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2306-01708v1","title":"Resolving Interference When Merging Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01708v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"yadav-et-al-ties-merging-2023","entry_id":"yadav-et-al-ties-merging-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0d56583-2eac-4eb5-a5d0-3c7fb770e585","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b1e91b0c2fc6576a05f501fe87afd93f67663904b464ff363f459f011bce387f"},"what_changed":"Trimmed small task-vector updates, elected a parameter-wise sign and merged only aligned updates to reduce empirical interference between models fine-tuned from a common base.","scope":"Trimmed small task-vector updates, elected a parameter-wise sign and merged only aligned updates to reduce empirical interference between models fine-tuned from a common base. Inherits task vectors and model merging. Common parameter alignment/base assumptions matter; sign agreement does not prove universal multitask retention, optimum loss or safe behavior. No retraining refers to the merge, not the source fine-tuning or validation search.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0d56583-2eac-4eb5-a5d0-3c7fb770e585","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b1e91b0c2fc6576a05f501fe87afd93f67663904b464ff363f459f011bce387f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yu-et-al-dare-model-merging-2023","title":"DARE: drop-and-rescale task deltas for model merging","summary":"Randomly removed task-delta entries, rescaled retained entries and combined homologous fine-tuned models with existing merging methods, studying when sparse deltas preserve measured abilities.","boundary":"Inherits dropout-style rescaling and model merging. Original source expressly reports failure with larger continued-pretraining deltas; it does not prove SFT never adds knowledge or guarantee arbitrary99percent removal. Published abstract and figure text differ on one merged-model GSM8K value; no exact rate exported.","area":"Model merging","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yu-et-al-dare-model-merging-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:116d6cb9-ee6f-4993-a9ca-02768930fa13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:620c0628de66866728ce697448d830d2e182a6f45cd7b63bdf7c77e3d4804d2d"},"humans":["Le Yu","Bowen Yu","Haiyang Yu","Fei Huang","Yongbin Li"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2311-03099v1","title":"Language Models are Super Mario: Absorbing Abilities from Homologous Models as a Free Lunch","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03099v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"yu-et-al-dare-model-merging-2023","entry_id":"yu-et-al-dare-model-merging-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:116d6cb9-ee6f-4993-a9ca-02768930fa13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:620c0628de66866728ce697448d830d2e182a6f45cd7b63bdf7c77e3d4804d2d"},"what_changed":"Randomly removed task-delta entries, rescaled retained entries and combined homologous fine-tuned models with existing merging methods, studying when sparse deltas preserve measured abilities.","scope":"Randomly removed task-delta entries, rescaled retained entries and combined homologous fine-tuned models with existing merging methods, studying when sparse deltas preserve measured abilities. Inherits dropout-style rescaling and model merging. Original source expressly reports failure with larger continued-pretraining deltas; it does not prove SFT never adds knowledge or guarantee arbitrary99percent removal. Published abstract and figure text differ on one merged-model GSM8K value; no exact rate exported.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:116d6cb9-ee6f-4993-a9ca-02768930fa13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:620c0628de66866728ce697448d830d2e182a6f45cd7b63bdf7c77e3d4804d2d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"reka-rho1-omni-shared-state-system-2026","title":"Reka Rho-1: shared-state discrete/continuous omni-model integration","summary":"Integrated language/visual understanding and continuous image/video/action generation through two expert streams with shared attention/KV state, combining next-token and flow objectives in a research-preview system.","boundary":"AR-plus-flow, modality experts and shared attention have clear Transfusion/JanusFlow/BAGEL predecessors. Acquired delta is this concrete text/image/video/action/proprioception integration, not first omni architecture or physical AGI. Source explicitly reports long-horizon structural drift, brittle edits and weak temporal grounding. KV state is not a certified persistent physical world; illustrative pipeline latencies are not controlled comparative measurements. Reka Rho-1 is unrelated to Microsoft's2024Rho-1 language-token selection paper.","area":"Unified multimodal action/world-model systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"reka-rho1-omni-shared-state-system-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f2ba9ce-f1d8-4659-a258-c7fd51e71e0f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eaa666292bd352319f9c19a5ecf6c7d4fee8cf07d4b16c86d5ed9d7ef51e0045"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-reka-rho1-account","title":"Reka Rho-1: shared-state discrete/continuous omni-model integration","url":"https://reka.ai/labs/research/rho-1-collapsing-the-multimodal-stack"},{"id":"cur20261015-reka-realtime-system","title":"Reka Real-Time Video Generation: FastGen/vLLM-Omni integration","url":"https://reka.ai/labs/research/real-time-video-generation"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"reka-rho1-omni-shared-state-system-2026","entry_id":"reka-rho1-omni-shared-state-system-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f2ba9ce-f1d8-4659-a258-c7fd51e71e0f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eaa666292bd352319f9c19a5ecf6c7d4fee8cf07d4b16c86d5ed9d7ef51e0045"},"what_changed":"Integrated language/visual understanding and continuous image/video/action generation through two expert streams with shared attention/KV state, combining next-token and flow objectives in a research-preview system.","scope":"Integrated language/visual understanding and continuous image/video/action generation through two expert streams with shared attention/KV state, combining next-token and flow objectives in a research-preview system. AR-plus-flow, modality experts and shared attention have clear Transfusion/JanusFlow/BAGEL predecessors. Acquired delta is this concrete text/image/video/action/proprioception integration, not first omni architecture or physical AGI. Source explicitly reports long-horizon structural drift, brittle edits and weak temporal grounding. KV state is not a certified persistent physical world; illustrative pipeline latencies are not controlled comparative measurements. Reka Rho-1 is unrelated to Microsoft's2024Rho-1 language-token selection paper.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f2ba9ce-f1d8-4659-a258-c7fd51e71e0f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eaa666292bd352319f9c19a5ecf6c7d4fee8cf07d4b16c86d5ed9d7ef51e0045"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"reka-ridm-game-to-video-motion-labeling-2026","title":"Reka RIDM: game-trained motion labels for real-video world-model data","summary":"Released compact game-trained inverse-motion models, comparing optical-flow inputs with direct pixels and using filtered/resampled game controls to infer movement/camera labels for unlabeled videos.","boundary":"Inverse dynamics, RAFT optical flow, IMPALA and VPT-style encoders are inherited. Inferred game-key/camera labels on video are not measured robot joint torques or true causal motor commands. Real-video evaluations are small; some metrics lack run logs and are marked unconfirmed. The pixel model explicitly fails on real-world footage. Code/weights license does not license evaluation media or game data.","area":"Action labeling and embodied-model resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"reka-ridm-game-to-video-motion-labeling-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bb9d6af-9163-4995-a91b-69c62651abbe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:901b83206d79db3a898ff435ddd0107d5e4a254cd731df05d81365af8537d65e"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-reka-ridm-account","title":"Reka RIDM: game-trained motion labels for real-video world-model data","url":"https://reka.ai/labs/research/reka-inverse-dynamics-model-for-interactive-world-models"},{"id":"cur20261015-reka-ridm-model-card","title":"Reka RIDM original model card and citation","url":"https://huggingface.co/RekaAI/Reka-Inverse-Dynamics-Model/raw/main/README.md"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"reka-ridm-game-to-video-motion-labeling-2026","entry_id":"reka-ridm-game-to-video-motion-labeling-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bb9d6af-9163-4995-a91b-69c62651abbe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:901b83206d79db3a898ff435ddd0107d5e4a254cd731df05d81365af8537d65e"},"what_changed":"Released compact game-trained inverse-motion models, comparing optical-flow inputs with direct pixels and using filtered/resampled game controls to infer movement/camera labels for unlabeled videos.","scope":"Released compact game-trained inverse-motion models, comparing optical-flow inputs with direct pixels and using filtered/resampled game controls to infer movement/camera labels for unlabeled videos. Inverse dynamics, RAFT optical flow, IMPALA and VPT-style encoders are inherited. Inferred game-key/camera labels on video are not measured robot joint torques or true causal motor commands. Real-video evaluations are small; some metrics lack run logs and are marked unconfirmed. The pixel model explicitly fails on real-world footage. Code/weights license does not license evaluation media or game data.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bb9d6af-9163-4995-a91b-69c62651abbe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:901b83206d79db3a898ff435ddd0107d5e4a254cd731df05d81365af8537d65e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"runway-worldprompt-streaming-av-system-2026","title":"Runway WorldPrompt: persistent context and timestamped events in streaming audio-video generation","summary":"Defined persistent genesis/first-frame context with timestamped subject/scene events and per-frame camera inputs, fine-tuned an audiovisual model on that representation and integrated causal sliding-window generation.","boundary":"Stateful video diffusion, causal attention, cached windows and distillation have predecessors. Scoped contribution is WorldPrompt conditioning plus its audio-video streaming integration, not a certified physical simulator or generic invention of world models. Source explicitly notes geometry degradation, imperfect memory, fixed initial references and possible external real-time harness needs. Some showcased sequences use pre-authored actions, not live agent autonomy. No demos executed or universal long-horizon consistency claimed.","area":"Interactive audio-video model systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"runway-worldprompt-streaming-av-system-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf8ffaa4-7c13-4ba6-a77f-7429fcba18ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a31fa8d5384e6f809b0e56c0dda91c1405ec06ab73ff1c27ec5ecb19457c303"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-runway-worldprompt-account","title":"Introducing GWM Worlds2 — original Runway technical account","url":"https://runway.com/research/introducing-gwm-worlds-2"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"runway-worldprompt-streaming-av-system-2026","entry_id":"runway-worldprompt-streaming-av-system-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf8ffaa4-7c13-4ba6-a77f-7429fcba18ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a31fa8d5384e6f809b0e56c0dda91c1405ec06ab73ff1c27ec5ecb19457c303"},"what_changed":"Defined persistent genesis/first-frame context with timestamped subject/scene events and per-frame camera inputs, fine-tuned an audiovisual model on that representation and integrated causal sliding-window generation.","scope":"Defined persistent genesis/first-frame context with timestamped subject/scene events and per-frame camera inputs, fine-tuned an audiovisual model on that representation and integrated causal sliding-window generation. Stateful video diffusion, causal attention, cached windows and distillation have predecessors. Scoped contribution is WorldPrompt conditioning plus its audio-video streaming integration, not a certified physical simulator or generic invention of world models. Source explicitly notes geometry degradation, imperfect memory, fixed initial references and possible external real-time harness needs. Some showcased sequences use pre-authored actions, not live agent autonomy. No demos executed or universal long-horizon consistency claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf8ffaa4-7c13-4ba6-a77f-7429fcba18ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a31fa8d5384e6f809b0e56c0dda91c1405ec06ab73ff1c27ec5ecb19457c303"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xiao-et-al-streamingllm-attention-sinks-2023","title":"StreamingLLM: attention sinks and rolling KV state","summary":"Kept initial attention-sink tokens alongside recent tokens in a fixed rolling KV cache, enabling stable streaming generation beyond the model's training context without fine-tuning.","boundary":"Evicted middle tokens are not retained as complete semantic memory. Streaming length is not usable all-history context or lossless retrieval; tested million-token stability and speed do not establish indefinite reasoning guarantees.","area":"Language-model inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"xiao-et-al-streamingllm-attention-sinks-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:200bcb2e-27a9-487f-ad01-2f1e9fa1bb45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:61032df468ac07c64b9708aa86593120d9d0a3f8421ed0870e239131358ed475"},"humans":["Guangxuan Xiao","Yuandong Tian","Beidi Chen","Song Han","Mike Lewis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2309-17453v1","title":"Efficient Streaming Language Models with Attention Sinks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.17453v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"xiao-et-al-streamingllm-attention-sinks-2023","entry_id":"xiao-et-al-streamingllm-attention-sinks-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:200bcb2e-27a9-487f-ad01-2f1e9fa1bb45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:61032df468ac07c64b9708aa86593120d9d0a3f8421ed0870e239131358ed475"},"what_changed":"Kept initial attention-sink tokens alongside recent tokens in a fixed rolling KV cache, enabling stable streaming generation beyond the model's training context without fine-tuning.","scope":"Kept initial attention-sink tokens alongside recent tokens in a fixed rolling KV cache, enabling stable streaming generation beyond the model's training context without fine-tuning. Evicted middle tokens are not retained as complete semantic memory. Streaming length is not usable all-history context or lossless retrieval; tested million-token stability and speed do not establish indefinite reasoning guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:200bcb2e-27a9-487f-ad01-2f1e9fa1bb45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:61032df468ac07c64b9708aa86593120d9d0a3f8421ed0870e239131358ed475"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jiao-et-al-tinybert-transformer-distillation-2019","title":"TinyBERT: transformer-layer distillation at pretraining and task adaptation","summary":"Distilled transformer representations and predictions in general-domain and task-specific learning stages to produce compact BERT students.","boundary":"Inherits knowledge distillation and BERT. Original paper's measured GLUE/inference tradeoffs are task/hardware-specific and do not imply universal retention or first teacher-student learning.","area":"Model compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jiao-et-al-tinybert-transformer-distillation-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b1bf0b4-f4d1-4c45-a1c6-c22f9059edcf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90a53cc5093263535bfbaa348cd8a297b14b8721c1e5afbaabf7be8d5d966386"},"humans":["Xiaoqi Jiao","Yichun Yin","Lifeng Shang","Xin Jiang","Xiao Chen","Linlin Li","Fang Wang","Qun Liu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1909-10351v1","title":"TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for Natural Language Understanding","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10351v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"jiao-et-al-tinybert-transformer-distillation-2019","entry_id":"jiao-et-al-tinybert-transformer-distillation-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b1bf0b4-f4d1-4c45-a1c6-c22f9059edcf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90a53cc5093263535bfbaa348cd8a297b14b8721c1e5afbaabf7be8d5d966386"},"what_changed":"Distilled transformer representations and predictions in general-domain and task-specific learning stages to produce compact BERT students.","scope":"Distilled transformer representations and predictions in general-domain and task-specific learning stages to produce compact BERT students. Inherits knowledge distillation and BERT. Original paper's measured GLUE/inference tradeoffs are task/hardware-specific and do not imply universal retention or first teacher-student learning.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b1bf0b4-f4d1-4c45-a1c6-c22f9059edcf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90a53cc5093263535bfbaa348cd8a297b14b8721c1e5afbaabf7be8d5d966386"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jiang-et-al-longllmlingua-questionaware-compression-2023","title":"LongLLMLingua: question-aware prompt compression and document reordering","summary":"Extended LLMLingua with question-aware coarse/fine selection, document reordering, dynamic compression budgets and subsequence recovery for long-context prompts.","boundary":"Inherits original LLMLingua compression and prior lost-in-the-middle findings. Delta is question-aware/reordering/recovery design, not first context compression. Token deletion is lossy; prices, latency and benchmark gains are historical/source-specific.","area":"Prompt compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jiang-et-al-longllmlingua-questionaware-compression-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18fe0dbe-a32c-417d-a0bb-80f4cdb56ac7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2a2e4a2af4630082e49588d747bb56b532d11afaff93483e33aa471ca5ccea2b"},"humans":["Huiqiang Jiang","Qianhui Wu","Xufang Luo","Dongsheng Li","Chin-Yew Lin","Yuqing Yang","Lili Qiu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2310-06839v1","title":"LongLLMLingua: Accelerating and Enhancing LLMs in Long Context Scenarios via Prompt Compression","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06839v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"jiang-et-al-longllmlingua-questionaware-compression-2023","entry_id":"jiang-et-al-longllmlingua-questionaware-compression-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18fe0dbe-a32c-417d-a0bb-80f4cdb56ac7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2a2e4a2af4630082e49588d747bb56b532d11afaff93483e33aa471ca5ccea2b"},"what_changed":"Extended LLMLingua with question-aware coarse/fine selection, document reordering, dynamic compression budgets and subsequence recovery for long-context prompts.","scope":"Extended LLMLingua with question-aware coarse/fine selection, document reordering, dynamic compression budgets and subsequence recovery for long-context prompts. Inherits original LLMLingua compression and prior lost-in-the-middle findings. Delta is question-aware/reordering/recovery design, not first context compression. Token deletion is lossy; prices, latency and benchmark gains are historical/source-specific.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18fe0dbe-a32c-417d-a0bb-80f4cdb56ac7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2a2e4a2af4630082e49588d747bb56b532d11afaff93483e33aa471ca5ccea2b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"huang-et-al-self-forcing-video-diffusion-2025","title":"Self Forcing: generated-context rollout training for video diffusion","summary":"Performed autoregressive generated-context rollouts with KV caching during training and video-level losses, using few-step denoising and stochastic gradient truncation to reduce exposure mismatch.","boundary":"Inherits teacher/diffusion forcing, DMD and causal video generation. Training reduces an empirical distribution gap, not a proof of no error accumulation, indefinite stability or a physically accurate world model.","area":"Streaming generative-model training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"huang-et-al-self-forcing-video-diffusion-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0860e5e1-4315-43f1-abbe-a18d47b7775d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c786ca3fafff6f19fe0ed915feb5999a4878e88428fe56673f6fe9dce914b7e"},"humans":["Xun Huang","Zhengqi Li","Guande He","Mingyuan Zhou","Eli Shechtman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2506-08009v1","title":"Self Forcing: Bridging the Train-Test Gap in Autoregressive Video Diffusion","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08009v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"huang-et-al-self-forcing-video-diffusion-2025","entry_id":"huang-et-al-self-forcing-video-diffusion-2025","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0860e5e1-4315-43f1-abbe-a18d47b7775d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c786ca3fafff6f19fe0ed915feb5999a4878e88428fe56673f6fe9dce914b7e"},"what_changed":"Performed autoregressive generated-context rollouts with KV caching during training and video-level losses, using few-step denoising and stochastic gradient truncation to reduce exposure mismatch.","scope":"Performed autoregressive generated-context rollouts with KV caching during training and video-level losses, using few-step denoising and stochastic gradient truncation to reduce exposure mismatch. Inherits teacher/diffusion forcing, DMD and causal video generation. Training reduces an empirical distribution gap, not a proof of no error accumulation, indefinite stability or a physically accurate world model.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0860e5e1-4315-43f1-abbe-a18d47b7775d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c786ca3fafff6f19fe0ed915feb5999a4878e88428fe56673f6fe9dce914b7e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cai-et-al-pyramidkv-layer-budget-2024","title":"PyramidKV: layer-dependent KV cache budgets","summary":"Allocated different KV-cache budgets across layers based on observed information-funneling patterns, retaining more entries in lower layers.","boundary":"Inherits attention-based token selection and cache compression. Pyramidal behavior is empirical, not universal for every model/layer/task. Cache ratios and quality retention are setup-specific; deleted information is not losslessly compressed.","area":"Language-model inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"cai-et-al-pyramidkv-layer-budget-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bb283582-7e84-4af4-ae59-b82b35431403","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a75450de17997764b5eb1c0e91bfb1c4e51a608236f0ab9eda27fa25083d267"},"humans":["Zefan Cai","Yichi Zhang","Bofei Gao","Tianyu Liu","Keming Lu","Wayne Xiong","Yue Dong","Baobao Chang","Junjie Hu","Wen Xiao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2406-02069v1","title":"PyramidKV: Dynamic KV Cache Compression based on Pyramidal Information Funneling","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.02069v1"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"cai-et-al-pyramidkv-layer-budget-2024","entry_id":"cai-et-al-pyramidkv-layer-budget-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bb283582-7e84-4af4-ae59-b82b35431403","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a75450de17997764b5eb1c0e91bfb1c4e51a608236f0ab9eda27fa25083d267"},"what_changed":"Allocated different KV-cache budgets across layers based on observed information-funneling patterns, retaining more entries in lower layers.","scope":"Allocated different KV-cache budgets across layers based on observed information-funneling patterns, retaining more entries in lower layers. Inherits attention-based token selection and cache compression. Pyramidal behavior is empirical, not universal for every model/layer/task. Cache ratios and quality retention are setup-specific; deleted information is not losslessly compressed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bb283582-7e84-4af4-ae59-b82b35431403","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a75450de17997764b5eb1c0e91bfb1c4e51a608236f0ab9eda27fa25083d267"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"holmes-et-al-deepspeed-fastgen-splitfuse-2024","title":"DeepSpeed-FastGen: Dynamic SplitFuse prompt/decode scheduling","summary":"Integrated DeepSpeed-MII/Inference with Dynamic SplitFuse to compose prompt and decoding work into better-balanced forward passes for throughput/latency tradeoffs.","boundary":"Inherits Orca/PagedAttention/DeepSpeed and chunked scheduling ideas. Distinct from NVIDIA's diffusion FastGen. Workload/hardware-dependent throughput curves are not a universal speed claim or proof of an optimal production scheduler.","area":"Language-model serving systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"holmes-et-al-deepspeed-fastgen-splitfuse-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7cd473b-558c-4224-a912-ca3ba8543f9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c6055a7e8b44aaf1f5b7eace5fbe690c1cdace6820282b1c647784c7e89aece"},"humans":["Connor Holmes","Masahiro Tanaka","Michael Wyatt","Ammar Ahmad Awan","Jeff Rasley","Samyam Rajbhandari","Reza Yazdani Aminabadi","Heyang Qin","Arash Bakhtiari","Lev Kurilenko","Yuxiong He"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2401-08671v1","title":"DeepSpeed-FastGen: High-throughput Text Generation for LLMs via MII and DeepSpeed-Inference","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.08671v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"holmes-et-al-deepspeed-fastgen-splitfuse-2024","entry_id":"holmes-et-al-deepspeed-fastgen-splitfuse-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7cd473b-558c-4224-a912-ca3ba8543f9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c6055a7e8b44aaf1f5b7eace5fbe690c1cdace6820282b1c647784c7e89aece"},"what_changed":"Integrated DeepSpeed-MII/Inference with Dynamic SplitFuse to compose prompt and decoding work into better-balanced forward passes for throughput/latency tradeoffs.","scope":"Integrated DeepSpeed-MII/Inference with Dynamic SplitFuse to compose prompt and decoding work into better-balanced forward passes for throughput/latency tradeoffs. Inherits Orca/PagedAttention/DeepSpeed and chunked scheduling ideas. Distinct from NVIDIA's diffusion FastGen. Workload/hardware-dependent throughput curves are not a universal speed claim or proof of an optimal production scheduler.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7cd473b-558c-4224-a912-ca3ba8543f9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c6055a7e8b44aaf1f5b7eace5fbe690c1cdace6820282b1c647784c7e89aece"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhang-et-al-h2o-heavy-hitter-cache-2023","title":"H2O: recent/heavy-hitter KV cache eviction","summary":"Combined recency and accumulated attention heavy hitters in a dynamic KV-cache eviction policy and evaluated its memory/inference tradeoff.","boundary":"Inherits cache eviction and sparse attention. Conditional submodular analysis is source-reported and not proof-audited here; model assumptions are not automatic neural-network facts. Token eviction is lossy and runtime gains depend on batch/workload/baseline.","area":"Language-model inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhang-et-al-h2o-heavy-hitter-cache-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a3fffaea-14ef-4778-ac0e-8fd4bf70bd15","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:81a9d28eee6b49629b485e3c1a1b636f1258f2daf36a167e8a34f49c18af4bcd"},"humans":["Zhenyu Zhang","Ying Sheng","Tianyi Zhou","Tianlong Chen","Lianmin Zheng","Ruisi Cai","Zhao Song","Yuandong Tian","Christopher Ré","Clark Barrett","Zhangyang Wang","Beidi Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2306-14048v1","title":"H$_2$O: Heavy-Hitter Oracle for Efficient Generative Inference of Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.14048v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-et-al-h2o-heavy-hitter-cache-2023","entry_id":"zhang-et-al-h2o-heavy-hitter-cache-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a3fffaea-14ef-4778-ac0e-8fd4bf70bd15","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:81a9d28eee6b49629b485e3c1a1b636f1258f2daf36a167e8a34f49c18af4bcd"},"what_changed":"Combined recency and accumulated attention heavy hitters in a dynamic KV-cache eviction policy and evaluated its memory/inference tradeoff.","scope":"Combined recency and accumulated attention heavy hitters in a dynamic KV-cache eviction policy and evaluated its memory/inference tradeoff. Inherits cache eviction and sparse attention. Conditional submodular analysis is source-reported and not proof-audited here; model assumptions are not automatic neural-network facts. Token eviction is lossy and runtime gains depend on batch/workload/baseline.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a3fffaea-14ef-4778-ac0e-8fd4bf70bd15","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:81a9d28eee6b49629b485e3c1a1b636f1258f2daf36a167e8a34f49c18af4bcd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sanh-et-al-distilbert-2019","title":"DistilBERT: general pretraining distillation with a triple loss","summary":"Distilled BERT during pretraining with language-modeling, teacher-distillation and cosine-distance losses, yielding a reusable smaller representation model.","boundary":"Inherits BERT and knowledge distillation. Reported retained capability is a benchmark aggregate, not97percent of all possible language abilities; compact inference still requires the teacher/pretraining costs.","area":"Model compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"sanh-et-al-distilbert-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b14e249-27e1-433d-a315-c7214ab1989b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4f6b9a423fe753b1608c04329bff94c2dfe36419b18dc7fc34c3866ce8bcdbcf"},"humans":["Victor Sanh","Lysandre Debut","Julien Chaumond","Thomas Wolf"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1910-01108v1","title":"DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"sanh-et-al-distilbert-2019","entry_id":"sanh-et-al-distilbert-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b14e249-27e1-433d-a315-c7214ab1989b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4f6b9a423fe753b1608c04329bff94c2dfe36419b18dc7fc34c3866ce8bcdbcf"},"what_changed":"Distilled BERT during pretraining with language-modeling, teacher-distillation and cosine-distance losses, yielding a reusable smaller representation model.","scope":"Distilled BERT during pretraining with language-modeling, teacher-distillation and cosine-distance losses, yielding a reusable smaller representation model. Inherits BERT and knowledge distillation. Reported retained capability is a benchmark aggregate, not97percent of all possible language abilities; compact inference still requires the teacher/pretraining costs.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b14e249-27e1-433d-a315-c7214ab1989b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4f6b9a423fe753b1608c04329bff94c2dfe36419b18dc7fc34c3866ce8bcdbcf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"luo-et-al-latent-consistency-models-2023","title":"Latent Consistency Models: guided latent-space few-step distillation","summary":"Adapted consistency distillation to guided latent diffusion and added latent-consistency fine-tuning for few-step high-resolution synthesis.","boundary":"Explicitly inherits consistency models, latent diffusion and guided-model distillation. No exact ODE solution, universal quality preservation or zero training cost inferred; this is not invention of consistency learning itself.","area":"Diffusion acceleration","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"luo-et-al-latent-consistency-models-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:124a9752-bfb3-43f8-a71a-0b4fd173158d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d8b908fc954d5d087a682743b6f82475f4cf8163d051edb7e95d36f6a8687ac8"},"humans":["Simian Luo","Yiqin Tan","Longbo Huang","Jian Li","Hang Zhao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2310-04378v1","title":"Latent Consistency Models: Synthesizing High-Resolution Images with Few-Step Inference","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04378v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"luo-et-al-latent-consistency-models-2023","entry_id":"luo-et-al-latent-consistency-models-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:124a9752-bfb3-43f8-a71a-0b4fd173158d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d8b908fc954d5d087a682743b6f82475f4cf8163d051edb7e95d36f6a8687ac8"},"what_changed":"Adapted consistency distillation to guided latent diffusion and added latent-consistency fine-tuning for few-step high-resolution synthesis.","scope":"Adapted consistency distillation to guided latent diffusion and added latent-consistency fine-tuning for few-step high-resolution synthesis. Explicitly inherits consistency models, latent diffusion and guided-model distillation. No exact ODE solution, universal quality preservation or zero training cost inferred; this is not invention of consistency learning itself.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:124a9752-bfb3-43f8-a71a-0b4fd173158d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d8b908fc954d5d087a682743b6f82475f4cf8163d051edb7e95d36f6a8687ac8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"li-et-al-snapkv-headwise-cache-selection-2024","title":"SnapKV: observation-window headwise prompt KV selection","summary":"Used attention in a final prompt observation window to select clustered important KV positions independently for attention heads without model fine-tuning.","boundary":"Inherits attention-based KV pruning. The selection predicts later prompt relevance empirically, not certainty for arbitrary future questions; needle retrieval alone does not prove all-context reasoning or no information loss.","area":"Language-model inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"li-et-al-snapkv-headwise-cache-selection-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fdecae12-9c10-454b-abf9-19e1124f85c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21a20d8c05a51396e4dee0df6c31562a667a4fa4fcc48e4835bc293088a009e2"},"humans":["Yuhong Li","Yingbing Huang","Bowen Yang","Bharat Venkitesh","Acyr Locatelli","Hanchen Ye","Tianle Cai","Patrick Lewis","Deming Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2404-14469v1","title":"SnapKV: LLM Knows What You are Looking for Before Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14469v1"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"li-et-al-snapkv-headwise-cache-selection-2024","entry_id":"li-et-al-snapkv-headwise-cache-selection-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fdecae12-9c10-454b-abf9-19e1124f85c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21a20d8c05a51396e4dee0df6c31562a667a4fa4fcc48e4835bc293088a009e2"},"what_changed":"Used attention in a final prompt observation window to select clustered important KV positions independently for attention heads without model fine-tuning.","scope":"Used attention in a final prompt observation window to select clustered important KV positions independently for attention heads without model fine-tuning. Inherits attention-based KV pruning. The selection predicts later prompt relevance empirically, not certainty for arbitrary future questions; needle retrieval alone does not prove all-context reasoning or no information loss.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fdecae12-9c10-454b-abf9-19e1124f85c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21a20d8c05a51396e4dee0df6c31562a667a4fa4fcc48e4835bc293088a009e2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yin-et-al-dmd2-distillation-2024","title":"DMD2: regression-free distribution matching with critic and GAN updates","summary":"Removed paired-trajectory regression from DMD, stabilized synthetic-score learning with two-timescale updates, added real-data adversarial loss and simulated multi-step inference inputs during training.","boundary":"Inherits DMD, GANs and score matching. Removing paired teacher trajectories is not removing real training data, the teacher or critic costs. Source-specific improved FID does not guarantee a student dominates its teacher for every metric.","area":"Diffusion acceleration","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yin-et-al-dmd2-distillation-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6df82dc-a1d3-4394-a91f-ea4ed12c53bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6411cf43f240c2143f6c01d25b05daeef0ee8721661f746726317a11e8cf05a"},"humans":["Tianwei Yin","Michaël Gharbi","Taesung Park","Richard Zhang","Eli Shechtman","Frédo Durand","William T. Freeman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2405-14867v1","title":"Improved Distribution Matching Distillation for Fast Image Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14867v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"yin-et-al-dmd2-distillation-2024","entry_id":"yin-et-al-dmd2-distillation-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6df82dc-a1d3-4394-a91f-ea4ed12c53bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6411cf43f240c2143f6c01d25b05daeef0ee8721661f746726317a11e8cf05a"},"what_changed":"Removed paired-trajectory regression from DMD, stabilized synthetic-score learning with two-timescale updates, added real-data adversarial loss and simulated multi-step inference inputs during training.","scope":"Removed paired-trajectory regression from DMD, stabilized synthetic-score learning with two-timescale updates, added real-data adversarial loss and simulated multi-step inference inputs during training. Inherits DMD, GANs and score matching. Removing paired teacher trajectories is not removing real training data, the teacher or critic costs. Source-specific improved FID does not guarantee a student dominates its teacher for every metric.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6df82dc-a1d3-4394-a91f-ea4ed12c53bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6411cf43f240c2143f6c01d25b05daeef0ee8721661f746726317a11e8cf05a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yin-et-al-distribution-matching-distillation-2023","title":"DMD: distribution-matching diffusion distillation","summary":"Distilled a one-step generator using the difference between target and synthetic score estimates plus paired-trajectory regression, matching distributions rather than only individual teacher paths.","boundary":"Inherits score matching, diffusion teachers and knowledge distillation. Estimated KL gradients do not certify exact distribution equality; teacher and synthetic-score training remain costs. No universal one-step quality preservation inferred.","area":"Diffusion acceleration","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yin-et-al-distribution-matching-distillation-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:753457f8-2b44-473b-a620-f892feabadf7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:586cf367354a3f7b0d21b634cdb58c86901c119746df4f0e2cee187c3bf310a2"},"humans":["Tianwei Yin","Michaël Gharbi","Richard Zhang","Eli Shechtman","Frédo Durand","William T. Freeman","Taesung Park"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2311-18828v1","title":"One-step Diffusion with Distribution Matching Distillation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.18828v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"yin-et-al-distribution-matching-distillation-2023","entry_id":"yin-et-al-distribution-matching-distillation-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:753457f8-2b44-473b-a620-f892feabadf7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:586cf367354a3f7b0d21b634cdb58c86901c119746df4f0e2cee187c3bf310a2"},"what_changed":"Distilled a one-step generator using the difference between target and synthetic score estimates plus paired-trajectory regression, matching distributions rather than only individual teacher paths.","scope":"Distilled a one-step generator using the difference between target and synthetic score estimates plus paired-trajectory regression, matching distributions rather than only individual teacher paths. Inherits score matching, diffusion teachers and knowledge distillation. Estimated KL gradients do not certify exact distribution equality; teacher and synthetic-score training remain costs. No universal one-step quality preservation inferred.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:753457f8-2b44-473b-a620-f892feabadf7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:586cf367354a3f7b0d21b634cdb58c86901c119746df4f0e2cee187c3bf310a2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xie-et-al-sana-linear-diffusion-system-2024","title":"SANA/SANA-Sprint: efficient linear diffusion and hybrid few-step integration","summary":"Integrated deep-compression autoencoding, linear diffusion attention, a decoder-only text encoder and Flow-DPM sampling/caption-selection choices for efficient high-resolution synthesis. Later Sprint combines continuous-time consistency and latent adversarial distillation with step-adaptive sampling and interactive ControlNet.","boundary":"Compression, linear attention, diffusion transformers and language encoders are inherited. Delta is the specific combined design and sampler/training study, not invention of linear attention. Original measured resolution/latency comparisons are hardware/configuration dependent. Sprint inherits sCM/LADD/ControlNet. Training-free flow-model conversion does not make the complete distillation training-free. Same family bundled rather than checkpoint counting.","area":"Efficient visual-generation systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"xie-et-al-sana-linear-diffusion-system-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd00ee7b-64f8-47a4-a03a-b0278d40b906","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:442a9f97e68318deefc4869d1e409a6c9d7bad1e75a48513975bcb79f693b4f2"},"humans":["Enze Xie","Junsong Chen","Junyu Chen","Han Cai","Haotian Tang","Yujun Lin","Zhekai Zhang","Muyang Li","Ligeng Zhu","Yao Lu","Song Han","Shuchen Xue","Yuyang Zhao","Jincheng Yu","Sayak Paul"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2410-10629v1","title":"SANA: Efficient High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Linear Diffusion Transformers","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10629v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2503-09641v1","title":"SANA-Sprint: One-Step Diffusion with Continuous-Time Consistency Distillation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.09641v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"xie-et-al-sana-linear-diffusion-system-2024","entry_id":"xie-et-al-sana-linear-diffusion-system-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd00ee7b-64f8-47a4-a03a-b0278d40b906","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:442a9f97e68318deefc4869d1e409a6c9d7bad1e75a48513975bcb79f693b4f2"},"what_changed":"Integrated deep-compression autoencoding, linear diffusion attention, a decoder-only text encoder and Flow-DPM sampling/caption-selection choices for efficient high-resolution synthesis. Later Sprint combines continuous-time consistency and latent adversarial distillation with step-adaptive sampling and interactive ControlNet.","scope":"Integrated deep-compression autoencoding, linear diffusion attention, a decoder-only text encoder and Flow-DPM sampling/caption-selection choices for efficient high-resolution synthesis. Later Sprint combines continuous-time consistency and latent adversarial distillation with step-adaptive sampling and interactive ControlNet. Compression, linear attention, diffusion transformers and language encoders are inherited. Delta is the specific combined design and sampler/training study, not invention of linear attention. Original measured resolution/latency comparisons are hardware/configuration dependent. Sprint inherits sCM/LADD/ControlNet. Training-free flow-model conversion does not make the complete distillation training-free. Same family bundled rather than checkpoint counting.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd00ee7b-64f8-47a4-a03a-b0278d40b906","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:442a9f97e68318deefc4869d1e409a6c9d7bad1e75a48513975bcb79f693b4f2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jiang-et-al-llmlingua-prompt-compression-2023","title":"LLMLingua: budgeted coarse-to-fine prompt compression","summary":"Combined a prompt-component budget controller, iterative token compression and small-model distribution alignment to compress inputs for an otherwise black-box language model.","boundary":"Inherits selective-context/self-information compression. Removing low-perplexity tokens does not guarantee preserved meaning or answers on arbitrary inputs. Compression-model tuning/compute costs remain and historical API price savings are not current prices.","area":"Prompt compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jiang-et-al-llmlingua-prompt-compression-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:69b6a77e-c653-4956-ad0a-58d1974500b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe0e2c1eca7d29474bffd52bffcdb0f3259adc723148642e04fdcac582d636b0"},"humans":["Huiqiang Jiang","Qianhui Wu","Chin-Yew Lin","Yuqing Yang","Lili Qiu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2310-05736v1","title":"LLMLingua: Compressing Prompts for Accelerated Inference of Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.05736v1"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"jiang-et-al-llmlingua-prompt-compression-2023","entry_id":"jiang-et-al-llmlingua-prompt-compression-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:69b6a77e-c653-4956-ad0a-58d1974500b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe0e2c1eca7d29474bffd52bffcdb0f3259adc723148642e04fdcac582d636b0"},"what_changed":"Combined a prompt-component budget controller, iterative token compression and small-model distribution alignment to compress inputs for an otherwise black-box language model.","scope":"Combined a prompt-component budget controller, iterative token compression and small-model distribution alignment to compress inputs for an otherwise black-box language model. Inherits selective-context/self-information compression. Removing low-perplexity tokens does not guarantee preserved meaning or answers on arbitrary inputs. 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Halving schedule is a construction, not a general proof of exact sample-distribution preservation; perceptual quality and training-cost comparisons are measured on selected benchmarks.","area":"Diffusion acceleration","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"salimans-ho-progressive-diffusion-distillation-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3ef3c154-b498-4cc4-a09b-3924672bbb76","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:77ddbbf4359fe051d73c5531d774af850bc9986bb7b00b79e47d41a53a12176d"},"humans":["Tim Salimans","Jonathan Ho"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Linear complexity refers to a fixed-window design as spatial size scales, not arbitrary global attention or every end-to-end operation. Benchmarks are source-specific.","area":"Vision architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-et-al-swin-shifted-window-transformer-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7052a3e-8a11-4431-a164-47390708f376","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ff006127cddcac3b05f62573d5d221c7349bc075fa208bb16819f461d7885888"},"humans":["Ze Liu","Yutong Lin","Yue Cao","Han Hu","Yixuan Wei","Zheng Zhang","Stephen Lin","Baining Guo"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Delta is the FCMAE/GRN mechanism and its empirical integration, not merely a larger ConvNeXt release or proof of universally better representations.","area":"Self-supervised vision architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"woo-et-al-convnextv2-masked-autoencoding-grn-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2d2e58a3-02ae-4d6b-a740-e497407a20dd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1609b2943d98caa26e9aa7445472c2c9ffc9fd0a468384c30bd90a7358eb27c"},"humans":["Sanghyun Woo","Shoubhik Debnath","Ronghang Hu","Xinlei Chen","Zhuang Liu","In So Kweon","Saining Xie"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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FLOP reductions are not guaranteed proportional latency reductions on every accelerator; reported speed and accuracy are scoped to tested budgets/devices.","area":"Efficient vision architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhang-et-al-shufflenet-channel-shuffle-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:021e0b70-7596-488e-af95-3112b3dbdc2e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c461da06e3a95cfe6893cfcb6e4f16245086f5ee2039ec608edad381009c61fe"},"humans":["Xiangyu Zhang","Xinyu Zhou","Mengxiao Lin","Jian Sun"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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One network/phase does not remove training computation or guarantee exact consistency for every learned solution; claimed quality advantages are original benchmark comparisons.","area":"Generative-model training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"frans-et-al-shortcut-stepconditioned-models-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a62bf2d1-e8fb-4205-adca-438bc486df73","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0f0b6f2bb40dc136afb56fc26beaec49d041d0a0fe0880dd283cbb8a26004721"},"humans":["Kevin Frans","Danijar Hafner","Sergey Levine","Pieter Abbeel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Acquired delta is the stated continuous-time stabilization recipe, not invention of consistency or proof of universal stability/convergence. Effective sampling compute omits full training/preparation costs.","area":"Generative-model training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lu-song-continuoustime-consistency-training-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0338ae6-b6cc-4850-ab1f-3d660ad3cf95","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d0b5d5f2bde2eded02feec7ccfe2abc16a706615593cec76f220f06c59484be"},"humans":["Cheng Lu","Yang Song"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2410-11081v1","title":"Simplifying, Stabilizing and Scaling Continuous-Time Consistency Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.11081v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"lu-song-continuoustime-consistency-training-2024","entry_id":"lu-song-continuoustime-consistency-training-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0338ae6-b6cc-4850-ab1f-3d660ad3cf95","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d0b5d5f2bde2eded02feec7ccfe2abc16a706615593cec76f220f06c59484be"},"what_changed":"Reworked continuous-time diffusion/consistency parameterizations, architecture and objectives to address unstable consistency training at larger scale.","scope":"Reworked continuous-time diffusion/consistency parameterizations, architecture and objectives to address unstable consistency training at larger scale. 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Original real-time/first claims are not independently adjudicated; teacher and discriminator training costs remain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:399bab38-e243-4201-ad9d-520f322a496d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:842a440d2c9d898892e6441de6485744d7da3dbbb541c7f88b9727c2ad1ee1cc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sauer-et-al-latent-adversarial-distillation-2024","title":"LADD: latent generative features for adversarial diffusion distillation","summary":"Replaced ADD's pixel-space fixed visual discriminator features with features from pretrained latent diffusion models, simplifying high-resolution/multi-aspect distillation.","boundary":"Inherits ADD and latent diffusion. 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Reported dollar budget is source-defined rather than total historical R&D/data cost or a current reproducible quote. Human preference tests use100prompts, not universal commercial equivalence. Distinct from OpenAI Sora and PKU Open-Sora-Plan.","area":"Open video-generation systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"opensora-team-efficient-open-video-system-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9da5e349-36eb-4df3-a7b1-6f2b7c3c6dc5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:79b250bab8a5cabd61ce05ac38baf2381fc22745da40ae33ae7d7a98ed437da2"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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No voice clone, audio generation or model execution performed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d7b6a980-7f6d-4983-a6ab-6fbd63a85bf0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4f6fea631413f0270dbad8cae22a4f9381a46a771503e47972e4ab811fc05f1c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kalchbrenner-et-al-wavernn-efficient-audio-2018","title":"WaveRNN: compact recurrent waveform sampling and subscaling","summary":"Combined a compact dual-softmax recurrent waveform model with sparse weights and a subscale generation scheme to improve audio sampling efficiency.","boundary":"Inherits autoregressive audio modeling and pruning. Sparse quality/runtime advantages are empirical for tested configurations, not a general equivalence of sparsity and quality or guaranteed real-time operation on every CPU.","area":"Efficient neural audio synthesis","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kalchbrenner-et-al-wavernn-efficient-audio-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:558106fa-438e-4d62-a411-051c3e725868","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2298bceff5053b23a98485110fc02e3964b485ca8962532fd819e01885a3544b"},"humans":["Nal Kalchbrenner","Erich Elsen","Karen Simonyan","Seb Noury","Norman Casagrande","Edward Lockhart","Florian Stimberg","Aäron van den Oord","Sander Dieleman","Koray Kavukcuoglu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1810-11846v1","title":"LPCNet: Improving Neural Speech Synthesis Through Linear Prediction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.11846v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"valin-skoglund-lpcnet-2018","entry_id":"valin-skoglund-lpcnet-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7e15ef45-661f-4a85-a4f7-0956336fb5b2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:25736b0c0f68f349254da85bd0da01a61b982d3d177671e4a394492a52c8f695"},"what_changed":"Combined a linear-prediction spectral envelope with a WaveRNN-derived neural excitation model to reduce speech-synthesis complexity.","scope":"Combined a linear-prediction spectral envelope with a WaveRNN-derived neural excitation model to reduce speech-synthesis complexity. Inherits linear predictive coding and WaveRNN; delta is their specific low-complexity integration. Reported operation budgets and quality depend on conditioning/data/hardware. This original is LPCNet, not WaveGlow.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7e15ef45-661f-4a85-a4f7-0956336fb5b2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:25736b0c0f68f349254da85bd0da01a61b982d3d177671e4a394492a52c8f695"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"prenger-et-al-waveglow-2018","title":"WaveGlow: flow-based parallel mel-spectrogram vocoding","summary":"Combined Glow-style invertible transformations and WaveNet-derived components in a likelihood-trained parallel waveform synthesizer conditioned on mel spectrograms.","boundary":"Inherits normalizing flows and WaveNet. Parallel synthesis is not first non-autoregressive vocoding; the model is a waveform stage rather than complete raw-text speech system. Source throughput/MOS not independently replayed.","area":"Neural audio vocoders","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"prenger-et-al-waveglow-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e5953c0-e332-4672-a6ff-f2287f59364e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9b385c606db14f77d637ef8e8c1ecfbf51f427d9cbea765657e223b0fcb5d7ac"},"humans":["Ryan Prenger","Rafael Valle","Bryan Catanzaro"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1811-00002v1","title":"WaveGlow: A Flow-based Generative Network for Speech Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00002v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"prenger-et-al-waveglow-2018","entry_id":"prenger-et-al-waveglow-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e5953c0-e332-4672-a6ff-f2287f59364e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9b385c606db14f77d637ef8e8c1ecfbf51f427d9cbea765657e223b0fcb5d7ac"},"what_changed":"Combined Glow-style invertible transformations and WaveNet-derived components in a likelihood-trained parallel waveform synthesizer conditioned on mel spectrograms.","scope":"Combined Glow-style invertible transformations and WaveNet-derived components in a likelihood-trained parallel waveform synthesizer conditioned on mel spectrograms. Inherits normalizing flows and WaveNet. Parallel synthesis is not first non-autoregressive vocoding; the model is a waveform stage rather than complete raw-text speech system. Source throughput/MOS not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e5953c0-e332-4672-a6ff-f2287f59364e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9b385c606db14f77d637ef8e8c1ecfbf51f427d9cbea765657e223b0fcb5d7ac"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kumar-et-al-melgan-vocoder-2019","title":"MelGAN: convolutional adversarial waveform synthesis","summary":"Developed a non-autoregressive convolutional generator and multi-scale adversarial training choices for conditional mel-spectrogram inversion.","boundary":"Inherits GANs and convolutional waveform modeling. Acquired delta is architecture/training integration and ablation, not first adversarial audio. Unseen-speaker examples and speed comparisons do not establish universal quality/generalization.","area":"Neural audio vocoders","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kumar-et-al-melgan-vocoder-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:012bf0c8-72ac-4990-ae6e-479556cdc1ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43ebe0cc157a7f917f554c7a22dbf93dad6c95f71ecfb9ea8c31d5e3130e894b"},"humans":["Kundan Kumar","Rithesh Kumar","Thibault de Boissiere","Lucas Gestin","Wei Zhen Teoh","Jose Sotelo","Alexandre de Brebisson","Yoshua Bengio","Aaron Courville"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1910-06711v1","title":"MelGAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Conditional Waveform Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06711v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"kumar-et-al-melgan-vocoder-2019","entry_id":"kumar-et-al-melgan-vocoder-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:012bf0c8-72ac-4990-ae6e-479556cdc1ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43ebe0cc157a7f917f554c7a22dbf93dad6c95f71ecfb9ea8c31d5e3130e894b"},"what_changed":"Developed a non-autoregressive convolutional generator and multi-scale adversarial training choices for conditional mel-spectrogram inversion.","scope":"Developed a non-autoregressive convolutional generator and multi-scale adversarial training choices for conditional mel-spectrogram inversion. 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Unseen-speaker examples and speed comparisons do not establish universal quality/generalization.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:012bf0c8-72ac-4990-ae6e-479556cdc1ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43ebe0cc157a7f917f554c7a22dbf93dad6c95f71ecfb9ea8c31d5e3130e894b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kong-et-al-hifigan-periodic-vocoder-2020","title":"HiFi-GAN: periodic-pattern adversarial vocoding","summary":"Integrated multi-period and multi-scale discrimination with a multi-receptive-field generator to improve efficient mel-conditioned waveform synthesis.","boundary":"Inherits GAN vocoders and periodic audio structure. Human-like MOS refers to selected listening tests, not indistinguishability in every context; original hardware throughput is not a general current speed guarantee.","area":"Neural audio vocoders","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kong-et-al-hifigan-periodic-vocoder-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1cb1ef38-814d-49dd-a3fb-1d10dcfdd1f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c285a51cb10f9bf7fa18948f3242d58319e983bb208e41ab946ba96ae821b22b"},"humans":["Jungil Kong","Jaehyeon Kim","Jaekyoung Bae"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2010-05646v1","title":"HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.05646v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"kong-et-al-hifigan-periodic-vocoder-2020","entry_id":"kong-et-al-hifigan-periodic-vocoder-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1cb1ef38-814d-49dd-a3fb-1d10dcfdd1f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c285a51cb10f9bf7fa18948f3242d58319e983bb208e41ab946ba96ae821b22b"},"what_changed":"Integrated multi-period and multi-scale discrimination with a multi-receptive-field generator to improve efficient mel-conditioned waveform synthesis.","scope":"Integrated multi-period and multi-scale discrimination with a multi-receptive-field generator to improve efficient mel-conditioned waveform synthesis. 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Delta is the integrated latent/duration model, not first end-to-end TTS or proof of full natural prosody. Ground-truth-like MOS is limited to original tested datasets/listeners.","area":"Text-to-speech modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kim-et-al-vits-endtoend-tts-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:83ca2d53-16db-40ce-ad31-428dcfba1338","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:50320c54f25f08911b2428451d71e988708a214ea85f892be05ec4ae4ec5e107"},"humans":["Jaehyeon Kim","Jungil Kong","Juhee Son"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2106-06103v1","title":"Conditional Variational Autoencoder with Adversarial Learning for End-to-End Text-to-Speech","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.06103v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"kim-et-al-vits-endtoend-tts-2021","entry_id":"kim-et-al-vits-endtoend-tts-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:83ca2d53-16db-40ce-ad31-428dcfba1338","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:50320c54f25f08911b2428451d71e988708a214ea85f892be05ec4ae4ec5e107"},"what_changed":"Combined conditional variational inference, normalizing flows and adversarial waveform training with a stochastic duration predictor for parallel text-to-speech.","scope":"Combined conditional variational inference, normalizing flows and adversarial waveform training with a stochastic duration predictor for parallel text-to-speech. Inherits VAEs, flows, GANs and duration/alignment methods. Delta is the integrated latent/duration model, not first end-to-end TTS or proof of full natural prosody. Ground-truth-like MOS is limited to original tested datasets/listeners.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:83ca2d53-16db-40ce-ad31-428dcfba1338","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:50320c54f25f08911b2428451d71e988708a214ea85f892be05ec4ae4ec5e107"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-et-al-tacotron-2017","title":"Tacotron: character-to-spectrogram sequence-to-sequence synthesis","summary":"Trained a character-conditioned sequence-to-sequence acoustic model with spectrogram reconstruction to simplify feature-engineered text-to-speech pipelines.","boundary":"Inherits sequence-to-sequence attention and acoustic reconstruction; original waveform reconstruction is not the later Tacotron2 neural vocoder. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1703-10135v1","title":"Tacotron: A Fully End-to-End Text-To-Speech Synthesis Model","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10135v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"wang-et-al-tacotron-2017","entry_id":"wang-et-al-tacotron-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81e0d3a3-81a1-47d8-ad9b-16a029bcf09b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c4dbee39a3c1c9d06ef6704b221e80708f27831cc0bf8dfe9fd6797846a970a3"},"what_changed":"Trained a character-conditioned sequence-to-sequence acoustic model with spectrogram reconstruction to simplify feature-engineered text-to-speech pipelines.","scope":"Trained a character-conditioned sequence-to-sequence acoustic model with spectrogram reconstruction to simplify feature-engineered text-to-speech pipelines. Inherits sequence-to-sequence attention and acoustic reconstruction; original waveform reconstruction is not the later Tacotron2 neural vocoder. End-to-end terminology does not imply absence of signal processing, paired data or all prior knowledge.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81e0d3a3-81a1-47d8-ad9b-16a029bcf09b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c4dbee39a3c1c9d06ef6704b221e80708f27831cc0bf8dfe9fd6797846a970a3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shen-et-al-tacotron2-neural-tts-2017","title":"Tacotron2: mel-spectrogram prediction with a WaveNet vocoder","summary":"Integrated a recurrent character-to-mel predictor with a modified WaveNet vocoder and evaluated compact acoustic conditioning choices.","boundary":"Explicitly inherits Tacotron and WaveNet. Acquired delta is the neural two-component synthesis integration, not invention of either component. Selected mean-opinion scores do not prove all speech indistinguishable from human recordings.","area":"Text-to-speech systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"shen-et-al-tacotron2-neural-tts-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebab1620-766e-444c-a92c-5f8e27c36007","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:06588414c3ed1072cd4260038c041e0a477809e000970ba0c031712d8c45fc57"},"humans":["Jonathan Shen","Ruoming Pang","Ron J. Weiss","Mike Schuster","Navdeep Jaitly","Zongheng Yang","Zhifeng Chen","Yu Zhang","Yuxuan Wang","RJ Skerry-Ryan","Rif A. Saurous","Yannis Agiomyrgiannakis","Yonghui Wu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1712-05884v1","title":"Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictions","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05884v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"shen-et-al-tacotron2-neural-tts-2017","entry_id":"shen-et-al-tacotron2-neural-tts-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebab1620-766e-444c-a92c-5f8e27c36007","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:06588414c3ed1072cd4260038c041e0a477809e000970ba0c031712d8c45fc57"},"what_changed":"Integrated a recurrent character-to-mel predictor with a modified WaveNet vocoder and evaluated compact acoustic conditioning choices.","scope":"Integrated a recurrent character-to-mel predictor with a modified WaveNet vocoder and evaluated compact acoustic conditioning choices. Explicitly inherits Tacotron and WaveNet. Acquired delta is the neural two-component synthesis integration, not invention of either component. Selected mean-opinion scores do not prove all speech indistinguishable from human recordings.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebab1620-766e-444c-a92c-5f8e27c36007","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:06588414c3ed1072cd4260038c041e0a477809e000970ba0c031712d8c45fc57"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ren-et-al-fastspeech-length-regulator-2019","title":"FastSpeech: duration-regulated parallel acoustic prediction","summary":"Used a feed-forward transformer and predicted phoneme durations/length regulation to generate mel spectrograms in parallel, learning alignment from an autoregressive teacher.","boundary":"Inherits transformers and teacher-student learning. Original teacher alignment/distillation and downstream vocoder costs remain; speedup for acoustic prediction is not necessarily equal full-system speedup or a no-skipping theorem.","area":"Parallel text-to-speech modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ren-et-al-fastspeech-length-regulator-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5932e07f-1e0e-4798-a3bc-3f5e614fc1af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:67f1a16bda7ed9cf4e55e1e29b596f2a8db6487cd41f621beba18fbe44acfffb"},"humans":["Yi Ren","Yangjun Ruan","Xu Tan","Tao Qin","Sheng Zhao","Zhou Zhao","Tie-Yan Liu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1905-09263v1","title":"FastSpeech: Fast, Robust and Controllable Text to Speech","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09263v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ren-et-al-fastspeech-length-regulator-2019","entry_id":"ren-et-al-fastspeech-length-regulator-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5932e07f-1e0e-4798-a3bc-3f5e614fc1af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:67f1a16bda7ed9cf4e55e1e29b596f2a8db6487cd41f621beba18fbe44acfffb"},"what_changed":"Used a feed-forward transformer and predicted phoneme durations/length regulation to generate mel spectrograms in parallel, learning alignment from an autoregressive teacher.","scope":"Used a feed-forward transformer and predicted phoneme durations/length regulation to generate mel spectrograms in parallel, learning alignment from an autoregressive teacher. Inherits transformers and teacher-student learning. Original teacher alignment/distillation and downstream vocoder costs remain; speedup for acoustic prediction is not necessarily equal full-system speedup or a no-skipping theorem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5932e07f-1e0e-4798-a3bc-3f5e614fc1af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:67f1a16bda7ed9cf4e55e1e29b596f2a8db6487cd41f621beba18fbe44acfffb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ren-et-al-fastspeech2-variance-adaptation-2020","title":"FastSpeech2: direct target training with duration/pitch/energy adaptation","summary":"Replaced distilled acoustic targets with ground-truth speech features and added explicit duration, pitch and energy conditioning/prediction, including a waveform-generation extension.","boundary":"Inherits FastSpeech length regulation and variance modeling. Delta is direct-target/variance-adaptor design, not merely a faster version. External extraction/training costs and error remain; neither2nor2s receives a separate checkpoint-count entry.","area":"Parallel text-to-speech modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ren-et-al-fastspeech2-variance-adaptation-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:062a33ef-eaa1-48b2-a5c6-7218fd61f1eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b494c85908ee3be26b0eef5cea55eae5e895f9bf34692832692bfa7086020dbe"},"humans":["Yi Ren","Chenxu Hu","Xu Tan","Tao Qin","Sheng Zhao","Zhou Zhao","Tie-Yan Liu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2006-04558v1","title":"FastSpeech 2: Fast and High-Quality End-to-End Text-to-Speech","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04558v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"ren-et-al-fastspeech2-variance-adaptation-2020","entry_id":"ren-et-al-fastspeech2-variance-adaptation-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:062a33ef-eaa1-48b2-a5c6-7218fd61f1eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b494c85908ee3be26b0eef5cea55eae5e895f9bf34692832692bfa7086020dbe"},"what_changed":"Replaced distilled acoustic targets with ground-truth speech features and added explicit duration, pitch and energy conditioning/prediction, including a waveform-generation extension.","scope":"Replaced distilled acoustic targets with ground-truth speech features and added explicit duration, pitch and energy conditioning/prediction, including a waveform-generation extension. Inherits FastSpeech length regulation and variance modeling. Delta is direct-target/variance-adaptor design, not merely a faster version. External extraction/training costs and error remain; neither2nor2s receives a separate checkpoint-count entry.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:062a33ef-eaa1-48b2-a5c6-7218fd61f1eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b494c85908ee3be26b0eef5cea55eae5e895f9bf34692832692bfa7086020dbe"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kim-et-al-glowtts-monotonic-alignment-search-2020","title":"Glow-TTS: flow-based synthesis with internal monotonic alignment search","summary":"Used a generative flow and monotonic alignment search to learn text/speech alignment internally for parallel acoustic synthesis without an external teacher aligner.","boundary":"Inherits flows and monotonic dynamic programming. No external aligner does not mean no alignment assumptions, duration model, phoneme preprocessing or paired data; original comparison is not a general optimal speech-alignment theorem.","area":"Text-to-speech alignment","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kim-et-al-glowtts-monotonic-alignment-search-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9309cef8-7dd2-4bcb-ac34-99e503b416d6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cd1a08a918a73118ffd602e4a4cb095722e5c2cd482e51277f357b0d1b6bf8d"},"humans":["Jaehyeon Kim","Sungwon Kim","Jungil Kong","Sungroh Yoon"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2005-11129v1","title":"Glow-TTS: A Generative Flow for Text-to-Speech via Monotonic Alignment Search","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11129v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"kim-et-al-glowtts-monotonic-alignment-search-2020","entry_id":"kim-et-al-glowtts-monotonic-alignment-search-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9309cef8-7dd2-4bcb-ac34-99e503b416d6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cd1a08a918a73118ffd602e4a4cb095722e5c2cd482e51277f357b0d1b6bf8d"},"what_changed":"Used a generative flow and monotonic alignment search to learn text/speech alignment internally for parallel acoustic synthesis without an external teacher aligner.","scope":"Used a generative flow and monotonic alignment search to learn text/speech alignment internally for parallel acoustic synthesis without an external teacher aligner. Inherits flows and monotonic dynamic programming. No external aligner does not mean no alignment assumptions, duration model, phoneme preprocessing or paired data; original comparison is not a general optimal speech-alignment theorem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9309cef8-7dd2-4bcb-ac34-99e503b416d6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3cd1a08a918a73118ffd602e4a4cb095722e5c2cd482e51277f357b0d1b6bf8d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"eskimez-et-al-e2tts-filler-flow-infilling-2024","title":"E2TTS: filler-token text alignment through flow-based audio infilling","summary":"Padded character text with filler tokens and trained flow-based mel infilling to support non-autoregressive zero-shot speech without explicit phoneme alignment/duration modules.","boundary":"Inherits flow matching, audio infilling and zero-shot TTS. Removing explicit alignment modules is not exact alignment or universal human-level speech; length handling and generation computation remain.","area":"Non-autoregressive text-to-speech","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"eskimez-et-al-e2tts-filler-flow-infilling-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:450cdd79-349c-4f46-a577-204683369720","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c25d160888c94091483a892755dceef36cd96d3effc82cef9dfdbb7f1892afa"},"humans":["Sefik Emre Eskimez","Xiaofei Wang","Manthan Thakker","Canrun Li","Chung-Hsien Tsai","Zhen Xiao","Hemin Yang","Zirun Zhu","Min Tang","Xu Tan","Yanqing Liu","Sheng Zhao","Naoyuki Kanda"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2406-18009v1","title":"E2 TTS: Embarrassingly Easy Fully Non-Autoregressive Zero-Shot TTS","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.18009v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"eskimez-et-al-e2tts-filler-flow-infilling-2024","entry_id":"eskimez-et-al-e2tts-filler-flow-infilling-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:450cdd79-349c-4f46-a577-204683369720","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c25d160888c94091483a892755dceef36cd96d3effc82cef9dfdbb7f1892afa"},"what_changed":"Padded character text with filler tokens and trained flow-based mel infilling to support non-autoregressive zero-shot speech without explicit phoneme alignment/duration modules.","scope":"Padded character text with filler tokens and trained flow-based mel infilling to support non-autoregressive zero-shot speech without explicit phoneme alignment/duration modules. Inherits flow matching, audio infilling and zero-shot TTS. Removing explicit alignment modules is not exact alignment or universal human-level speech; length handling and generation computation remain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:450cdd79-349c-4f46-a577-204683369720","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c25d160888c94091483a892755dceef36cd96d3effc82cef9dfdbb7f1892afa"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chen-et-al-f5tts-convnext-sway-2024","title":"F5TTS: ConvNeXt text refinement and Sway sampling","summary":"Refined filler-token text representations with ConvNeXt and introduced Sway sampling for an E2TTS-style flow/DiT speech generator.","boundary":"Explicitly inherits E2TTS filler/alignment-free design, flow matching and DiT/ConvNeXt. Acquired delta is text refinement/sampling integration, not first duration-model-free TTS. No audio samples or voice clone executed.","area":"Non-autoregressive text-to-speech","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chen-et-al-f5tts-convnext-sway-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad9edc7d-e265-447f-aef3-c409f03fdd8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65fd770f680f019e1d57bfca0dee4cb5cb6698efc6ed593ca69a134157d8f66a"},"humans":["Yushen Chen","Zhikang Niu","Ziyang Ma","Keqi Deng","Chunhui Wang","Jian Zhao","Kai Yu","Xie Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2410-06885v1","title":"F5-TTS: A Fairytaler that Fakes Fluent and Faithful Speech with Flow Matching","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.06885v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"chen-et-al-f5tts-convnext-sway-2024","entry_id":"chen-et-al-f5tts-convnext-sway-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad9edc7d-e265-447f-aef3-c409f03fdd8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65fd770f680f019e1d57bfca0dee4cb5cb6698efc6ed593ca69a134157d8f66a"},"what_changed":"Refined filler-token text representations with ConvNeXt and introduced Sway sampling for an E2TTS-style flow/DiT speech generator.","scope":"Refined filler-token text representations with ConvNeXt and introduced Sway sampling for an E2TTS-style flow/DiT speech generator. Explicitly inherits E2TTS filler/alignment-free design, flow matching and DiT/ConvNeXt. Acquired delta is text refinement/sampling integration, not first duration-model-free TTS. No audio samples or voice clone executed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad9edc7d-e265-447f-aef3-c409f03fdd8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65fd770f680f019e1d57bfca0dee4cb5cb6698efc6ed593ca69a134157d8f66a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"defossez-et-al-moshi-duplex-speechtext-2024","title":"Moshi: parallel speech streams and text-conditioned inner-monologue generation","summary":"Modeled user and assistant speech as parallel codec-token streams and predicted time-aligned text before audio tokens, combining a neural codec with a language backbone for duplex dialogue.","boundary":"Inherits language models, neural codecs and semantic/acoustic hierarchies. Scoped contribution is duplex/text-audio integration, not adjudicated universal first or proof of arbitrary conversation dynamics. Latency values are original setup measurements.","area":"Full-duplex speech dialogue","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"defossez-et-al-moshi-duplex-speechtext-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f0022077-ee57-46e9-a7bf-4f5b6589b140","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d41434f208f9eef2c54162f6056bb4e548ce5389a66d3f68775aff4a25223728"},"humans":["Alexandre Défossez","Laurent Mazaré","Manu Orsini","Amélie Royer","Patrick Pérez","Hervé Jégou","Edouard Grave","Neil Zeghidour"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2410-00037v1","title":"Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialogue","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.00037v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"defossez-et-al-moshi-duplex-speechtext-2024","entry_id":"defossez-et-al-moshi-duplex-speechtext-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f0022077-ee57-46e9-a7bf-4f5b6589b140","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d41434f208f9eef2c54162f6056bb4e548ce5389a66d3f68775aff4a25223728"},"what_changed":"Modeled user and assistant speech as parallel codec-token streams and predicted time-aligned text before audio tokens, combining a neural codec with a language backbone for duplex dialogue.","scope":"Modeled user and assistant speech as parallel codec-token streams and predicted time-aligned text before audio tokens, combining a neural codec with a language backbone for duplex dialogue. Inherits language models, neural codecs and semantic/acoustic hierarchies. Scoped contribution is duplex/text-audio integration, not adjudicated universal first or proof of arbitrary conversation dynamics. Latency values are original setup measurements.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f0022077-ee57-46e9-a7bf-4f5b6589b140","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d41434f208f9eef2c54162f6056bb4e548ce5389a66d3f68775aff4a25223728"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice-supervised-semantic-tokens-2024","title":"CosyVoice: supervised semantic speech tokens with LM/flow synthesis","summary":"Inserted vector quantization into a multilingual recognition encoder to obtain supervised semantic tokens, coupling text-to-token language modeling with conditional-flow speech rendering.","boundary":"Inherits Whisper, quantization, language modeling and flow matching. Acquired delta is supervised speech-token interface and synthesis integration, not first semantic audio tokens. Voice-cloning benchmark gains are source-specific; no clone generated.","area":"Speech tokenization and synthesis","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice-supervised-semantic-tokens-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a49f3860-ad2b-4c23-a2e1-c154a11f3c77","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2afa6fdb402945e4b6dc90651167ad0bea925be8b27f93ad9dc36f4c71ccc84e"},"humans":["Zhihao Du","Qian Chen","Shiliang Zhang","Kai Hu","Heng Lu","Yexin Yang","Hangrui Hu","Siqi Zheng","Yue Gu","Ziyang Ma","Zhijie Yan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2407-05407v1","title":"CosyVoice: A Scalable Multilingual Zero-shot Text-to-speech Synthesizer based on Supervised Semantic Tokens","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.05407v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice-supervised-semantic-tokens-2024","entry_id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice-supervised-semantic-tokens-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a49f3860-ad2b-4c23-a2e1-c154a11f3c77","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2afa6fdb402945e4b6dc90651167ad0bea925be8b27f93ad9dc36f4c71ccc84e"},"what_changed":"Inserted vector quantization into a multilingual recognition encoder to obtain supervised semantic tokens, coupling text-to-token language modeling with conditional-flow speech rendering.","scope":"Inserted vector quantization into a multilingual recognition encoder to obtain supervised semantic tokens, coupling text-to-token language modeling with conditional-flow speech rendering. Inherits Whisper, quantization, language modeling and flow matching. Acquired delta is supervised speech-token interface and synthesis integration, not first semantic audio tokens. Voice-cloning benchmark gains are source-specific; no clone generated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a49f3860-ad2b-4c23-a2e1-c154a11f3c77","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2afa6fdb402945e4b6dc90651167ad0bea925be8b27f93ad9dc36f4c71ccc84e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice2-chunkcausal-flow-2024","title":"CosyVoice2: FSQ tokens and chunk-aware streaming flow synthesis","summary":"Combined finite-scalar speech-token quantization, a pretrained text-language backbone and chunk-aware causal flow rendering to support streaming and non-streaming speech in one system.","boundary":"Inherits CosyVoice, FSQ and flow matching. Distinct delta is the causal/chunk/token interface, not model-size release. Source human-parity and virtually-lossless streaming claims are empirical, not lossless coding or universal quality guarantees.","area":"Streaming speech synthesis","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice2-chunkcausal-flow-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4cec95b7-0ac2-4df8-acfe-1a2d05d0bc62","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0447017e597541705f8c1ea512c9497acd822e0511ecd7e288cf5cb1def21967"},"humans":["Zhihao Du","Yuxuan Wang","Qian Chen","Xian Shi","Xiang Lv","Tianyu Zhao","Zhifu Gao","Yexin Yang","Changfeng Gao","Hui Wang","Fan Yu","Huadai Liu","Zhengyan Sheng","Yue Gu","Chong Deng","Wen Wang","Shiliang Zhang","Zhijie Yan","Jingren Zhou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2412-10117v1","title":"CosyVoice 2: Scalable Streaming Speech Synthesis with Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.10117v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice2-chunkcausal-flow-2024","entry_id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice2-chunkcausal-flow-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4cec95b7-0ac2-4df8-acfe-1a2d05d0bc62","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0447017e597541705f8c1ea512c9497acd822e0511ecd7e288cf5cb1def21967"},"what_changed":"Combined finite-scalar speech-token quantization, a pretrained text-language backbone and chunk-aware causal flow rendering to support streaming and non-streaming speech in one system.","scope":"Combined finite-scalar speech-token quantization, a pretrained text-language backbone and chunk-aware causal flow rendering to support streaming and non-streaming speech in one system. Inherits CosyVoice, FSQ and flow matching. Distinct delta is the causal/chunk/token interface, not model-size release. Source human-parity and virtually-lossless streaming claims are empirical, not lossless coding or universal quality guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4cec95b7-0ac2-4df8-acfe-1a2d05d0bc62","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0447017e597541705f8c1ea512c9497acd822e0511ecd7e288cf5cb1def21967"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice3-multitask-tokenizer-reward-2025","title":"CosyVoice3: multitask speech tokenization and differentiable-reward post-training","summary":"Extended supervised speech token learning across semantic, prosodic and speaker tasks and introduced differentiable-reward post-training alongside a broader training corpus.","boundary":"Inherits CosyVoice2 and multitask/reward learning. Acquired delta is specified tokenizer/post-training mechanism, not generic scaling of hours/parameters/languages. Reported multilingual quality is not universal robustness or independently validated human parity.","area":"Speech tokenization and post-training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice3-multitask-tokenizer-reward-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28fd95b7-17c5-4e28-a175-7bc205368129","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e395c9238b7b41546b52392023eaaf7715fbc59192713ca983f94f6907dd441b"},"humans":["Zhihao Du","Changfeng Gao","Yuxuan Wang","Fan Yu","Tianyu Zhao","Hao Wang","Xiang Lv","Hui Wang","Xian Shi","Keyu An","Guanrou Yang","Yabin Li","Yanni Chen","Zhifu Gao","Qian Chen","Yue Gu","Mengzhe Chen","Yafeng Chen","Shiliang Zhang","Wen Wang","Jieping Ye"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2505-17589v1","title":"CosyVoice 3: Towards In-the-wild Speech Generation via Scaling-up and Post-training","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.17589v1"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice3-multitask-tokenizer-reward-2025","entry_id":"du-et-al-cosyvoice3-multitask-tokenizer-reward-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28fd95b7-17c5-4e28-a175-7bc205368129","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e395c9238b7b41546b52392023eaaf7715fbc59192713ca983f94f6907dd441b"},"what_changed":"Extended supervised speech token learning across semantic, prosodic and speaker tasks and introduced differentiable-reward post-training alongside a broader training corpus.","scope":"Extended supervised speech token learning across semantic, prosodic and speaker tasks and introduced differentiable-reward post-training alongside a broader training corpus. Inherits CosyVoice2 and multitask/reward learning. Acquired delta is specified tokenizer/post-training mechanism, not generic scaling of hours/parameters/languages. Reported multilingual quality is not universal robustness or independently validated human parity.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28fd95b7-17c5-4e28-a175-7bc205368129","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e395c9238b7b41546b52392023eaaf7715fbc59192713ca983f94f6907dd441b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liao-et-al-fishspeech-dualar-codec-2024","title":"Fish-Speech: fast/slow autoregression with grouped finite-scalar audio codes","summary":"Integrated a serial fast/slow autoregressive design and grouped finite-scalar audio quantization with language-model linguistic processing for multilingual speech synthesis.","boundary":"Inherits LLMs, hierarchical token prediction, finite-scalar quantization and neural vocoders. No general guarantee of100percent codebook use, arbitrary polyphone correctness or universal voice cloning; original method is distinct from later closed product claims.","area":"Speech generation architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liao-et-al-fishspeech-dualar-codec-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b42e03d4-ec99-4f60-a0d9-3d5abc608cd8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7a0e04e184bb208762e9a689863787102dffc417a6fbf3b4a821b1305de854d"},"humans":["Shijia Liao","Yuxuan Wang","Tianyu Li","Yifan Cheng","Ruoyi Zhang","Rongzhi Zhou","Yijin Xing"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2411-01156v1","title":"Fish-Speech: Leveraging Large Language Models for Advanced Multilingual Text-to-Speech Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.01156v1"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"liao-et-al-fishspeech-dualar-codec-2024","entry_id":"liao-et-al-fishspeech-dualar-codec-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b42e03d4-ec99-4f60-a0d9-3d5abc608cd8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7a0e04e184bb208762e9a689863787102dffc417a6fbf3b4a821b1305de854d"},"what_changed":"Integrated a serial fast/slow autoregressive design and grouped finite-scalar audio quantization with language-model linguistic processing for multilingual speech synthesis.","scope":"Integrated a serial fast/slow autoregressive design and grouped finite-scalar audio quantization with language-model linguistic processing for multilingual speech synthesis. Inherits LLMs, hierarchical token prediction, finite-scalar quantization and neural vocoders. No general guarantee of100percent codebook use, arbitrary polyphone correctness or universal voice cloning; original method is distinct from later closed product claims.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b42e03d4-ec99-4f60-a0d9-3d5abc608cd8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7a0e04e184bb208762e9a689863787102dffc417a6fbf3b4a821b1305de854d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-et-al-sparktts-bicodec-2025","title":"Spark-TTS: semantic/global BiCodec tokens and controllable speech system","summary":"Separated low-rate semantic codes and fixed-length global speaker attributes in BiCodec and integrated them with a Qwen-based synthesis system and annotated VoxBox resource.","boundary":"Inherits speech codecs, FSQ and language models. Disentanglement/attribute control is empirical rather than causal identifiability; dataset-hours and voice-control results do not certify licensing or universal performance. No source media/model executed.","area":"Controllable speech systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wang-et-al-sparktts-bicodec-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66e9d529-e77c-4ef7-ab0b-2a1f0a03d7b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73397edd6577a77e7e7344902f913065fa23d6e27f4772134d723d88bb56540e"},"humans":["Xinsheng Wang","Mingqi Jiang","Ziyang Ma","Ziyu Zhang","Songxiang Liu","Linqin Li","Zheng Liang","Qixi Zheng","Rui Wang","Xiaoqin Feng","Weizhen Bian","Zhen Ye","Sitong Cheng","Ruibin Yuan","Zhixian Zhao","Xinfa Zhu","Jiahao Pan","Liumeng Xue","Pengcheng Zhu","Yunlin Chen","Zhifei Li","Xie Chen","Lei Xie","Yike Guo","Wei Xue"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2503-01710v1","title":"Spark-TTS: An Efficient LLM-Based Text-to-Speech Model with Single-Stream Decoupled Speech Tokens","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.01710v1"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"wang-et-al-sparktts-bicodec-2025","entry_id":"wang-et-al-sparktts-bicodec-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66e9d529-e77c-4ef7-ab0b-2a1f0a03d7b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73397edd6577a77e7e7344902f913065fa23d6e27f4772134d723d88bb56540e"},"what_changed":"Separated low-rate semantic codes and fixed-length global speaker attributes in BiCodec and integrated them with a Qwen-based synthesis system and annotated VoxBox resource.","scope":"Separated low-rate semantic codes and fixed-length global speaker attributes in BiCodec and integrated them with a Qwen-based synthesis system and annotated VoxBox resource. Inherits speech codecs, FSQ and language models. Disentanglement/attribute control is empirical rather than causal identifiability; dataset-hours and voice-control results do not certify licensing or universal performance. No source media/model executed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66e9d529-e77c-4ef7-ab0b-2a1f0a03d7b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73397edd6577a77e7e7344902f913065fa23d6e27f4772134d723d88bb56540e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"stepaudio-team-unified-speech-system-2025","title":"Step-Audio: unified speech systems with generative data and reasoning adaptation","summary":"Released a unified speech/text interaction system with a synthetic speech-data engine, a distilled TTS model and instruction/control/tool-use training plus evaluation resources. Step-Audio2 adds a latent audio encoder and reasoning-centric reinforcement learning while integrating paralinguistic speech generation and audio/text retrieval.","boundary":"Inherits speech tokens, language models, distillation and tool calling. Acquired delta is the concrete integrated research system/data/evaluation resource, not first speech agent or universally production-ready behavior. The second stage inherits RL, RAG and speech-language training; it does not prove hallucination-free tool use or all-context prosody understanding. Both team fronts bundled as one system family.","area":"Speech-language model systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"stepaudio-team-unified-speech-system-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:426f819f-3506-4a35-afaf-b3528bae094b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad4108dab3422ccf07c1bc1b2b5238805a26c930145c7f82b8a2e9a83442d834"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2502-11946v1","title":"Step-Audio: Unified Understanding and Generation in Intelligent Speech Interaction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.11946v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2507-16632v1","title":"Step-Audio 2 Technical Report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16632v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"stepaudio-team-unified-speech-system-2025","entry_id":"stepaudio-team-unified-speech-system-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:426f819f-3506-4a35-afaf-b3528bae094b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad4108dab3422ccf07c1bc1b2b5238805a26c930145c7f82b8a2e9a83442d834"},"what_changed":"Released a unified speech/text interaction system with a synthetic speech-data engine, a distilled TTS model and instruction/control/tool-use training plus evaluation resources. 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Both team fronts bundled as one system family.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:426f819f-3506-4a35-afaf-b3528bae094b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ad4108dab3422ccf07c1bc1b2b5238805a26c930145c7f82b8a2e9a83442d834"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schalkwyk-et-al-sesame-contextual-speech-model-2025","title":"Sesame CSM: contextual speech generation with amortized audio decoding","summary":"Modeled interleaved text/audio history with a zeroth-codebook backbone and smaller residual-codebook decoder, subsampling decoder training frames and evaluating contextual pronunciation/prosody.","boundary":"Inherits RQTransformer, Llama-style architecture and Mimi codec from Moshi. Acquired delta is zeroth-codebook backbone/small decoder split, decoder-frame subsampling and contextual evaluation integration, not first hierarchical audio transformer. Technical post admits deficient conversational structure and a context-sensitive human-prosody gap.","area":"Contextual speech-model systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"schalkwyk-et-al-sesame-contextual-speech-model-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef38a6d3-2c15-43d1-aa51-78e2c4b7ff81","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ddfbb50e1b9b67deb4600e46cb46b7c64d2085b15ab5906d88c6f3830d2e7d04"},"humans":["Johan Schalkwyk","Ankit Kumar","Dan Lyth","Sefik Emre Eskimez","Zack Hodari","Cinjon Resnick","Ramon Sanabria","Raven Jiang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-sesame-csm-technical-account","title":"Conversational speech generation — original Sesame technical post","url":"https://www.sesame.com/journal/crossing-the-uncanny-valley-of-voice"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"schalkwyk-et-al-sesame-contextual-speech-model-2025","entry_id":"schalkwyk-et-al-sesame-contextual-speech-model-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef38a6d3-2c15-43d1-aa51-78e2c4b7ff81","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ddfbb50e1b9b67deb4600e46cb46b7c64d2085b15ab5906d88c6f3830d2e7d04"},"what_changed":"Modeled interleaved text/audio history with a zeroth-codebook backbone and smaller residual-codebook decoder, subsampling decoder training frames and evaluating contextual pronunciation/prosody.","scope":"Modeled interleaved text/audio history with a zeroth-codebook backbone and smaller residual-codebook decoder, subsampling decoder training frames and evaluating contextual pronunciation/prosody. Inherits RQTransformer, Llama-style architecture and Mimi codec from Moshi. Acquired delta is zeroth-codebook backbone/small decoder split, decoder-frame subsampling and contextual evaluation integration, not first hierarchical audio transformer. Technical post admits deficient conversational structure and a context-sensitive human-prosody gap.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef38a6d3-2c15-43d1-aa51-78e2c4b7ff81","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ddfbb50e1b9b67deb4600e46cb46b7c64d2085b15ab5906d88c6f3830d2e7d04"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shi-et-al-emformer-streaming-memory-2020","title":"Emformer: cached/block-parallel memory attention for streaming recognition","summary":"Combined summarized history memory, left-context KV caching and parallel block training for low-latency acoustic transformers.","boundary":"Inherits memory transformers, blockwise streaming and TransformerXL. Bounded memory summaries are not lossless all-history attention; latency/word-error gains are original model/data/hardware observations.","area":"Streaming speech recognition","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"shi-et-al-emformer-streaming-memory-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:254d21ae-2647-49e2-a91e-46a2b0291b45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1623bdaf917d8ad9668c98c7024dec45aa0ddd4cd02ed9aa270d162286a5f7e7"},"humans":["Yangyang Shi","Yongqiang Wang","Chunyang Wu","Ching-Feng Yeh","Julian Chan","Frank Zhang","Duc Le","Mike Seltzer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2010-10759v1","title":"Emformer: Efficient Memory Transformer Based Acoustic Model For Low Latency Streaming Speech Recognition","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.10759v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"shi-et-al-emformer-streaming-memory-2020","entry_id":"shi-et-al-emformer-streaming-memory-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:254d21ae-2647-49e2-a91e-46a2b0291b45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1623bdaf917d8ad9668c98c7024dec45aa0ddd4cd02ed9aa270d162286a5f7e7"},"what_changed":"Combined summarized history memory, left-context KV caching and parallel block training for low-latency acoustic transformers.","scope":"Combined summarized history memory, left-context KV caching and parallel block training for low-latency acoustic transformers. Inherits memory transformers, blockwise streaming and TransformerXL. Bounded memory summaries are not lossless all-history attention; latency/word-error gains are original model/data/hardware observations.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:254d21ae-2647-49e2-a91e-46a2b0291b45","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1623bdaf917d8ad9668c98c7024dec45aa0ddd4cd02ed9aa270d162286a5f7e7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hannun-et-al-deepspeech-2014","title":"DeepSpeech: end-to-end recurrent recognition and scalable training","summary":"Integrated end-to-end recurrent speech recognition, multi-GPU training and synthesized noisy training data to reduce hand-engineered recognition stages.","boundary":"Inherits recurrent networks and CTC. Source still combines a language model at decoding; end-to-end does not mean no preprocessing, prior data or external decoder. Noise robustness is empirical, not universal invariance.","area":"Speech-recognition systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"hannun-et-al-deepspeech-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e4a2fe1-1c7e-40cf-a61b-a3edef7840b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07765a42d2d3db714898ea0c1edd163ea413a2937b71a0fb373bd75974d51784"},"humans":["Awni Hannun","Carl Case","Jared Casper","Bryan Catanzaro","Greg Diamos","Erich Elsen","Ryan Prenger","Sanjeev Satheesh","Shubho Sengupta","Adam Coates","Andrew Y. Ng"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1412-5567v1","title":"DeepSpeech: Scaling up end-to-end speech recognition","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.5567v1"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"hannun-et-al-deepspeech-2014","entry_id":"hannun-et-al-deepspeech-2014","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e4a2fe1-1c7e-40cf-a61b-a3edef7840b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07765a42d2d3db714898ea0c1edd163ea413a2937b71a0fb373bd75974d51784"},"what_changed":"Integrated end-to-end recurrent speech recognition, multi-GPU training and synthesized noisy training data to reduce hand-engineered recognition stages.","scope":"Integrated end-to-end recurrent speech recognition, multi-GPU training and synthesized noisy training data to reduce hand-engineered recognition stages. Inherits recurrent networks and CTC. Source still combines a language model at decoding; end-to-end does not mean no preprocessing, prior data or external decoder. Noise robustness is empirical, not universal invariance.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e4a2fe1-1c7e-40cf-a61b-a3edef7840b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07765a42d2d3db714898ea0c1edd163ea413a2937b71a0fb373bd75974d51784"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schneider-et-al-wav2vec-pretraining-2019","title":"wav2vec: convolutional contrastive audio pretraining for recognition","summary":"Learned raw-audio representations through a convolutional future-versus-negative contrastive objective and transferred them to supervised acoustic modeling.","boundary":"Inherits contrastive predictive representation learning. Label savings do not remove unlabeled-data or downstream supervision requirements. Original wav2vec is distinct from masked/quantized wav2vec2 already formal.","area":"Self-supervised speech representation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"schneider-et-al-wav2vec-pretraining-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18bfbd10-8b03-4950-a4ef-2c70d7241990","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac5496aafe31130a5eff32c933db46bf4c277668673ed98e8911201f0be6dadd"},"humans":["Steffen Schneider","Alexei Baevski","Ronan Collobert","Michael Auli"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1904-05862v1","title":"wav2vec: Unsupervised Pre-training for Speech Recognition","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.05862v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"schneider-et-al-wav2vec-pretraining-2019","entry_id":"schneider-et-al-wav2vec-pretraining-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18bfbd10-8b03-4950-a4ef-2c70d7241990","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac5496aafe31130a5eff32c933db46bf4c277668673ed98e8911201f0be6dadd"},"what_changed":"Learned raw-audio representations through a convolutional future-versus-negative contrastive objective and transferred them to supervised acoustic modeling.","scope":"Learned raw-audio representations through a convolutional future-versus-negative contrastive objective and transferred them to supervised acoustic modeling. Inherits contrastive predictive representation learning. Label savings do not remove unlabeled-data or downstream supervision requirements. Original wav2vec is distinct from masked/quantized wav2vec2 already formal.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18bfbd10-8b03-4950-a4ef-2c70d7241990","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac5496aafe31130a5eff32c933db46bf4c277668673ed98e8911201f0be6dadd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chan-et-al-listen-attend-spell-2015","title":"Listen Attend Spell: pyramidal acoustic encoding and character attention decoding","summary":"Jointly trained a pyramidal recurrent listener and attention-based recurrent character speller for speech transcription.","boundary":"Inherits sequence-to-sequence attention. No conditional output-independence assumption is not absence of every modeling assumption. Original unrescored word-error rate remains worse than the cited strongest hybrid; no universal best claim.","area":"Speech-recognition modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chan-et-al-listen-attend-spell-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13ab3a28-ab07-4668-a770-a717b91b5976","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:019dbd2663f555243f3fe5a0d10b9129d66d14a6a0ab54c9fc2ca25f3efd68d1"},"humans":["William Chan","Navdeep Jaitly","Quoc V. Le","Oriol Vinyals"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1508-01211v1","title":"Listen, Attend and Spell","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.01211v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"chan-et-al-listen-attend-spell-2015","entry_id":"chan-et-al-listen-attend-spell-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13ab3a28-ab07-4668-a770-a717b91b5976","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:019dbd2663f555243f3fe5a0d10b9129d66d14a6a0ab54c9fc2ca25f3efd68d1"},"what_changed":"Jointly trained a pyramidal recurrent listener and attention-based recurrent character speller for speech transcription.","scope":"Jointly trained a pyramidal recurrent listener and attention-based recurrent character speller for speech transcription. Inherits sequence-to-sequence attention. No conditional output-independence assumption is not absence of every modeling assumption. Original unrescored word-error rate remains worse than the cited strongest hybrid; no universal best claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13ab3a28-ab07-4668-a770-a717b91b5976","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:019dbd2663f555243f3fe5a0d10b9129d66d14a6a0ab54c9fc2ca25f3efd68d1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ao-et-al-speecht5-unified-pretraining-2021","title":"SpeechT5: shared speech/text encoder-decoder pretraining","summary":"Shared an encoder-decoder between speech/text tasks through modality-specific pre/post networks and random-mixed cross-modal quantization during pretraining.","boundary":"Inherits T5-style transfer, speech encoders and vector quantization. Unified framework does not prove a unique semantic space or replace every task-specific component; source tasks/results are bounded.","area":"Speech-text representation modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ao-et-al-speecht5-unified-pretraining-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e622a66c-d829-4df2-ad98-3246c4855df8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e20320dbcf2955c8ed614a77429b8db317ed7375c999a29656028b55997eac7"},"humans":["Junyi Ao","Rui Wang","Long Zhou","Shujie Liu","Shuo Ren","Yu Wu","Tom Ko","Qing Li","Yu Zhang","Zhihua Wei","Yao Qian","Jinyu Li","Furu Wei"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2110-07205v1","title":"SpeechT5: Unified-Modal Encoder-Decoder Pre-training for Spoken Language Processing","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.07205v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"ao-et-al-speecht5-unified-pretraining-2021","entry_id":"ao-et-al-speecht5-unified-pretraining-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e622a66c-d829-4df2-ad98-3246c4855df8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e20320dbcf2955c8ed614a77429b8db317ed7375c999a29656028b55997eac7"},"what_changed":"Shared an encoder-decoder between speech/text tasks through modality-specific pre/post networks and random-mixed cross-modal quantization during pretraining.","scope":"Shared an encoder-decoder between speech/text tasks through modality-specific pre/post networks and random-mixed cross-modal quantization during pretraining. Inherits T5-style transfer, speech encoders and vector quantization. Unified framework does not prove a unique semantic space or replace every task-specific component; source tasks/results are bounded.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e622a66c-d829-4df2-ad98-3246c4855df8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e20320dbcf2955c8ed614a77429b8db317ed7375c999a29656028b55997eac7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rubenstein-et-al-audiopalm-2023","title":"AudioPaLM: language-backbone initialization for unified speech/text generation","summary":"Combined a text-language backbone with audio-token modeling to transfer text pretraining into speech understanding, generation and translation.","boundary":"Explicitly inherits PaLM2, AudioLM and neural codecs. Zero-shot source/target combinations differ from no training for a language or zero speech supervision. No voice clone or unqualified current model superiority inferred.","area":"Speech-language model systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"rubenstein-et-al-audiopalm-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f5f0f458-ed7a-4460-a564-53db1d0c083e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:85161fb0d25a80734372fc1eaa679ae20adec84915d3ea3b9ec1c38bbbd6551c"},"humans":["Paul K. 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One family package with explicit two-stage deltas, not two model-size entries. Qwen2-Audio outputs text responses; it is not the later Thinker/Talker speech-generation architecture. No universal audio understanding guarantee.","area":"Audio-language systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"qwen-team-audio-taskconditioned-family-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:282b55a1-222e-464e-a621-ec08d952317b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d47eb2452bfd22ba50efabbc771b9f5080c9dc88efdf4170cfa256a061123ec"},"humans":["Yunfei Chu","Jin Xu","Xiaohuan Zhou","Qian Yang","Shiliang Zhang","Zhijie Yan","Chang Zhou","Jingren Zhou","Haojie Wei","Xipin Wei","Zhifang Guo","Yichong Leng","Yuanjun Lv","Jinzheng He","Junyang Lin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2311-07919v1","title":"Qwen-Audio: Advancing Universal Audio Understanding via Unified Large-Scale Audio-Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.07919v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2407-10759v1","title":"Qwen2-Audio Technical Report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.10759v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"qwen-team-audio-taskconditioned-family-2023","entry_id":"qwen-team-audio-taskconditioned-family-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:282b55a1-222e-464e-a621-ec08d952317b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d47eb2452bfd22ba50efabbc771b9f5080c9dc88efdf4170cfa256a061123ec"},"what_changed":"Developed hierarchical task-tag conditioning for heterogeneous audio-language pretraining; the later Qwen2 stage replaced tags with natural-language task prompts and added audio-instruction preference adaptation.","scope":"Developed hierarchical task-tag conditioning for heterogeneous audio-language pretraining; the later Qwen2 stage replaced tags with natural-language task prompts and added audio-instruction preference adaptation. Inherits audio encoders, language models, multitask learning and DPO. One family package with explicit two-stage deltas, not two model-size entries. Qwen2-Audio outputs text responses; it is not the later Thinker/Talker speech-generation architecture. No universal audio understanding guarantee.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:282b55a1-222e-464e-a621-ec08d952317b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d47eb2452bfd22ba50efabbc771b9f5080c9dc88efdf4170cfa256a061123ec"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nvidia-audioflamingo-reasoning-resource-family-2024","title":"Audio Flamingo: audio-language curriculum, long-audio resources and temporal reasoning","summary":"Integrated sliding audio features/cross-attention with in-context retrieval/dialogue; extended the family through LongAudio resources, AFWhisper/five-stage curriculum and timestamp-grounded Temporal Audio Chain-of-Thought.","boundary":"Explicitly inherits Flamingo cross-attention, CLAP/Whisper encoders, LLMs, retrieval and curriculum learning. Four original stages bundled as one family with source-specific bylines, not a release list. Temporal reasoning text is not certified faithful interpretation; longer accepted inputs do not guarantee perfect memory. Open-data/model claims are source-reported, not a license audit.","area":"Audio-language systems and evaluation resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"nvidia-audioflamingo-reasoning-resource-family-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cb54dafc-d104-4ca0-a47d-fd2c10892aa4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d908388ebc71f23f23bd35fb42da522d79d981edda5bed9a3cd99bc14b2a370d"},"humans":["Zhifeng Kong","Arushi Goel","Rohan Badlani","Wei Ping","Rafael Valle","Bryan Catanzaro","Sreyan Ghosh","Sonal Kumar","S Sakshi","Jaehyeon Kim","Dinesh Manocha","Sang-gil Lee","Chao-Han Huck Yang","Ramani Duraiswami","Kaousheik Jayakumar","Lasha Koroshinadze","Nishit Anand","Siddharth Gururani","Aya Aljafari","Sungwon Kim","Mohammad Shoeybi","Ming-Yu Liu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2402-01831v1","title":"Audio Flamingo: A Novel Audio Language Model with Few-Shot Learning and Dialogue Abilities","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01831v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2503-03983v1","title":"Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilities","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.03983v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2507-08128v1","title":"Audio Flamingo 3: Advancing Audio Intelligence with Fully Open Large Audio Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08128v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2604-10905v1","title":"Audio Flamingo Next: Next-Generation Open Audio-Language Models for Speech, Sound, and Music","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.10905v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"nvidia-audioflamingo-reasoning-resource-family-2024","entry_id":"nvidia-audioflamingo-reasoning-resource-family-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cb54dafc-d104-4ca0-a47d-fd2c10892aa4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d908388ebc71f23f23bd35fb42da522d79d981edda5bed9a3cd99bc14b2a370d"},"what_changed":"Integrated sliding audio features/cross-attention with in-context retrieval/dialogue; extended the family through LongAudio resources, AFWhisper/five-stage curriculum and timestamp-grounded Temporal Audio Chain-of-Thought.","scope":"Integrated sliding audio features/cross-attention with in-context retrieval/dialogue; extended the family through LongAudio resources, AFWhisper/five-stage curriculum and timestamp-grounded Temporal Audio Chain-of-Thought. Explicitly inherits Flamingo cross-attention, CLAP/Whisper encoders, LLMs, retrieval and curriculum learning. Four original stages bundled as one family with source-specific bylines, not a release list. Temporal reasoning text is not certified faithful interpretation; longer accepted inputs do not guarantee perfect memory. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2506-21463v1","title":"Aligning Spoken Dialogue Models from User Interactions","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.21463v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-kyutai-publications-index","title":"Kyutai scientific publications index","url":"https://kyutai.org/papers/"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"wu-et-al-spoken-dialogue-preference-alignment-2025","entry_id":"wu-et-al-spoken-dialogue-preference-alignment-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:851b3022-d7c4-4bb5-ae9d-13190c114ee0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3e007e52d0122c491217a5ceb821a300e3a2a174fb722a01751cc9e4f1dfee5d"},"what_changed":"Constructed content- and timing-related preference pairs from multi-turn spoken interactions using transcription, AI feedback and speech resynthesis, then applied offline preference alignment to full-duplex speech models.","scope":"Constructed content- and timing-related preference pairs from multi-turn spoken interactions using transcription, AI feedback and speech resynthesis, then applied offline preference alignment to full-duplex speech models. Inherits Moshi and offline preference learning. Resynthesized preference data is not an unchanged archive of user audio; benchmark and human-study improvements do not guarantee factuality or safety in all conversations.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:851b3022-d7c4-4bb5-ae9d-13190c114ee0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3e007e52d0122c491217a5ceb821a300e3a2a174fb722a01751cc9e4f1dfee5d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"guedon-et-al-surflo-global-surface-flow-2026","title":"Surflo: global-state surface generation from unposed views","summary":"Compressed variable numbers of unposed RGB views into fixed-size global latent tokens and decoded oriented surface points using conditional flow matching, with photometric/depth guidance to reduce local inconsistency.","boundary":"Inherits frozen VGGT features and flow matching. Arbitrarily chosen output point counts do not imply arbitrary recovered geometric detail, exact hidden geometry or constant decoding cost; guidance adds inference computation.","area":"Three-dimensional scene reconstruction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"guedon-et-al-surflo-global-surface-flow-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c285be4-1d42-4a60-a451-b957c5354e83","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce27fa13390a784df738ce373fa8fea7e4ef5edfa6a1172109c92b0c3ba3192c"},"humans":["Antoine Guédon","Shu Nakamura","Nicolas Dufour","Jiahui Lei","Ko Nishino","Angjoo Kanazawa"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2606-13644v1","title":"Surflo: Consistent 3D Surface Flow Model with Global State","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.13644v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-kyutai-publications-index","title":"Kyutai scientific publications index","url":"https://kyutai.org/papers/"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"guedon-et-al-surflo-global-surface-flow-2026","entry_id":"guedon-et-al-surflo-global-surface-flow-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c285be4-1d42-4a60-a451-b957c5354e83","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce27fa13390a784df738ce373fa8fea7e4ef5edfa6a1172109c92b0c3ba3192c"},"what_changed":"Compressed variable numbers of unposed RGB views into fixed-size global latent tokens and decoded oriented surface points using conditional flow matching, with photometric/depth guidance to reduce local inconsistency.","scope":"Compressed variable numbers of unposed RGB views into fixed-size global latent tokens and decoded oriented surface points using conditional flow matching, with photometric/depth guidance to reduce local inconsistency. Inherits frozen VGGT features and flow matching. Arbitrarily chosen output point counts do not imply arbitrary recovered geometric detail, exact hidden geometry or constant decoding cost; guidance adds inference computation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c285be4-1d42-4a60-a451-b957c5354e83","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce27fa13390a784df738ce373fa8fea7e4ef5edfa6a1172109c92b0c3ba3192c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dufour-et-al-fid-lottery-evaluation-2026","title":"FID Lottery: training-seed and sampling-seed evaluation","summary":"Measured FID variability on a two-axis panel of training and generation seeds for hundreds of SiT image models and introduced per-cell guidance tuning and multi-training-seed reporting recommendations.","boundary":"Empirical findings concern the studied ImageNet256 SiT settings. The reported approximately1.3percent coefficient of variation is not a universal significance threshold or noise floor. Guidance optimization adds evaluation cost; this does not invent FID.","area":"Generative-model evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"dufour-et-al-fid-lottery-evaluation-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ae83fd9-3c3a-4b28-af4a-f783b32e5c7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:490af6e2ceb941a4845e3cf60556333c304b2fe5b2a4b0884ceeb68ec58e4974"},"humans":["Nicolas Dufour","Alexei A. Efros","Patrick Pérez"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2606-20536v1","title":"The FID Lottery: Quantifying Hidden Randomness in Generative-Model Evaluation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.20536v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-kyutai-publications-index","title":"Kyutai scientific publications index","url":"https://kyutai.org/papers/"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"dufour-et-al-fid-lottery-evaluation-2026","entry_id":"dufour-et-al-fid-lottery-evaluation-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ae83fd9-3c3a-4b28-af4a-f783b32e5c7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:490af6e2ceb941a4845e3cf60556333c304b2fe5b2a4b0884ceeb68ec58e4974"},"what_changed":"Measured FID variability on a two-axis panel of training and generation seeds for hundreds of SiT image models and introduced per-cell guidance tuning and multi-training-seed reporting recommendations.","scope":"Measured FID variability on a two-axis panel of training and generation seeds for hundreds of SiT image models and introduced per-cell guidance tuning and multi-training-seed reporting recommendations. Empirical findings concern the studied ImageNet256 SiT settings. The reported approximately1.3percent coefficient of variation is not a universal significance threshold or noise floor. Guidance optimization adds evaluation cost; this does not invent FID.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ae83fd9-3c3a-4b28-af4a-f783b32e5c7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:490af6e2ceb941a4845e3cf60556333c304b2fe5b2a4b0884ceeb68ec58e4974"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chien-et-al-moshirag-asynchronous-retrieval-2026","title":"MoshiRAG: asynchronous retrieval during full-duplex speech","summary":"Trained a full-duplex model to trigger selective asynchronous retrieval and incorporate textual references during the gap between response onset and key information delivery.","boundary":"Inherits Moshi and retrieval-augmented generation. Timing depends on bounded-latency back ends and conversational gaps; retrieval is neither free nor a guarantee of factuality. Mathematical-task gains are tool-assisted model evaluations, not new mathematical discoveries.","area":"Retrieval-augmented speech models","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chien-et-al-moshirag-asynchronous-retrieval-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d33bdcde-f642-488f-aafb-71d033616c6e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2aa83583d75ade66c0eaf1275443b7d7f1668614c8f0bc06971ff09e38442bc7"},"humans":["Chung-Ming Chien","Manu Orsini","Eugene Kharitonov","Neil Zeghidour","Karen Livescu","Alexandre Défossez"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2604-12928v1","title":"MoshiRAG: Asynchronous Knowledge Retrieval for Full-Duplex Speech Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12928v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-kyutai-publications-index","title":"Kyutai scientific publications index","url":"https://kyutai.org/papers/"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"chien-et-al-moshirag-asynchronous-retrieval-2026","entry_id":"chien-et-al-moshirag-asynchronous-retrieval-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d33bdcde-f642-488f-aafb-71d033616c6e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2aa83583d75ade66c0eaf1275443b7d7f1668614c8f0bc06971ff09e38442bc7"},"what_changed":"Trained a full-duplex model to trigger selective asynchronous retrieval and incorporate textual references during the gap between response onset and key information delivery.","scope":"Trained a full-duplex model to trigger selective asynchronous retrieval and incorporate textual references during the gap between response onset and key information delivery. Inherits Moshi and retrieval-augmented generation. Timing depends on bounded-latency back ends and conversational gaps; retrieval is neither free nor a guarantee of factuality. Mathematical-task gains are tool-assisted model evaluations, not new mathematical discoveries.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d33bdcde-f642-488f-aafb-71d033616c6e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2aa83583d75ade66c0eaf1275443b7d7f1668614c8f0bc06971ff09e38442bc7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ohashi-et-al-full-duplex-interactivity-rl-2026","title":"Multi-axis reinforcement learning for full-duplex interactivity","summary":"Extracted short conversation segments for pause handling, turn-taking, backchannels and user interruptions and optimized axis-specific rewards with GRPO plus a semantic-quality judge reward.","boundary":"Inherits GRPO, existing speech models and prior interactivity alignment. Tested on Moshi and PersonaPlex; judge rewards and finite multi-turn tests do not prove preservation of meaning or universal interaction quality.","area":"Spoken dialogue post-training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ohashi-et-al-full-duplex-interactivity-rl-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:159c577b-5585-48ec-a6df-d0226ef3978b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4f77120ca47ffaaba672e13cfaaeb830b17cb5c8a96551d682950f3a0003987f"},"humans":["Atsumoto Ohashi","Neil Zeghidour","Alexandre Défossez","Eugene Kharitonov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2606-11167v1","title":"Multi-Faceted Interactivity Alignment in Full-Duplex Speech Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.11167v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-kyutai-publications-index","title":"Kyutai scientific publications index","url":"https://kyutai.org/papers/"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"ohashi-et-al-full-duplex-interactivity-rl-2026","entry_id":"ohashi-et-al-full-duplex-interactivity-rl-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:159c577b-5585-48ec-a6df-d0226ef3978b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4f77120ca47ffaaba672e13cfaaeb830b17cb5c8a96551d682950f3a0003987f"},"what_changed":"Extracted short conversation segments for pause handling, turn-taking, backchannels and user interruptions and optimized axis-specific rewards with GRPO plus a semantic-quality judge reward.","scope":"Extracted short conversation segments for pause handling, turn-taking, backchannels and user interruptions and optimized axis-specific rewards with GRPO plus a semantic-quality judge reward. Inherits GRPO, existing speech models and prior interactivity alignment. 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Portability is demonstrated for studied decoder families, not arbitrary models.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:23119a46-246f-40e7-a579-a78e4f5c66a3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c790e244bb8ee39e6863697a53e14ba34103e1a78d922512abbc509787e9069c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rouard-et-al-muscriptor-music-transcription-2026","title":"MuScriptor: open multi-instrument music transcription","summary":"Combined synthetic pretraining, aligned real-music finetuning, reinforcement-learning post-training and instrument-presence conditioning in an open-weight multi-instrument transcription model.","boundary":"Inherits sequence-to-sequence music transcription and GRPO. Real aligned-data collection is a substantial resource cost; released weights/code do not imply release or independent license validation of every training recording. Transcriptions remain fallible.","area":"Music transcription resources and training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"rouard-et-al-muscriptor-music-transcription-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7fac6921-278a-4b4c-a535-884bacd95a99","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6330bf35030d940ffd783fa9cf89688ec0cbcc4b570a68fae320def6772d472"},"humans":["Simon Rouard","Michael Krause","Axel Roebel","Carl-Johann Simon-Gabriel","Alexandre Défossez"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Inherits sequence-to-sequence music transcription and GRPO. Real aligned-data collection is a substantial resource cost; released weights/code do not imply release or independent license validation of every training recording. Transcriptions remain fallible.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7fac6921-278a-4b4c-a535-884bacd95a99","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6330bf35030d940ffd783fa9cf89688ec0cbcc4b570a68fae320def6772d472"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rouard-et-al-calm-continuous-audio-2025","title":"CALM and Pocket TTS: continuous-latent audio modeling and compact CPU distillation","summary":"Conditions a consistency-model sampler on transformer context to generate continuous audio-VAE frames; the expanded2026account distills a313M teacher into a six-layer Pocket TTS backbone while retaining its sampling head.","boundary":"Original2025method and expanded2026PocketTTS account bundled, not two achievements. 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Tested original French-to-English system and selected device settings do not imply universal language coverage, professional-equivalent translation or zero-latency operation. Hibiki-Zero's later process-reward method is a separate technical delta.","area":"Simultaneous speech translation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"labiausse-et-al-hibiki-contextual-alignment-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6684cf59-fd2f-4ccf-a1f5-1bc3ced5c40f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90d5dd33f0ef0df45b39af684e026dc8a60e95f1be697dde5e94e8821e2901f5"},"humans":["Tom Labiausse","Laurent Mazaré","Edouard Grave","Patrick Pérez","Alexandre Défossez","Neil Zeghidour"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2502-03382v1","title":"High-Fidelity Simultaneous Speech-To-Speech Translation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.03382v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-kyutai-publications-index","title":"Kyutai scientific publications index","url":"https://kyutai.org/papers/"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"labiausse-et-al-hibiki-contextual-alignment-2025","entry_id":"labiausse-et-al-hibiki-contextual-alignment-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6684cf59-fd2f-4ccf-a1f5-1bc3ced5c40f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90d5dd33f0ef0df45b39af684e026dc8a60e95f1be697dde5e94e8821e2901f5"},"what_changed":"Used translation-model perplexity to derive word-level contextual delays in synthetic aligned speech pairs and trained a multistream decoder that jointly produces translation text and speech.","scope":"Used translation-model perplexity to derive word-level contextual delays in synthetic aligned speech pairs and trained a multistream decoder that jointly produces translation text and speech. Inherits Moshi multistream architecture and neural translation. Tested original French-to-English system and selected device settings do not imply universal language coverage, professional-equivalent translation or zero-latency operation. Hibiki-Zero's later process-reward method is a separate technical delta.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6684cf59-fd2f-4ccf-a1f5-1bc3ced5c40f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90d5dd33f0ef0df45b39af684e026dc8a60e95f1be697dde5e94e8821e2901f5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"signe-et-al-modular-multilingual-tokenizers-2026","title":"Modular multilingual tokenizers and vocabulary-subset training","summary":"Constructed modular BPE/Unigram tokenizers with extractable language-specific subtokenizers and trained language models using sampled vocabulary subsets to support smaller inference-time output matrices.","boundary":"Inherits BPE/Unigram and vocabulary adaptation. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2609-15528v1","title":"To Each Language Its Tokenizer: Modular Tokenizers for Efficient Multilingual LLMs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.15528v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-kyutai-publications-index","title":"Kyutai scientific publications index","url":"https://kyutai.org/papers/"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"signe-et-al-modular-multilingual-tokenizers-2026","entry_id":"signe-et-al-modular-multilingual-tokenizers-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64f8f538-cfe7-43e1-ae54-1e4ac367f4ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:11c5e5f5d4bad0e36b1ec351c213bdb9a5f42de8e32e3698ae6de17f26127beb"},"what_changed":"Constructed modular BPE/Unigram tokenizers with extractable language-specific subtokenizers and trained language models using sampled vocabulary subsets to support smaller inference-time output matrices.","scope":"Constructed modular BPE/Unigram tokenizers with extractable language-specific subtokenizers and trained language models using sampled vocabulary subsets to support smaller inference-time output matrices. Inherits BPE/Unigram and vocabulary adaptation. Compression parity and efficiency are empirical for studied languages/tasks; selecting a language subset does not ensure all cross-language capabilities or eliminate training costs.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64f8f538-cfe7-43e1-ae54-1e4ac367f4ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:11c5e5f5d4bad0e36b1ec351c213bdb9a5f42de8e32e3698ae6de17f26127beb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zheng-et-al-minif2f-cross-system-benchmark-2021","title":"miniF2F: cross-system formal mathematics benchmark","summary":"Assembled488 competition/course problem statements across formal systems with GPT-f baselines, enabling comparison of formal-to-formal proving systems on shared mathematical tasks.","boundary":"A benchmark resource, not488 newly discovered theorems or an end-to-end natural-language Olympiad solver. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2109-00110v1","title":"MiniF2F: a cross-system benchmark for formal Olympiad-level mathematics","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.00110v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"zheng-et-al-minif2f-cross-system-benchmark-2021","entry_id":"zheng-et-al-minif2f-cross-system-benchmark-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b2daa14c-206e-443f-aa02-b626122b4b67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18e8fe77764043cd746f0a1f49af91d55499ff04ad8cef7ef54bcd7a7649e18e"},"what_changed":"Assembled488 competition/course problem statements across formal systems with GPT-f baselines, enabling comparison of formal-to-formal proving systems on shared mathematical tasks.","scope":"Assembled488 competition/course problem statements across formal systems with GPT-f baselines, enabling comparison of formal-to-formal proving systems on shared mathematical tasks. A benchmark resource, not488 newly discovered theorems or an end-to-end natural-language Olympiad solver. Original v1 targets Metamath, Lean and Isabelle; later ports/corrections are version-dependent. 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The illustrated IMO1983P6 formalization explicitly omits the original equality characterization; no claim to solve that entire informal problem.","area":"Formal-proof data resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wu-et-al-lean-github-step-prover-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1a4a8de4-1ba9-4b8f-a35d-bcad2c0b3b7d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:972af9e40321115a5392faad1fecb854a3fc71e994b6b273932396782b144832"},"humans":["Zijian Wu","Jiayu Wang","Dahua Lin","Kai Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2407-17227v1","title":"LEAN-GitHub: Compiling GitHub LEAN repositories for a versatile LEAN prover","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.17227v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"wu-et-al-lean-github-step-prover-2024","entry_id":"wu-et-al-lean-github-step-prover-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1a4a8de4-1ba9-4b8f-a35d-bcad2c0b3b7d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:972af9e40321115a5392faad1fecb854a3fc71e994b6b273932396782b144832"},"what_changed":"Built a parallel Lean-repository compilation and tactic-extraction pipeline, released theorem/tactic data and trained InternLM2-StepProver with a proof-search state-deduplication mechanism.","scope":"Built a parallel Lean-repository compilation and tactic-extraction pipeline, released theorem/tactic data and trained InternLM2-StepProver with a proof-search state-deduplication mechanism. Inherits Lean/Mathlib and stepwise proof search. Repository coverage is time-dependent, not all possible Lean code. The illustrated IMO1983P6 formalization explicitly omits the original equality characterization; no claim to solve that entire informal problem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1a4a8de4-1ba9-4b8f-a35d-bcad2c0b3b7d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:972af9e40321115a5392faad1fecb854a3fc71e994b6b273932396782b144832"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ospanov-et-al-minif2f-faithfulness-audit-2025","title":"miniF2F-v2: statement-faithfulness audit and corrected benchmark","summary":"Audited formal/informal statement discrepancies in miniF2F and released corrected pairs with end-to-end autoformalization-plus-proving evaluations.","boundary":"Corrections and error prevalence are source-reported for the audited versions; not independently recertified by WRS. 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Corrections and error prevalence are source-reported for the audited versions; not independently recertified by WRS. 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Original v1 contains the filtering/selection study; later RLM25/ProofNetVerif additions are not backdated into it. No new model calls or formal replay performed.","area":"Mathematical autoformalization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"poiroux-et-al-typecheck-filtered-autoformalization-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:210e0bcd-fbec-4b53-add6-58c4d058e6b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9ed46c82622d493954bd6465709cc0c058be661d93b6284c440b2cef9a8b4ee6"},"humans":["Auguste Poiroux","Gail Weiss","Viktor Kunčak","Antoine Bosselut"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2406-07222v1","title":"Improving Autoformalization using Type Checking","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.07222v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"poiroux-et-al-typecheck-filtered-autoformalization-2024","entry_id":"poiroux-et-al-typecheck-filtered-autoformalization-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:210e0bcd-fbec-4b53-add6-58c4d058e6b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9ed46c82622d493954bd6465709cc0c058be661d93b6284c440b2cef9a8b4ee6"},"what_changed":"Sampled multiple candidate formal statements, filtered them using Lean typechecking, and selected translations with consistency-based heuristics to improve measured autoformalization accuracy.","scope":"Sampled multiple candidate formal statements, filtered them using Lean typechecking, and selected translations with consistency-based heuristics to improve measured autoformalization accuracy. Typechecking is a necessary syntactic/type constraint, not semantic equivalence to the informal statement. Original v1 contains the filtering/selection study; later RLM25/ProofNetVerif additions are not backdated into it. No new model calls or formal replay performed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:210e0bcd-fbec-4b53-add6-58c4d058e6b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9ed46c82622d493954bd6465709cc0c058be661d93b6284c440b2cef9a8b4ee6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lin-et-al-goedel-prover-data-selfcorrection-family-2025","title":"Goedel-Prover: iterative proof data, scaffolding and verifier correction","summary":"First combined statement formalization/filtering with iterative whole-proof data collection; the V2 stage added scaffolded synthetic tasks, verifier-guided long-reasoning correction and checkpoint averaging.","boundary":"One source-specific method family, not entries per model size. Inherits DeepSeek provers, expert iteration, RL, model averaging and proof assistants. LLM statement checks are not guaranteed faithful formalization; finite pass-budget comparisons are not current universal rankings.","area":"Formal-proof generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lin-et-al-goedel-prover-data-selfcorrection-family-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f455ae09-609a-49e6-ab81-eaf3bd3afa57","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eb1c913c1c115805d35a58ea3626fc05592616fcd2d6f4542074a903940eb0be"},"humans":["Yong Lin","Shange Tang","Bohan Lyu","Jiayun Wu","Hongzhou Lin","Kaiyu Yang","Jia Li","Mengzhou Xia","Danqi Chen","Sanjeev Arora","Chi Jin","Ziran Yang","Jui-Hui Chung","Haoyu Zhao","Lai Jiang","Yihan Geng","Jiawei Ge","Jingruo Sun","Jiri Gesi","Ximing Lu","David Acuna","Yejin Choi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2502-07640v1","title":"Goedel-Prover: A Frontier Model for Open-Source Automated Theorem Proving","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.07640v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2508-03613v1","title":"Goedel-Prover-V2: Scaling Formal Theorem Proving with Scaffolded Data Synthesis and Self-Correction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.03613v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"lin-et-al-goedel-prover-data-selfcorrection-family-2025","entry_id":"lin-et-al-goedel-prover-data-selfcorrection-family-2025","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f455ae09-609a-49e6-ab81-eaf3bd3afa57","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eb1c913c1c115805d35a58ea3626fc05592616fcd2d6f4542074a903940eb0be"},"what_changed":"First combined statement formalization/filtering with iterative whole-proof data collection; the V2 stage added scaffolded synthetic tasks, verifier-guided long-reasoning correction and checkpoint averaging.","scope":"First combined statement formalization/filtering with iterative whole-proof data collection; the V2 stage added scaffolded synthetic tasks, verifier-guided long-reasoning correction and checkpoint averaging. One source-specific method family, not entries per model size. Inherits DeepSeek provers, expert iteration, RL, model averaging and proof assistants. LLM statement checks are not guaranteed faithful formalization; finite pass-budget comparisons are not current universal rankings.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f455ae09-609a-49e6-ab81-eaf3bd3afa57","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eb1c913c1c115805d35a58ea3626fc05592616fcd2d6f4542074a903940eb0be"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jiang-et-al-mma-informalization-dataset-2023","title":"MMA: multilingual formal-to-informal training data","summary":"Generated natural-language informalizations of Lean4 and Isabelle statements to build a large paired corpus, then finetuned and compared multilingual-formal-language autoformalizers.","boundary":"Multilingual here includes multiple formal languages, not guaranteed all human languages. Reverse-generated descriptions may be inaccurate; reported acceptable-with-minimal-correction outputs are not all exact verified translations. Inherits backtranslation and human formal libraries.","area":"Mathematical autoformalization data","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jiang-et-al-mma-informalization-dataset-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:48ba25be-f15d-440a-a92c-97772327779b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e82714584b7c5e6e577f3a3322f8948878939084fdc515b3be651046ecc9513"},"humans":["Albert Q. Jiang","Wenda Li","Mateja Jamnik"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2311-03755v1","title":"Multilingual Mathematical Autoformalization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03755v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"jiang-et-al-mma-informalization-dataset-2023","entry_id":"jiang-et-al-mma-informalization-dataset-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:48ba25be-f15d-440a-a92c-97772327779b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e82714584b7c5e6e577f3a3322f8948878939084fdc515b3be651046ecc9513"},"what_changed":"Generated natural-language informalizations of Lean4 and Isabelle statements to build a large paired corpus, then finetuned and compared multilingual-formal-language autoformalizers.","scope":"Generated natural-language informalizations of Lean4 and Isabelle statements to build a large paired corpus, then finetuned and compared multilingual-formal-language autoformalizers. Multilingual here includes multiple formal languages, not guaranteed all human languages. Reverse-generated descriptions may be inaccurate; reported acceptable-with-minimal-correction outputs are not all exact verified translations. Inherits backtranslation and human formal libraries.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:48ba25be-f15d-440a-a92c-97772327779b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e82714584b7c5e6e577f3a3322f8948878939084fdc515b3be651046ecc9513"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"numina-kimi-formal-reasoning-pattern-2025","title":"Kimina-Prover: structured formal reasoning and reinforcement learning","summary":"Used mixed informal/formal cold-start examples, a structured reasoning pattern with Lean snippets, and verifier-reward RL with format/gradient filtering for whole-proof generation.","boundary":"Inherits Qwen2.5, Kimi RL, synthetic teacher data and Lean. Final-proof rewards do not certify faithful hidden reasoning or statement translation. High pass@8192 results use corrected benchmark statements and substantial sampling; front collective is not40individual front authors.","area":"Formal-proof generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"numina-kimi-formal-reasoning-pattern-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:140e9298-379b-41f2-a41d-eea3882bc3c7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c984a625f0719a6dc253491199242e804b1d31fbd2f3f2acb34e465a275d9315"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2504-11354v1","title":"Kimina-Prover Preview: Towards Large Formal Reasoning Models with Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.11354v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"numina-kimi-formal-reasoning-pattern-2025","entry_id":"numina-kimi-formal-reasoning-pattern-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:140e9298-379b-41f2-a41d-eea3882bc3c7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c984a625f0719a6dc253491199242e804b1d31fbd2f3f2acb34e465a275d9315"},"what_changed":"Used mixed informal/formal cold-start examples, a structured reasoning pattern with Lean snippets, and verifier-reward RL with format/gradient filtering for whole-proof generation.","scope":"Used mixed informal/formal cold-start examples, a structured reasoning pattern with Lean snippets, and verifier-reward RL with format/gradient filtering for whole-proof generation. Inherits Qwen2.5, Kimi RL, synthetic teacher data and Lean. Final-proof rewards do not certify faithful hidden reasoning or statement translation. High pass@8192 results use corrected benchmark statements and substantial sampling; front collective is not40individual front authors.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:140e9298-379b-41f2-a41d-eea3882bc3c7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c984a625f0719a6dc253491199242e804b1d31fbd2f3f2acb34e465a275d9315"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"numina-kimi-lean-server-parallel-cache-2025","title":"Kimina Lean Server: parallel verification and import caching","summary":"Built a REST/Python interface over LeanREPL with parallel worker processes, LRU reuse of import environments and infotree-based tactic/state extraction.","boundary":"Inherits LeanFRO LeanREPL, Lean and existing interfaces. It accelerates checking/extraction rather than inventing proof correctness; throughput depends on hardware/workloads and cache setup.","area":"Proof-verification systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"numina-kimi-lean-server-parallel-cache-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da6eedc7-ab66-4fea-a0ee-89d4d72b5de5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:392081ac76c60253103f79a9030275956eee24c12d3ee5a3fff43d8deb095ce6"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2504-21230v1","title":"Kimina Lean Server: Technical Report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21230v1"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"numina-kimi-lean-server-parallel-cache-2025","entry_id":"numina-kimi-lean-server-parallel-cache-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da6eedc7-ab66-4fea-a0ee-89d4d72b5de5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:392081ac76c60253103f79a9030275956eee24c12d3ee5a3fff43d8deb095ce6"},"what_changed":"Built a REST/Python interface over LeanREPL with parallel worker processes, LRU reuse of import environments and infotree-based tactic/state extraction.","scope":"Built a REST/Python interface over LeanREPL with parallel worker processes, LRU reuse of import environments and infotree-based tactic/state extraction. Inherits LeanFRO LeanREPL, Lean and existing interfaces. It accelerates checking/extraction rather than inventing proof correctness; throughput depends on hardware/workloads and cache setup.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da6eedc7-ab66-4fea-a0ee-89d4d72b5de5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:392081ac76c60253103f79a9030275956eee24c12d3ee5a3fff43d8deb095ce6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"azerbayev-et-al-proofnet-benchmark-2023","title":"ProofNet: paired undergraduate mathematics and formalization baselines","summary":"Introduced371 undergraduate mathematics examples with natural-language statements/proofs and Lean3 statements, alongside prompt-retrieval and distilled-backtranslation autoformalization baselines.","boundary":"A versioned benchmark and methods resource, not371new mathematical discoveries or complete formal proofs of every example. Later Lean4 ports and corrections are not original v1. Syntactic compilation does not settle informal-formal semantic fidelity.","area":"Formal mathematics evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"azerbayev-et-al-proofnet-benchmark-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6f11eb76-ab7f-4a7e-a358-2e37b6052b74","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54c7bdb5261407aa83eed1a0e32117fded3f302823eb4f7182587d2ad476f0d3"},"humans":["Zhangir Azerbayev","Bartosz Piotrowski","Hailey Schoelkopf","Edward W. Ayers","Dragomir Radev","Jeremy Avigad"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2302-12433v1","title":"ProofNet: Autoformalizing and Formally Proving Undergraduate-Level Mathematics","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12433v1"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"azerbayev-et-al-proofnet-benchmark-2023","entry_id":"azerbayev-et-al-proofnet-benchmark-2023","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6f11eb76-ab7f-4a7e-a358-2e37b6052b74","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54c7bdb5261407aa83eed1a0e32117fded3f302823eb4f7182587d2ad476f0d3"},"what_changed":"Introduced371 undergraduate mathematics examples with natural-language statements/proofs and Lean3 statements, alongside prompt-retrieval and distilled-backtranslation autoformalization baselines.","scope":"Introduced371 undergraduate mathematics examples with natural-language statements/proofs and Lean3 statements, alongside prompt-retrieval and distilled-backtranslation autoformalization baselines. A versioned benchmark and methods resource, not371new mathematical discoveries or complete formal proofs of every example. Later Lean4 ports and corrections are not original v1. Syntactic compilation does not settle informal-formal semantic fidelity.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6f11eb76-ab7f-4a7e-a358-2e37b6052b74","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54c7bdb5261407aa83eed1a0e32117fded3f302823eb4f7182587d2ad476f0d3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jiang-et-al-draft-sketch-prove-2022","title":"Draft, Sketch, and Prove: informal-guided formal proof decomposition","summary":"Mapped human- or model-written informal proofs into formal proof sketches with open subgoals, then used an existing automated prover to discharge those subgoals.","boundary":"Inherits proof sketches, language models and symbolic provers. A sketch with open placeholders is not a complete proof; verified completion and preservation of the original statement remain necessary. Human-supplied and model-generated informal-proof settings are separate.","area":"Formal-proof automation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jiang-et-al-draft-sketch-prove-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:74bca1b0-0b13-4f5a-aa28-d934469ed6ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4a1b111edf11626a04b91d596f90040533b97bc13518d593d5cc83e06b72c169"},"humans":["Albert Q. Jiang","Sean Welleck","Jin Peng Zhou","Wenda Li","Jiacheng Liu","Mateja Jamnik","Timothée Lacroix","Yuhuai Wu","Guillaume Lample"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2210-12283v1","title":"Draft, Sketch, and Prove: Guiding Formal Theorem Provers with Informal Proofs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.12283v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"jiang-et-al-draft-sketch-prove-2022","entry_id":"jiang-et-al-draft-sketch-prove-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:74bca1b0-0b13-4f5a-aa28-d934469ed6ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4a1b111edf11626a04b91d596f90040533b97bc13518d593d5cc83e06b72c169"},"what_changed":"Mapped human- or model-written informal proofs into formal proof sketches with open subgoals, then used an existing automated prover to discharge those subgoals.","scope":"Mapped human- or model-written informal proofs into formal proof sketches with open subgoals, then used an existing automated prover to discharge those subgoals. Inherits proof sketches, language models and symbolic provers. A sketch with open placeholders is not a complete proof; verified completion and preservation of the original statement remain necessary. Human-supplied and model-generated informal-proof settings are separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:74bca1b0-0b13-4f5a-aa28-d934469ed6ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4a1b111edf11626a04b91d596f90040533b97bc13518d593d5cc83e06b72c169"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xin-et-al-deepseek-prover-synthesis-rmaxts-family-2024","title":"DeepSeek-Prover: synthetic proof data and feedback-driven RMaxTS","summary":"V1 iteratively synthesized formal statements/proofs with filtering and parallel negation checks; V1.5 added proof-assistant-feedback RL and intrinsic-reward MonteCarlo search with truncate-and-resume proof completion.","boundary":"One two-source method family distinct from already formal ProverV2 recursive decomposition. Inherits DeepSeekMath, Lean and expert iteration. Source-specific initials retained; autoformalization fidelity is not implied by valid proofs. Sampling and search budgets are part of results.","area":"Formal-proof training and search","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"xin-et-al-deepseek-prover-synthesis-rmaxts-family-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0b67022-eed4-45a7-a21b-47c900b956d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dea80560d0e6a5b68f23e302234fc900a231cd11dadd291e8b4258e483dbf076"},"humans":["Huajian Xin","Daya Guo","Zhihong Shao","Z.Z. Ren","Qihao Zhu","Bo Liu","Chong Ruan","Wenda Li","Xiaodan Liang","Junxiao Song","Wanjia Zhao","Haocheng Wang","Liyue Zhang","Xuan Lu","Qiushi Du","Wenjun Gao","Dejian Yang","Zhibin Gou","Z.F. Wu","Fuli Luo"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2405-14333v1","title":"DeepSeek-Prover: Advancing Theorem Proving in LLMs through Large-Scale Synthetic Data","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14333v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2408-08152v1","title":"DeepSeek-Prover-V1.5: Harnessing Proof Assistant Feedback for Reinforcement Learning and Monte-Carlo Tree Search","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.08152v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"xin-et-al-deepseek-prover-synthesis-rmaxts-family-2024","entry_id":"xin-et-al-deepseek-prover-synthesis-rmaxts-family-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0b67022-eed4-45a7-a21b-47c900b956d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dea80560d0e6a5b68f23e302234fc900a231cd11dadd291e8b4258e483dbf076"},"what_changed":"V1 iteratively synthesized formal statements/proofs with filtering and parallel negation checks; V1.5 added proof-assistant-feedback RL and intrinsic-reward MonteCarlo search with truncate-and-resume proof completion.","scope":"V1 iteratively synthesized formal statements/proofs with filtering and parallel negation checks; V1.5 added proof-assistant-feedback RL and intrinsic-reward MonteCarlo search with truncate-and-resume proof completion. One two-source method family distinct from already formal ProverV2 recursive decomposition. Inherits DeepSeekMath, Lean and expert iteration. Source-specific initials retained; autoformalization fidelity is not implied by valid proofs. Sampling and search budgets are part of results.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0b67022-eed4-45a7-a21b-47c900b956d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dea80560d0e6a5b68f23e302234fc900a231cd11dadd291e8b4258e483dbf076"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lin-et-al-lean-star-thought-tactic-2024","title":"Lean-STaR: retrospective thought augmentation for tactic prediction","summary":"Generated informal rationales retrospectively from ground-truth tactics, trained a model to interleave thoughts and tactics, and improved it through verified-proof expert iteration.","boundary":"Inherits STaR, Mathlib, tactic prediction and expert iteration. Generated rationales are training artifacts, not guaranteed faithful internal reasoning or standalone mathematical proofs. Benchmark gains are for specified base models and finite pass budgets.","area":"Formal-proof model training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lin-et-al-lean-star-thought-tactic-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24c21203-dc59-4b45-a3df-6d2541fb616f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e48f3b4bca8a876201f7be404840440b7c2453573b5c562e30b959d894599651"},"humans":["Haohan Lin","Zhiqing Sun","Yiming Yang","Sean Welleck"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2407-10040v1","title":"Lean-STaR: Learning to Interleave Thinking and Proving","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.10040v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"lin-et-al-lean-star-thought-tactic-2024","entry_id":"lin-et-al-lean-star-thought-tactic-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24c21203-dc59-4b45-a3df-6d2541fb616f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e48f3b4bca8a876201f7be404840440b7c2453573b5c562e30b959d894599651"},"what_changed":"Generated informal rationales retrospectively from ground-truth tactics, trained a model to interleave thoughts and tactics, and improved it through verified-proof expert iteration.","scope":"Generated informal rationales retrospectively from ground-truth tactics, trained a model to interleave thoughts and tactics, and improved it through verified-proof expert iteration. Inherits STaR, Mathlib, tactic prediction and expert iteration. Generated rationales are training artifacts, not guaranteed faithful internal reasoning or standalone mathematical proofs. Benchmark gains are for specified base models and finite pass budgets.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24c21203-dc59-4b45-a3df-6d2541fb616f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e48f3b4bca8a876201f7be404840440b7c2453573b5c562e30b959d894599651"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tsoukalas-et-al-putnambench-multilingual-benchmark-2024","title":"PutnamBench: multilingual competition proof benchmark","summary":"Released manually constructed Lean4, Isabelle and partial Coq formalizations of640 Putnam competition theorems with original statements and baseline prover evaluations.","boundary":"640theorems in original v1 differ from later672problem releases; v1 reports1697formalizations, later paper counts1692. These are formalization positions, not1697independent mathematical discoveries. No proof or semantic-equivalence replay by WRS.","area":"Formal mathematics evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"tsoukalas-et-al-putnambench-multilingual-benchmark-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24d16a99-3fa0-46e3-aeca-1f95eef64592","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02dce3d24a57f125a604ea79ab7e354608dbd1fce12ea16e5b804353659f04af"},"humans":["George Tsoukalas","Jasper Lee","John Jennings","Jimmy Xin","Michelle Ding","Michael Jennings","Amitayush Thakur","Swarat Chaudhuri"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2407-11214v1","title":"PutnamBench: Evaluating Neural Theorem-Provers on the Putnam Mathematical Competition","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.11214v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"tsoukalas-et-al-putnambench-multilingual-benchmark-2024","entry_id":"tsoukalas-et-al-putnambench-multilingual-benchmark-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24d16a99-3fa0-46e3-aeca-1f95eef64592","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02dce3d24a57f125a604ea79ab7e354608dbd1fce12ea16e5b804353659f04af"},"what_changed":"Released manually constructed Lean4, Isabelle and partial Coq formalizations of640 Putnam competition theorems with original statements and baseline prover evaluations.","scope":"Released manually constructed Lean4, Isabelle and partial Coq formalizations of640 Putnam competition theorems with original statements and baseline prover evaluations. 640theorems in original v1 differ from later672problem releases; v1 reports1697formalizations, later paper counts1692. These are formalization positions, not1697independent mathematical discoveries. No proof or semantic-equivalence replay by WRS.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24d16a99-3fa0-46e3-aeca-1f95eef64592","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02dce3d24a57f125a604ea79ab7e354608dbd1fce12ea16e5b804353659f04af"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rognvaldsson-et-al-cost-aware-lean-routing-2026","title":"Cost-aware action routing for agentic Lean proof search","summary":"Separated lemma/proof generation from a learned control plane estimating future attempt success and cost from failed trajectories, choosing whether to retry or restart the decomposition.","boundary":"Inherits lemma decomposition, proof feedback and cost-quality routing. Evaluated on an85problem PutnamBench subset; average savings do not imply uniform savings, optimal stopping or a fully solved benchmark. Router training and inference costs remain relevant.","area":"Inference-time proof-search resource allocation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"rognvaldsson-et-al-cost-aware-lean-routing-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3ad8cecf-a858-46ce-a965-c67cc9444bdb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:209e097f34031588b0171138992a39cbd9372d79af819fbbb3584318bb097d53"},"humans":["Kári Rögnvaldsson","Chenhao Sun","Jasper Dekoninck","Martin Vechev"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2606-04883v1","title":"Optimizing the Cost-Quality Tradeoff of Agentic Theorem Provers in Lean","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.04883v1"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"rognvaldsson-et-al-cost-aware-lean-routing-2026","entry_id":"rognvaldsson-et-al-cost-aware-lean-routing-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3ad8cecf-a858-46ce-a965-c67cc9444bdb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:209e097f34031588b0171138992a39cbd9372d79af819fbbb3584318bb097d53"},"what_changed":"Separated lemma/proof generation from a learned control plane estimating future attempt success and cost from failed trajectories, choosing whether to retry or restart the decomposition.","scope":"Separated lemma/proof generation from a learned control plane estimating future attempt success and cost from failed trajectories, choosing whether to retry or restart the decomposition. Inherits lemma decomposition, proof feedback and cost-quality routing. Evaluated on an85problem PutnamBench subset; average savings do not imply uniform savings, optimal stopping or a fully solved benchmark. Router training and inference costs remain relevant.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3ad8cecf-a858-46ce-a965-c67cc9444bdb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:209e097f34031588b0171138992a39cbd9372d79af819fbbb3584318bb097d53"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"deng-et-al-generative-drifting-2026","title":"Drifting Models: one-pass generators trained with sample drift","summary":"Trained a one-pass pushforward generator toward stopped-gradient targets constructed from attraction/repulsion drift fields between generated and data samples, moving iterative distribution updates into training.","boundary":"Inherits mean-shift, kernels and moment/contrastive ideas. Finite image experiments are not universal convergence or first-ever one-step generation. Zero-drift converse depends on the field. Later analysis distinguishes smoothed score difference from true smoothed-KL gradient (extra convolution), and its modified Sinkhorn proxy from original joint-normalization/self-exclusion implementation. No blanket Wasserstein guarantee.","area":"Generative-model training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"deng-et-al-generative-drifting-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:34d7f721-2505-4558-a2b2-77e95d1a5036","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2c2988329b8512b3952d7aa6c8d3c3ccec8f07c42621c0d027e11efe42f49e86"},"humans":["Mingyang Deng","He Li","Tianhong Li","Yilun Du","Kaiming He"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2602-04770v1","title":"Generative Modeling via Drifting","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04770v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2605-05118v1","title":"On the Wasserstein Gradient Flow Interpretation of Drifting Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.05118v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-drifting-wgf2605-05118v2","title":"On the Wasserstein Gradient Flow Interpretation of Drifting Models — v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.05118v2"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"deng-et-al-generative-drifting-2026","entry_id":"deng-et-al-generative-drifting-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:34d7f721-2505-4558-a2b2-77e95d1a5036","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2c2988329b8512b3952d7aa6c8d3c3ccec8f07c42621c0d027e11efe42f49e86"},"what_changed":"Trained a one-pass pushforward generator toward stopped-gradient targets constructed from attraction/repulsion drift fields between generated and data samples, moving iterative distribution updates into training.","scope":"Trained a one-pass pushforward generator toward stopped-gradient targets constructed from attraction/repulsion drift fields between generated and data samples, moving iterative distribution updates into training. Inherits mean-shift, kernels and moment/contrastive ideas. Finite image experiments are not universal convergence or first-ever one-step generation. Zero-drift converse depends on the field. Later analysis distinguishes smoothed score difference from true smoothed-KL gradient (extra convolution), and its modified Sinkhorn proxy from original joint-normalization/self-exclusion implementation. No blanket Wasserstein guarantee.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:34d7f721-2505-4558-a2b2-77e95d1a5036","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2c2988329b8512b3952d7aa6c8d3c3ccec8f07c42621c0d027e11efe42f49e86"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mistral-leanstral-proof-engineering-family-2026","title":"Leanstral: open proof-engineering models and repository workflows","summary":"Released sparse Lean4-specialized agent models with language-server tooling and FLTEval repository tasks; the1.5stage describes CISPO reinforcement learning over multiturn proof/disproof and filesystem code-agent environments.","boundary":"Source-reported model/workflow/resource, not invention of Lean, CISPO or proof engineering. Statement preservation, permitted axioms, compiler/kernel checks and natural-language intent are separate. Costs/pass budgets are configuration-dependent; benchmarks and bug reports were not replayed. Launch-era API availability is not asserted current.","area":"Formal-proof engineering resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mistral-leanstral-proof-engineering-family-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88f46b82-bc24-4b08-a0f8-307ab6a110c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:28cbbb254137d9af3edc63f8767aa1c62c1efb07bf41df3c66118f2482e3f3fd"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-leanstral-original-account","title":"Leanstral: Open-Source foundation for trustworthy vibe-coding","url":"https://mistral.ai/news/leanstral/"},{"id":"cur20261015-leanstral15-method-account","title":"Leanstral1.5: Proof Abundance for All","url":"https://mistral.ai/news/leanstral-1-5/"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"mistral-leanstral-proof-engineering-family-2026","entry_id":"mistral-leanstral-proof-engineering-family-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88f46b82-bc24-4b08-a0f8-307ab6a110c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:28cbbb254137d9af3edc63f8767aa1c62c1efb07bf41df3c66118f2482e3f3fd"},"what_changed":"Released sparse Lean4-specialized agent models with language-server tooling and FLTEval repository tasks; the1.5stage describes CISPO reinforcement learning over multiturn proof/disproof and filesystem code-agent environments.","scope":"Released sparse Lean4-specialized agent models with language-server tooling and FLTEval repository tasks; the1.5stage describes CISPO reinforcement learning over multiturn proof/disproof and filesystem code-agent environments. Source-reported model/workflow/resource, not invention of Lean, CISPO or proof engineering. Statement preservation, permitted axioms, compiler/kernel checks and natural-language intent are separate. Costs/pass budgets are configuration-dependent; benchmarks and bug reports were not replayed. Launch-era API availability is not asserted current.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88f46b82-bc24-4b08-a0f8-307ab6a110c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:28cbbb254137d9af3edc63f8767aa1c62c1efb07bf41df3c66118f2482e3f3fd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mistral-ministral3-cascade-distillation-2026","title":"Ministral3: cascade pruning and pretrained distillation","summary":"Derived progressively smaller dense models by pruning and continued logit distillation through an intermediate teacher cascade, then post-trained visual instruction and reasoning variants.","boundary":"Inherits pruning, knowledge distillation, GRPO and online DPO. Savings relative to child training from scratch exclude inherited parent-training cost. One family, not nine inventions. December2025 model release and January2026 method report are distinct dates.","area":"Compact language-model training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mistral-ministral3-cascade-distillation-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7d9867b2-d909-4061-a6a0-a2c89839bed4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b207a7f7cd59e721a0c9fe670cee4a75830f5b3a5533ceaff911c2424acda44e"},"humans":["Alexander H. Liu","Kartik Khandelwal","Sandeep Subramanian","Victor Jouault","Abhinav Rastogi","Adrien Sadé","Alan Jeffares","Albert Jiang","Alexandre Cahill","Alexandre Gavaudan","Alexandre Sablayrolles","Amélie Héliou","Amos You","Andy Ehrenberg","Andy Lo","Anton Eliseev","Antonia Calvi","Avinash Sooriyarachchi","Baptiste Bout","Baptiste Rozière","Baudouin De Monicault","Clémence Lanfranchi","Corentin Barreau","Cyprien Courtot","Daniele Grattarola","Darius Dabert","Diego de las Casas","Elliot Chane-Sane","Faruk Ahmed","Gabrielle Berrada","Gaëtan Ecrepont","Gauthier Guinet","Georgii Novikov","Guillaume Kunsch","Guillaume Lample","Guillaume Martin","Gunshi Gupta","Jan Ludziejewski","Jason Rute","Joachim Studnia","Jonas Amar","Joséphine Delas","Josselin Somerville Roberts","Karmesh Yadav","Khyathi Chandu","Kush Jain","Laurence Aitchison","Laurent Fainsin","Léonard Blier","Lingxiao Zhao","Louis Martin","Lucile Saulnier","Luyu Gao","Maarten Buyl","Margaret Jennings","Marie Pellat","Mark Prins","Mathieu Poirée","Mathilde Guillaumin","Matthieu Dinot","Matthieu Futeral","Maxime Darrin","Maximilian Augustin","Mia Chiquier","Michel Schimpf","Nathan Grinsztajn","Neha Gupta","Nikhil Raghuraman","Olivier Bousquet","Olivier Duchenne","Patricia Wang","Patrick von Platen","Paul Jacob","Paul Wambergue","Paula Kurylowicz","Pavankumar Reddy Muddireddy","Philomène Chagniot","Pierre Stock","Pravesh Agrawal","Quentin Torroba","Romain Sauvestre","Roman Soletskyi","Rupert Menneer","Sagar Vaze","Samuel Barry","Sanchit Gandhi","Siddhant Waghjale","Siddharth Gandhi","Soham Ghosh","Srijan Mishra","Sumukh Aithal","Szymon Antoniak","Teven Le Scao","Théo Cachet","Theo Simon Sorg","Thibaut Lavril","Thiziri Nait Saada","Thomas Chabal","Thomas Foubert","Thomas Robert","Thomas Wang","Tim Lawson","Tom Bewley","Tom Bewley","Tom Edwards","Umar Jamil","Umberto Tomasini","Valeriia Nemychnikova","Van Phung","Vincent Maladière","Virgile Richard","Wassim Bouaziz","Wen-Ding Li","William Marshall","Xinghui Li","Xinyu Yang","Yassine El Ouahidi","Yihan Wang","Yunhao Tang","Zaccharie Ramzi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2601-08584v1","title":"Ministral 3","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08584v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"},{"id":"cur20261015-ministral3-release-date","title":"Introducing Mistral3: December2 2025 release","url":"https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-3/"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"mistral-ministral3-cascade-distillation-2026","entry_id":"mistral-ministral3-cascade-distillation-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7d9867b2-d909-4061-a6a0-a2c89839bed4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b207a7f7cd59e721a0c9fe670cee4a75830f5b3a5533ceaff911c2424acda44e"},"what_changed":"Derived progressively smaller dense models by pruning and continued logit distillation through an intermediate teacher cascade, then post-trained visual instruction and reasoning variants.","scope":"Derived progressively smaller dense models by pruning and continued logit distillation through an intermediate teacher cascade, then post-trained visual instruction and reasoning variants. Inherits pruning, knowledge distillation, GRPO and online DPO. Savings relative to child training from scratch exclude inherited parent-training cost. One family, not nine inventions. December2025 model release and January2026 method report are distinct dates.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7d9867b2-d909-4061-a6a0-a2c89839bed4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b207a7f7cd59e721a0c9fe670cee4a75830f5b3a5533ceaff911c2424acda44e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"htx-mistral-phoenix-localized-multimodal-resource-2026","title":"Phoenix-VL: localized multimodal training and evaluation resources","summary":"Adapted a pretrained multimodal model using curated regional/general replay data, long-context continued training and local multimodal/alignment data, introducing Singapore-focused evaluation and behavior frameworks.","boundary":"Inherits MistralMedium and continual pretraining/ODPO. 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A continuous classifier output is not calibrated universal risk, guaranteed safety, compliance or immunity to adversarial inputs. Named core contributors are source credit, not independently audited individual roles.","area":"Policy-conditioned safety classification","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mistral-shieldstral-policy-adaptive-classification-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:783e0e29-0a5a-44c0-aa66-4557acf18356","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:181c9b8cebd8eccaa3c4910f4a9203ae1341be083614a168a8d408b132c3355b"},"humans":["Antonia Calvi","Avinash Sooriyarachchi","Giada Pistilli","Guillaume Lample","Maarten Buyl","Maximilian Augustin","Maximilian Müller","Pierre Stock","Tom Bewley","Wassim Bouaziz","Yimu Pan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2607-25857v1","title":"Shieldstral","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.25857v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"mistral-shieldstral-policy-adaptive-classification-2026","entry_id":"mistral-shieldstral-policy-adaptive-classification-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:783e0e29-0a5a-44c0-aa66-4557acf18356","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:181c9b8cebd8eccaa3c4910f4a9203ae1341be083614a168a8d408b132c3355b"},"what_changed":"Unified heterogeneous moderation taxonomies into instruction/query/document yes-no tasks, training on curated and contrastively generated text/image data and using yes/no logits for policy-conditioned classification.","scope":"Unified heterogeneous moderation taxonomies into instruction/query/document yes-no tasks, training on curated and contrastively generated text/image data and using yes/no logits for policy-conditioned classification. Inherits pretrained Ministral and supervised classification/merging. A continuous classifier output is not calibrated universal risk, guaranteed safety, compliance or immunity to adversarial inputs. Named core contributors are source credit, not independently audited individual roles.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:783e0e29-0a5a-44c0-aa66-4557acf18356","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:181c9b8cebd8eccaa3c4910f4a9203ae1341be083614a168a8d408b132c3355b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"paischer-et-al-emmi-wing-transonic-dataset-2025","title":"Emmi-Wing: three-dimensional transonic CFD benchmark","summary":"Generated roughly30thousand wing-geometry/inflow RANS simulations with surface and volume fields and evaluated learned surrogates for held-out geometry/condition lift-drag tradeoffs.","boundary":"Inherits OpenFOAM RANS, Transolver and AB-UPT. Simulated high-fidelity labels are not direct numerical resolution of all turbulence or wind-tunnel truth. Specific NACA-profile parameter ranges and held-out splits do not imply arbitrary aircraft generalization or certified optimal design.","area":"Physics-informed AI evaluation data","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"paischer-et-al-emmi-wing-transonic-dataset-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:210f3f5c-a043-4f56-a9b3-b882acc4d066","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d11f3b15de374b635b598c84bf0f4473deb998d4e7206bdcd48179eb8052d3fb"},"humans":["Fabian Paischer","Leo Cotteleer","Yann Dreze","Richard Kurle","Dylan Rubini","Maurits Bleeker","Tobias Kronlachner","Johannes Brandstetter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2511-21474v1","title":"Going with the Speed of Sound: Pushing Neural Surrogates into Highly-turbulent Transonic Regimes","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21474v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"paischer-et-al-emmi-wing-transonic-dataset-2025","entry_id":"paischer-et-al-emmi-wing-transonic-dataset-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:210f3f5c-a043-4f56-a9b3-b882acc4d066","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d11f3b15de374b635b598c84bf0f4473deb998d4e7206bdcd48179eb8052d3fb"},"what_changed":"Generated roughly30thousand wing-geometry/inflow RANS simulations with surface and volume fields and evaluated learned surrogates for held-out geometry/condition lift-drag tradeoffs.","scope":"Generated roughly30thousand wing-geometry/inflow RANS simulations with surface and volume fields and evaluated learned surrogates for held-out geometry/condition lift-drag tradeoffs. Inherits OpenFOAM RANS, Transolver and AB-UPT. Simulated high-fidelity labels are not direct numerical resolution of all turbulence or wind-tunnel truth. Specific NACA-profile parameter ranges and held-out splits do not imply arbitrary aircraft generalization or certified optimal design.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:210f3f5c-a043-4f56-a9b3-b882acc4d066","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d11f3b15de374b635b598c84bf0f4473deb998d4e7206bdcd48179eb8052d3fb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alkin-et-al-neuraldem-multibranch-surrogate-2024","title":"NeuralDEM: field-based multibranch particulate-flow surrogates","summary":"Represented particle dynamics as continuous fields with coupled primary and auxiliary neural-operator branches, modeling granular transport observables and coupled CFD-DEM cases.","boundary":"Inherits UPT and numerical training data. Individual-particle properties and out-of-distribution rollouts remain difficult. Largest reported fluidized-bed speed is11seconds for3physical seconds, not real time; faster hopper cases differ. Training/data costs and simplified industrial test settings remain material.","area":"Learned particulate-flow simulation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"alkin-et-al-neuraldem-multibranch-surrogate-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a20c6ae-71b0-4b06-a483-d229184a4329","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd1ea96e37be56de0777549f5328b9b930dbc638443f529998b681ba5a044b5e"},"humans":["Benedikt Alkin","Tobias Kronlachner","Samuele Papa","Stefan Pirker","Thomas Lichtenegger","Johannes Brandstetter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2411-09678v1","title":"NeuralDEM -- Real-time Simulation of Industrial Particulate Flows","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09678v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"alkin-et-al-neuraldem-multibranch-surrogate-2024","entry_id":"alkin-et-al-neuraldem-multibranch-surrogate-2024","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a20c6ae-71b0-4b06-a483-d229184a4329","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd1ea96e37be56de0777549f5328b9b930dbc638443f529998b681ba5a044b5e"},"what_changed":"Represented particle dynamics as continuous fields with coupled primary and auxiliary neural-operator branches, modeling granular transport observables and coupled CFD-DEM cases.","scope":"Represented particle dynamics as continuous fields with coupled primary and auxiliary neural-operator branches, modeling granular transport observables and coupled CFD-DEM cases. Inherits UPT and numerical training data. Individual-particle properties and out-of-distribution rollouts remain difficult. Largest reported fluidized-bed speed is11seconds for3physical seconds, not real time; faster hopper cases differ. Training/data costs and simplified industrial test settings remain material.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a20c6ae-71b0-4b06-a483-d229184a4329","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd1ea96e37be56de0777549f5328b9b930dbc638443f529998b681ba5a044b5e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ashton-et-al-fluid-intelligence-cost-model-2025","title":"Fluid Intelligence: joint CFD-data and AI-training cost model","summary":"Proposed a joint asymptotic cost framework for CFD data generation and surrogate-model training, distinguishing RANS/LES fidelity, input/processor scaling and reuse of transient trajectories.","boundary":"Conditional modeling framework, not an experimentally established universal CFD scaling law. Requires assumed mesh-error/learning power laws and an effective-sample hypothesis for trajectory reuse. Constants and representative estimates are approximate; no trained universal CFD foundation model or global optimality certified.","area":"AI simulation resource modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"ashton-et-al-fluid-intelligence-cost-model-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd280940-57e7-46f8-a3ff-6ce00f7d98df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f50d1b3e9cbeec333be3b8a2074b31118ffb40ead62540304e32126f3955c087"},"humans":["Neil Ashton","Johannes Brandstetter","Siddhartha Mishra"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2511-20455v1","title":"Fluid Intelligence: A Forward Look on AI Foundation Models in Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20455v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"}],"points":"35000","published_grade":{"id":"ashton-et-al-fluid-intelligence-cost-model-2025","entry_id":"ashton-et-al-fluid-intelligence-cost-model-2025","band":"B","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd280940-57e7-46f8-a3ff-6ce00f7d98df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f50d1b3e9cbeec333be3b8a2074b31118ffb40ead62540304e32126f3955c087"},"what_changed":"Proposed a joint asymptotic cost framework for CFD data generation and surrogate-model training, distinguishing RANS/LES fidelity, input/processor scaling and reuse of transient trajectories.","scope":"Proposed a joint asymptotic cost framework for CFD data generation and surrogate-model training, distinguishing RANS/LES fidelity, input/processor scaling and reuse of transient trajectories. Conditional modeling framework, not an experimentally established universal CFD scaling law. Requires assumed mesh-error/learning power laws and an effective-sample hypothesis for trajectory reuse. Constants and representative estimates are approximate; no trained universal CFD foundation model or global optimality certified.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd280940-57e7-46f8-a3ff-6ce00f7d98df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f50d1b3e9cbeec333be3b8a2074b31118ffb40ead62540304e32126f3955c087"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mistral-voxtral-realtime-delay-conditioning-2026","title":"Voxtral Realtime: causal encoding and adaptive delay conditioning","summary":"Extended DelayedStreamsModeling with a causal audio encoder and adaptive RMSNorm delay conditioning, training a multilingual recognizer that supports variable alignment delays.","boundary":"Explicitly inherits DSM and language-model components; not invention of streaming ASR. Delay-conditioned benchmark parity at selected settings is not latency/quality equality on every domain. Alignment/pretraining costs remain; accepts speech and outputs text, unlike VoxtralTTS.","area":"Streaming speech recognition","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mistral-voxtral-realtime-delay-conditioning-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:068af5b9-2cf2-4f8b-a6f7-13cf3ddd9e6d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97678a14fbe5112851e8f583e229798f75976990b28e95799173f56bd3aa44de"},"humans":["Alexander H. 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Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2602-11298v1","title":"Voxtral Realtime","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11298v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"mistral-voxtral-realtime-delay-conditioning-2026","entry_id":"mistral-voxtral-realtime-delay-conditioning-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:068af5b9-2cf2-4f8b-a6f7-13cf3ddd9e6d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97678a14fbe5112851e8f583e229798f75976990b28e95799173f56bd3aa44de"},"what_changed":"Extended DelayedStreamsModeling with a causal audio encoder and adaptive RMSNorm delay conditioning, training a multilingual recognizer that supports variable alignment delays.","scope":"Extended DelayedStreamsModeling with a causal audio encoder and adaptive RMSNorm delay conditioning, training a multilingual recognizer that supports variable alignment delays. Explicitly inherits DSM and language-model components; not invention of streaming ASR. Delay-conditioned benchmark parity at selected settings is not latency/quality equality on every domain. Alignment/pretraining costs remain; accepts speech and outputs text, unlike VoxtralTTS.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:068af5b9-2cf2-4f8b-a6f7-13cf3ddd9e6d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97678a14fbe5112851e8f583e229798f75976990b28e95799173f56bd3aa44de"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alkin-et-al-universal-physics-transformer-2024","title":"Universal Physics Transformers: mesh-independent latent dynamics","summary":"Encoded grid- or particle-based physical states into a fixed-size latent representation, propagated dynamics there with inverse encoding/decoding objectives and decoded at queried locations.","boundary":"Universal denotes a shared architectural formulation across tested discretizations, not approximation/error certification for all PDEs, exact conservation or unrestricted spatial detail. Inherits neural operators/transformers; original JKU/NXAI affiliations are not retrospectively changed by a current company index.","area":"Neural operators for physical simulation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"alkin-et-al-universal-physics-transformer-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42263bbe-e66a-4de0-a5cc-a7d430d9b3f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:03eab0767976d60a04ed87b643eb778d37c2d2431206810ed4503512457c6a05"},"humans":["Benedikt Alkin","Andreas Fürst","Simon Schmid","Lukas Gruber","Markus Holzleitner","Johannes Brandstetter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2402-12365v1","title":"Universal Physics Transformers","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12365v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"alkin-et-al-universal-physics-transformer-2024","entry_id":"alkin-et-al-universal-physics-transformer-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42263bbe-e66a-4de0-a5cc-a7d430d9b3f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:03eab0767976d60a04ed87b643eb778d37c2d2431206810ed4503512457c6a05"},"what_changed":"Encoded grid- or particle-based physical states into a fixed-size latent representation, propagated dynamics there with inverse encoding/decoding objectives and decoded at queried locations.","scope":"Encoded grid- or particle-based physical states into a fixed-size latent representation, propagated dynamics there with inverse encoding/decoding objectives and decoded at queried locations. Universal denotes a shared architectural formulation across tested discretizations, not approximation/error certification for all PDEs, exact conservation or unrestricted spatial detail. Inherits neural operators/transformers; original JKU/NXAI affiliations are not retrospectively changed by a current company index.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42263bbe-e66a-4de0-a5cc-a7d430d9b3f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:03eab0767976d60a04ed87b643eb778d37c2d2431206810ed4503512457c6a05"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mistral-robostral-prefix-cached-navigation-2026","title":"Robostral Navigate: prefix-cached training and visual waypoint control","summary":"Trained a monocular vision-language waypoint policy on simulation trajectories using episode-level prefix caching/tree masks, then applied CISPO reinforcement learning; a diffusion policy and motion controller execute waypoints.","boundary":"Pointing has metric-displacement fallback; a121M diffusion policy uses robot height/radius and an embodiment-specific controller. Thus the full system is not pure image-space actuation or calibration-free universal robotics. Benchmark and two-platform tests are not guaranteed safe navigation.","area":"Embodied navigation models","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mistral-robostral-prefix-cached-navigation-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e8a6c3b9-09a2-4cdf-afb4-81949357f5da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f11da965ccf8fb33dbac66fbb4029c3fbff75dbace653b1c1f2e85e4a0dd097"},"humans":["Arjun Majumdar","Avinash Sooriyarachchi","Benjamin Tibi","Chris Bamford","Elliot Chane-Sane","Guillaume Lample","Khyathi Raghavi Chandu","Ludovic Ho Fuh","Mathieu Poirée","Olivier Duchenne","Rosalie Millner","Srijan Mishra","Théo Cachet","Thomas Chabal"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2607-20785v1","title":"Robostral Navigate","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.20785v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"mistral-robostral-prefix-cached-navigation-2026","entry_id":"mistral-robostral-prefix-cached-navigation-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e8a6c3b9-09a2-4cdf-afb4-81949357f5da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f11da965ccf8fb33dbac66fbb4029c3fbff75dbace653b1c1f2e85e4a0dd097"},"what_changed":"Trained a monocular vision-language waypoint policy on simulation trajectories using episode-level prefix caching/tree masks, then applied CISPO reinforcement learning; a diffusion policy and motion controller execute waypoints.","scope":"Trained a monocular vision-language waypoint policy on simulation trajectories using episode-level prefix caching/tree masks, then applied CISPO reinforcement learning; a diffusion policy and motion controller execute waypoints. Pointing has metric-displacement fallback; a121M diffusion policy uses robot height/radius and an embodiment-specific controller. Thus the full system is not pure image-space actuation or calibration-free universal robotics. Benchmark and two-platform tests are not guaranteed safe navigation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e8a6c3b9-09a2-4cdf-afb4-81949357f5da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f11da965ccf8fb33dbac66fbb4029c3fbff75dbace653b1c1f2e85e4a0dd097"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"paischer-et-al-gyroswin-five-dimensional-surrogate-2025","title":"GyroSwin: five-dimensional gyrokinetic plasma surrogates","summary":"Extended hierarchical Swin models to5D distribution functions using cross-dimensional attention/integration and channelwise mode separation, jointly predicting distributions, potentials and heat flux.","boundary":"Inherits Swin and numerical gyrokinetic data; the tested model uses the adiabatic-electron approximation. Finite heat-flux/spectral tests and hardware-relative speedups do not establish complete electron-ion dynamics, universal conservation, arbitrary long-time stability or fusion-reactor performance.","area":"Neural plasma-turbulence simulation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"paischer-et-al-gyroswin-five-dimensional-surrogate-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7ce84024-b533-4742-a435-56c6a9b345d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe8ff815e925732cd0719fcef300e3b4ef8cf997a4f8d6c99b89a0d95831c4b8"},"humans":["Fabian Paischer","Gianluca Galletti","William Hornsby","Paul Setinek","Lorenzo Zanisi","Naomi Carey","Stanislas Pamela","Johannes Brandstetter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2510-07314v1","title":"GyroSwin: 5D Surrogates for Gyrokinetic Plasma Turbulence Simulations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07314v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-mistral-research-index","title":"Mistral research publications index","url":"https://mistral.ai/research/"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"paischer-et-al-gyroswin-five-dimensional-surrogate-2025","entry_id":"paischer-et-al-gyroswin-five-dimensional-surrogate-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7ce84024-b533-4742-a435-56c6a9b345d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe8ff815e925732cd0719fcef300e3b4ef8cf997a4f8d6c99b89a0d95831c4b8"},"what_changed":"Extended hierarchical Swin models to5D distribution functions using cross-dimensional attention/integration and channelwise mode separation, jointly predicting distributions, potentials and heat flux.","scope":"Extended hierarchical Swin models to5D distribution functions using cross-dimensional attention/integration and channelwise mode separation, jointly predicting distributions, potentials and heat flux. Inherits Swin and numerical gyrokinetic data; the tested model uses the adiabatic-electron approximation. Finite heat-flux/spectral tests and hardware-relative speedups do not establish complete electron-ion dynamics, universal conservation, arbitrary long-time stability or fusion-reactor performance.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7ce84024-b533-4742-a435-56c6a9b345d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe8ff815e925732cd0719fcef300e3b4ef8cf997a4f8d6c99b89a0d95831c4b8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yang-et-al-mutransfer-hyperparameters-2022","title":"muTransfer: small-model hyperparameter tuning across width","summary":"Used maximal-update parameterization to tune optimization/initialization settings on smaller neural networks and transfer them to larger models without direct full-scale tuning.","boundary":"Inherits muP and tensor-program theory. Does not claim invention of muP or transfer of every hyperparameter: original table excludes regularization such as dropout/weight decay, while depth/batch/sequence/time transfer has empirical caveats. Small-model tuning still costs compute.","area":"Training parameterization and tuning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yang-et-al-mutransfer-hyperparameters-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:543ebdd5-74da-407b-acdc-42ce0933bd93","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec6d7c2066ffe6a9db34c40cabbeb1d62820dfb8e90ab077c1da56be04046081"},"humans":["Greg Yang","Edward J. Hu","Igor Babuschkin","Szymon Sidor","Xiaodong Liu","David Farhi","Nick Ryder","Jakub Pachocki","Weizhu Chen","Jianfeng Gao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2203-03466v1","title":"Tensor Programs V: Tuning Large Neural Networks via Zero-Shot Hyperparameter Transfer","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.03466v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"yang-et-al-mutransfer-hyperparameters-2022","entry_id":"yang-et-al-mutransfer-hyperparameters-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:543ebdd5-74da-407b-acdc-42ce0933bd93","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec6d7c2066ffe6a9db34c40cabbeb1d62820dfb8e90ab077c1da56be04046081"},"what_changed":"Used maximal-update parameterization to tune optimization/initialization settings on smaller neural networks and transfer them to larger models without direct full-scale tuning.","scope":"Used maximal-update parameterization to tune optimization/initialization settings on smaller neural networks and transfer them to larger models without direct full-scale tuning. Inherits muP and tensor-program theory. Does not claim invention of muP or transfer of every hyperparameter: original table excludes regularization such as dropout/weight decay, while depth/batch/sequence/time transfer has empirical caveats. Small-model tuning still costs compute.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:543ebdd5-74da-407b-acdc-42ce0933bd93","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec6d7c2066ffe6a9db34c40cabbeb1d62820dfb8e90ab077c1da56be04046081"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"moritz-et-al-ray-distributed-tasks-actors-2017","title":"Ray: unified distributed task and actor execution","summary":"Built a dynamic task-graph runtime combining task and actor abstractions with a sharded fault-tolerant control store and bottom-up distributed scheduling for heterogeneous AI workloads.","boundary":"Inherits distributed task graphs and actor models. Original nine-author2017preprint is distinct from expanded eleven-author2018version. Throughput/latency and failure recovery are tested system properties, not universal scale or zero-overhead guarantees.","area":"Distributed AI runtime systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"moritz-et-al-ray-distributed-tasks-actors-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af34d245-cd62-4795-a235-b1dc779a2ca2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:db7126348107ea5b98f2cb0e3d339efed2eddd9edb69a815766a0aa18a2e04d0"},"humans":["Philipp Moritz","Robert Nishihara","Stephanie Wang","Alexey Tumanov","Richard Liaw","Eric Liang","William Paul","Michael I. Jordan","Ion Stoica"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1712-05889v1","title":"Ray: A Distributed Framework for Emerging AI Applications","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05889v1"}],"points":"175000","published_grade":{"id":"moritz-et-al-ray-distributed-tasks-actors-2017","entry_id":"moritz-et-al-ray-distributed-tasks-actors-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af34d245-cd62-4795-a235-b1dc779a2ca2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:db7126348107ea5b98f2cb0e3d339efed2eddd9edb69a815766a0aa18a2e04d0"},"what_changed":"Built a dynamic task-graph runtime combining task and actor abstractions with a sharded fault-tolerant control store and bottom-up distributed scheduling for heterogeneous AI workloads.","scope":"Built a dynamic task-graph runtime combining task and actor abstractions with a sharded fault-tolerant control store and bottom-up distributed scheduling for heterogeneous AI workloads. Inherits distributed task graphs and actor models. Original nine-author2017preprint is distinct from expanded eleven-author2018version. Throughput/latency and failure recovery are tested system properties, not universal scale or zero-overhead guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af34d245-cd62-4795-a235-b1dc779a2ca2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:db7126348107ea5b98f2cb0e3d339efed2eddd9edb69a815766a0aa18a2e04d0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"izmailov-et-al-stochastic-weight-averaging-2018","title":"Stochastic Weight Averaging along training trajectories","summary":"Averaged parameters sampled along cyclical- or constant-learning-rate SGD trajectories to form a single model approximating benefits of a geometric ensemble.","boundary":"Explicitly inherits classical iterate averaging and FGE; not invention of averaging. Generalization and apparent basin width are empirical/configuration-dependent, not reparameterization-invariant guarantees. Training samples, weight storage and normalization-statistic recomputation are not universally free.","area":"Neural-network optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"izmailov-et-al-stochastic-weight-averaging-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78db93f8-14aa-4210-a519-ebd9455f2579","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8741823ac42870a2ad5eced5dace06b74f23b9518bc107a7b2a156e0337ab9ae"},"humans":["Pavel Izmailov","Dmitrii Podoprikhin","Timur Garipov","Dmitry Vetrov","Andrew Gordon Wilson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1803-05407v1","title":"Averaging Weights Leads to Wider Optima and Better Generalization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05407v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"izmailov-et-al-stochastic-weight-averaging-2018","entry_id":"izmailov-et-al-stochastic-weight-averaging-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78db93f8-14aa-4210-a519-ebd9455f2579","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8741823ac42870a2ad5eced5dace06b74f23b9518bc107a7b2a156e0337ab9ae"},"what_changed":"Averaged parameters sampled along cyclical- or constant-learning-rate SGD trajectories to form a single model approximating benefits of a geometric ensemble.","scope":"Averaged parameters sampled along cyclical- or constant-learning-rate SGD trajectories to form a single model approximating benefits of a geometric ensemble. Explicitly inherits classical iterate averaging and FGE; not invention of averaging. Generalization and apparent basin width are empirical/configuration-dependent, not reparameterization-invariant guarantees. Training samples, weight storage and normalization-statistic recomputation are not universally free.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78db93f8-14aa-4210-a519-ebd9455f2579","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8741823ac42870a2ad5eced5dace06b74f23b9518bc107a7b2a156e0337ab9ae"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liu-et-al-moonlight-scalable-muon-2025","title":"Moonlight: update scaling and distributed Muon training","summary":"Added weight decay and adjusted parameter-update scales for large-model Muon, implementing ZeRO-style distributed orthogonalization and releasing Moonlight checkpoints with scaling experiments.","boundary":"Extends rather than invents Muon/NewtonSchulz/ZeRO, and differs from KimiK2 MuonClip. Approximately twofold compute efficiency is fitted/reported for studied training regimes, not universal wall-clock superiority or tuning-free performance for every architecture.","area":"Large-language-model optimization systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-et-al-moonlight-scalable-muon-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5fada9ce-dc6c-482d-a63e-2b9921a89d3c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87ee892e0bc4f7c9a26c59ecf5bbec4bf1ca6d90fabfb48906fdf61c94b56463"},"humans":["Jingyuan Liu","Jianlin Su","Xingcheng Yao","Zhejun Jiang","Guokun Lai","Yulun Du","Yidao Qin","Weixin Xu","Enzhe Lu","Junjie Yan","Yanru Chen","Huabin Zheng","Yibo Liu","Shaowei Liu","Bohong Yin","Weiran He","Han Zhu","Yuzhi Wang","Jianzhou Wang","Mengnan Dong","Zheng Zhang","Yongsheng Kang","Hao Zhang","Xinran Xu","Yutao Zhang","Yuxin Wu","Xinyu Zhou","Zhilin Yang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2502-16982v1","title":"Muon is Scalable for LLM Training","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.16982v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-et-al-moonlight-scalable-muon-2025","entry_id":"liu-et-al-moonlight-scalable-muon-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5fada9ce-dc6c-482d-a63e-2b9921a89d3c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87ee892e0bc4f7c9a26c59ecf5bbec4bf1ca6d90fabfb48906fdf61c94b56463"},"what_changed":"Added weight decay and adjusted parameter-update scales for large-model Muon, implementing ZeRO-style distributed orthogonalization and releasing Moonlight checkpoints with scaling experiments.","scope":"Added weight decay and adjusted parameter-update scales for large-model Muon, implementing ZeRO-style distributed orthogonalization and releasing Moonlight checkpoints with scaling experiments. Extends rather than invents Muon/NewtonSchulz/ZeRO, and differs from KimiK2 MuonClip. Approximately twofold compute efficiency is fitted/reported for studied training regimes, not universal wall-clock superiority or tuning-free performance for every architecture.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5fada9ce-dc6c-482d-a63e-2b9921a89d3c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87ee892e0bc4f7c9a26c59ecf5bbec4bf1ca6d90fabfb48906fdf61c94b56463"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"you-et-al-lamb-large-batch-optimizer-2019","title":"LAMB: layer-adaptive moment updates for large-batch training","summary":"Combined adaptive moment updates with layerwise trust-ratio scaling, adjusting LARS-style ratio/decay handling to enable large-batch BERT pretraining.","boundary":"Inherits Adam and LARS. Original six-author preprint differs from later expanded theory paper; general nonconvex theorem credit is not imported from the later version. The76minute result uses1024TPUs versus a16TPU baseline, not a hardware-matched64fold algorithmic speedup.","area":"Large-batch neural-network optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"you-et-al-lamb-large-batch-optimizer-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc201c68-4e8b-4b9f-adee-a72eb884ad89","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:932b9f05b489c7dc08e12ead2b0acbbaf693d0fc084d600856d8e010a08e54f9"},"humans":["Yang You","Jing Li","Jonathan Hseu","Xiaodan Song","James Demmel","Cho-Jui Hsieh"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1904-00962v1","title":"Reducing BERT Pre-Training Time from 3 Days to 76 Minutes","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.00962v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"you-et-al-lamb-large-batch-optimizer-2019","entry_id":"you-et-al-lamb-large-batch-optimizer-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc201c68-4e8b-4b9f-adee-a72eb884ad89","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:932b9f05b489c7dc08e12ead2b0acbbaf693d0fc084d600856d8e010a08e54f9"},"what_changed":"Combined adaptive moment updates with layerwise trust-ratio scaling, adjusting LARS-style ratio/decay handling to enable large-batch BERT pretraining.","scope":"Combined adaptive moment updates with layerwise trust-ratio scaling, adjusting LARS-style ratio/decay handling to enable large-batch BERT pretraining. Inherits Adam and LARS. Original six-author preprint differs from later expanded theory paper; general nonconvex theorem credit is not imported from the later version. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1907-08610v1","title":"Lookahead Optimizer: k steps forward, 1 step back","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.08610v1"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-et-al-lookahead-fast-slow-optimizer-2019","entry_id":"zhang-et-al-lookahead-fast-slow-optimizer-2019","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7310ee12-a616-4ade-a2d5-7c1fa0fcd5b5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9ac48b1572c5fb8f5983b61831d697ce88f237779ba64d9fa9ac9bea712016a6"},"what_changed":"Maintained fast weights updated by an inner optimizer and periodically interpolated/reset them toward slower weights, studying variance and empirical training stability.","scope":"Maintained fast weights updated by an inner optimizer and periodically interpolated/reset them toward slower weights, studying variance and empirical training stability. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2305-14342v1","title":"Sophia: A Scalable Stochastic Second-order Optimizer for Language Model Pre-training","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14342v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-et-al-sophia-clipped-curvature-2023","entry_id":"liu-et-al-sophia-clipped-curvature-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:917caac2-d2db-403d-adef-bf46179bfd75","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1e9d59f3dab5f5a8f94eb2e666575b7d6346a7de8b8003408e6936221e9482a"},"what_changed":"Preconditioned momentum gradients with moving averages of infrequently estimated Hessian diagonals and clipped coordinate updates, comparing two inexpensive curvature estimators.","scope":"Preconditioned momentum gradients with moving averages of infrequently estimated Hessian diagonals and clipped coordinate updates, comparing two inexpensive curvature estimators. 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Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2105-04663v1","title":"GSPMD: General and Scalable Parallelization for ML Computation Graphs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.04663v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"xu-et-al-gspmd-compiler-sharding-2021","entry_id":"xu-et-al-gspmd-compiler-sharding-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0910e626-fdcc-4ad5-aa5c-8d5ca7e07664","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d868fa22ae26205b22e87ff3203aa31f563a9e6c28f0474f866b29019044aabc"},"what_changed":"Inferred operator partitioning from limited tensor annotations and generated SPMD computation, supporting uneven/nested sharding, padding and halo exchange in XLA.","scope":"Inferred operator partitioning from limited tensor annotations and generated SPMD computation, supporting uneven/nested sharding, padding and halo exchange in XLA. 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Equivalence concerns a specified Shampoo exponent/variant. Reported savings use tuned360M/660M runs; matrix-state/eigendecomposition costs remain.","area":"Neural-network optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"vyas-et-al-soap-eigenbasis-adam-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c72f6061-611f-422a-af30-ffcd65726561","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:05230054b30033af63f0c7283384df57fa03bfb2483c292883fd70ce6853b0ed"},"humans":["Nikhil Vyas","Depen Morwani","Rosie Zhao","Itai Shapira","David Brandfonbrener","Lucas Janson","Sham Kakade"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Explicitly synthesizes earlier preconditioning/rotated-space variants; systematic evaluation is not first invention of all components. Equivalence concerns a specified Shampoo exponent/variant. 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ResNet/AlexNet results do not guarantee unchanged generalization at arbitrary batch sizes, datasets or architectures. Parallel-hardware and schedule choices are part of the reported speedup.","area":"Large-batch neural-network optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"you-et-al-lars-layerwise-rate-scaling-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ec92d62e-5f5c-4b5e-acf2-2351d48c6871","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12faacefaaf34dc9d5d3a49f551a511e1ef61a0131deec71798d00faae494952"},"humans":["Yang You","Igor Gitman","Boris Ginsburg"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Scalability/performance claims are for tested reference workloads, not all nested distributed programs.","area":"Distributed reinforcement-learning systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liang-et-al-rllib-composable-parallelism-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ae90cc5-95e6-484f-ac0b-dee9a6a688da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:712727e14ffd2d6fda30a63341905f1a450e501e274f1edfb9dcb080fccf11a8"},"humans":["Eric Liang","Richard Liaw","Robert Nishihara","Philipp Moritz","Roy Fox","Joseph Gonzalez","Ken Goldberg","Ion Stoica"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1712-09381v1","title":"Ray RLLib: A Composable and Scalable Reinforcement Learning Library","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.09381v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"liang-et-al-rllib-composable-parallelism-2017","entry_id":"liang-et-al-rllib-composable-parallelism-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ae90cc5-95e6-484f-ac0b-dee9a6a688da","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:712727e14ffd2d6fda30a63341905f1a450e501e274f1edfb9dcb080fccf11a8"},"what_changed":"Encapsulated parallelism and resource requirements within reusable RL components built on Ray, enabling nested rollout, optimization and model-based workloads.","scope":"Encapsulated parallelism and resource requirements within reusable RL components built on Ray, enabling nested rollout, optimization and model-based workloads. Inherits Ray and implemented RL algorithms; library composition is not invention of those algorithms. 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This is not invention of Muon or guaranteed global Pareto dominance; finite-width/mesh-error analysis assumes smooth asymptotic behavior. Tuning overhead can be substantial, not free.","area":"Optimizer evaluation and hyperparameter transfer","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"essential-ai-muon-mup-telescoping-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dbf65650-4213-44b2-a631-f3152e11d0a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca8350e386d40abdc411f7554d7aa50124ff51cbb5a1ea203f76bac09d184d27"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2505-02222v1","title":"Practical Efficiency of Muon for Pretraining","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02222v1"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"essential-ai-muon-mup-telescoping-2025","entry_id":"essential-ai-muon-mup-telescoping-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dbf65650-4213-44b2-a631-f3152e11d0a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca8350e386d40abdc411f7554d7aa50124ff51cbb5a1ea203f76bac09d184d27"},"what_changed":"Studied Muon batch-size-dependent compute/time frontiers and combined it with muP using a multiscale telescoping search that narrows expensive large-width sweeps.","scope":"Studied Muon batch-size-dependent compute/time frontiers and combined it with muP using a multiscale telescoping search that narrows expensive large-width sweeps. Inherits Muon, muP, hierarchical search and Moonlight scaling. This is not invention of Muon or guaranteed global Pareto dominance; finite-width/mesh-error analysis assumes smooth asymptotic behavior. Tuning overhead can be substantial, not free.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dbf65650-4213-44b2-a631-f3152e11d0a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca8350e386d40abdc411f7554d7aa50124ff51cbb5a1ea203f76bac09d184d27"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"foret-et-al-sharpness-aware-minimization-2020","title":"SAM: approximate neighborhood-loss minimization","summary":"Optimized an approximate min-max neighborhood-loss objective by perturbing weights along a first-order direction and computing an update gradient at the perturbed weights.","boundary":"Inherits sharpness/generalization and robust-optimization ideas. Practical inner maximization and gradient omit higher-order terms; two gradient evaluations add cost. This does not globally solve the min-max problem or guarantee improved generalization on every task/reparameterization.","area":"Neural-network generalization training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"foret-et-al-sharpness-aware-minimization-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e671a0e0-2305-47d3-ae3c-976b695cca5f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c52f1e8b302efce6bc7020c88f44b06602cd3d604a011d0615e290bde1cda2d3"},"humans":["Pierre Foret","Ariel Kleiner","Hossein Mobahi","Behnam Neyshabur"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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This does not globally solve the min-max problem or guarantee improved generalization on every task/reparameterization.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e671a0e0-2305-47d3-ae3c-976b695cca5f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c52f1e8b302efce6bc7020c88f44b06602cd3d604a011d0615e290bde1cda2d3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"barham-et-al-pathways-asynchronous-dataflow-2022","title":"Pathways: asynchronous distributed accelerator dataflow","summary":"Used sharded asynchronous operators over futures and gang scheduling to decouple control-plane execution from dependent accelerator work under a single-controller programming model.","boundary":"The orchestration-system contribution is distinct from PaLM's language-model training. Inherits dataflow/SPMD/MPMD systems; measured utilization on selected TPU workloads is not universal100percent utilization, failure freedom or proof of optimal resource scheduling.","area":"Large-scale AI orchestration systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"barham-et-al-pathways-asynchronous-dataflow-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b84cb4f0-821d-46e1-a640-7e020318e456","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c748075d185006cd08fcb7a91757d1661052f01f0bcb366c092b10c261594660"},"humans":["Paul Barham","Aakanksha Chowdhery","Jeff Dean","Sanjay Ghemawat","Steven Hand","Dan Hurt","Michael Isard","Hyeontaek Lim","Ruoming Pang","Sudip Roy","Brennan Saeta","Parker Schuh","Ryan Sepassi","Laurent El Shafey","Chandramohan A. Thekkath","Yonghui Wu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2203-12533v1","title":"Pathways: Asynchronous Distributed Dataflow for ML","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.12533v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"barham-et-al-pathways-asynchronous-dataflow-2022","entry_id":"barham-et-al-pathways-asynchronous-dataflow-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b84cb4f0-821d-46e1-a640-7e020318e456","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c748075d185006cd08fcb7a91757d1661052f01f0bcb366c092b10c261594660"},"what_changed":"Used sharded asynchronous operators over futures and gang scheduling to decouple control-plane execution from dependent accelerator work under a single-controller programming model.","scope":"Used sharded asynchronous operators over futures and gang scheduling to decouple control-plane execution from dependent accelerator work under a single-controller programming model. 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Inherits dataflow/SPMD/MPMD systems; measured utilization on selected TPU workloads is not universal100percent utilization, failure freedom or proof of optimal resource scheduling.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b84cb4f0-821d-46e1-a640-7e020318e456","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c748075d185006cd08fcb7a91757d1661052f01f0bcb366c092b10c261594660"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"miao-et-al-specinfer-token-tree-2023","title":"SpecInfer: collective speculative models and token-tree verification","summary":"Combined several boost-tuned small speculative models or heuristic proposals into token trees and verified shared-prefix candidates in one parallel target-model pass.","boundary":"Inherits speculative decoding, adaptive boosting and small-model distillation. Original verifier and selected LLaMA/OPT experiments do not certify every stochastic sampler or numerical implementation. Extra draft training, tree construction, verification compute and memory remain real costs.","area":"Language-model inference systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"miao-et-al-specinfer-token-tree-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d03823cc-9818-4b47-a439-97349b986cb3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce216e2c72abc1fdd39a9e66fe37219bc056dbc7097ca70f81b077f487feeccc"},"humans":["Xupeng Miao","Gabriele Oliaro","Zhihao Zhang","Xinhao Cheng","Zeyu Wang","Rae Ying Yee Wong","Zhuoming Chen","Daiyaan Arfeen","Reyna Abhyankar","Zhihao Jia"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2305-09781v1","title":"SpecInfer: Accelerating Generative LLM Serving with Speculative Inference and Token Tree Verification","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09781v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"miao-et-al-specinfer-token-tree-2023","entry_id":"miao-et-al-specinfer-token-tree-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d03823cc-9818-4b47-a439-97349b986cb3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce216e2c72abc1fdd39a9e66fe37219bc056dbc7097ca70f81b077f487feeccc"},"what_changed":"Combined several boost-tuned small speculative models or heuristic proposals into token trees and verified shared-prefix candidates in one parallel target-model pass.","scope":"Combined several boost-tuned small speculative models or heuristic proposals into token trees and verified shared-prefix candidates in one parallel target-model pass. Inherits speculative decoding, adaptive boosting and small-model distillation. Original verifier and selected LLaMA/OPT experiments do not certify every stochastic sampler or numerical implementation. Extra draft training, tree construction, verification compute and memory remain real costs.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d03823cc-9818-4b47-a439-97349b986cb3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce216e2c72abc1fdd39a9e66fe37219bc056dbc7097ca70f81b077f487feeccc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cai-et-al-medusa-multihead-decoding-2024","title":"Medusa: multihead drafts with tree attention","summary":"Added future-token prediction heads to a language-model backbone, with tree-attention verification, frozen-backbone or joint training and a typical-acceptance option.","boundary":"Inherits Stern-style multihead prediction and speculative verification. A frozen backbone alone does not ensure exact output-distribution preservation: the proposed typical-acceptance rule deliberately relaxes distribution matching; Medusa2 also updates the backbone. Empirical generation quality is not equality of distributions or universal acceleration.","area":"Language-model inference acceleration","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"cai-et-al-medusa-multihead-decoding-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14998a33-3154-4d8d-a9c5-b4bf38e47889","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:94a1f4dbaa1a27c829f943522d2aae25c1752effbe14bf0310f403b8319e3528"},"humans":["Tianle Cai","Yuhong Li","Zhengyang Geng","Hongwu Peng","Jason D. Lee","Deming Chen","Tri Dao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2401-10774v1","title":"Medusa: Simple LLM Inference Acceleration Framework with Multiple Decoding Heads","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.10774v1"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"cai-et-al-medusa-multihead-decoding-2024","entry_id":"cai-et-al-medusa-multihead-decoding-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14998a33-3154-4d8d-a9c5-b4bf38e47889","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:94a1f4dbaa1a27c829f943522d2aae25c1752effbe14bf0310f403b8319e3528"},"what_changed":"Added future-token prediction heads to a language-model backbone, with tree-attention verification, frozen-backbone or joint training and a typical-acceptance option.","scope":"Added future-token prediction heads to a language-model backbone, with tree-attention verification, frozen-backbone or joint training and a typical-acceptance option. 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Losslessness depends on the inherited exact verification/sampling procedure and implementation; reported speedups are model, workload, hardware and batch dependent. EAGLE2 avoids additional training beyond EAGLE, not all draft-model training; EAGLE3 changes and trains the drafter.","area":"Language-model inference acceleration","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"li-et-al-eagle-speculative-drafting-family-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07ce3188-a163-460a-ada8-bb20af9ebc5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af4c9c3d9e814f5bbf9707337a3147c96bba3eea7772b2c7ce4025121b8f0b8e"},"humans":["Yuhui Li","Fangyun Wei","Chao Zhang","Hongyang Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2401-15077v1","title":"EAGLE: Speculative Sampling Requires Rethinking Feature Uncertainty","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.15077v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2406-16858v1","title":"EAGLE-2: Faster Inference of Language Models with Dynamic Draft Trees","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.16858v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2503-01840v1","title":"EAGLE-3: Scaling up Inference Acceleration of Large Language Models via Training-Time Test","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.01840v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"li-et-al-eagle-speculative-drafting-family-2024","entry_id":"li-et-al-eagle-speculative-drafting-family-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07ce3188-a163-460a-ada8-bb20af9ebc5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af4c9c3d9e814f5bbf9707337a3147c96bba3eea7772b2c7ce4025121b8f0b8e"},"what_changed":"EAGLE conditioned feature-level drafts on one-step-advanced tokens; EAGLE2 selected context-dependent draft trees from confidence scores; EAGLE3 removed feature-regression constraints and trained multi-layer-fused token drafts using training-time rollout tests.","scope":"EAGLE conditioned feature-level drafts on one-step-advanced tokens; EAGLE2 selected context-dependent draft trees from confidence scores; EAGLE3 removed feature-regression constraints and trained multi-layer-fused token drafts using training-time rollout tests. One family with three source-specific deltas, not three inventions of speculative sampling. Losslessness depends on the inherited exact verification/sampling procedure and implementation; reported speedups are model, workload, hardware and batch dependent. EAGLE2 avoids additional training beyond EAGLE, not all draft-model training; EAGLE3 changes and trains the drafter.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07ce3188-a163-460a-ada8-bb20af9ebc5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af4c9c3d9e814f5bbf9707337a3147c96bba3eea7772b2c7ce4025121b8f0b8e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fu-et-al-lookahead-decoding-jacobi-2024","title":"Lookahead Decoding: Jacobi n-gram generation and verification","summary":"Reused parallel Jacobi-decoding iterates to generate cached n-grams and verified them in a separate branch within a combined target-model pass, with a multi-GPU implementation.","boundary":"Inherits Jacobi decoding and guess-and-verify methods. No auxiliary model does not mean no n-gram cache, added FLOPs or hardware costs. The logarithmic per-step compute tradeoff and reported speedups are conditional/workload specific, not constant-cost universal latency reduction. Distinct from the Lookahead optimizer.","area":"Language-model inference acceleration","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"fu-et-al-lookahead-decoding-jacobi-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39006f0c-fa3f-492d-a73f-3f5a1fb73588","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6cfc2b3b9c138b946c008c5bb9fa4f80fe070eb09d3129ca62b4f06ec2fb876f"},"humans":["Yichao Fu","Peter Bailis","Ion Stoica","Hao Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2402-02057v1","title":"Break the Sequential Dependency of LLM Inference Using Lookahead Decoding","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.02057v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"fu-et-al-lookahead-decoding-jacobi-2024","entry_id":"fu-et-al-lookahead-decoding-jacobi-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39006f0c-fa3f-492d-a73f-3f5a1fb73588","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6cfc2b3b9c138b946c008c5bb9fa4f80fe070eb09d3129ca62b4f06ec2fb876f"},"what_changed":"Reused parallel Jacobi-decoding iterates to generate cached n-grams and verified them in a separate branch within a combined target-model pass, with a multi-GPU implementation.","scope":"Reused parallel Jacobi-decoding iterates to generate cached n-grams and verified them in a separate branch within a combined target-model pass, with a multi-GPU implementation. Inherits Jacobi decoding and guess-and-verify methods. No auxiliary model does not mean no n-gram cache, added FLOPs or hardware costs. The logarithmic per-step compute tradeoff and reported speedups are conditional/workload specific, not constant-cost universal latency reduction. Distinct from the Lookahead optimizer.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39006f0c-fa3f-492d-a73f-3f5a1fb73588","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6cfc2b3b9c138b946c008c5bb9fa4f80fe070eb09d3129ca62b4f06ec2fb876f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liu-abbeel-blockwise-parallel-transformer-2023","title":"Blockwise Parallel Transformer: fused attention and feedforward blocks","summary":"Fused blockwise exact-attention computation with feedforward computation on completed query blocks, reducing intermediate activation memory without materializing whole-sequence feedforward intermediates.","boundary":"Inherits online softmax, FlashAttention and memory-efficient exact attention. The contribution extends blockwise fusion to feedforward activations, not invention of exact attention or subquadratic dense-attention compute. Tested context-length gains depend on model, checkpointing and accelerator memory.","area":"Memory-efficient Transformer training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-abbeel-blockwise-parallel-transformer-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a090da33-0276-4a84-a470-fd7bf868c379","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fa4bf7fd7369b2743f902fed79209689f29a5c8b1a457a1edfadafdbd385010"},"humans":["Hao Liu","Pieter Abbeel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2305-19370v1","title":"Blockwise Parallel Transformer for Long Context Large Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.19370v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-abbeel-blockwise-parallel-transformer-2023","entry_id":"liu-abbeel-blockwise-parallel-transformer-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a090da33-0276-4a84-a470-fd7bf868c379","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fa4bf7fd7369b2743f902fed79209689f29a5c8b1a457a1edfadafdbd385010"},"what_changed":"Fused blockwise exact-attention computation with feedforward computation on completed query blocks, reducing intermediate activation memory without materializing whole-sequence feedforward intermediates.","scope":"Fused blockwise exact-attention computation with feedforward computation on completed query blocks, reducing intermediate activation memory without materializing whole-sequence feedforward intermediates. Inherits online softmax, FlashAttention and memory-efficient exact attention. The contribution extends blockwise fusion to feedforward activations, not invention of exact attention or subquadratic dense-attention compute. Tested context-length gains depend on model, checkpointing and accelerator memory.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a090da33-0276-4a84-a470-fd7bf868c379","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fa4bf7fd7369b2743f902fed79209689f29a5c8b1a457a1edfadafdbd385010"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liu-zaharia-abbeel-ring-attention-2023","title":"Ring Attention: circulating key-value blocks across sequence shards","summary":"Distributed blockwise attention and feedforward computation across sequence shards, overlapping ring exchange of key-value blocks with local attention computation.","boundary":"Extends Blockwise Parallel Transformer and existing exact online attention. Near-infinite refers to memory scaling with finite added devices, not an infinite context on fixed resources or verified long-range understanding. Communication is hidden only when block compute is sufficiently large relative to network transfer; dense-attention compute remains quadratic.","area":"Distributed long-context attention","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-zaharia-abbeel-ring-attention-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bf34406a-74e3-4db2-a12c-7e2cd5a346bf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c71f10e4e8756b69840f2bf56fa4a038a83eb7b3a1983692d3f3fc95a411508b"},"humans":["Hao Liu","Matei Zaharia","Pieter Abbeel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2310-01889v1","title":"Ring Attention with Blockwise Transformers for Near-Infinite Context","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.01889v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-zaharia-abbeel-ring-attention-2023","entry_id":"liu-zaharia-abbeel-ring-attention-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bf34406a-74e3-4db2-a12c-7e2cd5a346bf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c71f10e4e8756b69840f2bf56fa4a038a83eb7b3a1983692d3f3fc95a411508b"},"what_changed":"Distributed blockwise attention and feedforward computation across sequence shards, overlapping ring exchange of key-value blocks with local attention computation.","scope":"Distributed blockwise attention and feedforward computation across sequence shards, overlapping ring exchange of key-value blocks with local attention computation. Extends Blockwise Parallel Transformer and existing exact online attention. Near-infinite refers to memory scaling with finite added devices, not an infinite context on fixed resources or verified long-range understanding. Communication is hidden only when block compute is sufficiently large relative to network transfer; dense-attention compute remains quadratic.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bf34406a-74e3-4db2-a12c-7e2cd5a346bf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c71f10e4e8756b69840f2bf56fa4a038a83eb7b3a1983692d3f3fc95a411508b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jacobs-et-al-deepspeed-ulysses-2023","title":"DeepSpeed Ulysses: all-to-all sequence and head redistribution","summary":"Sharded tokens across devices and used all-to-all redistribution to give each device full sequence access for a subset of attention heads, followed by inverse redistribution and ZeRO-compatible training.","boundary":"Inherits sequence/model parallelism, ZeRO and attention kernels. Constant communication volume assumes proportional sequence/device scaling in the paper's model; it is not constant end-to-end runtime. Head-count divisibility/scalability and network topology matter. Original seven-author Microsoft report controls attribution.","area":"Distributed long-context training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jacobs-et-al-deepspeed-ulysses-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:442a5331-bc1b-4c0e-ac58-c629189efaa1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e6ae575e050a52eab59fff2d85d6062daf25b30ed78b6b6ac2161184769f747"},"humans":["Sam Ade Jacobs","Masahiro Tanaka","Chengming Zhang","Minjia Zhang","Leon Song","Samyam Rajbhandari","Yuxiong He"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2309-14509v1","title":"DeepSpeed Ulysses: System Optimizations for Enabling Training of Extreme Long Sequence Transformer Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.14509v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"jacobs-et-al-deepspeed-ulysses-2023","entry_id":"jacobs-et-al-deepspeed-ulysses-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:442a5331-bc1b-4c0e-ac58-c629189efaa1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e6ae575e050a52eab59fff2d85d6062daf25b30ed78b6b6ac2161184769f747"},"what_changed":"Sharded tokens across devices and used all-to-all redistribution to give each device full sequence access for a subset of attention heads, followed by inverse redistribution and ZeRO-compatible training.","scope":"Sharded tokens across devices and used all-to-all redistribution to give each device full sequence access for a subset of attention heads, followed by inverse redistribution and ZeRO-compatible training. Inherits sequence/model parallelism, ZeRO and attention kernels. Constant communication volume assumes proportional sequence/device scaling in the paper's model; it is not constant end-to-end runtime. Head-count divisibility/scalability and network topology matter. Original seven-author Microsoft report controls attribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:442a5331-bc1b-4c0e-ac58-c629189efaa1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e6ae575e050a52eab59fff2d85d6062daf25b30ed78b6b6ac2161184769f747"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"li-et-al-lightseq-distflashattn-2023","title":"LightSeq / DistFlashAttn: balanced distributed attention and checkpointing","summary":"Partitioned attention along sequence positions, balanced causal-attention work, overlapped key-value transfers and reused memory-efficient attention rematerialization to avoid a redundant forward pass during checkpointing.","boundary":"Original version is titled LightSeq; DistFlashAttn is its later bibliographic name, not a second independent contribution. Distinct from unrelated LightSeq inference libraries. Inherits exact online attention and FSDP; speedups and longer contexts are measured configurations, not unrestricted hardware or accuracy guarantees.","area":"Distributed long-context training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"li-et-al-lightseq-distflashattn-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3038190-24ac-4be6-ab1b-018d026434b5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:df6a0a0d0403be3a19fa2c79b4e54dadc897b987780a62303966ce70ebb87e7c"},"humans":["Dacheng Li","Rulin Shao","Anze Xie","Eric P. Xing","Joseph E. Gonzalez","Ion Stoica","Xuezhe Ma","Hao Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2310-03294v1","title":"LightSeq: Sequence Level Parallelism for Distributed Training of Long Context Transformers","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03294v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"li-et-al-lightseq-distflashattn-2023","entry_id":"li-et-al-lightseq-distflashattn-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3038190-24ac-4be6-ab1b-018d026434b5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:df6a0a0d0403be3a19fa2c79b4e54dadc897b987780a62303966ce70ebb87e7c"},"what_changed":"Partitioned attention along sequence positions, balanced causal-attention work, overlapped key-value transfers and reused memory-efficient attention rematerialization to avoid a redundant forward pass during checkpointing.","scope":"Partitioned attention along sequence positions, balanced causal-attention work, overlapped key-value transfers and reused memory-efficient attention rematerialization to avoid a redundant forward pass during checkpointing. Original version is titled LightSeq; DistFlashAttn is its later bibliographic name, not a second independent contribution. Distinct from unrelated LightSeq inference libraries. Inherits exact online attention and FSDP; speedups and longer contexts are measured configurations, not unrestricted hardware or accuracy guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3038190-24ac-4be6-ab1b-018d026434b5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:df6a0a0d0403be3a19fa2c79b4e54dadc897b987780a62303966ce70ebb87e7c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fang-zhao-unified-sequence-parallelism-2024","title":"Unified Sequence Parallelism: composing Ulysses and Ring Attention","summary":"Combined all-to-all head redistribution with ring-based sequence exchange and analyzed compatibility with tensor, data, pipeline and ZeRO parallelism for topology-aware hybrid training.","boundary":"Explicitly combines inherited Ulysses and Ring rather than inventing their components. Reported86percent MFU is for a specified LLaMA3-8B,208K-token,16-A800 setup; not a general utilization guarantee. Parallel degrees and architecture/network constraints remain.","area":"Distributed long-context training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"fang-zhao-unified-sequence-parallelism-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0a62f09d-c211-4b34-ace6-50be2d63a37d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08186a0c11e14511d419223c735b84b325cace72103925d7019a3e47e9d770f6"},"humans":["Jiarui Fang","Shangchun Zhao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2405-07719v1","title":"A Unified Sequence Parallelism Approach for Long Context Generative AI","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.07719v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"fang-zhao-unified-sequence-parallelism-2024","entry_id":"fang-zhao-unified-sequence-parallelism-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0a62f09d-c211-4b34-ace6-50be2d63a37d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08186a0c11e14511d419223c735b84b325cace72103925d7019a3e47e9d770f6"},"what_changed":"Combined all-to-all head redistribution with ring-based sequence exchange and analyzed compatibility with tensor, data, pipeline and ZeRO parallelism for topology-aware hybrid training.","scope":"Combined all-to-all head redistribution with ring-based sequence exchange and analyzed compatibility with tensor, data, pipeline and ZeRO parallelism for topology-aware hybrid training. Explicitly combines inherited Ulysses and Ring rather than inventing their components. Reported86percent MFU is for a specified LLaMA3-8B,208K-token,16-A800 setup; not a general utilization guarantee. Parallel degrees and architecture/network constraints remain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0a62f09d-c211-4b34-ace6-50be2d63a37d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08186a0c11e14511d419223c735b84b325cace72103925d7019a3e47e9d770f6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gu-et-al-loongtrain-head-context-parallelism-2024","title":"LoongTrain: two-dimensional head-context attention and double rings","summary":"Combined head and context parallel attention with double-ring exchanges, placement analysis, hybrid ZeRO and Selective Checkpoint++ to improve long-sequence training efficiency.","boundary":"Shares head/context composition with inherited parallelism work; specific double-ring, placement and checkpoint integration is the systems delta. The2.88fold MFU improvement is a best measured case, not universal or direct total-training-cost reduction. Incidental science examples do not make this a biological contribution.","area":"Distributed long-context training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gu-et-al-loongtrain-head-context-parallelism-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99da8d33-d901-40ce-af8b-3ce368661e83","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c556011f1d0f48ec84bc00e226dfd52279bd4cd0df34d41da2b35ebe4cf1d4a9"},"humans":["Diandian Gu","Peng Sun","Qinghao Hu","Ting Huang","Xun Chen","Yingtong Xiong","Guoteng Wang","Qiaoling Chen","Shangchun Zhao","Jiarui Fang","Yonggang Wen","Tianwei Zhang","Xin Jin","Xuanzhe Liu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2406-18485v1","title":"LoongTrain: Efficient Training of Long-Sequence LLMs with Head-Context Parallelism","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.18485v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"gu-et-al-loongtrain-head-context-parallelism-2024","entry_id":"gu-et-al-loongtrain-head-context-parallelism-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99da8d33-d901-40ce-af8b-3ce368661e83","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c556011f1d0f48ec84bc00e226dfd52279bd4cd0df34d41da2b35ebe4cf1d4a9"},"what_changed":"Combined head and context parallel attention with double-ring exchanges, placement analysis, hybrid ZeRO and Selective Checkpoint++ to improve long-sequence training efficiency.","scope":"Combined head and context parallel attention with double-ring exchanges, placement analysis, hybrid ZeRO and Selective Checkpoint++ to improve long-sequence training efficiency. Shares head/context composition with inherited parallelism work; specific double-ring, placement and checkpoint integration is the systems delta. The2.88fold MFU improvement is a best measured case, not universal or direct total-training-cost reduction. Incidental science examples do not make this a biological contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99da8d33-d901-40ce-af8b-3ce368661e83","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c556011f1d0f48ec84bc00e226dfd52279bd4cd0df34d41da2b35ebe4cf1d4a9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ghadia-et-al-upipe-headwise-context-parallelism-2026","title":"UPipe: headwise-chunked context parallelism","summary":"Processed attention heads in staged chunks under a context-parallel schedule and used GQA-compatible out-of-order scheduling to reduce intermediate activation memory while preserving practical training throughput.","boundary":"Extends Ulysses/context parallelism and uses inherited attention kernels. The87.5percent figure concerns attention intermediate tensors in selected32B settings, not total model memory. Five-million-token support uses8H100s and does not establish useful five-million-token reasoning or a universally free speed-memory tradeoff.","area":"Memory-efficient distributed training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ghadia-et-al-upipe-headwise-context-parallelism-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ac61f58-1a94-4ad5-ad8c-403089a5b78e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5fb86e6581e3e1ed18c6893d7d7fc8541b30eb1c2a678c4577317779df3cab62"},"humans":["Ravi Ghadia","Maksim Abraham","Sergei Vorobyov","Max Ryabinin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2602-21196v1","title":"Untied Ulysses: Memory-Efficient Context Parallelism via Headwise Chunking","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.21196v1"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"ghadia-et-al-upipe-headwise-context-parallelism-2026","entry_id":"ghadia-et-al-upipe-headwise-context-parallelism-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ac61f58-1a94-4ad5-ad8c-403089a5b78e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5fb86e6581e3e1ed18c6893d7d7fc8541b30eb1c2a678c4577317779df3cab62"},"what_changed":"Processed attention heads in staged chunks under a context-parallel schedule and used GQA-compatible out-of-order scheduling to reduce intermediate activation memory while preserving practical training throughput.","scope":"Processed attention heads in staged chunks under a context-parallel schedule and used GQA-compatible out-of-order scheduling to reduce intermediate activation memory while preserving practical training throughput. Extends Ulysses/context parallelism and uses inherited attention kernels. The87.5percent figure concerns attention intermediate tensors in selected32B settings, not total model memory. Five-million-token support uses8H100s and does not establish useful five-million-token reasoning or a universally free speed-memory tradeoff.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ac61f58-1a94-4ad5-ad8c-403089a5b78e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5fb86e6581e3e1ed18c6893d7d7fc8541b30eb1c2a678c4577317779df3cab62"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jia-zaharia-aiken-flexflow-parallel-search-2018","title":"FlexFlow: simulated search over multidimensional parallelization","summary":"Searched sample, operation, attribute and parameter parallelization strategies with guided randomized search, using measured operator costs and incremental execution simulation to evaluate plans cheaply.","boundary":"Inherits MCMC and prior device-placement search; SOAP here names a parallelization search space, unrelated to the2024optimizer. Simulator accuracy is empirically assessed on selected networks and clusters, not a global optimum or universal performance-ordering theorem. Profiling and search costs remain.","area":"Automatic distributed model parallelism","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jia-zaharia-aiken-flexflow-parallel-search-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54a05941-d6d2-4ed1-a210-675c1a4143c4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14d9d51ee494b20211bcddb283f8d746f2ebff233944c91fb30d08c74892c939"},"humans":["Zhihao Jia","Matei Zaharia","Alex Aiken"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1807-05358v1","title":"Beyond Data and Model Parallelism for Deep Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05358v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"jia-zaharia-aiken-flexflow-parallel-search-2018","entry_id":"jia-zaharia-aiken-flexflow-parallel-search-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54a05941-d6d2-4ed1-a210-675c1a4143c4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14d9d51ee494b20211bcddb283f8d746f2ebff233944c91fb30d08c74892c939"},"what_changed":"Searched sample, operation, attribute and parameter parallelization strategies with guided randomized search, using measured operator costs and incremental execution simulation to evaluate plans cheaply.","scope":"Searched sample, operation, attribute and parameter parallelization strategies with guided randomized search, using measured operator costs and incremental execution simulation to evaluate plans cheaply. Inherits MCMC and prior device-placement search; SOAP here names a parallelization search space, unrelated to the2024optimizer. Simulator accuracy is empirically assessed on selected networks and clusters, not a global optimum or universal performance-ordering theorem. Profiling and search costs remain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54a05941-d6d2-4ed1-a210-675c1a4143c4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14d9d51ee494b20211bcddb283f8d746f2ebff233944c91fb30d08c74892c939"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hu-et-al-openrlhf-resource-scheduling-2024","title":"OpenRLHF: Ray-based multi-model RLHF scheduling","summary":"Separated and scheduled RLHF model roles using Ray, vLLM and DeepSpeed, integrating large-model training and multiple alignment algorithms in an accessible framework.","boundary":"Original six-person technical report includes the single-name author Xianyu; affiliation labels are not extra authors. Implements inherited PPO/DPO/KTO and systems components, not invention of those algorithms or guaranteed human alignment. Original2024features do not include every later repository capability.","area":"Distributed language-model reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hu-et-al-openrlhf-resource-scheduling-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:951aa133-9f6d-418d-acac-ff1a7b992414","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e88162ee2650d3d28acdbb7ac630ab2d44f0a11fe8e96e4325aca5c4673a8d6"},"humans":["Jian Hu","Xibin Wu","Weixun Wang","Xianyu","Dehao Zhang","Yu Cao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2405-11143v1","title":"OpenRLHF: An Easy-to-use, Scalable and High-performance RLHF Framework","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.11143v1"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"hu-et-al-openrlhf-resource-scheduling-2024","entry_id":"hu-et-al-openrlhf-resource-scheduling-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:951aa133-9f6d-418d-acac-ff1a7b992414","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e88162ee2650d3d28acdbb7ac630ab2d44f0a11fe8e96e4325aca5c4673a8d6"},"what_changed":"Separated and scheduled RLHF model roles using Ray, vLLM and DeepSpeed, integrating large-model training and multiple alignment algorithms in an accessible framework.","scope":"Separated and scheduled RLHF model roles using Ray, vLLM and DeepSpeed, integrating large-model training and multiple alignment algorithms in an accessible framework. Original six-person technical report includes the single-name author Xianyu; affiliation labels are not extra authors. Implements inherited PPO/DPO/KTO and systems components, not invention of those algorithms or guaranteed human alignment. Original2024features do not include every later repository capability.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:951aa133-9f6d-418d-acac-ff1a7b992414","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e88162ee2650d3d28acdbb7ac630ab2d44f0a11fe8e96e4325aca5c4673a8d6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fu-et-al-areal-asynchronous-rl-2025","title":"AReaL: asynchronous rollouts with staleness-aware policy updates","summary":"Decoupled continuous generation from training, using interruptible rollouts, bounded data staleness, dynamic batching and a decoupled PPO objective for trajectories generated across policy versions.","boundary":"Inherits asynchronous RL and decoupled PPO. Weight updates can interrupt generation, discard/recompute KV caches and create mixed-policy trajectories; staleness must be constrained, not ignored. Up to2.57fold acceleration and matched accuracy concern selected math/code experiments, not universal convergence or arbitrary off-policy stability.","area":"Distributed language-model reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"fu-et-al-areal-asynchronous-rl-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3ee023a4-297a-42ee-a2ad-4e6a378ade70","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b426e9e6a1a25501d8d64caeb8d18682992f5e74496d7f9c930b89687eefc090"},"humans":["Wei Fu","Jiaxuan Gao","Xujie Shen","Chen Zhu","Zhiyu Mei","Chuyi He","Shusheng Xu","Guo Wei","Jun Mei","Jiashu Wang","Tongkai Yang","Binhang Yuan","Yi Wu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2505-24298v1","title":"AReaL: A Large-Scale Asynchronous Reinforcement Learning System for Language Reasoning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24298v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"fu-et-al-areal-asynchronous-rl-2025","entry_id":"fu-et-al-areal-asynchronous-rl-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3ee023a4-297a-42ee-a2ad-4e6a378ade70","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b426e9e6a1a25501d8d64caeb8d18682992f5e74496d7f9c930b89687eefc090"},"what_changed":"Decoupled continuous generation from training, using interruptible rollouts, bounded data staleness, dynamic batching and a decoupled PPO objective for trajectories generated across policy versions.","scope":"Decoupled continuous generation from training, using interruptible rollouts, bounded data staleness, dynamic batching and a decoupled PPO objective for trajectories generated across policy versions. Inherits asynchronous RL and decoupled PPO. Weight updates can interrupt generation, discard/recompute KV caches and create mixed-policy trajectories; staleness must be constrained, not ignored. 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Dataset sizes, tokenization and benchmark gains are version-specific; no content, rights or contamination clearance inferred.","area":"Language-model data curation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"penedo-et-al-fineweb-curation-family-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:874f0304-97f9-4a70-ad18-6cfe082b0008","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce4b46bedc36a146d614380c66437c106860fe12c97b13df0e340767da817a8a"},"humans":["Guilherme Penedo","Hynek Kydlíček","Loubna Ben allal","Anton Lozhkov","Margaret Mitchell","Colin Raffel","Leandro Von Werra","Thomas Wolf","Vinko Sabolčec","Bettina Messmer","Negar Foroutan","Amir Hossein Kargaran","Martin Jaggi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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One source-specific family, not separate invention credit for FineWeb-Edu or each language. Inherits Common Crawl and earlier filters/classifiers. FineWeb2's broad language coverage is not evidence of uniformly high quality or equal gains in every language; ablations cover a limited language/model suite. Dataset sizes, tokenization and benchmark gains are version-specific; no content, rights or contamination clearance inferred.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:874f0304-97f9-4a70-ad18-6cfe082b0008","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce4b46bedc36a146d614380c66437c106860fe12c97b13df0e340767da817a8a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"falcon-team-refinedweb-data-filtering-2023","title":"RefinedWeb: scaled filtering and deduplication for web-only pretraining","summary":"Combined text extraction, document/line filtering and exact/fuzzy deduplication at web scale, releasing a600B-token extract and studying web-only language-model pretraining against curated-corpus baselines.","boundary":"Five-trillion-token internal corpus differs from released600B-token extract. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2111-02114v1","title":"LAION-400M: Open Dataset of CLIP-Filtered 400 Million Image-Text Pairs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.02114v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2210-08402v1","title":"LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.08402v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"schuhmann-et-al-laion-filtered-pairs-family-2021","entry_id":"schuhmann-et-al-laion-filtered-pairs-family-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:97cc58d0-4de2-4f41-a984-518f1981d598","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a933bb0b9dca18b6990c706524e98fe7d0f4941b9d04466865eb7ba1f0ea9b13"},"what_changed":"LAION400M released image-URL/metadata pairs, CLIP embeddings and nearest-neighbor indexes; LAION5B expanded multilingual coverage and provided filtering signals and model-training studies.","scope":"LAION400M released image-URL/metadata pairs, CLIP embeddings and nearest-neighbor indexes; LAION5B expanded multilingual coverage and provided filtering signals and model-training studies. Historical resource contribution, not invention of CLIP or blanket approval to acquire underlying images. URL/metadata release does not itself redistribute every image or settle permissions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2101-00027v1","title":"The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.00027v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"gao-et-al-pile-diverse-text-corpus-2020","entry_id":"gao-et-al-pile-diverse-text-corpus-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b70614f0-c76b-4952-a7ef-f2787939067c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba215844cd99283c6ae4e5578c5591085e20617fcf65445070ebc12c18c51d96"},"what_changed":"Assembled a documented825GiB English text mixture from22sources, released processing code and studied cross-domain language-model training and evaluation.","scope":"Assembled a documented825GiB English text mixture from22sources, released processing code and studied cross-domain language-model training and evaluation. 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No universal generalization, current availability or content/rights clearance.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b70614f0-c76b-4952-a7ef-f2787939067c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba215844cd99283c6ae4e5578c5591085e20617fcf65445070ebc12c18c51d96"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"weber-et-al-redpajama-transparent-data-2024","title":"RedPajama: reproducible corpus mixtures and web quality signals","summary":"Documented a best-effort open reproduction of the LLaMA1 data mixture, an unfiltered multilingual web pool with quality metadata and small-model ablations for constructing filtered subsets.","boundary":"The 2024 technical report documents resources released earlier. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2411-12372v1","title":"RedPajama: an Open Dataset for Training Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.12372v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"weber-et-al-redpajama-transparent-data-2024","entry_id":"weber-et-al-redpajama-transparent-data-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b68d5bf0-7230-42f5-a23d-603f899d7023","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e4e53d330f9d1f28b4366b7d84e73eaf957fa80f9d882500670c802e112b2367"},"what_changed":"Documented a best-effort open reproduction of the LLaMA1 data mixture, an unfiltered multilingual web pool with quality metadata and small-model ablations for constructing filtered subsets.","scope":"Documented a best-effort open reproduction of the LLaMA1 data mixture, an unfiltered multilingual web pool with quality metadata and small-model ablations for constructing filtered subsets. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1405-0312v1","title":"Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.0312v1"}],"points":"185000","published_grade":{"id":"lin-et-al-coco-context-instance-dataset-2014","entry_id":"lin-et-al-coco-context-instance-dataset-2014","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1c0e4780-5728-4e6a-a873-d8623fc9a95f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:28a3f7f5a961f7bb8b21ae45a5abbc310ab3595644b717cab67bef8c5a711e8f"},"what_changed":"Created a crowd-annotation pipeline and dataset of non-iconic everyday scenes with object categories and per-instance segmentations to study contextual recognition and localization.","scope":"Created a crowd-annotation pipeline and dataset of non-iconic everyday scenes with object categories and per-instance segmentations to study contextual recognition and localization. Original2014v1 describes91categories,328Kimages and2.5Minstances; these figures are not later standard80-category training/evaluation split counts. Inherits earlier datasets and hierarchical annotation tools. 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This is dataset/annotation infrastructure, not invention of recognition architectures. Labels and relationship vocabularies are selective and annotator quality is empirical; no universal annotation completeness or current image-rights status inferred.","area":"Computer-vision training resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kuznetsova-et-al-openimages-v4-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07622d56-2289-4019-ae4f-c74127c5757d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18880c9bb1b7ce7e915ff338e56c73cb7d8fd30309fbc047f6adec4336577448"},"humans":["Alina Kuznetsova","Hassan Rom","Neil Alldrin","Jasper Uijlings","Ivan Krasin","Jordi Pont-Tuset","Shahab Kamali","Stefan Popov","Matteo Malloci","Tom Duerig","Vittorio Ferrari"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1811-00982v1","title":"The Open Images Dataset V4: Unified image classification, object detection, and visual relationship detection at scale","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00982v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"kuznetsova-et-al-openimages-v4-2018","entry_id":"kuznetsova-et-al-openimages-v4-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:07622d56-2289-4019-ae4f-c74127c5757d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18880c9bb1b7ce7e915ff338e56c73cb7d8fd30309fbc047f6adec4336577448"},"what_changed":"Combined image-level labels, object boxes and visual-relationship annotations at scale in one image collection, with annotation-quality studies and baseline model analyses.","scope":"Combined image-level labels, object boxes and visual-relationship annotations at scale in one image collection, with annotation-quality studies and baseline model analyses. Original2018V4 eleven-person byline and dataset scope retained; later V5–V7 counts/features not imported. This is dataset/annotation infrastructure, not invention of recognition architectures. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2301-08243v1","title":"Self-Supervised Learning from Images with a Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.08243v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"assran-et-al-ijepa-image-block-prediction-2023","entry_id":"assran-et-al-ijepa-image-block-prediction-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:69bdb00d-4814-4ec8-a709-56dc9dc74066","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:643eb8cb3587cf01e2b3343db8dac92d074abb5c4baf71cd15537a968955c9b4"},"what_changed":"Predicted target-block embeddings from informative context blocks with a joint-embedding predictive architecture and multi-block masking, learning image features without handcrafted view-augmentation invariances.","scope":"Predicted target-block embeddings from informative context blocks with a joint-embedding predictive architecture and multi-block masking, learning image features without handcrafted view-augmentation invariances. 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Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Two original papers with different first authors/order, retained as source-specific sets in one family. Inherits bag-of-words, hierarchical softmax, hashing and earlier character/morphological embeddings; not invention of them. Classification word n-grams and embedding character n-grams are different mechanisms. Original subword version includes word vectors and omits n-grams for selected frequent words.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0c61b3f-82c3-4583-a52b-a2d3b92085b7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0b093b0565317d88324ccda37ab1110e1cb6ed7745c017106d81f379b6942827"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"peters-et-al-elmo-deep-contextual-vectors-2018","title":"ELMo: task-specific mixtures of deep contextual language-model states","summary":"Used internal states from a pretrained bidirectional language model as token-context representations, learning task-specific layer mixtures to augment downstream NLP models.","boundary":"Inherits LSTMs and earlier contextual language/translation representations. 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The deterministic expected map is not dropout randomness during inference; its Gaussian motivation is not a guarantee that every layer is normally distributed. No universal superiority, earliest claim for every sigmoid-weighted variant or independent approximation-theorem certification.","area":"Neural-network activation functions","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hendrycks-gimpel-gelu-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:67effe46-a2ba-4775-aeb3-afb59d4db12f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7df58d60da27c231fe190206cf27f66c4599a45dfc668c38833d7207db3e7503"},"humans":["Dan Hendrycks","Kevin Gimpel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1606-08415v1","title":"Bridging Nonlinearities and Stochastic Regularizers with Gaussian Error Linear Units","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415v1"}],"points":"175000","published_grade":{"id":"hendrycks-gimpel-gelu-2016","entry_id":"hendrycks-gimpel-gelu-2016","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:67effe46-a2ba-4775-aeb3-afb59d4db12f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7df58d60da27c231fe190206cf27f66c4599a45dfc668c38833d7207db3e7503"},"what_changed":"Defined a smooth input-weighted activation through the expected action of an input-dependent stochastic identity/zero map, with Gaussian cumulative probabilities and empirical neural-network evaluations.","scope":"Defined a smooth input-weighted activation through the expected action of an input-dependent stochastic identity/zero map, with Gaussian cumulative probabilities and empirical neural-network evaluations. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1702-03118v1","title":"Sigmoid-Weighted Linear Units for Neural Network Function Approximation in Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.03118v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1710-05941v1","title":"Swish: a Self-Gated Activation Function","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05941v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"elfwing-ramachandran-et-al-sigmoid-activation-lineage-2017","entry_id":"elfwing-ramachandran-et-al-sigmoid-activation-lineage-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:23b2ae00-987f-46c4-af30-43b139a3ec66","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:726f51b6d7090dfe9146fbd20302e4dd7104ced3cba9fb0c5c8c900330d18ba7"},"what_changed":"Elfwing and colleagues studied sigmoid-weighted linear and derivative activations with eligibility-trace RL; Ramachandran and colleagues later evaluated the same self-gated form as Swish and a scaled-parameter variant in deep vision/language networks.","scope":"Elfwing and colleagues studied sigmoid-weighted linear and derivative activations with eligibility-trace RL; Ramachandran and colleagues later evaluated the same self-gated form as Swish and a scaled-parameter variant in deep vision/language networks. 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Inherits rectifiers, leaky/PReLU and centering/natural-gradient ideas. Conditional bias-shift analysis and empirical classification gains do not prove that all gradients avoid vanishing or every task benefits; exact zero means are not guaranteed.","area":"Neural-network activation functions","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"clevert-unterthiner-hochreiter-elu-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:241bf306-3428-4d6a-a3d0-1b93ce4fd79b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5452afd715a1104798fad45f603b5794d2bf56864199f38d421f8b1d7b9230c8"},"humans":["Djork-Arné Clevert","Thomas Unterthiner","Sepp Hochreiter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1511-07289v1","title":"Fast and Accurate Deep Network Learning by Exponential Linear Units (ELUs)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.07289v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"clevert-unterthiner-hochreiter-elu-2015","entry_id":"clevert-unterthiner-hochreiter-elu-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:241bf306-3428-4d6a-a3d0-1b93ce4fd79b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5452afd715a1104798fad45f603b5794d2bf56864199f38d421f8b1d7b9230c8"},"what_changed":"Combined positive identity responses with a negative saturating exponential branch to study activation centering, bias-shift effects and deep-network optimization.","scope":"Combined positive identity responses with a negative saturating exponential branch to study activation centering, bias-shift effects and deep-network optimization. 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Conditional bias-shift analysis and empirical classification gains do not prove that all gradients avoid vanishing or every task benefits; exact zero means are not guaranteed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:241bf306-3428-4d6a-a3d0-1b93ce4fd79b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5452afd715a1104798fad45f603b5794d2bf56864199f38d421f8b1d7b9230c8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"he-et-al-prelu-rectifier-initialization-2015","title":"PReLU and rectifier-aware network initialization","summary":"Learned negative-side rectifier slopes jointly with network weights and analyzed initialization adapted to rectifier nonlinearities, studying deep image classifiers.","boundary":"Inherits ReLU/leaky-ReLU and earlier initialization analysis; not ResNet's later residual architecture. 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Inherits ReLU/leaky-ReLU and earlier initialization analysis; not ResNet's later residual architecture. Surpassing human-level refers to a particular ImageNet top-five evaluation, not general human visual intelligence. 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Shorter expected paths do not guarantee faster every implementation or equal arbitrary-depth optimization. Reported1200-layer CIFAR results are bounded experiments.","area":"Deep-network regularization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"huang-et-al-stochastic-depth-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a87b7f0c-e8a9-4c54-a74a-651eff6abbf1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c659c6779b03091425157dac25e63176ee722f3b2ae23deda6bfe58e49f62071"},"humans":["Gao Huang","Yu Sun","Zhuang Liu","Daniel Sedra","Kilian Weinberger"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Inherits residual/highway connections, dropout and ensemble ideas. Shorter expected paths do not guarantee faster every implementation or equal arbitrary-depth optimization. Reported1200-layer CIFAR results are bounded experiments.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a87b7f0c-e8a9-4c54-a74a-651eff6abbf1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c659c6779b03091425157dac25e63176ee722f3b2ae23deda6bfe58e49f62071"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wu-et-al-multiplicative-integration-rnn-2016","title":"Multiplicative Integration: factorized recurrent information fusion","summary":"Fused transformed input/state streams by elementwise products with optional additive and bias terms, embedding the design into recurrent cells to alter gating and gradient flow.","boundary":"Inherits second-order/multiplicative RNNs and LSTM/GRU cells. Generalized variant adds small parameter vectors rather than literally zero parameters. Empirical gradient/optimization behavior does not prove vanishing gradients eliminated or universal superiority over additive cells.","area":"Recurrent neural-network architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wu-et-al-multiplicative-integration-rnn-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e0a1733-f78c-4396-ab8c-3a95cf59c2e8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c2f06d1f7558bea79ed5d32cd8da7c727e73151f656b3e437266ddf2b737245"},"humans":["Yuhuai Wu","Saizheng Zhang","Ying Zhang","Yoshua Bengio","Ruslan Salakhutdinov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1606-06630v1","title":"On Multiplicative Integration with Recurrent Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06630v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"wu-et-al-multiplicative-integration-rnn-2016","entry_id":"wu-et-al-multiplicative-integration-rnn-2016","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e0a1733-f78c-4396-ab8c-3a95cf59c2e8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c2f06d1f7558bea79ed5d32cd8da7c727e73151f656b3e437266ddf2b737245"},"what_changed":"Fused transformed input/state streams by elementwise products with optional additive and bias terms, embedding the design into recurrent cells to alter gating and gradient flow.","scope":"Fused transformed input/state streams by elementwise products with optional additive and bias terms, embedding the design into recurrent cells to alter gating and gradient flow. Inherits second-order/multiplicative RNNs and LSTM/GRU cells. Generalized variant adds small parameter vectors rather than literally zero parameters. Empirical gradient/optimization behavior does not prove vanishing gradients eliminated or universal superiority over additive cells.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e0a1733-f78c-4396-ab8c-3a95cf59c2e8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c2f06d1f7558bea79ed5d32cd8da7c727e73151f656b3e437266ddf2b737245"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jaderberg-et-al-spatial-transformer-2015","title":"Spatial Transformer Networks: learned differentiable feature warps","summary":"Combined an input-conditioned localization network, parameterized sampling grid and differentiable sampler into a trainable feature-map transformation module.","boundary":"Inherits geometric resampling and earlier attention/transformation models. No transformation labels are required in studied classification tasks, but task supervision remains. Differentiable learned warps do not ensure exact invariance/equivariance, global registration or unrestricted geometric transformation recovery.","area":"Visual attention and geometric neural modules","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jaderberg-et-al-spatial-transformer-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0754eaa5-1237-4cc4-afb9-aee34cdf103f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b22ec0f7ddda6f7b8e9b0e3217688533afec59f6ebaccd6738329726065e21d9"},"humans":["Max Jaderberg","Karen Simonyan","Andrew Zisserman","Koray Kavukcuoglu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1506-02025v1","title":"Spatial Transformer Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02025v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"jaderberg-et-al-spatial-transformer-2015","entry_id":"jaderberg-et-al-spatial-transformer-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0754eaa5-1237-4cc4-afb9-aee34cdf103f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b22ec0f7ddda6f7b8e9b0e3217688533afec59f6ebaccd6738329726065e21d9"},"what_changed":"Combined an input-conditioned localization network, parameterized sampling grid and differentiable sampler into a trainable feature-map transformation module.","scope":"Combined an input-conditioned localization network, parameterized sampling grid and differentiable sampler into a trainable feature-map transformation module. 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Differentiable learned warps do not ensure exact invariance/equivariance, global registration or unrestricted geometric transformation recovery.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0754eaa5-1237-4cc4-afb9-aee34cdf103f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b22ec0f7ddda6f7b8e9b0e3217688533afec59f6ebaccd6738329726065e21d9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cheng-et-al-wide-deep-recommendation-2016","title":"Wide & Deep: joint sparse-feature and embedding-based recommendation","summary":"Jointly trained a wide linear feature-cross model with a deep embedding network and evaluated the integrated ranking system in Google Play recommendations.","boundary":"Inherits generalized linear models, feature crosses and embeddings. Memorization/generalization describe empirical modeling roles, not a theorem that their combination always improves recommendation. Online app-acquisition results are historical experiments, not present business impact or universal causal benefit; ranking is distinct from retrieval.","area":"Recommendation and ranking systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"cheng-et-al-wide-deep-recommendation-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:05b25e18-beb9-46a9-a422-9a9a5c000352","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9fafb8c1b72b407af0957cb6a7ba597243dc14fbf39781add4d823f4cb082630"},"humans":["Heng-Tze Cheng","Levent Koc","Jeremiah Harmsen","Tal Shaked","Tushar Chandra","Hrishi Aradhye","Glen Anderson","Greg Corrado","Wei Chai","Mustafa Ispir","Rohan Anil","Zakaria Haque","Lichan Hong","Vihan Jain","Xiaobing Liu","Hemal Shah"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1606-07792v1","title":"Wide & Deep Learning for Recommender Systems","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.07792v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"cheng-et-al-wide-deep-recommendation-2016","entry_id":"cheng-et-al-wide-deep-recommendation-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:05b25e18-beb9-46a9-a422-9a9a5c000352","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9fafb8c1b72b407af0957cb6a7ba597243dc14fbf39781add4d823f4cb082630"},"what_changed":"Jointly trained a wide linear feature-cross model with a deep embedding network and evaluated the integrated ranking system in Google Play recommendations.","scope":"Jointly trained a wide linear feature-cross model with a deep embedding network and evaluated the integrated ranking system in Google Play recommendations. Inherits generalized linear models, feature crosses and embeddings. Memorization/generalization describe empirical modeling roles, not a theorem that their combination always improves recommendation. Online app-acquisition results are historical experiments, not present business impact or universal causal benefit; ranking is distinct from retrieval.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:05b25e18-beb9-46a9-a422-9a9a5c000352","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9fafb8c1b72b407af0957cb6a7ba597243dc14fbf39781add4d823f4cb082630"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pennington-socher-manning-glove-2014","title":"GloVe: weighted regression on global word co-occurrences","summary":"Fitted word/context vectors and biases to logarithmic co-occurrence counts with frequency weighting, connecting global count statistics with useful vector-space regularities.","boundary":"Inherits matrix-factorization and local-window distributional semantics. The proposed constraints motivate a model, not a theorem that semantic meanings must be linear. Frequency weighting uses empirical choices; analogy-task accuracy does not establish unrestricted language understanding or corpus-bias freedom.","area":"Word representation learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"pennington-socher-manning-glove-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:faac966e-cd63-4594-aef6-2767a312a627","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1840fc9a94d0f268abaec4c5e1a2f8343abfbad9a3a3955401ddb6cd729a4490"},"humans":["Jeffrey Pennington","Richard Socher","Christopher D. Manning"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-acl-d14-1162","title":"GloVe: Global Vectors for Word Representation","url":"https://aclanthology.org/D14-1162/"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"pennington-socher-manning-glove-2014","entry_id":"pennington-socher-manning-glove-2014","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:faac966e-cd63-4594-aef6-2767a312a627","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1840fc9a94d0f268abaec4c5e1a2f8343abfbad9a3a3955401ddb6cd729a4490"},"what_changed":"Fitted word/context vectors and biases to logarithmic co-occurrence counts with frequency weighting, connecting global count statistics with useful vector-space regularities.","scope":"Fitted word/context vectors and biases to logarithmic co-occurrence counts with frequency weighting, connecting global count statistics with useful vector-space regularities. Inherits matrix-factorization and local-window distributional semantics. The proposed constraints motivate a model, not a theorem that semantic meanings must be linear. Frequency weighting uses empirical choices; analogy-task accuracy does not establish unrestricted language understanding or corpus-bias freedom.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:faac966e-cd63-4594-aef6-2767a312a627","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1840fc9a94d0f268abaec4c5e1a2f8343abfbad9a3a3955401ddb6cd729a4490"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lattner-et-al-mlir-infrastructure-2020","title":"MLIR: extensible dialects and multi-level compiler infrastructure","summary":"Combined extensible intermediate-representation dialects with shared SSA-based infrastructure and progressive lowering to support heterogeneous domain-specific compilers.","boundary":"Reuses established compiler algorithms rather than inventing SSA or every optimization. Extensibility and case studies are not proofs that arbitrary dialect combinations preserve semantics or globally optimize code.","area":"Machine-learning compiler infrastructure","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lattner-et-al-mlir-infrastructure-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ab03915-73d5-4011-a141-454fce48e4d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cce6e84a83f2e7f73b060a6b2d06ff2d5cadebb211099b7ff02fca8e8935ea7"},"humans":["Chris Lattner","Mehdi Amini","Uday Bondhugula","Albert Cohen","Andy Davis","Jacques Pienaar","River Riddle","Tatiana Shpeisman","Nicolas Vasilache","Oleksandr Zinenko"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2002-11054v1","title":"MLIR: A Compiler Infrastructure for the End of Moore's Law","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11054v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"lattner-et-al-mlir-infrastructure-2020","entry_id":"lattner-et-al-mlir-infrastructure-2020","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ab03915-73d5-4011-a141-454fce48e4d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cce6e84a83f2e7f73b060a6b2d06ff2d5cadebb211099b7ff02fca8e8935ea7"},"what_changed":"Combined extensible intermediate-representation dialects with shared SSA-based infrastructure and progressive lowering to support heterogeneous domain-specific compilers.","scope":"Combined extensible intermediate-representation dialects with shared SSA-based infrastructure and progressive lowering to support heterogeneous domain-specific compilers. Reuses established compiler algorithms rather than inventing SSA or every optimization. Extensibility and case studies are not proofs that arbitrary dialect combinations preserve semantics or globally optimize code.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ab03915-73d5-4011-a141-454fce48e4d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cce6e84a83f2e7f73b060a6b2d06ff2d5cadebb211099b7ff02fca8e8935ea7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chen-et-al-mxnet-hybrid-dataflow-2015","title":"MXNet: unified symbolic and imperative tensor execution","summary":"Integrated declarative computation graphs and imperative tensor operations under a dependency engine with memory reuse, automatic differentiation and distributed communication interfaces.","boundary":"Inherits tensor programming, graph optimization and autodiff. Original2015ten-person report does not cover every later Apache/Gluon feature or current maintenance status. Reported efficiency depends on models and hardware, not universal dominance over TensorFlow/PyTorch or invention of distributed training.","area":"Deep-learning framework systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chen-et-al-mxnet-hybrid-dataflow-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2e2863d8-0402-4c70-a89e-3c54e1a1a7f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b4970b3623cce403108c8e8b33f8a11faa1858da3b4df5829b75460ad2aa723c"},"humans":["Tianqi Chen","Mu Li","Yutian Li","Min Lin","Naiyan Wang","Minjie Wang","Tianjun Xiao","Bing Xu","Chiyuan Zhang","Zheng Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1512-01274v1","title":"MXNet: A Flexible and Efficient Machine Learning Library for Heterogeneous Distributed Systems","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.01274v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"chen-et-al-mxnet-hybrid-dataflow-2015","entry_id":"chen-et-al-mxnet-hybrid-dataflow-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2e2863d8-0402-4c70-a89e-3c54e1a1a7f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b4970b3623cce403108c8e8b33f8a11faa1858da3b4df5829b75460ad2aa723c"},"what_changed":"Integrated declarative computation graphs and imperative tensor operations under a dependency engine with memory reuse, automatic differentiation and distributed communication interfaces.","scope":"Integrated declarative computation graphs and imperative tensor operations under a dependency engine with memory reuse, automatic differentiation and distributed communication interfaces. 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Reported efficiency depends on models and hardware, not universal dominance over TensorFlow/PyTorch or invention of distributed training.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2e2863d8-0402-4c70-a89e-3c54e1a1a7f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b4970b3623cce403108c8e8b33f8a11faa1858da3b4df5829b75460ad2aa723c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jia-et-al-caffe-framework-2014","title":"Caffe: modular model definitions and CPU/GPU execution","summary":"Provided a modular C++/CUDA framework separating network definitions from execution, with language bindings and reference-model workflows for training and deployment.","boundary":"Inherits CNNs/backpropagation and does not earn invention credit for implemented AlexNet/R-CNN models. Original paper distinguishes BSD framework code from academic/noncommercial reference-model terms; no blanket current model-rights claim. Performance figures are historical hardware/model results; first author's later Google job is not original Berkeley-work ownership.","area":"Deep-learning framework resources","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jia-et-al-caffe-framework-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:523468f3-4030-4866-afbb-79a80095d766","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:98305d4a2161b432f25c44cfe51a47c9447c5e067d4a7a3745286b3a14cc46d6"},"humans":["Yangqing Jia","Evan Shelhamer","Jeff Donahue","Sergey Karayev","Jonathan Long","Ross Girshick","Sergio Guadarrama","Trevor Darrell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1408-5093v1","title":"Caffe: Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.5093v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"jia-et-al-caffe-framework-2014","entry_id":"jia-et-al-caffe-framework-2014","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:523468f3-4030-4866-afbb-79a80095d766","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:98305d4a2161b432f25c44cfe51a47c9447c5e067d4a7a3745286b3a14cc46d6"},"what_changed":"Provided a modular C++/CUDA framework separating network definitions from execution, with language bindings and reference-model workflows for training and deployment.","scope":"Provided a modular C++/CUDA framework separating network definitions from execution, with language bindings and reference-model workflows for training and deployment. 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Data/learning rate and execution configuration matter.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1fd13dd6-9b8c-4ab6-a64b-a83776344f48","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:77ffa49804fbaf2f13c7c4a37180153313082cc47ce30b3becbe60b4cbe8ba8f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cassirer-et-al-reverb-experience-store-2021","title":"Reverb: shared experience chunks, tables and rate-controlled replay","summary":"Separated shared compressed data chunks from table items, configurable sampling/removal policies and rate limiters, enabling distributed replay/queue workloads and sample-to-insert control.","boundary":"Infrastructure for inherited experience/prioritized replay, not a new RL objective or invention of replay. Reported thousands-client scale is empirical; correct learning still depends on data policies and sampling ratios. Distinct from Acme agent abstractions and SEED's central-inference architecture.","area":"Distributed reinforcement-learning data systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"cassirer-et-al-reverb-experience-store-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:644d2748-512a-46b6-a392-bb8e7c807465","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6b5192e371d6b9963326f21b963cbb0f2729b5625e9b18bd256ad8dd6fc3352"},"humans":["Albin Cassirer","Gabriel Barth-Maron","Eugene Brevdo","Sabela Ramos","Toby Boyd","Thibault Sottiaux","Manuel Kroiss"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2102-04736v1","title":"Reverb: A Framework For Experience Replay","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.04736v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"cassirer-et-al-reverb-experience-store-2021","entry_id":"cassirer-et-al-reverb-experience-store-2021","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:644d2748-512a-46b6-a392-bb8e7c807465","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6b5192e371d6b9963326f21b963cbb0f2729b5625e9b18bd256ad8dd6fc3352"},"what_changed":"Separated shared compressed data chunks from table items, configurable sampling/removal policies and rate limiters, enabling distributed replay/queue workloads and sample-to-insert control.","scope":"Separated shared compressed data chunks from table items, configurable sampling/removal policies and rate limiters, enabling distributed replay/queue workloads and sample-to-insert control. Infrastructure for inherited experience/prioritized replay, not a new RL objective or invention of replay. Reported thousands-client scale is empirical; correct learning still depends on data policies and sampling ratios. Distinct from Acme agent abstractions and SEED's central-inference architecture.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:644d2748-512a-46b6-a392-bb8e7c807465","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6b5192e371d6b9963326f21b963cbb0f2729b5625e9b18bd256ad8dd6fc3352"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bergstra-team-theano-symbolic-compiler-family-2010","title":"Theano: symbolic differentiation and optimized array compilation","summary":"Compiled typed NumPy-like symbolic graphs through canonicalization, numerical-stability rewrites, specialization and CPU/GPU code generation, with symbolic differentiation; a later community report documents development.","boundary":"Original2010nine-author paper and2016collective-plus112named report retained as distinct source-specific sets, not112original2010authors. Inherits symbolic algebra, graph rewriting and native compilation. Performance can be slower for tiny inputs and differs by operator/hardware. This is general mathematical computing, not new discoveries in application domains. Reported performance has not been independently rerun by WRS.","area":"Scientific-computing compiler infrastructure","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"bergstra-team-theano-symbolic-compiler-family-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd0ad949-93f6-44ed-ae05-ec9785488def","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc554e2ff49bd4f4e9852596d6e2e981d2c297dc3a8a380dd0ccf7decd724a88"},"humans":["James Bergstra","Olivier Breuleux","Frédéric Bastien","Pascal Lamblin","Razvan Pascanu","Guillaume Desjardins","Joseph Turian","David Warde-Farley","Yoshua Bengio","Rami Al-Rfou","Guillaume Alain","Amjad Almahairi","Christof Angermueller","Dzmitry Bahdanau","Nicolas Ballas","Justin Bayer","Anatoly Belikov","Alexander Belopolsky","Arnaud Bergeron","Valentin Bisson","Josh Bleecher Snyder","Nicolas Bouchard","Nicolas Boulanger-Lewandowski","Xavier Bouthillier","Alexandre de Brébisson","Pierre-Luc Carrier","Kyunghyun Cho","Jan Chorowski","Paul Christiano","Tim Cooijmans","Marc-Alexandre Côté","Myriam Côté","Aaron Courville","Yann N. Dauphin","Olivier Delalleau","Julien Demouth","Sander Dieleman","Laurent Dinh","Mélanie Ducoffe","Vincent Dumoulin","Samira Ebrahimi Kahou","Dumitru Erhan","Ziye Fan","Orhan Firat","Mathieu Germain","Xavier Glorot","Ian Goodfellow","Matt Graham","Caglar Gulcehre","Philippe Hamel","Iban Harlouchet","Jean-Philippe Heng","Balázs Hidasi","Sina Honari","Arjun Jain","Sébastien Jean","Kai Jia","Mikhail Korobov","Vivek Kulkarni","Alex Lamb","Eric Larsen","César Laurent","Sean Lee","Simon Lefrancois","Simon Lemieux","Nicholas Léonard","Zhouhan Lin","Jesse A. Livezey","Cory Lorenz","Jeremiah Lowin","Qianli Ma","Pierre-Antoine Manzagol","Olivier Mastropietro","Robert T. McGibbon","Roland Memisevic","Bart van Merriënboer","Vincent Michalski","Mehdi Mirza","Alberto Orlandi","Christopher Pal","Mohammad Pezeshki","Colin Raffel","Daniel Renshaw","Matthew Rocklin","Adriana Romero","Markus Roth","Peter Sadowski","John Salvatier","François Savard","Jan Schlüter","John Schulman","Gabriel Schwartz","Iulian Vlad Serban","Dmitriy Serdyuk","Samira Shabanian","Étienne Simon","Sigurd Spieckermann","S. Ramana Subramanyam","Jakub Sygnowski","Jérémie Tanguay","Gijs van Tulder","Sebastian Urban","Pascal Vincent","Francesco Visin","Harm de Vries","Dustin J. Webb","Matthew Willson","Kelvin Xu","Lijun Xue","Li Yao","Saizheng Zhang","Ying Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-scipy-theano-2010","title":"Theano: A CPU and GPU Math Compiler in Python","url":"https://proceedings.scipy.org/articles/proceedings-2010.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1605-02688v1","title":"Theano: A Python framework for fast computation of mathematical expressions","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.02688v1"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"bergstra-team-theano-symbolic-compiler-family-2010","entry_id":"bergstra-team-theano-symbolic-compiler-family-2010","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd0ad949-93f6-44ed-ae05-ec9785488def","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc554e2ff49bd4f4e9852596d6e2e981d2c297dc3a8a380dd0ccf7decd724a88"},"what_changed":"Compiled typed NumPy-like symbolic graphs through canonicalization, numerical-stability rewrites, specialization and CPU/GPU code generation, with symbolic differentiation; a later community report documents development.","scope":"Compiled typed NumPy-like symbolic graphs through canonicalization, numerical-stability rewrites, specialization and CPU/GPU code generation, with symbolic differentiation; a later community report documents development. Original2010nine-author paper and2016collective-plus112named report retained as distinct source-specific sets, not112original2010authors. Inherits symbolic algebra, graph rewriting and native compilation. Performance can be slower for tiny inputs and differs by operator/hardware. This is general mathematical computing, not new discoveries in application domains. Reported performance has not been independently rerun by WRS.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd0ad949-93f6-44ed-ae05-ec9785488def","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc554e2ff49bd4f4e9852596d6e2e981d2c297dc3a8a380dd0ccf7decd724a88"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"frostig-johnson-leary-jax-tracing-2018","title":"JAX: high-level tracing of pure array subroutines","summary":"Traced annotated pure-and-statically-composed Python/NumPy subroutines into XLA computations while preserving dynamic Python orchestration and compatibility with Autograd transformations.","boundary":"OriginalSysML2018three-person report, not current project-maintainer citation. Inherits Autograd/NumPy/XLA; not invention of automatic differentiation or every later JAX transformation. Shape/type changes can recompile; staged subroutines obey purity/static-composition assumptions. Warmed-up speedups exclude potentially slow compilation; no arbitrary Python acceleration guarantee.","area":"Differentiable-programming compiler systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"frostig-johnson-leary-jax-tracing-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5388afa9-d310-41d6-a5c6-0d66937a61f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:acb5cdb58de1c795ed30f4eac6c44d869b7fcbf3594e79c0d06d73151ecf9d77"},"humans":["Roy Frostig","Matthew James Johnson","Chris Leary"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-sysml-jax-2018","title":"Compiling machine learning programs via high-level tracing","url":"https://mlsys.org/Conferences/doc/2018/146.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-jax-google-index","title":"Google Research: high-level tracing / JAX (SysML2018)","url":"https://research.google/pubs/compiling-machine-learning-programs-via-high-level-tracing/"}],"points":"205000","published_grade":{"id":"frostig-johnson-leary-jax-tracing-2018","entry_id":"frostig-johnson-leary-jax-tracing-2018","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5388afa9-d310-41d6-a5c6-0d66937a61f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:acb5cdb58de1c795ed30f4eac6c44d869b7fcbf3594e79c0d06d73151ecf9d77"},"what_changed":"Traced annotated pure-and-statically-composed Python/NumPy subroutines into XLA computations while preserving dynamic Python orchestration and compatibility with Autograd transformations.","scope":"Traced annotated pure-and-statically-composed Python/NumPy subroutines into XLA computations while preserving dynamic Python orchestration and compatibility with Autograd transformations. OriginalSysML2018three-person report, not current project-maintainer citation. Inherits Autograd/NumPy/XLA; not invention of automatic differentiation or every later JAX transformation. Shape/type changes can recompile; staged subroutines obey purity/static-composition assumptions. Warmed-up speedups exclude potentially slow compilation; no arbitrary Python acceleration guarantee.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5388afa9-d310-41d6-a5c6-0d66937a61f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:acb5cdb58de1c795ed30f4eac6c44d869b7fcbf3594e79c0d06d73151ecf9d77"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yu-team-cntk-computational-network-family-2014","title":"CNTK: computational-network graph specification and execution","summary":"Provided a computational-network abstraction and CPU/GPU toolkit for expressing neural model graphs, with forward/gradient computation and reusable model/network descriptions.","boundary":"The family combines the 2014 computational-network introduction with a separately authored 2016 toolkit account. Later details are not backdated. Computational graphs, automatic differentiation and existing model types are inherited; arbitrary-topology descriptions do not guarantee that cyclic programs converge or execute unchanged.","area":"Deep-learning framework systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yu-team-cntk-computational-network-family-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44d5ac91-b2eb-4785-afe1-b1927711311e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d982134b7d2d6c492e33adc80e44cf3b1463b4acf70a4bb55b9a6f0ef077cdb"},"humans":["Dong Yu","Adam Eversole","Michael L. Seltzer","Kaisheng Yao","Brian Guenter","Oleksii Kuchaiev","Frank Seide","Huaming Wang","Jasha Droppo","Zhiheng Huang","Geoff Zweig","Chris Rossbach","Jon Currey","Amit Agarwal","Eldar Akchurin","Chris Basoglu","Guoguo Chen","Scott Cyphers","Mark Hillebrand","Xuedong Huang","Vladimir Ivanov","Alexey Kamenev","Philipp Kranen","Wolfgang Manousek","Avner May","Bhaskar Mitra","Olivier Nano","Gaizka Navarro","Alexey Orlov","Marko Padmilac","Hari Parthasarathi","Baolin Peng","Alexey Reznichenko","Malcolm Slaney","Andreas Stolcke","Yu Zhang","Geoffrey Zweig"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-isca-cntk-2014","title":"An introduction to computational networks and the computational network toolkit (invited talk)","url":"https://www.isca-archive.org/interspeech_2014/yu14d_interspeech.html"},{"id":"cur20261015-cntk-manual-2016","title":"An Introduction to Computational Networks and the Computational Network Toolkit —17February2016draft","url":"https://bhaskar-mitra.github.io/files/CNTKBook-20160217.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-cntk-microsoft-index","title":"Microsoft Research: CNTK report index and linked revision","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/an-introduction-to-computational-networks-and-the-computational-network-toolkit/"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"yu-team-cntk-computational-network-family-2014","entry_id":"yu-team-cntk-computational-network-family-2014","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44d5ac91-b2eb-4785-afe1-b1927711311e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d982134b7d2d6c492e33adc80e44cf3b1463b4acf70a4bb55b9a6f0ef077cdb"},"what_changed":"Provided a computational-network abstraction and CPU/GPU toolkit for expressing neural model graphs, with forward/gradient computation and reusable model/network descriptions.","scope":"Provided a computational-network abstraction and CPU/GPU toolkit for expressing neural model graphs, with forward/gradient computation and reusable model/network descriptions. The family combines the 2014 computational-network introduction with a separately authored 2016 toolkit account. Later details are not backdated. Computational graphs, automatic differentiation and existing model types are inherited; arbitrary-topology descriptions do not guarantee that cyclic programs converge or execute unchanged.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44d5ac91-b2eb-4785-afe1-b1927711311e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5d982134b7d2d6c492e33adc80e44cf3b1463b4acf70a4bb55b9a6f0ef077cdb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"van-hasselt-guez-silver-double-dqn-2015","title":"Double DQN: decoupled action selection and target evaluation","summary":"Adapted Double Q-learning to deep Q-networks by selecting next actions with the online network and evaluating them with a separate target network, reducing maximization overestimation in tested tasks.","boundary":"Extends earlier tabular Double Q-learning rather than inventing it. Reducing observed overestimation does not make every learned critic unbiased, remove possible underestimation or guarantee neural convergence; Atari results concern specified protocols.","area":"Deep value-based reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"van-hasselt-guez-silver-double-dqn-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c20fa0dc-1b57-4391-aeb0-15e178e4315e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:500ec7d4e0589bce949a37636fdd4cdc5a560dec99280acd0d2ac8363c9a49d8"},"humans":["Hado van Hasselt","Arthur Guez","David Silver"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1509-06461v1","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning with Double Q-learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06461v1"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"van-hasselt-guez-silver-double-dqn-2015","entry_id":"van-hasselt-guez-silver-double-dqn-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c20fa0dc-1b57-4391-aeb0-15e178e4315e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:500ec7d4e0589bce949a37636fdd4cdc5a560dec99280acd0d2ac8363c9a49d8"},"what_changed":"Adapted Double Q-learning to deep Q-networks by selecting next actions with the online network and evaluating them with a separate target network, reducing maximization overestimation in tested tasks.","scope":"Adapted Double Q-learning to deep Q-networks by selecting next actions with the online network and evaluating them with a separate target network, reducing maximization overestimation in tested tasks. 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Reducing observed overestimation does not make every learned critic unbiased, remove possible underestimation or guarantee neural convergence; Atari results concern specified protocols.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c20fa0dc-1b57-4391-aeb0-15e178e4315e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:500ec7d4e0589bce949a37636fdd4cdc5a560dec99280acd0d2ac8363c9a49d8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schaul-et-al-prioritized-replay-2015","title":"Prioritized experience replay: error-weighted sampling with correction","summary":"Prioritized replayed transitions using temporal-difference error, with proportional/rank-based sampling and annealed importance-sampling correction to focus updates on informative experience.","boundary":"Inherits experience replay and prioritized sweeping. TD error is a heuristic for learning value, not guaranteed true learning progress. Importance weighting corrects specified sampling effects under its assumptions, not every off-policy or function-approximation bias.","area":"Reinforcement-learning replay methods","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"schaul-et-al-prioritized-replay-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:61721c2b-9a17-4524-ab44-8d61731259c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0b93f042e0430b81aeb811f15cacd8831b7b75d7fda23db73d87de284aeeaf1d"},"humans":["Tom Schaul","John Quan","Ioannis Antonoglou","David Silver"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1511-05952v1","title":"Prioritized Experience Replay","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.05952v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"schaul-et-al-prioritized-replay-2015","entry_id":"schaul-et-al-prioritized-replay-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:61721c2b-9a17-4524-ab44-8d61731259c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0b93f042e0430b81aeb811f15cacd8831b7b75d7fda23db73d87de284aeeaf1d"},"what_changed":"Prioritized replayed transitions using temporal-difference error, with proportional/rank-based sampling and annealed importance-sampling correction to focus updates on informative experience.","scope":"Prioritized replayed transitions using temporal-difference error, with proportional/rank-based sampling and annealed importance-sampling correction to focus updates on informative experience. Inherits experience replay and prioritized sweeping. TD error is a heuristic for learning value, not guaranteed true learning progress. Importance weighting corrects specified sampling effects under its assumptions, not every off-policy or function-approximation bias.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:61721c2b-9a17-4524-ab44-8d61731259c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0b93f042e0430b81aeb811f15cacd8831b7b75d7fda23db73d87de284aeeaf1d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-de-freitas-lanctot-dueling-network-2015","title":"Dueling networks: separate state-value and action-advantage streams","summary":"Factored a deep action-value architecture into shared features and separate state-value/action-advantage streams, enabling learning across actions with similar values.","boundary":"Inherits advantage-learning ideas and DQN; the contribution is the neural factoring architecture, not invention of advantage functions or guaranteed improvement for all action spaces.","area":"Deep value-network architecture","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wang-de-freitas-lanctot-dueling-network-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:269f417e-135d-42e7-ab54-d1eb9b5d24ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4667e18b23534ca603ff32d827ebe47fbf83bff1037e2782c2d3f424a7d6cb2a"},"humans":["Ziyu Wang","Nando de Freitas","Marc Lanctot"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1511-06581v1","title":"Dueling Network Architectures for Deep Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.06581v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"wang-de-freitas-lanctot-dueling-network-2015","entry_id":"wang-de-freitas-lanctot-dueling-network-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:269f417e-135d-42e7-ab54-d1eb9b5d24ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4667e18b23534ca603ff32d827ebe47fbf83bff1037e2782c2d3f424a7d6cb2a"},"what_changed":"Factored a deep action-value architecture into shared features and separate state-value/action-advantage streams, enabling learning across actions with similar values.","scope":"Factored a deep action-value architecture into shared features and separate state-value/action-advantage streams, enabling learning across actions with similar values. Inherits advantage-learning ideas and DQN; the contribution is the neural factoring architecture, not invention of advantage functions or guaranteed improvement for all action spaces.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:269f417e-135d-42e7-ab54-d1eb9b5d24ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4667e18b23534ca603ff32d827ebe47fbf83bff1037e2782c2d3f424a7d6cb2a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nair-et-al-gorila-distributed-dqn-2015","title":"Gorila: distributed actors, learners and parameters for deep Q-learning","summary":"Distributed experience generation, replay, gradient computation and parameter storage across actor/learner processes to scale deep Q-network training.","boundary":"Inherits DQN, replay and parameter-server/distributed optimization designs. This original Gorila architecture is distinct from later IMPALA/Ape-X but does not establish optimal scaling or communication-free learning; wall-clock comparisons use substantial parallel resources.","area":"Distributed reinforcement-learning systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"nair-et-al-gorila-distributed-dqn-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:26f4f19d-9c84-441d-ab4f-e024359c6d9b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3de4a19293ffbc7c15e19757b0232992de11843d3f7516ff260e3efb2cfa42c0"},"humans":["Arun Nair","Praveen Srinivasan","Sam Blackwell","Cagdas Alcicek","Rory Fearon","Alessandro De Maria","Vedavyas Panneershelvam","Mustafa Suleyman","Charles Beattie","Stig Petersen","Shane Legg","Volodymyr Mnih","Koray Kavukcuoglu","David Silver"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Scale and Atari/control gains are source experiments with hardware and data costs, not universal sample-efficiency or convergence guarantees.","area":"Distributed reinforcement-learning systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"horgan-et-al-apex-distributed-replay-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1fb97c7-4255-4a6b-a60e-ff0e4415a7e9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aa9fedc7400437ba85c0bb4806cc92e682b97dfdc02f340be12b910e115aafeb"},"humans":["Dan Horgan","John Quan","David Budden","Gabriel Barth-Maron","Matteo Hessel","Hado van Hasselt","David Silver"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1804-08617v1","title":"Distributed Distributional Deterministic Policy Gradients","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.08617v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"barth-maron-et-al-d4pg-2018","entry_id":"barth-maron-et-al-d4pg-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed61ee6c-f658-4b71-ae01-fe623474a7c4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eb63e7ddfe2e7db8972ae680f8d934b5638cb41067776c2cbc2194bc7f11910d"},"what_changed":"Combined deterministic policy gradients with a distributional critic, distributed experience collection, multi-step targets and prioritized replay for continuous-control learning.","scope":"Combined deterministic policy gradients with a distributional critic, distributed experience collection, multi-step targets and prioritized replay for continuous-control learning. A synthesis extending DDPG and distributional RL, not invention of their components. 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Inherits EM, relative-entropy policy search and policy iteration; KL constraints and reported stability do not ensure globally optimal neural policies or arbitrary trust-region equivalence.","area":"Policy optimization methods","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"abdolmaleki-song-et-al-mpo-vmpo-family-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d3a58a39-b9f8-4812-a567-982ff6ab0d54","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6d60b4407320ab9953997f0b6e5cdea7b0d4ae67cb00e7b9a6a2862c71812dc1"},"humans":["Abbas Abdolmaleki","Jost Tobias Springenberg","Yuval Tassa","Remi Munos","Nicolas Heess","Martin Riedmiller","H. Francis Song","Aidan Clark","Hubert Soyer","Jack W. Rae","Seb Noury","Arun Ahuja","Siqi Liu","Dhruva Tirumala","Dan Belov","Matthew M. Botvinick"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1806-06920v1","title":"Maximum a Posteriori Policy Optimisation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.06920v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1909-12238v1","title":"V-MPO: On-Policy Maximum a Posteriori Policy Optimization for Discrete and Continuous Control","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.12238v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"abdolmaleki-song-et-al-mpo-vmpo-family-2018","entry_id":"abdolmaleki-song-et-al-mpo-vmpo-family-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d3a58a39-b9f8-4812-a567-982ff6ab0d54","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6d60b4407320ab9953997f0b6e5cdea7b0d4ae67cb00e7b9a6a2862c71812dc1"},"what_changed":"Used an expectation-maximization style policy-improvement step with constrained nonparametric targets followed by parametric policy fitting; V-MPO adapts this approach to on-policy, value-based advantage weighting.","scope":"Used an expectation-maximization style policy-improvement step with constrained nonparametric targets followed by parametric policy fitting; V-MPO adapts this approach to on-policy, value-based advantage weighting. Bundled off-policy MPO2018 and on-policy V-MPO2019 with distinct original bylines, not one common author list. 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Does not solve exploration in every environment or prove all uncontrollable variations ignored.","area":"Exploration in reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"badia-et-al-never-give-up-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:539b88a9-100e-498f-a651-e7803b0f1c46","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18d61d42cc3858a87f2fce36c346ece931e14316d89b352714c38e48db9846e3"},"humans":["Adrià Puigdomènech Badia","Pablo Sprechmann","Alex Vitvitskyi","Daniel Guo","Bilal Piot","Steven Kapturowski","Olivier Tieleman","Martín Arjovsky","Alexander Pritzel","Andew Bolt","Charles Blundell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2002-06038v1","title":"Never Give Up: Learning Directed Exploration Strategies","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06038v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"badia-et-al-never-give-up-2020","entry_id":"badia-et-al-never-give-up-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:539b88a9-100e-498f-a651-e7803b0f1c46","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18d61d42cc3858a87f2fce36c346ece931e14316d89b352714c38e48db9846e3"},"what_changed":"Combined episodic nearest-neighbor novelty in learned controllability features with lifelong random-network novelty and conditioned value learning across exploration/exploitation settings.","scope":"Combined episodic nearest-neighbor novelty in learned controllability features with lifelong random-network novelty and conditioned value learning across exploration/exploitation settings. Inherits RND, episodic novelty and universal value conditioning. Does not solve exploration in every environment or prove all uncontrollable variations ignored.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:539b88a9-100e-498f-a651-e7803b0f1c46","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18d61d42cc3858a87f2fce36c346ece931e14316d89b352714c38e48db9846e3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"badia-et-al-agent57-2020","title":"Agent57: adaptive exploration and discount selection on Atari57","summary":"Combined stabilized value-learning parameterization with a bandit mechanism selecting exploration and discount settings, obtaining source-reported above-human baseline scores across all57 Atari games.","boundary":"Extends R2D2/NGU and related algorithms; their inaccessible standalone original is not replaced by this citation. Atari57 uses game-specific training and particular human-normalized evaluation, not one policy proving general human intelligence or universally human-level performance. Human baselines and extensive environment-interaction costs remain protocol-dependent.","area":"General-purpose benchmark reinforcement-learning agents","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"badia-et-al-agent57-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f1a19e82-ef2b-4e4c-aa46-bdb5afbe52a0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf44003805286a990b84d3fe5fbdc74ed8b7b43815bac9e9bb188f7c02ff7e09"},"humans":["Adrià Puigdomènech Badia","Bilal Piot","Steven Kapturowski","Pablo Sprechmann","Alex Vitvitskyi","Daniel Guo","Charles Blundell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2003-13350v1","title":"Agent57: Outperforming the Atari Human Benchmark","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.13350v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"badia-et-al-agent57-2020","entry_id":"badia-et-al-agent57-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f1a19e82-ef2b-4e4c-aa46-bdb5afbe52a0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf44003805286a990b84d3fe5fbdc74ed8b7b43815bac9e9bb188f7c02ff7e09"},"what_changed":"Combined stabilized value-learning parameterization with a bandit mechanism selecting exploration and discount settings, obtaining source-reported above-human baseline scores across all57 Atari games.","scope":"Combined stabilized value-learning parameterization with a bandit mechanism selecting exploration and discount settings, obtaining source-reported above-human baseline scores across all57 Atari games. Extends R2D2/NGU and related algorithms; their inaccessible standalone original is not replaced by this citation. Atari57 uses game-specific training and particular human-normalized evaluation, not one policy proving general human intelligence or universally human-level performance. Human baselines and extensive environment-interaction costs remain protocol-dependent.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f1a19e82-ef2b-4e4c-aa46-bdb5afbe52a0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf44003805286a990b84d3fe5fbdc74ed8b7b43815bac9e9bb188f7c02ff7e09"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"andrychowicz-et-al-hindsight-replay-2017","title":"Hindsight Experience Replay: relabeling achieved goals","summary":"Replayed trajectories with alternative achieved goals and recomputed goal-dependent rewards, allowing off-policy goal-conditioned agents to learn from attempts that missed the requested goal.","boundary":"Assumes goals can be represented and achieved goals identified, reward recomputation is available, and goals do not change environment transition dynamics. Not reward-free learning or arbitrary-task hindsight optimization. Unbiased relabeling is not established for arbitrary stochastic settings.","area":"Goal-conditioned reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"andrychowicz-et-al-hindsight-replay-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28a643bf-d1ce-4c8a-a27b-942b66020477","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:20794f041e6434b091d249a197859663df3da7d8dc33949f12e550f9a5e873c4"},"humans":["Marcin Andrychowicz","Filip Wolski","Alex Ray","Jonas Schneider","Rachel Fong","Peter Welinder","Bob McGrew","Josh Tobin","Pieter Abbeel","Wojciech Zaremba"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1707-01495v1","title":"Hindsight Experience Replay","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.01495v1"}],"points":"165000","published_grade":{"id":"andrychowicz-et-al-hindsight-replay-2017","entry_id":"andrychowicz-et-al-hindsight-replay-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28a643bf-d1ce-4c8a-a27b-942b66020477","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:20794f041e6434b091d249a197859663df3da7d8dc33949f12e550f9a5e873c4"},"what_changed":"Replayed trajectories with alternative achieved goals and recomputed goal-dependent rewards, allowing off-policy goal-conditioned agents to learn from attempts that missed the requested goal.","scope":"Replayed trajectories with alternative achieved goals and recomputed goal-dependent rewards, allowing off-policy goal-conditioned agents to learn from attempts that missed the requested goal. Assumes goals can be represented and achieved goals identified, reward recomputation is available, and goals do not change environment transition dynamics. Not reward-free learning or arbitrary-task hindsight optimization. Unbiased relabeling is not established for arbitrary stochastic settings.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28a643bf-d1ce-4c8a-a27b-942b66020477","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:20794f041e6434b091d249a197859663df3da7d8dc33949f12e550f9a5e873c4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"harutyunyan-et-al-hindsight-credit-assignment-2019","title":"Hindsight Credit Assignment: future-conditioned action relevance","summary":"Rewrote value and policy-learning estimators using probabilities of earlier actions conditioned on future states or returns, weighting credit by hindsight likelihood ratios instead of temporal distance alone.","boundary":"Exact identities require the appropriate conditional distributions and positivity/support assumptions; learned hindsight models add estimation error. Not general observational causal identification or unrestricted counterfactual inference.","area":"Reinforcement-learning credit assignment","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"harutyunyan-et-al-hindsight-credit-assignment-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:477708b8-50fd-4f45-aaa3-53021b874f69","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d16577b46f5b4fe85420f5985b5d5367e6def147bc043118f29346afb1f827ce"},"humans":["Anna Harutyunyan","Will Dabney","Thomas Mesnard","Nicolas Heess","Mohammad G. Azar","Bilal Piot","Hado van Hasselt","Satinder Singh","Greg Wayne","Doina Precup","Rémi Munos"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1912-02503v1","title":"Hindsight Credit Assignment","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02503v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"harutyunyan-et-al-hindsight-credit-assignment-2019","entry_id":"harutyunyan-et-al-hindsight-credit-assignment-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:477708b8-50fd-4f45-aaa3-53021b874f69","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d16577b46f5b4fe85420f5985b5d5367e6def147bc043118f29346afb1f827ce"},"what_changed":"Rewrote value and policy-learning estimators using probabilities of earlier actions conditioned on future states or returns, weighting credit by hindsight likelihood ratios instead of temporal distance alone.","scope":"Rewrote value and policy-learning estimators using probabilities of earlier actions conditioned on future states or returns, weighting credit by hindsight likelihood ratios instead of temporal distance alone. Exact identities require the appropriate conditional distributions and positivity/support assumptions; learned hindsight models add estimation error. Not general observational causal identification or unrestricted counterfactual inference.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:477708b8-50fd-4f45-aaa3-53021b874f69","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d16577b46f5b4fe85420f5985b5d5367e6def147bc043118f29346afb1f827ce"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pathak-et-al-intrinsic-curiosity-module-2017","title":"Intrinsic Curiosity Module: inverse-feature prediction bonuses","summary":"Learned action-relevant features through inverse dynamics and used forward prediction error in that feature space as an intrinsic exploration reward.","boundary":"Inherits prediction-error curiosity and inverse dynamics; the contribution is their feature-learning combination. Encouraging controllability-sensitive features is not a proof of ignoring all uncontrollable noise or solving every sparse-reward problem; game and simulated-control results are task-dependent.","area":"Self-supervised exploration methods","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"pathak-et-al-intrinsic-curiosity-module-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a438297-9ff9-4470-aca8-67d3a53daabb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b64f8767333ec5ba76019288cd764e66fc6c899d6e63c2f3ccec5df59a200ba8"},"humans":["Deepak Pathak","Pulkit Agrawal","Alexei A. Efros","Trevor Darrell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1705-05363v1","title":"Curiosity-driven Exploration by Self-supervised Prediction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.05363v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"pathak-et-al-intrinsic-curiosity-module-2017","entry_id":"pathak-et-al-intrinsic-curiosity-module-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a438297-9ff9-4470-aca8-67d3a53daabb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b64f8767333ec5ba76019288cd764e66fc6c899d6e63c2f3ccec5df59a200ba8"},"what_changed":"Learned action-relevant features through inverse dynamics and used forward prediction error in that feature space as an intrinsic exploration reward.","scope":"Learned action-relevant features through inverse dynamics and used forward prediction error in that feature space as an intrinsic exploration reward. Inherits prediction-error curiosity and inverse dynamics; the contribution is their feature-learning combination. Encouraging controllability-sensitive features is not a proof of ignoring all uncontrollable noise or solving every sparse-reward problem; game and simulated-control results are task-dependent.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a438297-9ff9-4470-aca8-67d3a53daabb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b64f8767333ec5ba76019288cd764e66fc6c899d6e63c2f3ccec5df59a200ba8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"burda-et-al-random-network-distillation-2018","title":"Random Network Distillation: fixed-target prediction for exploration","summary":"Measured novelty by a predictor network's error on features from a fixed randomly initialized target network, combining intrinsic and extrinsic reward streams with flexible value estimation.","boundary":"Inherits novelty/prediction-error exploration and PPO. The deterministic target avoids stochastic forward-transition targets but is not a general proof against every noisy-observation distraction. Atari/Montezuma results have specified data and evaluation costs, not universal sample-efficient exploration; first two source authors have equal-contribution notation.","area":"Reinforcement-learning exploration bonuses","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"burda-et-al-random-network-distillation-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:048698c1-396b-43cb-a31f-fec339306b49","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90c6746574343eae21827444c368953bf20940d4456eab954ea05685ba1e15a2"},"humans":["Yuri Burda","Harrison Edwards","Amos Storkey","Oleg Klimov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1810-12894v1","title":"Exploration by Random Network Distillation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12894v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"burda-et-al-random-network-distillation-2018","entry_id":"burda-et-al-random-network-distillation-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:048698c1-396b-43cb-a31f-fec339306b49","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90c6746574343eae21827444c368953bf20940d4456eab954ea05685ba1e15a2"},"what_changed":"Measured novelty by a predictor network's error on features from a fixed randomly initialized target network, combining intrinsic and extrinsic reward streams with flexible value estimation.","scope":"Measured novelty by a predictor network's error on features from a fixed randomly initialized target network, combining intrinsic and extrinsic reward streams with flexible value estimation. Inherits novelty/prediction-error exploration and PPO. The deterministic target avoids stochastic forward-transition targets but is not a general proof against every noisy-observation distraction. Atari/Montezuma results have specified data and evaluation costs, not universal sample-efficient exploration; first two source authors have equal-contribution notation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:048698c1-396b-43cb-a31f-fec339306b49","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90c6746574343eae21827444c368953bf20940d4456eab954ea05685ba1e15a2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"salimans-et-al-scalable-evolution-strategies-2017","title":"Scalable evolution-strategy training of deep control policies","summary":"Demonstrated parallel natural-evolution-strategy style optimization of deep policy parameters using shared random perturbations and scalar fitness communication.","boundary":"Evolution strategies, NES and score-function gradient estimators predate this work; credited contribution is the scalable deep-policy implementation and empirical study. Wall-clock results use hundreds/thousands of CPUs and often more environment samples than comparators.","area":"Distributed black-box policy optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"salimans-et-al-scalable-evolution-strategies-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9de4a050-ec75-4afd-a036-ecea91371102","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b6753ffabcf71d3f0959b32bc7b1f37da51eec8887277a76e4d6c17e0214b8bf"},"humans":["Tim Salimans","Jonathan Ho","Xi Chen","Ilya Sutskever"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1703-03864v1","title":"Evolution Strategies as a Scalable Alternative to Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.03864v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"salimans-et-al-scalable-evolution-strategies-2017","entry_id":"salimans-et-al-scalable-evolution-strategies-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9de4a050-ec75-4afd-a036-ecea91371102","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b6753ffabcf71d3f0959b32bc7b1f37da51eec8887277a76e4d6c17e0214b8bf"},"what_changed":"Demonstrated parallel natural-evolution-strategy style optimization of deep policy parameters using shared random perturbations and scalar fitness communication.","scope":"Demonstrated parallel natural-evolution-strategy style optimization of deep policy parameters using shared random perturbations and scalar fitness communication. Evolution strategies, NES and score-function gradient estimators predate this work; credited contribution is the scalable deep-policy implementation and empirical study. Wall-clock results use hundreds/thousands of CPUs and often more environment samples than comparators.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9de4a050-ec75-4afd-a036-ecea91371102","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b6753ffabcf71d3f0959b32bc7b1f37da51eec8887277a76e4d6c17e0214b8bf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gulcehre-paine-et-al-r2d3-hard-eight-2019","title":"R2D3 and Hard-Eight: recurrent replay learning from demonstrations","summary":"Mixed demonstration and self-generated recurrent replay with distributed off-policy Q-learning, and introduced eight sparse-reward partially observed tasks with varied initial conditions.","boundary":"Builds on R2D2 and demonstration learning. Demo/agent replay ratio is sensitive; solving several Hard-Eight tasks is not all-task exploration closure or deployment safety.","area":"Demonstration-guided distributed reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gulcehre-paine-et-al-r2d3-hard-eight-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:db5bf6f3-80bd-4161-af69-8d391a7a45e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bcbbd183076d78383fe87046a9a71ad8beecf04d363eedc22851582366b5312d"},"humans":["Caglar Gulcehre","Tom Le Paine","Bobak Shahriari","Misha Denil","Matt Hoffman","Hubert Soyer","Richard Tanburn","Steven Kapturowski","Neil Rabinowitz","Duncan Williams","Gabriel Barth-Maron","Ziyu Wang","Nando de Freitas"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1909-01387v1","title":"Making Efficient Use of Demonstrations to Solve Hard Exploration Problems","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01387v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"gulcehre-paine-et-al-r2d3-hard-eight-2019","entry_id":"gulcehre-paine-et-al-r2d3-hard-eight-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:db5bf6f3-80bd-4161-af69-8d391a7a45e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bcbbd183076d78383fe87046a9a71ad8beecf04d363eedc22851582366b5312d"},"what_changed":"Mixed demonstration and self-generated recurrent replay with distributed off-policy Q-learning, and introduced eight sparse-reward partially observed tasks with varied initial conditions.","scope":"Mixed demonstration and self-generated recurrent replay with distributed off-policy Q-learning, and introduced eight sparse-reward partially observed tasks with varied initial conditions. Builds on R2D2 and demonstration learning. Demo/agent replay ratio is sensitive; solving several Hard-Eight tasks is not all-task exploration closure or deployment safety.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:db5bf6f3-80bd-4161-af69-8d391a7a45e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bcbbd183076d78383fe87046a9a71ad8beecf04d363eedc22851582366b5312d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hafner-et-al-planet-latent-planning-2018","title":"PlaNet: recurrent stochastic latent dynamics for online planning","summary":"Learned deterministic-plus-stochastic recurrent latent dynamics from pixel observations and used online latent-space action planning, with latent overshooting to train multi-step predictions.","boundary":"Distinct from Dreamer's imagined-policy training: PlaNet selects actions through online planning. Inherits state-space models and model-predictive control. Simulated-control efficiency does not establish exact physical dynamics, unrestricted long-horizon planning, transfer or real-world robot autonomy.","area":"Model-based visual control","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hafner-et-al-planet-latent-planning-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3fefba7-381e-4cf9-ad9a-34e8692401dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:25c5e76986368e4d1b401626f85742551f404de18b27b3e6c509761140d67c82"},"humans":["Danijar Hafner","Timothy Lillicrap","Ian Fischer","Ruben Villegas","David Ha","Honglak Lee","James Davidson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1811-04551v1","title":"Learning Latent Dynamics for Planning from Pixels","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.04551v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"hafner-et-al-planet-latent-planning-2018","entry_id":"hafner-et-al-planet-latent-planning-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3fefba7-381e-4cf9-ad9a-34e8692401dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:25c5e76986368e4d1b401626f85742551f404de18b27b3e6c509761140d67c82"},"what_changed":"Learned deterministic-plus-stochastic recurrent latent dynamics from pixel observations and used online latent-space action planning, with latent overshooting to train multi-step predictions.","scope":"Learned deterministic-plus-stochastic recurrent latent dynamics from pixel observations and used online latent-space action planning, with latent overshooting to train multi-step predictions. Distinct from Dreamer's imagined-policy training: PlaNet selects actions through online planning. Inherits state-space models and model-predictive control. Simulated-control efficiency does not establish exact physical dynamics, unrestricted long-horizon planning, transfer or real-world robot autonomy.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3fefba7-381e-4cf9-ad9a-34e8692401dc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:25c5e76986368e4d1b401626f85742551f404de18b27b3e6c509761140d67c82"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pritzel-et-al-neural-episodic-control-2017","title":"Neural Episodic Control: fast value memory with learned keys","summary":"Combined slowly learned state embeddings with a large semi-tabular episodic key/value memory whose value estimates can update rapidly and be retrieved using nearest-neighbor lookup.","boundary":"General non-biological ML contribution; brain inspiration is not a biological result. Inherits episodic control, nearest-neighbor methods and value learning. Fast incorporation of selected experience is not universally human-like one-shot learning or guaranteed improvement; original shortened Adrià Puigdomènech label is preserved.","area":"Memory-augmented reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"pritzel-et-al-neural-episodic-control-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b0989b0-0df7-44bf-a55d-beb1c45c59a7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3bdf8db0ee5a7830d35a08ae540777ec4319cc2103a6d3e8f9a0a7248fe7f243"},"humans":["Alexander Pritzel","Benigno Uria","Sriram Srinivasan","Adrià Puigdomènech","Oriol Vinyals","Demis Hassabis","Daan Wierstra","Charles Blundell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1703-01988v1","title":"Neural Episodic Control","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.01988v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"pritzel-et-al-neural-episodic-control-2017","entry_id":"pritzel-et-al-neural-episodic-control-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b0989b0-0df7-44bf-a55d-beb1c45c59a7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3bdf8db0ee5a7830d35a08ae540777ec4319cc2103a6d3e8f9a0a7248fe7f243"},"what_changed":"Combined slowly learned state embeddings with a large semi-tabular episodic key/value memory whose value estimates can update rapidly and be retrieved using nearest-neighbor lookup.","scope":"Combined slowly learned state embeddings with a large semi-tabular episodic key/value memory whose value estimates can update rapidly and be retrieved using nearest-neighbor lookup. General non-biological ML contribution; brain inspiration is not a biological result. Inherits episodic control, nearest-neighbor methods and value learning. Fast incorporation of selected experience is not universally human-like one-shot learning or guaranteed improvement; original shortened Adrià Puigdomènech label is preserved.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b0989b0-0df7-44bf-a55d-beb1c45c59a7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3bdf8db0ee5a7830d35a08ae540777ec4319cc2103a6d3e8f9a0a7248fe7f243"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ho-ermon-generative-adversarial-imitation-2016","title":"GAIL: adversarial state-action occupancy matching","summary":"Connected entropy-regularized inverse learning to occupancy-measure matching and trained policies against a discriminator of expert versus learner state-action samples.","boundary":"Learner requires its own environment interactions; absence of expert queries or external rewards is not offline demonstration-only training. The finite-state/action duality analysis and ideal discriminator optimum do not certify nonlinear GAN/TRPO training convergence or recover a transferable expert reward. Inherits GANs and apprenticeship/IRL methods.","area":"Imitation learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ho-ermon-generative-adversarial-imitation-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2182a185-055a-4db8-a98a-50adaaa7dc66","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebf8d25e00a4f838109cedce54ffd63c45066f29475c948e9aa3987659dfba67"},"humans":["Jonathan Ho","Stefano Ermon"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1606-03476v1","title":"Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.03476v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ho-ermon-generative-adversarial-imitation-2016","entry_id":"ho-ermon-generative-adversarial-imitation-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2182a185-055a-4db8-a98a-50adaaa7dc66","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebf8d25e00a4f838109cedce54ffd63c45066f29475c948e9aa3987659dfba67"},"what_changed":"Connected entropy-regularized inverse learning to occupancy-measure matching and trained policies against a discriminator of expert versus learner state-action samples.","scope":"Connected entropy-regularized inverse learning to occupancy-measure matching and trained policies against a discriminator of expert versus learner state-action samples. Learner requires its own environment interactions; absence of expert queries or external rewards is not offline demonstration-only training. The finite-state/action duality analysis and ideal discriminator optimum do not certify nonlinear GAN/TRPO training convergence or recover a transferable expert reward. Inherits GANs and apprenticeship/IRL methods.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2182a185-055a-4db8-a98a-50adaaa7dc66","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebf8d25e00a4f838109cedce54ffd63c45066f29475c948e9aa3987659dfba67"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fu-luo-levine-airl-2017","title":"AIRL: reward and shaping separation in adversarial inverse learning","summary":"Used a structured adversarial discriminator separating a reward approximation from potential-based shaping, enabling reward reuse under tested changes in environment dynamics.","boundary":"IRL reward ambiguity remains. Exact source recovery discussion restricts to deterministic environments, state-only ground-truth reward, suitable representation and optimal training; no general unique reward identification in stochastic MDPs. Inherits MaxEnt IRL/GAN-guided cost learning and requires learner environment interactions; no independent theorem audit.","area":"Inverse reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"fu-luo-levine-airl-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf375a34-f1f1-4552-a54c-905cf1a552c4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b54c7072f1386b628fcf992f8d296a7a7d0cb6bb585c9a9a34b94c7677da2fe8"},"humans":["Justin Fu","Katie Luo","Sergey Levine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1710-11248v1","title":"Learning Robust Rewards with Adversarial Inverse Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.11248v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"fu-luo-levine-airl-2017","entry_id":"fu-luo-levine-airl-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf375a34-f1f1-4552-a54c-905cf1a552c4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b54c7072f1386b628fcf992f8d296a7a7d0cb6bb585c9a9a34b94c7677da2fe8"},"what_changed":"Used a structured adversarial discriminator separating a reward approximation from potential-based shaping, enabling reward reuse under tested changes in environment dynamics.","scope":"Used a structured adversarial discriminator separating a reward approximation from potential-based shaping, enabling reward reuse under tested changes in environment dynamics. IRL reward ambiguity remains. Exact source recovery discussion restricts to deterministic environments, state-only ground-truth reward, suitable representation and optimal training; no general unique reward identification in stochastic MDPs. Inherits MaxEnt IRL/GAN-guided cost learning and requires learner environment interactions; no independent theorem audit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cf375a34-f1f1-4552-a54c-905cf1a552c4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b54c7072f1386b628fcf992f8d296a7a7d0cb6bb585c9a9a34b94c7677da2fe8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hester-et-al-deep-q-demonstrations-2017","title":"DQfD: demonstration pretraining with temporal-difference and margin losses","summary":"Pretrained a deep Q-network on demonstration data using temporal-difference, large-margin action-classification and regularization losses, then mixed preserved demonstrations with self-generated replay during learning.","boundary":"Original v1 uses separate demonstration/agent buffers with a controlled fixed sampling proportion; do not import later prioritized-replay/n-step revisions automatically. Inherits Double DQN and supervised imitation losses. Better initial Atari performance is not a safety certificate for real systems or expert-free learning.","area":"Demonstration-assisted reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hester-et-al-deep-q-demonstrations-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:855ef364-a631-4692-adba-dc4969c88823","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d4aad7ca8d7d56aedaeece228865e571983267e1d05ef34e49d624d747ec831b"},"humans":["Todd Hester","Matej Vecerik","Olivier Pietquin","Marc Lanctot","Tom Schaul","Bilal Piot","Andrew Sendonaris","Gabriel Dulac-Arnold","Ian Osband","John Agapiou","Joel Z. Leibo","Audrunas Gruslys"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1704-03732v1","title":"Learning from Demonstrations for Real World Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.03732v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"hester-et-al-deep-q-demonstrations-2017","entry_id":"hester-et-al-deep-q-demonstrations-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:855ef364-a631-4692-adba-dc4969c88823","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d4aad7ca8d7d56aedaeece228865e571983267e1d05ef34e49d624d747ec831b"},"what_changed":"Pretrained a deep Q-network on demonstration data using temporal-difference, large-margin action-classification and regularization losses, then mixed preserved demonstrations with self-generated replay during learning.","scope":"Pretrained a deep Q-network on demonstration data using temporal-difference, large-margin action-classification and regularization losses, then mixed preserved demonstrations with self-generated replay during learning. Original v1 uses separate demonstration/agent buffers with a controlled fixed sampling proportion; do not import later prioritized-replay/n-step revisions automatically. Inherits Double DQN and supervised imitation losses. Better initial Atari performance is not a safety certificate for real systems or expert-free learning.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:855ef364-a631-4692-adba-dc4969c88823","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d4aad7ca8d7d56aedaeece228865e571983267e1d05ef34e49d624d747ec831b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bruna-et-al-spectral-graph-networks-2013","title":"Spectral graph networks: Laplacian filters and hierarchical graph layers","summary":"Extended convolution-like neural layers beyond regular grids using graph Laplacian spectral multipliers and local/hierarchical constructions.","boundary":"Builds on graph harmonic analysis and earlier graph neural models, not invention of all GNNs. Spectral filters depend on the graph basis and do not automatically transfer unchanged across graphs; locality/parameter efficiency requires appropriate graph geometry and filter restrictions.","area":"Graph representation-learning architecture","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2013,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"bruna-et-al-spectral-graph-networks-2013","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e0d43e9d-f65f-4a8a-a310-769368c74bcc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b22c9a1b556feaf1239f9e201e88b582976f209da31be313614c9b1263d5953c"},"humans":["Joan Bruna","Wojciech Zaremba","Arthur Szlam","Yann LeCun"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1312-6203v1","title":"Spectral Networks and Locally Connected Networks on Graphs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6203v1"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"bruna-et-al-spectral-graph-networks-2013","entry_id":"bruna-et-al-spectral-graph-networks-2013","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e0d43e9d-f65f-4a8a-a310-769368c74bcc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b22c9a1b556feaf1239f9e201e88b582976f209da31be313614c9b1263d5953c"},"what_changed":"Extended convolution-like neural layers beyond regular grids using graph Laplacian spectral multipliers and local/hierarchical constructions.","scope":"Extended convolution-like neural layers beyond regular grids using graph Laplacian spectral multipliers and local/hierarchical constructions. Builds on graph harmonic analysis and earlier graph neural models, not invention of all GNNs. Spectral filters depend on the graph basis and do not automatically transfer unchanged across graphs; locality/parameter efficiency requires appropriate graph geometry and filter restrictions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e0d43e9d-f65f-4a8a-a310-769368c74bcc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b22c9a1b556feaf1239f9e201e88b582976f209da31be313614c9b1263d5953c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"defferrard-bresson-vandergheynst-chebnet-2016","title":"ChebNet: localized polynomial graph filtering without eigendecomposition","summary":"Parameterized graph filters as truncated Chebyshev polynomials of the Laplacian, evaluating them by sparse recurrence and combining graph coarsening with efficient pooling.","boundary":"Inherits polynomial graph signal processing and spectral CNNs. Filtering costs scale with polynomial order and graph edges, not constant cost on arbitrary dense graphs; full layer costs include feature channels.","area":"Efficient spectral graph neural networks","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"defferrard-bresson-vandergheynst-chebnet-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7225ceff-d11a-46b3-a0cb-e46cb87a78ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e433ef1788ef1c549d8e1dc5a5ba87c3707dea4f47e3d07e6dfc9cdba56bdc0e"},"humans":["Michaël Defferrard","Xavier Bresson","Pierre Vandergheynst"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1606-09375v1","title":"Convolutional Neural Networks on Graphs with Fast Localized Spectral Filtering","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.09375v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"defferrard-bresson-vandergheynst-chebnet-2016","entry_id":"defferrard-bresson-vandergheynst-chebnet-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7225ceff-d11a-46b3-a0cb-e46cb87a78ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e433ef1788ef1c549d8e1dc5a5ba87c3707dea4f47e3d07e6dfc9cdba56bdc0e"},"what_changed":"Parameterized graph filters as truncated Chebyshev polynomials of the Laplacian, evaluating them by sparse recurrence and combining graph coarsening with efficient pooling.","scope":"Parameterized graph filters as truncated Chebyshev polynomials of the Laplacian, evaluating them by sparse recurrence and combining graph coarsening with efficient pooling. Inherits polynomial graph signal processing and spectral CNNs. Filtering costs scale with polynomial order and graph edges, not constant cost on arbitrary dense graphs; full layer costs include feature channels.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7225ceff-d11a-46b3-a0cb-e46cb87a78ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e433ef1788ef1c549d8e1dc5a5ba87c3707dea4f47e3d07e6dfc9cdba56bdc0e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schlichtkrull-et-al-relational-gcn-2017","title":"R-GCN: relation-specific graph propagation with shared parameters","summary":"Extended graph-convolution updates to directed multi-relational graphs with parameter-sharing schemes, using learned entity representations for classification and link prediction.","boundary":"Inherits GCN and knowledge-base factorization; DistMult decoder is not newly invented here. Predicting missing triples is statistical completion, not verified factual truth or causal/nationality inference. Equal-contribution notation for first two authors is source credit, not WRS effort allocation.","area":"Knowledge-graph neural representation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"schlichtkrull-et-al-relational-gcn-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2502c8b8-55f5-4152-aaf3-15737c18b4f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf5fa1f7e683ef7fc5736112851a97112cbdf94f2459674ecc0d269daed1044a"},"humans":["Michael Schlichtkrull","Thomas N. Kipf","Peter Bloem","Rianne van den Berg","Ivan Titov","Max Welling"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1703-06103v1","title":"Modeling Relational Data with Graph Convolutional Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.06103v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"schlichtkrull-et-al-relational-gcn-2017","entry_id":"schlichtkrull-et-al-relational-gcn-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2502c8b8-55f5-4152-aaf3-15737c18b4f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf5fa1f7e683ef7fc5736112851a97112cbdf94f2459674ecc0d269daed1044a"},"what_changed":"Extended graph-convolution updates to directed multi-relational graphs with parameter-sharing schemes, using learned entity representations for classification and link prediction.","scope":"Extended graph-convolution updates to directed multi-relational graphs with parameter-sharing schemes, using learned entity representations for classification and link prediction. Inherits GCN and knowledge-base factorization; DistMult decoder is not newly invented here. Predicting missing triples is statistical completion, not verified factual truth or causal/nationality inference. 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QM9 labels approximate DFT calculations: chemical-accuracy comparisons to those labels are not accurate experiments on nature or validated drug discovery. No biology/medical application is entered.","area":"General graph learning and quantum-property prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gilmer-et-al-message-passing-neural-networks-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a0aead4d-b57d-493b-a3c0-104a0987491d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ababbdda0a1959463b2a42c36effe685dd229e4cf1bfb2063a3bb8bb7c6e2ffa"},"humans":["Justin Gilmer","Samuel S. Schoenholz","Patrick F. Riley","Oriol Vinyals","George E. Dahl"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Explicitly a unifying framework plus variants, not invention of every predecessor graph model. QM9 labels approximate DFT calculations: chemical-accuracy comparisons to those labels are not accurate experiments on nature or validated drug discovery. No biology/medical application is entered.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a0aead4d-b57d-493b-a3c0-104a0987491d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ababbdda0a1959463b2a42c36effe685dd229e4cf1bfb2063a3bb8bb7c6e2ffa"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"battaglia-et-al-graph-networks-blocks-2018","title":"Graph Networks: composable edge, node and global update blocks","summary":"Defined a composable graph-network block with edge/node/global attributes, learned updates and permutation-invariant aggregations, unifying structured neural reasoning interfaces.","boundary":"Part review/position paper, part formal interface synthesis; predecessors retain their inventions. Relational inductive bias supports structured modeling but does not prove universal compositional generalization, exact physical laws or human-level reasoning. Original27named front controls, not later GraphNets library maintainers.","area":"Relational neural-network building blocks","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"battaglia-et-al-graph-networks-blocks-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d8081a80-cd00-409c-a8e4-02e06bc44921","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe4b0466640f07741813c97fa9dc016125ee9a07a65aa81f210180bc33eec724"},"humans":["Peter W. Battaglia","Jessica B. 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Part review/position paper, part formal interface synthesis; predecessors retain their inventions. Relational inductive bias supports structured modeling but does not prove universal compositional generalization, exact physical laws or human-level reasoning. 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Matching selected benchmarks does not establish that nonlinearities are unnecessary for all graph tasks or preserve full GCN expressivity.","area":"Simplified graph-learning baselines","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wu-et-al-simple-graph-convolution-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:26a0fc90-1835-4f6d-aef4-6c5f5bcad89f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:41e1dcb7ae3d7287b677856f949e609d4b3877dc398912ee99c89ccf4ec75fc1"},"humans":["Felix Wu","Tianyi Zhang","Amauri Holanda de Souza Jr.","Christopher Fifty","Tao Yu","Kilian Q. Weinberger"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2105-14491v1","title":"How Attentive are Graph Attention Networks?","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.14491v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"brody-alon-yahav-gatv2-2021","entry_id":"brody-alon-yahav-gatv2-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f90fba52-c7f5-4038-a2ad-6fe756bc095d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b3f26d6d688f7b871cc99ba3c5c5846ae448472b123966b0c04cb768fbcc49b5"},"what_changed":"Identified query-independent key-ranking restrictions of the original GAT score and changed the order of linear transformations/nonlinearity to enable dynamic attention.","scope":"Identified query-independent key-ranking restrictions of the original GAT score and changed the order of linear transformations/nonlinearity to enable dynamic attention. Distinct from already-formal GAT, with inherited attention/neighborhood aggregation. Static-ranking theorem concerns the specified score/head, not every graph-attention architecture. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1906-00091v1","title":"Deep Learning Recommendation Model for Personalization and Recommendation Systems","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.00091v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"naumov-et-al-dlrm-2019","entry_id":"naumov-et-al-dlrm-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e50023c6-dc54-4a16-a2c5-fdbb0f968b12","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4a012baa3e99596b69826abe5ec5ffae08286a71d40d6d643dd84eee24c391ec"},"what_changed":"Combined sparse categorical embeddings, dense-feature MLP processing, explicit feature interactions and a top predictor, with model-parallel embeddings and data-parallel dense layers for systems study.","scope":"Combined sparse categorical embeddings, dense-feature MLP processing, explicit feature interactions and a top predictor, with model-parallel embeddings and data-parallel dense layers for systems study. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1703-04247v1","title":"DeepFM: A Factorization-Machine based Neural Network for CTR Prediction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04247v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"guo-et-al-deepfm-2017","entry_id":"guo-et-al-deepfm-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9e9c3bc6-0c4a-4afa-a127-a5a5813a0c62","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f8bbe94eb7aac416474b8323c109270c9e59cd348e139804e3c77a99086a7fbe"},"what_changed":"Jointly trained a factorization-machine branch and deep neural branch sharing raw-feature embeddings, combining low-order interactions and learned nonlinear features.","scope":"Jointly trained a factorization-machine branch and deep neural branch sharing raw-feature embeddings, combining low-order interactions and learned nonlinear features. 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CTR benchmark gains do not establish causal effects or long-term user welfare.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9e9c3bc6-0c4a-4afa-a127-a5a5813a0c62","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f8bbe94eb7aac416474b8323c109270c9e59cd348e139804e3c77a99086a7fbe"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-et-al-deep-cross-network-family-2017","title":"DCN family: explicit feature crosses and matrix/low-rank extensions","summary":"Introduced explicit bounded-degree cross layers alongside deep networks, later extending vector cross parameters to richer matrix, low-rank and mixture-of-expert cross structures.","boundary":"2017DCN and2020DCN-M(later DCNv2 title) kept as one source-specific family. Original vector cross coefficients are constrained, not arbitrary independent polynomial coefficients. Enhanced expressivity/empirical business metrics are not global optimization, universal ranking gains or causal user-benefit guarantees; inherited MoE/low-rank methods retain credit.","area":"Recommendation and ranking architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wang-et-al-deep-cross-network-family-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d28267c5-121e-4973-afd1-95067c65397f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:86246e821e75f705de421f25ac8c91c34db1fce34eb018b50d15a3f1dba94bb6"},"humans":["Ruoxi Wang","Bin Fu","Gang Fu","Mingliang Wang","Rakesh Shivanna","Derek Z. Cheng","Sagar Jain","Dong Lin","Lichan Hong","Ed H. Chi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Bounded-degree explicit interactions are constrained by architecture, not unconstrained arbitrary polynomial learning. Original v1has placeholder ACM Woodstock/ISBN/DOI fields: none are treated as real publication identifiers.","area":"Recommendation feature-cross learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lian-et-al-xdeepfm-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86b02b61-141b-4a37-a7ab-a9f8313d19a4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0a05aebf61865d6b7d692a096b86dac0cbcf188ee81d59f2d3aa64987e7f406b"},"humans":["Jianxun Lian","Xiaohuan Zhou","Fuzheng Zhang","Zhongxia Chen","Xing Xie","Guangzhong Sun"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Inherits attention/GRUs and behavior embeddings; inferred latent interest is not measured psychological state or causal preference. v1DIN does not acquire later Dice/minibatch-regularization details without the corresponding revised source. Claimed online CTR changes are source-specific experiments, not universal welfare improvements.","area":"Sequential recommendation learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhou-et-al-din-dien-interest-family-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b055488f-4942-412f-a742-90d4c28f5f7d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a693bd97960ad1d7c669f14a0d47cf4f6e2a92748b0301566dc1a4a53387b8a1"},"humans":["Guorui Zhou","Chengru Song","Xiaoqiang Zhu","Xiao Ma","Yanghui Yan","Xingya Dai","Han Zhu","Junqi Jin","Han Li","Kun Gai","Na Mou","Ying Fan","Qi Pi","Weijie Bian","Chang Zhou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Inherits attention/GRUs and behavior embeddings; inferred latent interest is not measured psychological state or causal preference. v1DIN does not acquire later Dice/minibatch-regularization details without the corresponding revised source. 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Source ablations do not prove nonlinear features useless in all recommender settings. Original template Conference17/placeholderDOI is not actual2017publication.","area":"Graph-based recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"he-et-al-lightgcn-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c137ee6f-e1eb-4dca-a98d-be615e70dffb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6a044f1ab2a0c7cf37d54a88602e3a0f73d268ebbf93d3ac44f1115e3af0b8e7"},"humans":["Xiangnan He","Kuan Deng","Xiang Wang","Yan Li","Yongdong Zhang","Meng Wang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1706-09516v1","title":"Fighting biases with dynamic boosting","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09516v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-catboost-final-original","title":"CatBoost: unbiased boosting with categorical features","url":"https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/7898-catboost-unbiased-boosting-with-categorical-features.pdf"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"dorogush-prokhorenkova-et-al-catboost-family-2017","entry_id":"dorogush-prokhorenkova-et-al-catboost-family-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5150ca51-d2b5-4f17-a8f6-d935fc553dc8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:82c3876f954fafab92365dd01c99a5096a68f4b6ca3fdb6acdbfc457ccc14a62"},"what_changed":"Addressed training/test prediction shift by ordering examples so supporting predictions and target statistics exclude the current label, combining practical ordered boosting and categorical-feature processing.","scope":"Addressed training/test prediction shift by ordering examples so supporting predictions and target statistics exclude the current label, combining practical ordered boosting and categorical-feature processing. 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General ML architecture despite author affiliation and incidental application examples; no biological results entered. Moment analysis uses independent/common-moment inputs and Gaussian preactivation approximation with bounded parameter regions. Not universal self-normalization for arbitrary correlated architectures/weights, nor proof that all gradients can never vanish or explode. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1509-02971v1","title":"Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.02971v1"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"lillicrap-et-al-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient-2015","entry_id":"lillicrap-et-al-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc11d6cb-249c-43c7-a966-13b52054e706","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e73951d61e16b259f20ecd7a3518cbe2d11f179c1b93319377f3755ee41de43b"},"what_changed":"Combined deterministic actor-critic policy gradients with replay, slowly updated targets and normalization to train deep policies over continuous actions.","scope":"Combined deterministic actor-critic policy gradients with replay, slowly updated targets and normalization to train deep policies over continuous actions. 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Source3.08percent top5is a four-model ensemble, not single-model performance or proof residuals are necessary for all deep learning. Originalv1has three authors, not later expanded versions.","area":"Convolutional architecture integration","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"szegedy-ioffe-vanhoucke-inception-resnet-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a0afaa62-3d42-4d5d-a320-beb924a81942","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:154c18c79ca780cd485d1b06ab8e6bc6dca4fd93c2c6dd6baa4f1b6ba8cf5473"},"humans":["Christian Szegedy","Sergey Ioffe","Vincent Vanhoucke"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1308-0850v1","title":"Generating Sequences With Recurrent Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.0850v1"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"graves-recurrent-generation-soft-window-2013","entry_id":"graves-recurrent-generation-soft-window-2013","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e4e954d5-b2cc-4640-ab04-939e03af5dd6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4264f44133cda9d44220134b11ef096430fa3704c62d8a171a63b311724f42af"},"what_changed":"Demonstrated recurrent text/continuous handwriting generation and conditioned handwriting synthesis on text through a learned, forward-moving Gaussian-mixture soft window.","scope":"Demonstrated recurrent text/continuous handwriting generation and conditioned handwriting synthesis on text through a learned, forward-moving Gaussian-mixture soft window. 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Inherits latent semantic retrieval and discriminative click models; word hashing has collisions and click supervision is a relevance proxy, not semantic truth. Original evaluation ranks document titles, not guaranteed full-document understanding.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:57dd85f8-2075-46ab-a6db-fa0de7843d28","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09d931870f7834731714088c8e28375e90a470234e696c00c9e1ecf8049773d6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chetlur-et-al-cudnn-primitives-2014","title":"cuDNN: framework-independent GPU primitives for deep learning","summary":"Provided a lightweight C-language interface and optimized GPU convolution, pooling and activation primitives with forward/backward variants, reducing framework-specific kernel maintenance.","boundary":"Original2014 library report, not a claim to invent convolution, CUDA or later cuDNN features. Performance/memory gains depend on the measured model, kernel and hardware; portable interface does not imply identical performance across arbitrary devices.","area":"Deep-learning numerical libraries","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chetlur-et-al-cudnn-primitives-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b5e7855-b4b4-4030-a454-984721bd562f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:128a9a473e13967a446f89423b503176aa71b2cebfa1685603e4b64cd367103b"},"humans":["Sharan Chetlur","Cliff Woolley","Philippe Vandermersch","Jonathan Cohen","John Tran","Bryan Catanzaro","Evan Shelhamer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1410-0759v1","title":"cuDNN: Efficient Primitives for Deep Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.0759v1"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"chetlur-et-al-cudnn-primitives-2014","entry_id":"chetlur-et-al-cudnn-primitives-2014","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b5e7855-b4b4-4030-a454-984721bd562f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:128a9a473e13967a446f89423b503176aa71b2cebfa1685603e4b64cd367103b"},"what_changed":"Provided a lightweight C-language interface and optimized GPU convolution, pooling and activation primitives with forward/backward variants, reducing framework-specific kernel maintenance.","scope":"Provided a lightweight C-language interface and optimized GPU convolution, pooling and activation primitives with forward/backward variants, reducing framework-specific kernel maintenance. Original2014 library report, not a claim to invent convolution, CUDA or later cuDNN features. Performance/memory gains depend on the measured model, kernel and hardware; portable interface does not imply identical performance across arbitrary devices.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b5e7855-b4b4-4030-a454-984721bd562f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:128a9a473e13967a446f89423b503176aa71b2cebfa1685603e4b64cd367103b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"frankle-carbin-lottery-ticket-hypothesis-2018","title":"Lottery ticket hypothesis: trainable subnetworks at original initialization","summary":"Used magnitude pruning followed by resetting surviving weights to their original initialization to identify sparse subnetworks that trained effectively in the tested dense networks.","boundary":"A hypothesis supported by experiments, not a theorem for every network, initialization or dataset.2018v1 tests XOR/MNIST;2019 v5 extends to specifiedCIFAR-10 networks and warmup-sensitive deeper cases. Searching for tickets includes dense training and repeated pruning; sparse final size is not a guaranteed reduction in total discovery cost.","area":"Neural-network pruning and initialization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"frankle-carbin-lottery-ticket-hypothesis-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1b89303-7b96-45a8-a26f-9b85c0bb7300","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:acdbec5878cbfd3262d1f27a0d0f366350aa529e46599bef6efa72c3bfc0921b"},"humans":["Jonathan Frankle","Michael Carbin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1803-03635v1","title":"The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis: Training Pruned Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.03635v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1803-03635v5","title":"The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis: Finding Sparse, Trainable Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.03635v5"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"frankle-carbin-lottery-ticket-hypothesis-2018","entry_id":"frankle-carbin-lottery-ticket-hypothesis-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1b89303-7b96-45a8-a26f-9b85c0bb7300","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:acdbec5878cbfd3262d1f27a0d0f366350aa529e46599bef6efa72c3bfc0921b"},"what_changed":"Used magnitude pruning followed by resetting surviving weights to their original initialization to identify sparse subnetworks that trained effectively in the tested dense networks.","scope":"Used magnitude pruning followed by resetting surviving weights to their original initialization to identify sparse subnetworks that trained effectively in the tested dense networks. A hypothesis supported by experiments, not a theorem for every network, initialization or dataset.2018v1 tests XOR/MNIST;2019 v5 extends to specifiedCIFAR-10 networks and warmup-sensitive deeper cases. Searching for tickets includes dense training and repeated pruning; sparse final size is not a guaranteed reduction in total discovery cost.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1b89303-7b96-45a8-a26f-9b85c0bb7300","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:acdbec5878cbfd3262d1f27a0d0f366350aa529e46599bef6efa72c3bfc0921b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"abadi-et-al-dp-sgd-moments-accountant-2016","title":"DP-SGD and the moments accountant for private neural-network training","summary":"Combined per-example gradient-norm clipping, calibrated Gaussian noise and privacy-loss moment accounting to train neural networks while tracking example-level differential privacy.","boundary":"Inherits DP and noisy SGD, adds deep-training implementation/accounting refinements. Guarantees require the stated neighboring-data definition, bounded influence, randomized sampling/noise and composition accounting; example-level DP does not automatically give comparable user-level DP. Analyzed independent inclusion sampling differs from practical shuffled batching. No universal zero-utility-loss or complete security claim.","area":"Differentially private machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"abadi-et-al-dp-sgd-moments-accountant-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:43460ff5-d2a6-46ac-ac9f-981a00b325cd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd801736ca975cd0f043e1188ed2e1e44fd7dbec873ddcc9d4a7f746aa0b7447"},"humans":["Martín Abadi","Andy Chu","Ian Goodfellow","H. Brendan McMahan","Ilya Mironov","Kunal Talwar","Li Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1607-00133v1","title":"Deep Learning with Differential Privacy","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.00133v1"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"abadi-et-al-dp-sgd-moments-accountant-2016","entry_id":"abadi-et-al-dp-sgd-moments-accountant-2016","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:43460ff5-d2a6-46ac-ac9f-981a00b325cd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd801736ca975cd0f043e1188ed2e1e44fd7dbec873ddcc9d4a7f746aa0b7447"},"what_changed":"Combined per-example gradient-norm clipping, calibrated Gaussian noise and privacy-loss moment accounting to train neural networks while tracking example-level differential privacy.","scope":"Combined per-example gradient-norm clipping, calibrated Gaussian noise and privacy-loss moment accounting to train neural networks while tracking example-level differential privacy. Inherits DP and noisy SGD, adds deep-training implementation/accounting refinements. Guarantees require the stated neighboring-data definition, bounded influence, randomized sampling/noise and composition accounting; example-level DP does not automatically give comparable user-level DP. Analyzed independent inclusion sampling differs from practical shuffled batching. No universal zero-utility-loss or complete security claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:43460ff5-d2a6-46ac-ac9f-981a00b325cd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd801736ca975cd0f043e1188ed2e1e44fd7dbec873ddcc9d4a7f746aa0b7447"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhou-et-al-dorefa-low-bit-training-2016","title":"DoReFa-Net: low-bit weights, activations and stochastic gradients","summary":"Extended straight-through low-bit network training to separately configurable weight/activation/gradient precision, enabling bit-convolution computations in forward and backward passes.","boundary":"Inherits BinaryNet/XNOR and STE; retained higher-precision optimization state and special treatment of layers must not be described as entirely binary training.1/2/4-bit example is a tested configuration, not a universal accuracy-preserving setting; hardware potential is not an end-to-end speedup on every device. Source Eq. 1's bitcount shorthand omits the signed-dot-product affine correction; no new exact signed identity certified.","area":"Low-precision neural-network training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhou-et-al-dorefa-low-bit-training-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f34c7ce6-72fc-4217-a3d6-b0ec66151ee5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:56ea4896df05444dddcb70838bc3d330f2dc50f0ccc3e1e1064ec60233e9358a"},"humans":["Shuchang Zhou","Zekun Ni","Xinyu Zhou","He Wen","Yuxin Wu","Yuheng Zou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1606-06160v1","title":"DoReFa-Net: Training Low Bitwidth Convolutional Neural Networks with Low Bitwidth Gradients","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06160v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"zhou-et-al-dorefa-low-bit-training-2016","entry_id":"zhou-et-al-dorefa-low-bit-training-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f34c7ce6-72fc-4217-a3d6-b0ec66151ee5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:56ea4896df05444dddcb70838bc3d330f2dc50f0ccc3e1e1064ec60233e9358a"},"what_changed":"Extended straight-through low-bit network training to separately configurable weight/activation/gradient precision, enabling bit-convolution computations in forward and backward passes.","scope":"Extended straight-through low-bit network training to separately configurable weight/activation/gradient precision, enabling bit-convolution computations in forward and backward passes. Inherits BinaryNet/XNOR and STE; retained higher-precision optimization state and special treatment of layers must not be described as entirely binary training.1/2/4-bit example is a tested configuration, not a universal accuracy-preserving setting; hardware potential is not an end-to-end speedup on every device. Source Eq. 1's bitcount shorthand omits the signed-dot-product affine correction; no new exact signed identity certified.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f34c7ce6-72fc-4217-a3d6-b0ec66151ee5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:56ea4896df05444dddcb70838bc3d330f2dc50f0ccc3e1e1064ec60233e9358a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rastegari-et-al-xnor-scaled-binary-convolution-2016","title":"XNOR-Net: scaled binary-filter and binary-input convolution approximations","summary":"Approximated convolution weights and inputs using signs and real scaling factors, combining XNOR/bitcount operations with binary-network training for ImageNet-scale classifiers.","boundary":"Inherits BinaryConnect/BinaryNet and real-valued weight accumulators. Reported32×filter storage and58×convolution operation estimates are not universal whole-model speedups; scaling/nonbinary boundary layers have costs. The sign/mean-absolute solution solves the stated filterL2 approximation, not global network-loss optimization.","area":"Binary neural-network inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"rastegari-et-al-xnor-scaled-binary-convolution-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b7c9aa8d-3e18-43a8-a1a8-5299fe5d46af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d77d3bc33e9e92fede6c4066d13ac770ccc1fd5a75ce9162fc6449a4965d788f"},"humans":["Mohammad Rastegari","Vicente Ordonez","Joseph Redmon","Ali Farhadi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1603-05279v1","title":"XNOR-Net: ImageNet Classification Using Binary Convolutional Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.05279v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"rastegari-et-al-xnor-scaled-binary-convolution-2016","entry_id":"rastegari-et-al-xnor-scaled-binary-convolution-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b7c9aa8d-3e18-43a8-a1a8-5299fe5d46af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d77d3bc33e9e92fede6c4066d13ac770ccc1fd5a75ce9162fc6449a4965d788f"},"what_changed":"Approximated convolution weights and inputs using signs and real scaling factors, combining XNOR/bitcount operations with binary-network training for ImageNet-scale classifiers.","scope":"Approximated convolution weights and inputs using signs and real scaling factors, combining XNOR/bitcount operations with binary-network training for ImageNet-scale classifiers. Inherits BinaryConnect/BinaryNet and real-valued weight accumulators. Reported32×filter storage and58×convolution operation estimates are not universal whole-model speedups; scaling/nonbinary boundary layers have costs. The sign/mean-absolute solution solves the stated filterL2 approximation, not global network-loss optimization.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b7c9aa8d-3e18-43a8-a1a8-5299fe5d46af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d77d3bc33e9e92fede6c4066d13ac770ccc1fd5a75ce9162fc6449a4965d788f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jouppi-et-al-tpu-domain-specific-systems-2017","title":"TPU systems: systolic inference, training supercomputers and reconfigurable interconnects","summary":"Developed domain-specific machine-learning systems: TPU v1 integer systolic inference;TPU v2/v3 training co-design with fast inter-chip communication;TPU v4 optically reconfigurable topology and embedding-oriented SparseCores.","boundary":"One evolving hardware family with separate2017,2020and2023 paper author sets;2015/2017/2020deployment dates are not publication dates. Workload-specific comparisons and peak TOPS are not general current-device superiority. TPU v4 carbon comparisons include datacenter/power-supply assumptions, not chip-only effects;SparseCores existed in earlier generations. Paper's TensorCore is not NVIDIA's Tensor Core.","area":"Machine-learning accelerator architecture","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"jouppi-et-al-tpu-domain-specific-systems-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2a6e38b-0c5b-40e9-a283-0845ea657cdd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:754c8d1b05bf9d03c35f9bd967c25e2969f8bf5e63cafb65448af2a93f0e7bc0"},"humans":["Norman P. Jouppi","Cliff Young","Nishant Patil","David Patterson","Gaurav Agrawal","Raminder Bajwa","Sarah Bates","Suresh Bhatia","Nan Boden","Al Borchers","Rick Boyle","Pierre-luc Cantin","Clifford Chao","Chris Clark","Jeremy Coriell","Mike Daley","Matt Dau","Jeffrey Dean","Ben Gelb","Tara Vazir Ghaemmaghami","Rajendra Gottipati","William Gulland","Robert Hagmann","C. Richard Ho","Doug Hogberg","John Hu","Robert Hundt","Dan Hurt","Julian Ibarz","Aaron Jaffey","Alek Jaworski","Alexander Kaplan","Harshit Khaitan","Daniel Killebrew","Andy Koch","Naveen Kumar","Steve Lacy","James Laudon","James Law","Diemthu Le","Chris Leary","Zhuyuan Liu","Kyle Lucke","Alan Lundin","Gordon MacKean","Adriana Maggiore","Maire Mahony","Kieran Miller","Rahul Nagarajan","Ravi Narayanaswami","Ray Ni","Kathy Nix","Thomas Norrie","Mark Omernick","Narayana Penukonda","Andy Phelps","Jonathan Ross","Matt Ross","Amir Salek","Emad Samadiani","Chris Severn","Gregory Sizikov","Matthew Snelham","Jed Souter","Dan Steinberg","Andy Swing","Mercedes Tan","Gregory Thorson","Bo Tian","Horia Toma","Erick Tuttle","Vijay Vasudevan","Richard Walter","Walter Wang","Eric Wilcox","Doe Hyun Yoon","George Kurian","Sheng Li","Peter Ma","Lifeng Nai","Suvinay Subramanian","Brian Towles","Xiang Zhou","Zongwei Zhou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1704-04760v1","title":"In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04760v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-tpu2020-original","title":"A Domain-Specific Supercomputer for Training Deep Neural Networks","url":"https://gwern.net/doc/ai/scaling/hardware/2020-jouppi.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2304-01433v1","title":"TPU v4: An Optically Reconfigurable Supercomputer for Machine Learning with Hardware Support for Embeddings","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.01433v1"}],"points":"340000","published_grade":{"id":"jouppi-et-al-tpu-domain-specific-systems-2017","entry_id":"jouppi-et-al-tpu-domain-specific-systems-2017","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2a6e38b-0c5b-40e9-a283-0845ea657cdd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:754c8d1b05bf9d03c35f9bd967c25e2969f8bf5e63cafb65448af2a93f0e7bc0"},"what_changed":"Developed domain-specific machine-learning systems: TPU v1 integer systolic inference;TPU v2/v3 training co-design with fast inter-chip communication;TPU v4 optically reconfigurable topology and embedding-oriented SparseCores.","scope":"Developed domain-specific machine-learning systems: TPU v1 integer systolic inference;TPU v2/v3 training co-design with fast inter-chip communication;TPU v4 optically reconfigurable topology and embedding-oriented SparseCores. One evolving hardware family with separate2017,2020and2023 paper author sets;2015/2017/2020deployment dates are not publication dates. Workload-specific comparisons and peak TOPS are not general current-device superiority. TPU v4 carbon comparisons include datacenter/power-supply assumptions, not chip-only effects;SparseCores existed in earlier generations. Paper's TensorCore is not NVIDIA's Tensor Core.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2a6e38b-0c5b-40e9-a283-0845ea657cdd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:754c8d1b05bf9d03c35f9bd967c25e2969f8bf5e63cafb65448af2a93f0e7bc0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mcmahan-et-al-federated-averaging-2016","title":"Federated Averaging: local model updates with server-side aggregation","summary":"Formalized communication-constrained learning over distributed client data and evaluated repeated local SGD steps followed by weighted model averaging, including non-IID and unbalanced partitions.","boundary":"Inherits distributed model averaging; contextual advance is the federated problem/evaluation and practical algorithm, not invention of all distributed learning.2016 v1 four authors;2017 v3 five with Seth Hampson. Local data remaining on devices does not make updates private, secure or differentially private. Non-IID robustness/communication reductions are empirical, not universal convergence for arbitrary heterogeneous clients.","area":"Federated optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mcmahan-et-al-federated-averaging-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7bf45ae7-885b-45d1-aacd-e06cc88fbb3f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3371d3f4e912b68adf60b7a72891ebcfce0b57f5bb197e8badcf7aaba659e71d"},"humans":["H. Brendan McMahan","Eider Moore","Daniel Ramage","Blaise Agüera y Arcas","Seth Hampson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1602-05629v1","title":"Federated Learning of Deep Networks using Model Averaging","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.05629v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1602-05629v3","title":"Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.05629v3"}],"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"mcmahan-et-al-federated-averaging-2016","entry_id":"mcmahan-et-al-federated-averaging-2016","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7bf45ae7-885b-45d1-aacd-e06cc88fbb3f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3371d3f4e912b68adf60b7a72891ebcfce0b57f5bb197e8badcf7aaba659e71d"},"what_changed":"Formalized communication-constrained learning over distributed client data and evaluated repeated local SGD steps followed by weighted model averaging, including non-IID and unbalanced partitions.","scope":"Formalized communication-constrained learning over distributed client data and evaluated repeated local SGD steps followed by weighted model averaging, including non-IID and unbalanced partitions. Inherits distributed model averaging; contextual advance is the federated problem/evaluation and practical algorithm, not invention of all distributed learning.2016 v1 four authors;2017 v3 five with Seth Hampson. Local data remaining on devices does not make updates private, secure or differentially private. Non-IID robustness/communication reductions are empirical, not universal convergence for arbitrary heterogeneous clients.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7bf45ae7-885b-45d1-aacd-e06cc88fbb3f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3371d3f4e912b68adf60b7a72891ebcfce0b57f5bb197e8badcf7aaba659e71d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"han-et-al-pruning-deep-compression-2015","title":"Pruning and Deep Compression: retraining, weight sharing and entropy coding","summary":"Pruned small-magnitude trained connections and retrained survivors, then combined pruning with quantized weight sharing/codebook retraining and Huffman coding to reduce stored model size.","boundary":"Bundles the2015 pruning precursor and compression pipeline with distinct four/three-author bylines. Inherits earlier pruning/quantization/entropy-coding techniques; no invention of all pruning. Storage savings and retained accuracy are model/evaluation-specific, not guaranteed latency or energy reduction on dense hardware. First preprint title differs from laterDeep Compression title.","area":"Neural-network model compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"han-et-al-pruning-deep-compression-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4514c351-42cb-4cdd-a1b4-fd9d9b4665b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cdee92ddbb1d99d4fe160f6c53794d1bf494c835394b24787017e95182adf6d4"},"humans":["Song Han","Jeff Pool","John Tran","William J. Dally","Huizi Mao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1506-02626v1","title":"Learning both Weights and Connections for Efficient Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02626v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1510-00149v1","title":"A Deep Neural Network Compression Pipeline: Pruning, Quantization, Huffman Encoding","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.00149v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"han-et-al-pruning-deep-compression-2015","entry_id":"han-et-al-pruning-deep-compression-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4514c351-42cb-4cdd-a1b4-fd9d9b4665b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cdee92ddbb1d99d4fe160f6c53794d1bf494c835394b24787017e95182adf6d4"},"what_changed":"Pruned small-magnitude trained connections and retrained survivors, then combined pruning with quantized weight sharing/codebook retraining and Huffman coding to reduce stored model size.","scope":"Pruned small-magnitude trained connections and retrained survivors, then combined pruning with quantized weight sharing/codebook retraining and Huffman coding to reduce stored model size. Bundles the2015 pruning precursor and compression pipeline with distinct four/three-author bylines. Inherits earlier pruning/quantization/entropy-coding techniques; no invention of all pruning. Storage savings and retained accuracy are model/evaluation-specific, not guaranteed latency or energy reduction on dense hardware. First preprint title differs from laterDeep Compression title.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4514c351-42cb-4cdd-a1b4-fd9d9b4665b0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cdee92ddbb1d99d4fe160f6c53794d1bf494c835394b24787017e95182adf6d4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"courbariaux-et-al-binaryconnect-binarynet-2015","title":"BinaryConnect/BinaryNet: binary propagation with real-valued learning state","summary":"Used binary weights during propagation while accumulating real-valued updates, then extended to binary activations with straight-through gradient approximations and bit-operation inference kernels.","boundary":"Original BinaryConnect three-author and BinaryNet v1 two-author source sets retained rather than later expanded author lists. Gradients/learning state are not all binary; straight-through estimation is inherited. Kernel-level speedup versus an unoptimized comparator does not establish arbitrary application speed/accuracy or universal exact gradients.","area":"Binarized neural-network training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"courbariaux-et-al-binaryconnect-binarynet-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4a1c829-73bc-41c4-a300-d6435dfab117","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22f942fd1a58b152d68b09711bfa15e85dfce949ca6d627930a419068534c34f"},"humans":["Matthieu Courbariaux","Yoshua Bengio","Jean-Pierre David"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1511-00363v1","title":"BinaryConnect: Training Deep Neural Networks with binary weights during propagations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.00363v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1602-02830v1","title":"BinaryNet: Training Deep Neural Networks with Weights and Activations Constrained to +1 or -1","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.02830v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"courbariaux-et-al-binaryconnect-binarynet-2015","entry_id":"courbariaux-et-al-binaryconnect-binarynet-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4a1c829-73bc-41c4-a300-d6435dfab117","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22f942fd1a58b152d68b09711bfa15e85dfce949ca6d627930a419068534c34f"},"what_changed":"Used binary weights during propagation while accumulating real-valued updates, then extended to binary activations with straight-through gradient approximations and bit-operation inference kernels.","scope":"Used binary weights during propagation while accumulating real-valued updates, then extended to binary activations with straight-through gradient approximations and bit-operation inference kernels. Original BinaryConnect three-author and BinaryNet v1 two-author source sets retained rather than later expanded author lists. Gradients/learning state are not all binary; straight-through estimation is inherited. Kernel-level speedup versus an unoptimized comparator does not establish arbitrary application speed/accuracy or universal exact gradients.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4a1c829-73bc-41c4-a300-d6435dfab117","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22f942fd1a58b152d68b09711bfa15e85dfce949ca6d627930a419068534c34f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"niu-et-al-hogwild-lock-free-sgd-2011","title":"Hogwild!: lock-free asynchronous stochastic updates for sparse objectives","summary":"Allowed concurrent sparse shared-memory stochastic updates without global locks, with convergence analysis for a specified asynchronous sampling model and empirical parallel implementations.","boundary":"Pinned 2011 v1 front orders Feng Niu / Benjamin Recht / Christopher Ré / Stephen J. Wright. Theory assumes convex separable terms, smooth strongly convex objective, bounded gradients/delay, atomic component additions and sparse overlap. Analyzed with-replacement single-coordinate model differs from practical without-replacement full-edge updates. Not convergence for arbitrary dense/nonconvex/asynchronous programs or hardware data-race safety.","area":"Parallel stochastic optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2011,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"niu-et-al-hogwild-lock-free-sgd-2011","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d6d253f-b131-48c2-a3ed-2fba3d9b05eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f60bce0a323afb68fbeced2d6dd4fc54034805615a64587bc4efb7d562595c5a"},"humans":["Feng Niu","Benjamin Recht","Christopher Ré","Stephen J. Wright"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1106-5730v1","title":"HOGWILD!: A Lock-Free Approach to Parallelizing Stochastic Gradient Descent","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1106.5730v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"niu-et-al-hogwild-lock-free-sgd-2011","entry_id":"niu-et-al-hogwild-lock-free-sgd-2011","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d6d253f-b131-48c2-a3ed-2fba3d9b05eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f60bce0a323afb68fbeced2d6dd4fc54034805615a64587bc4efb7d562595c5a"},"what_changed":"Allowed concurrent sparse shared-memory stochastic updates without global locks, with convergence analysis for a specified asynchronous sampling model and empirical parallel implementations.","scope":"Allowed concurrent sparse shared-memory stochastic updates without global locks, with convergence analysis for a specified asynchronous sampling model and empirical parallel implementations. Pinned 2011 v1 front orders Feng Niu / Benjamin Recht / Christopher Ré / Stephen J. Wright. Theory assumes convex separable terms, smooth strongly convex objective, bounded gradients/delay, atomic component additions and sparse overlap. Analyzed with-replacement single-coordinate model differs from practical without-replacement full-edge updates. Not convergence for arbitrary dense/nonconvex/asynchronous programs or hardware data-race safety.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6d6d253f-b131-48c2-a3ed-2fba3d9b05eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f60bce0a323afb68fbeced2d6dd4fc54034805615a64587bc4efb7d562595c5a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jacob-et-al-integer-only-inference-qat-2017","title":"Integer-only inference with affine quantization and simulated-quantization training","summary":"Co-designed affine scale/zero-point quantization, 8-bit weight/activation and 32-bit accumulation/bias arithmetic with floating-point fake-quantization training for efficient mobile inference.","boundary":"Integer-only refers to deployed inference, not all training or offline scale preparation. Inherits earlier low-precision/fixed-point inference; rounding, zero-point correction, fused-operator placement and hardware kernels matter. Evaluated mobile CNN latency/accuracy tradeoffs do not guarantee lossless quantization or speedups on arbitrary models/devices.","area":"Quantization-aware training and mobile inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jacob-et-al-integer-only-inference-qat-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3b6fb42b-4baf-4ed4-a869-a97c176971ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2a635ac3aae2263c5362d9937be0b21d489d87575e86398475fec7809cd8e3d4"},"humans":["Benoit Jacob","Skirmantas Kligys","Bo Chen","Menglong Zhu","Matthew Tang","Andrew Howard","Hartwig Adam","Dmitry Kalenichenko"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1712-05877v1","title":"Quantization and Training of Neural Networks for Efficient Integer-Arithmetic-Only Inference","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05877v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"jacob-et-al-integer-only-inference-qat-2017","entry_id":"jacob-et-al-integer-only-inference-qat-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3b6fb42b-4baf-4ed4-a869-a97c176971ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2a635ac3aae2263c5362d9937be0b21d489d87575e86398475fec7809cd8e3d4"},"what_changed":"Co-designed affine scale/zero-point quantization, 8-bit weight/activation and 32-bit accumulation/bias arithmetic with floating-point fake-quantization training for efficient mobile inference.","scope":"Co-designed affine scale/zero-point quantization, 8-bit weight/activation and 32-bit accumulation/bias arithmetic with floating-point fake-quantization training for efficient mobile inference. Integer-only refers to deployed inference, not all training or offline scale preparation. Inherits earlier low-precision/fixed-point inference; rounding, zero-point correction, fused-operator placement and hardware kernels matter. Evaluated mobile CNN latency/accuracy tradeoffs do not guarantee lossless quantization or speedups on arbitrary models/devices.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3b6fb42b-4baf-4ed4-a869-a97c176971ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2a635ac3aae2263c5362d9937be0b21d489d87575e86398475fec7809cd8e3d4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"konecny-et-al-federated-update-compression-2016","title":"Structured and sketched updates for communication-efficient federated learning","summary":"Evaluated low-rank/random-mask structured updates and post-update subsampling/probabilistic quantization, using structured random rotations to improve compressed update quality.","boundary":"A communication layer distinct from FedAvg's local-step aggregation. Unbiased estimators under specified sampling do not imply identical learning trajectories or universal convergence; high-rank compression degraded the tested convolutions. CIFAR-10 upload-budget gains are not arbitrary-task accuracy guarantees or privacy protection.","area":"Federated update compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"konecny-et-al-federated-update-compression-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:474f3b9a-3bf9-4983-abc1-76f26c36502d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3abdea9d35e9f316d60e691301f600a88509699b52ab77c535a139ec7f3416d"},"humans":["Jakub Konečný","H. Brendan McMahan","Felix X. Yu","Peter Richtárik","Ananda Theertha Suresh","Dave Bacon"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1610-05492v1","title":"Federated Learning: Strategies for Improving Communication Efficiency","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.05492v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"konecny-et-al-federated-update-compression-2016","entry_id":"konecny-et-al-federated-update-compression-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:474f3b9a-3bf9-4983-abc1-76f26c36502d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3abdea9d35e9f316d60e691301f600a88509699b52ab77c535a139ec7f3416d"},"what_changed":"Evaluated low-rank/random-mask structured updates and post-update subsampling/probabilistic quantization, using structured random rotations to improve compressed update quality.","scope":"Evaluated low-rank/random-mask structured updates and post-update subsampling/probabilistic quantization, using structured random rotations to improve compressed update quality. A communication layer distinct from FedAvg's local-step aggregation. Unbiased estimators under specified sampling do not imply identical learning trajectories or universal convergence; high-rank compression degraded the tested convolutions. CIFAR-10 upload-budget gains are not arbitrary-task accuracy guarantees or privacy protection.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:474f3b9a-3bf9-4983-abc1-76f26c36502d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3abdea9d35e9f316d60e691301f600a88509699b52ab77c535a139ec7f3416d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mcmahan-et-al-user-level-private-language-models-2017","title":"User-level private language-model training with clipped federated updates","summary":"Applied user-adjacent DP to language-model training using independently sampled users, clipped user updates, bounded-sensitivity averaging estimators, Gaussian noise and moments accounting.","boundary":"Guarantee concerns adding/removing an entire user's data under specified sampling/estimator/clipping/accounting assumptions, not cryptographic concealment from a trusted curator. Accuracy preservation was demonstrated at substantial computation cost on a sufficiently large dataset, not free privacy or all datasets.2017 v1 title Language Models differs from later Recurrent Language Models.","area":"User-level differential privacy","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mcmahan-et-al-user-level-private-language-models-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5a735836-b758-4d5e-a007-df5047689554","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64edddd8ce074a8e40980be437c8d2345803a314b1e219bcb52fe6abf6a80b79"},"humans":["H. Brendan McMahan","Daniel Ramage","Kunal Talwar","Li Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1710-06963v1","title":"Learning Differentially Private Language Models Without Losing Accuracy","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.06963v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"mcmahan-et-al-user-level-private-language-models-2017","entry_id":"mcmahan-et-al-user-level-private-language-models-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5a735836-b758-4d5e-a007-df5047689554","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64edddd8ce074a8e40980be437c8d2345803a314b1e219bcb52fe6abf6a80b79"},"what_changed":"Applied user-adjacent DP to language-model training using independently sampled users, clipped user updates, bounded-sensitivity averaging estimators, Gaussian noise and moments accounting.","scope":"Applied user-adjacent DP to language-model training using independently sampled users, clipped user updates, bounded-sensitivity averaging estimators, Gaussian noise and moments accounting. Guarantee concerns adding/removing an entire user's data under specified sampling/estimator/clipping/accounting assumptions, not cryptographic concealment from a trusted curator. Accuracy preservation was demonstrated at substantial computation cost on a sufficiently large dataset, not free privacy or all datasets.2017 v1 title Language Models differs from later Recurrent Language Models.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5a735836-b758-4d5e-a007-df5047689554","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64edddd8ce074a8e40980be437c8d2345803a314b1e219bcb52fe6abf6a80b79"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lin-et-al-deep-gradient-compression-2017","title":"Deep Gradient Compression: sparse communication with momentum/staleness controls","summary":"Combined sparse gradient transmission and local accumulation with momentum correction, local clipping, momentum masking and warmup to reduce distributed-training communication.","boundary":"Inherits gradient dropping/quantization and momentum methods; reported 270–600× gradient compression/no accuracy loss is task-specific, not universal convergence or equivalent wall-clock speedup. Delayed updates change trajectories; local accumulation identities are not a proof of exact equivalence to dense training. Not model pruning or privacy by itself.","area":"Distributed gradient communication","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lin-et-al-deep-gradient-compression-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:49f558cb-8e06-443d-a85b-651d2c459e18","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a0fdac31fbdd93158925f98ed7491fab1c647c0040e464437098f9c03a10e51b"},"humans":["Yujun Lin","Song Han","Huizi Mao","Yu Wang","William J. Dally"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1712-01887v1","title":"Deep Gradient Compression: Reducing the Communication Bandwidth for Distributed Training","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01887v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"lin-et-al-deep-gradient-compression-2017","entry_id":"lin-et-al-deep-gradient-compression-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:49f558cb-8e06-443d-a85b-651d2c459e18","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a0fdac31fbdd93158925f98ed7491fab1c647c0040e464437098f9c03a10e51b"},"what_changed":"Combined sparse gradient transmission and local accumulation with momentum correction, local clipping, momentum masking and warmup to reduce distributed-training communication.","scope":"Combined sparse gradient transmission and local accumulation with momentum correction, local clipping, momentum masking and warmup to reduce distributed-training communication. Inherits gradient dropping/quantization and momentum methods; reported 270–600× gradient compression/no accuracy loss is task-specific, not universal convergence or equivalent wall-clock speedup. Delayed updates change trajectories; local accumulation identities are not a proof of exact equivalence to dense training. Not model pruning or privacy by itself.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:49f558cb-8e06-443d-a85b-651d2c459e18","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a0fdac31fbdd93158925f98ed7491fab1c647c0040e464437098f9c03a10e51b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bonawitz-et-al-federated-secure-aggregation-2016","title":"Dropout-tolerant secure aggregation for federated model updates","summary":"Combined pairwise pseudorandom masks, threshold secret sharing and double masking to recover sums of high-dimensional client updates despite dropouts while limiting disclosure of individual updates.","boundary":"Pinned 2016 workshop protocol, not an independently checked full 2017 CCS security proof. Different server threat models require different thresholds; practical unauthenticated bootstrap assumes non-malicious key exchange and remains vulnerable to active MITM. Arbitrarily malicious colluding users/server deferred to full version. Aggregate output still reveals aggregate information and is not DP; dropout tolerance is not blanket participant-security.","area":"Secure aggregation protocols","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"bonawitz-et-al-federated-secure-aggregation-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ba68951-0798-4e97-a451-76ef4c1c4ae5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f12f067efc614ac18e9f6f63ea54285082e1c5e19c1d82819c0167171d8adfe"},"humans":["Keith Bonawitz","Vladimir Ivanov","Ben Kreuter","Antonio Marcedone","H. Brendan McMahan","Sarvar Patel","Daniel Ramage","Aaron Segal","Karn Seth"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1611-04482v1","title":"Practical Secure Aggregation for Federated Learning on User-Held Data","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04482v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"bonawitz-et-al-federated-secure-aggregation-2016","entry_id":"bonawitz-et-al-federated-secure-aggregation-2016","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ba68951-0798-4e97-a451-76ef4c1c4ae5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f12f067efc614ac18e9f6f63ea54285082e1c5e19c1d82819c0167171d8adfe"},"what_changed":"Combined pairwise pseudorandom masks, threshold secret sharing and double masking to recover sums of high-dimensional client updates despite dropouts while limiting disclosure of individual updates.","scope":"Combined pairwise pseudorandom masks, threshold secret sharing and double masking to recover sums of high-dimensional client updates despite dropouts while limiting disclosure of individual updates. Pinned 2016 workshop protocol, not an independently checked full 2017 CCS security proof. Different server threat models require different thresholds; practical unauthenticated bootstrap assumes non-malicious key exchange and remains vulnerable to active MITM. Arbitrarily malicious colluding users/server deferred to full version. Aggregate output still reveals aggregate information and is not DP; dropout tolerance is not blanket participant-security.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ba68951-0798-4e97-a451-76ef4c1c4ae5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f12f067efc614ac18e9f6f63ea54285082e1c5e19c1d82819c0167171d8adfe"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"eichner-daly-et-al-confidential-federated-compute-2024","title":"Confidential federated computation: policy-bound TEE processing and training","summary":"Connected encrypted client uploads to predeclared access policies, attested TEE workloads and a stateful key-management ledger; later training deployment added distributed Python execution and controlled recovery while optimizing device participation.","boundary":"Bundles 2024 architecture and 2026 training-system evolution with separate author sets. Unlike classical FedAvg, encrypted training examples may leave devices. Confidentiality/attestation and privacy accounting depend on TEE hardware, trusted code, policy and state continuity; side channels and hardware vulnerabilities remain outside stated protections. Open-source inspectability is not a formal proof that every workload implements DP. Arbitrary Python is responsible for anonymizing released results. Deployment/utility claims are provider-reported, not independently replayed.","area":"Confidential machine-learning systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"eichner-daly-et-al-confidential-federated-compute-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7e968bf2-2edd-4306-a40a-2614296a5829","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ea88ac975e036a6317b33da8ac8752cad66706bf3bfc2bf5cb8d25132aafb9bb"},"humans":["Hubert Eichner","Daniel Ramage","Kallista Bonawitz","Dzmitry Huba","Tiziano Santoro","Brett McLarnon","Timon Van Overveldt","Nova Fallen","Peter Kairouz","Albert Cheu","Katharine Daly","Adria Gascon","Marco Gruteser","Brendan McMahan","Yu Xiao","Zachary Garrett","Jianpeng Hou","Arun Ganesh","Yanxiang Zhang","Noriyuki Takahashi","Haicheng Sun","Yuanbo Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Bundles 2024 architecture and 2026 training-system evolution with separate author sets. Unlike classical FedAvg, encrypted training examples may leave devices. Confidentiality/attestation and privacy accounting depend on TEE hardware, trusted code, policy and state continuity; side channels and hardware vulnerabilities remain outside stated protections. Open-source inspectability is not a formal proof that every workload implements DP. Arbitrary Python is responsible for anonymizing released results. Deployment/utility claims are provider-reported, not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7e968bf2-2edd-4306-a40a-2614296a5829","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ea88ac975e036a6317b33da8ac8752cad66706bf3bfc2bf5cb8d25132aafb9bb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mcmahan-denisov-et-al-matrix-private-streams-2022","title":"Matrix-factorized private streams and optimized correlated-noise training","summary":"Recast continual-release private sums and momentum schedules as matrix mechanisms, analyzing Gaussian privacy under adaptive inputs and computing error-efficient factorizations with a fixed-point method.","boundary":"Original v1 has three authors; expanded v3 has five, adds adaptive-stream theory/application and a different title. Gaussian adaptive transfer requires a lower-triangular full-rank query and bounded transformed neighboring-stream sensitivity; not arbitrary noise. Factorization error optimality is within the stated mechanism/error class. Fixed-point convergence is proved locally while global behavior is numerical; single-pass adjacency cannot silently cover unrestricted repeated user participation.","area":"Private streaming and optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mcmahan-denisov-et-al-matrix-private-streams-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:67d178c5-5429-43d4-a176-bcf444c78d04","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5ed1ce0fe1bcb47af652bf8da8b709697c5a5bfdc94f6ff97c0c1b7a2a3f0001"},"humans":["H. Brendan McMahan","Keith Rush","Abhradeep Thakurta","Sergey Denisov","Adam Smith"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Original v1 has three authors; expanded v3 has five, adds adaptive-stream theory/application and a different title. Gaussian adaptive transfer requires a lower-triangular full-rank query and bounded transformed neighboring-stream sensitivity; not arbitrary noise. Factorization error optimality is within the stated mechanism/error class. Fixed-point convergence is proved locally while global behavior is numerical; single-pass adjacency cannot silently cover unrestricted repeated user participation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:67d178c5-5429-43d4-a176-bcf444c78d04","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5ed1ce0fe1bcb47af652bf8da8b709697c5a5bfdc94f6ff97c0c1b7a2a3f0001"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mironov-renyi-differential-privacy-2017","title":"Rényi differential privacy: divergence-based accounting and adaptive composition","summary":"Defined privacy via bounds on Rényi divergence between neighboring-input output distributions, preserving post-processing and additive same-order composition while supporting conversion to approximate DP.","boundary":"Inherits Rényi divergence, DP and earlier moment/concentrated-privacy analyses; not invention of those ingredients. Guarantees depend on adjacency and order/budget choices, and comparison to pure or approximate DP requires conversion, not identical epsilon values. Delta is not generally a literal probability that all privacy fails. This is a source-reported theory record, not independent proof or implementation certification.","area":"Privacy definitions and composition","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"mironov-renyi-differential-privacy-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e3da5319-ca81-499b-af62-c9af06df1cab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b200af3927cbd2a8ee9e940ec89d6eb62271cfc7d003e79f8c3b5d4704b1d2d0"},"humans":["Ilya Mironov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1702-07476v1","title":"Renyi Differential Privacy","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.07476v1"}],"points":"270000","published_grade":{"id":"mironov-renyi-differential-privacy-2017","entry_id":"mironov-renyi-differential-privacy-2017","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e3da5319-ca81-499b-af62-c9af06df1cab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b200af3927cbd2a8ee9e940ec89d6eb62271cfc7d003e79f8c3b5d4704b1d2d0"},"what_changed":"Defined privacy via bounds on Rényi divergence between neighboring-input output distributions, preserving post-processing and additive same-order composition while supporting conversion to approximate DP.","scope":"Defined privacy via bounds on Rényi divergence between neighboring-input output distributions, preserving post-processing and additive same-order composition while supporting conversion to approximate DP. Inherits Rényi divergence, DP and earlier moment/concentrated-privacy analyses; not invention of those ingredients. Guarantees depend on adjacency and order/budget choices, and comparison to pure or approximate DP requires conversion, not identical epsilon values. Delta is not generally a literal probability that all privacy fails. This is a source-reported theory record, not independent proof or implementation certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e3da5319-ca81-499b-af62-c9af06df1cab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b200af3927cbd2a8ee9e940ec89d6eb62271cfc7d003e79f8c3b5d4704b1d2d0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gopi-lee-wutschitz-prv-numerical-composition-2021","title":"PRV accounting: fast numerical composition with controlled approximation","summary":"Represented privacy curves using privacy-loss random variables and composed them by FFT convolution, with mean-preserving discretization and truncation/error control for accurate privacy accounting.","boundary":"Inherits privacy-loss distributions and prior Fourier accountants; not invention of DP or convolution. Optimal composition means the supplied privacy curves/mechanism class, not auditing a real training implementation. Accuracy depends on mesh, tail truncation and input curves. Near-square-root self-composition complexity has accuracy/log factors and is not all heterogeneous workloads or machine-verified floating-point soundness.","area":"Numerical differential-privacy accounting","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gopi-lee-wutschitz-prv-numerical-composition-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cec230e9-e443-4b1b-ac33-a0c562472a88","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ccbbd95d9f650d584a541c5b45cd5f1ca8c27ab778040278c7e331c3fb9c03bf"},"humans":["Sivakanth Gopi","Yin Tat Lee","Lukas Wutschitz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2106-02848v1","title":"Numerical Composition of Differential Privacy","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.02848v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"gopi-lee-wutschitz-prv-numerical-composition-2021","entry_id":"gopi-lee-wutschitz-prv-numerical-composition-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cec230e9-e443-4b1b-ac33-a0c562472a88","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ccbbd95d9f650d584a541c5b45cd5f1ca8c27ab778040278c7e331c3fb9c03bf"},"what_changed":"Represented privacy curves using privacy-loss random variables and composed them by FFT convolution, with mean-preserving discretization and truncation/error control for accurate privacy accounting.","scope":"Represented privacy curves using privacy-loss random variables and composed them by FFT convolution, with mean-preserving discretization and truncation/error control for accurate privacy accounting. Inherits privacy-loss distributions and prior Fourier accountants; not invention of DP or convolution. Optimal composition means the supplied privacy curves/mechanism class, not auditing a real training implementation. Accuracy depends on mesh, tail truncation and input curves. Near-square-root self-composition complexity has accuracy/log factors and is not all heterogeneous workloads or machine-verified floating-point soundness.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cec230e9-e443-4b1b-ac33-a0c562472a88","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ccbbd95d9f650d584a541c5b45cd5f1ca8c27ab778040278c7e331c3fb9c03bf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"alistarh-et-al-qsgd-quantization-2016","title":"QSGD: unbiased randomized gradient quantization and coding tradeoffs","summary":"Quantized stochastic gradients with controllable unbiased rounding and bounded second moments, then encoded the sparse/low-precision updates to trade communication against optimization iterations.","boundary":"Pinned original four-author 2016 version, not later expanded byline. Inherits SGD and 1-bit compression predecessors. Sublinear bits per iteration can require more iterations; communication-optimal claims concern specified convex/distributed models, not arbitrary deep networks or universally faster wall-clock training. Lossless coding is applied after lossy quantization, not lossless reconstruction of the original gradient.","area":"Distributed gradient communication","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"alistarh-et-al-qsgd-quantization-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de26b544-dc3d-4392-a640-913cf3603371","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1fd0965eaccec7a5aa8b2a918d81634973fb9b80d1ed42555f61727dca7ccf2b"},"humans":["Dan Alistarh","Jerry Z. Li","Ryota Tomioka","Milan Vojnovic"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1610-02132v1","title":"QSGD: Randomized Quantization for Communication-Optimal Stochastic Gradient Descent","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.02132v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"alistarh-et-al-qsgd-quantization-2016","entry_id":"alistarh-et-al-qsgd-quantization-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de26b544-dc3d-4392-a640-913cf3603371","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1fd0965eaccec7a5aa8b2a918d81634973fb9b80d1ed42555f61727dca7ccf2b"},"what_changed":"Quantized stochastic gradients with controllable unbiased rounding and bounded second moments, then encoded the sparse/low-precision updates to trade communication against optimization iterations.","scope":"Quantized stochastic gradients with controllable unbiased rounding and bounded second moments, then encoded the sparse/low-precision updates to trade communication against optimization iterations. Pinned original four-author 2016 version, not later expanded byline. Inherits SGD and 1-bit compression predecessors. Sublinear bits per iteration can require more iterations; communication-optimal claims concern specified convex/distributed models, not arbitrary deep networks or universally faster wall-clock training. Lossless coding is applied after lossy quantization, not lossless reconstruction of the original gradient.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de26b544-dc3d-4392-a640-913cf3603371","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1fd0965eaccec7a5aa8b2a918d81634973fb9b80d1ed42555f61727dca7ccf2b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wen-et-al-terngrad-2017","title":"TernGrad: stochastic ternary gradients for distributed training","summary":"Used scaled stochastic ternary gradients with shared scaling/parameter localization, plus layerwise quantization and clipping to reduce synchronization traffic in distributed training.","boundary":"Unbiased rounding assumes the specified unmodified gradient/scaler distribution; clipping changes the target estimator. Original convergence needs a single attracting minimum, summable-squared but non-summable steps and a stronger mixed-norm gradient bound, not arbitrary nonconvex neural loss. Aggregated multiworker gradients are not necessarily ternary; measured accuracy and modeled communication ratios are task/hardware-specific.","area":"Low-bit gradient communication","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wen-et-al-terngrad-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:037ec529-0281-4f20-a6c0-725ac0963cc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0f50160fe1d528c65a40cef44c758a0b459193dff98af9411858063060c53f22"},"humans":["Wei Wen","Cong Xu","Feng Yan","Chunpeng Wu","Yandan Wang","Yiran Chen","Hai Li"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1705-07878v1","title":"TernGrad: Ternary Gradients to Reduce Communication in Distributed Deep Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.07878v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"wen-et-al-terngrad-2017","entry_id":"wen-et-al-terngrad-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:037ec529-0281-4f20-a6c0-725ac0963cc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0f50160fe1d528c65a40cef44c758a0b459193dff98af9411858063060c53f22"},"what_changed":"Used scaled stochastic ternary gradients with shared scaling/parameter localization, plus layerwise quantization and clipping to reduce synchronization traffic in distributed training.","scope":"Used scaled stochastic ternary gradients with shared scaling/parameter localization, plus layerwise quantization and clipping to reduce synchronization traffic in distributed training. Unbiased rounding assumes the specified unmodified gradient/scaler distribution; clipping changes the target estimator. Original convergence needs a single attracting minimum, summable-squared but non-summable steps and a stronger mixed-norm gradient bound, not arbitrary nonconvex neural loss. Aggregated multiworker gradients are not necessarily ternary; measured accuracy and modeled communication ratios are task/hardware-specific.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:037ec529-0281-4f20-a6c0-725ac0963cc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0f50160fe1d528c65a40cef44c758a0b459193dff98af9411858063060c53f22"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bernstein-et-al-signsgd-majority-2018","title":"signSGD and Signum: sign updates and distributed majority aggregation","summary":"Analyzed sign-only stochastic updates and sign-of-momentum variants, with majority-vote worker aggregation for bidirectional low-bit communication.","boundary":"Inherits RPROP and 1-bit SGD. Rates concern stationarity under lower-bound/smoothness/variance and growing-batch settings; majority-vote speedup adds symmetric unimodal noise assumptions. Not convergence for every unbiased gradient distribution or global optimality. Companion error-feedback work gives explicit failure examples, retained as separate corrective theory rather than erased by the original abstract's broad wording.","area":"Sign-based distributed optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"bernstein-et-al-signsgd-majority-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:83a1d89c-032f-4a8a-a2e5-2ee8af406034","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:77c4421ebf1fbcddea2761ad93381a4d91ffc2182b0bcb9d7aa501dbc62dfae2"},"humans":["Jeremy Bernstein","Yu-Xiang Wang","Kamyar Azizzadenesheli","Anima Anandkumar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1802-04434v1","title":"signSGD: compressed optimisation for non-convex problems","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.04434v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"bernstein-et-al-signsgd-majority-2018","entry_id":"bernstein-et-al-signsgd-majority-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:83a1d89c-032f-4a8a-a2e5-2ee8af406034","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:77c4421ebf1fbcddea2761ad93381a4d91ffc2182b0bcb9d7aa501dbc62dfae2"},"what_changed":"Analyzed sign-only stochastic updates and sign-of-momentum variants, with majority-vote worker aggregation for bidirectional low-bit communication.","scope":"Analyzed sign-only stochastic updates and sign-of-momentum variants, with majority-vote worker aggregation for bidirectional low-bit communication. Inherits RPROP and 1-bit SGD. Rates concern stationarity under lower-bound/smoothness/variance and growing-batch settings; majority-vote speedup adds symmetric unimodal noise assumptions. Not convergence for every unbiased gradient distribution or global optimality. Companion error-feedback work gives explicit failure examples, retained as separate corrective theory rather than erased by the original abstract's broad wording.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:83a1d89c-032f-4a8a-a2e5-2ee8af406034","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:77c4421ebf1fbcddea2761ad93381a4d91ffc2182b0bcb9d7aa501dbc62dfae2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"karimireddy-et-al-error-feedback-compression-2019","title":"Error-feedback SGD: biased-compression counterexamples and residual correction","summary":"Exhibited convex failure cases for naive sign compression and used stored compression residuals in future updates, analyzing error-feedback SGD and scaled sign variants.","boundary":"Inherits earlier error-feedback implementations and convex analyses; contribution is broader corrective analysis/counterexamples, not invention of all feedback. Positive rates require a delta-approximate compressor, unbiased bounded-moment stochastic gradients and stated smoothness/convexity assumptions. Compression terms remain in higher-order smooth bounds and leading nonsmooth bounds; not arbitrary broken compressors or literally free computation/communication.","area":"Compressed stochastic optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"karimireddy-et-al-error-feedback-compression-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae6213e5-1911-4b37-affd-4528ded9e145","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e726c7a51d32f4e72b07acde92d049ecd159004a39f9082d62f66dac3a58ceeb"},"humans":["Sai Praneeth Karimireddy","Quentin Rebjock","Sebastian U. Stich","Martin Jaggi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1901-09847v1","title":"Error Feedback Fixes SignSGD and other Gradient Compression Schemes","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.09847v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"karimireddy-et-al-error-feedback-compression-2019","entry_id":"karimireddy-et-al-error-feedback-compression-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae6213e5-1911-4b37-affd-4528ded9e145","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e726c7a51d32f4e72b07acde92d049ecd159004a39f9082d62f66dac3a58ceeb"},"what_changed":"Exhibited convex failure cases for naive sign compression and used stored compression residuals in future updates, analyzing error-feedback SGD and scaled sign variants.","scope":"Exhibited convex failure cases for naive sign compression and used stored compression residuals in future updates, analyzing error-feedback SGD and scaled sign variants. Inherits earlier error-feedback implementations and convex analyses; contribution is broader corrective analysis/counterexamples, not invention of all feedback. Positive rates require a delta-approximate compressor, unbiased bounded-moment stochastic gradients and stated smoothness/convexity assumptions. Compression terms remain in higher-order smooth bounds and leading nonsmooth bounds; not arbitrary broken compressors or literally free computation/communication.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae6213e5-1911-4b37-affd-4528ded9e145","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e726c7a51d32f4e72b07acde92d049ecd159004a39f9082d62f66dac3a58ceeb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"vogels-karimireddy-jaggi-powersgd-2019","title":"PowerSGD: all-reduce-compatible low-rank gradient compression","summary":"Used warm-started subspace iteration to build low-rank gradient approximations compatible with all-reduce, combining them with residual feedback and momentum for practical distributed training.","boundary":"Inherits power iteration, low-rank compression and error feedback. One iteration is not guaranteed to equal the best SVD approximation for every gradient; warm-start quality and rank matter. Orthogonalization/compression add cost; vectors may remain uncompressed. Source-specific wall-clock gains are not universal network/hardware speedups or lossless gradients.","area":"Distributed training communication","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"vogels-karimireddy-jaggi-powersgd-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e1773a3-9651-4d32-aaff-c10f4c17158b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a234556b653063c79cd68016435bc25060cbe62796e83e9d208bc209cfd5009a"},"humans":["Thijs Vogels","Sai Praneeth Karimireddy","Martin Jaggi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1905-13727v1","title":"PowerSGD: Practical Low-Rank Gradient Compression for Distributed Optimization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.13727v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"vogels-karimireddy-jaggi-powersgd-2019","entry_id":"vogels-karimireddy-jaggi-powersgd-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e1773a3-9651-4d32-aaff-c10f4c17158b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a234556b653063c79cd68016435bc25060cbe62796e83e9d208bc209cfd5009a"},"what_changed":"Used warm-started subspace iteration to build low-rank gradient approximations compatible with all-reduce, combining them with residual feedback and momentum for practical distributed training.","scope":"Used warm-started subspace iteration to build low-rank gradient approximations compatible with all-reduce, combining them with residual feedback and momentum for practical distributed training. Inherits power iteration, low-rank compression and error feedback. One iteration is not guaranteed to equal the best SVD approximation for every gradient; warm-start quality and rank matter. Orthogonalization/compression add cost; vectors may remain uncompressed. Source-specific wall-clock gains are not universal network/hardware speedups or lossless gradients.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e1773a3-9651-4d32-aaff-c10f4c17158b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a234556b653063c79cd68016435bc25060cbe62796e83e9d208bc209cfd5009a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"karimireddy-et-al-scaffold-client-drift-2019","title":"SCAFFOLD: client/server control variates against federated drift","summary":"Corrected local stochastic updates using client and global control variates, updating both models and correction state to reduce drift from heterogeneous client objectives.","boundary":"Pinned 2019 six-author on-device version, before the 2020 conference form. Inherits control-variate/variance-reduction methods. Analyzed rates require specified smoothness, stochastic-oracle and convexity regimes; no arbitrary nonconvex global-optimum guarantee. Maintaining client correction state and extra communication impose costs, especially for rarely returning clients. No cryptographic or DP guarantee from optimization alone.","area":"Federated optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"karimireddy-et-al-scaffold-client-drift-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c919c17-6442-4d03-a3ef-85901007e4ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:86ad9886f60912f6da13fe7d16e7395415766da887f46a1ccf07bc92ed43ecbe"},"humans":["Sai Praneeth Karimireddy","Satyen Kale","Mehryar Mohri","Sashank J. Reddi","Sebastian U. Stich","Ananda Theertha Suresh"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1910-06378v1","title":"SCAFFOLD: Stochastic Controlled Averaging for On-Device Federated Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06378v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"karimireddy-et-al-scaffold-client-drift-2019","entry_id":"karimireddy-et-al-scaffold-client-drift-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c919c17-6442-4d03-a3ef-85901007e4ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:86ad9886f60912f6da13fe7d16e7395415766da887f46a1ccf07bc92ed43ecbe"},"what_changed":"Corrected local stochastic updates using client and global control variates, updating both models and correction state to reduce drift from heterogeneous client objectives.","scope":"Corrected local stochastic updates using client and global control variates, updating both models and correction state to reduce drift from heterogeneous client objectives. Pinned 2019 six-author on-device version, before the 2020 conference form. Inherits control-variate/variance-reduction methods. Analyzed rates require specified smoothness, stochastic-oracle and convexity regimes; no arbitrary nonconvex global-optimum guarantee. Maintaining client correction state and extra communication impose costs, especially for rarely returning clients. No cryptographic or DP guarantee from optimization alone.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c919c17-6442-4d03-a3ef-85901007e4ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:86ad9886f60912f6da13fe7d16e7395415766da887f46a1ccf07bc92ed43ecbe"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-et-al-fednova-objective-consistency-2020","title":"FedNova: normalized local updates for objective-consistent aggregation","summary":"Analyzed how unequal local update counts/solvers change implicit aggregation weights, and normalized accumulated local gradients before averaging to target the intended global objective.","boundary":"Consistency removes the specified surrogate-objective bias under modeled accumulation/sampling, not every source of non-IID drift, fairness or generalization failure. Rates need smoothness, stochastic-gradient and heterogeneity assumptions and suitable local learning rates. Permitted local solvers have the specified linear accumulation structure; arbitrary optimizers cannot be inserted without checking it.","area":"Heterogeneous federated optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wang-et-al-fednova-objective-consistency-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5791893c-3c2f-4c33-affc-6324f46f1fa2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65ba68ab83edb1400875367203c11a288b9db94717bd8cc614496aa99e2eaa5f"},"humans":["Jianyu Wang","Qinghua Liu","Hao Liang","Gauri Joshi","H. Vincent Poor"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2007-07481v1","title":"Tackling the Objective Inconsistency Problem in Heterogeneous Federated Optimization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.07481v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"wang-et-al-fednova-objective-consistency-2020","entry_id":"wang-et-al-fednova-objective-consistency-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5791893c-3c2f-4c33-affc-6324f46f1fa2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65ba68ab83edb1400875367203c11a288b9db94717bd8cc614496aa99e2eaa5f"},"what_changed":"Analyzed how unequal local update counts/solvers change implicit aggregation weights, and normalized accumulated local gradients before averaging to target the intended global objective.","scope":"Analyzed how unequal local update counts/solvers change implicit aggregation weights, and normalized accumulated local gradients before averaging to target the intended global objective. Consistency removes the specified surrogate-objective bias under modeled accumulation/sampling, not every source of non-IID drift, fairness or generalization failure. Rates need smoothness, stochastic-gradient and heterogeneity assumptions and suitable local learning rates. Permitted local solvers have the specified linear accumulation structure; arbitrary optimizers cannot be inserted without checking it.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5791893c-3c2f-4c33-affc-6324f46f1fa2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65ba68ab83edb1400875367203c11a288b9db94717bd8cc614496aa99e2eaa5f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sahu-li-et-al-fedprox-heterogeneity-2018","title":"FedProx: proximal local subproblems for heterogeneous federated optimization","summary":"Added a quadratic penalty around the broadcast model to local client objectives, allowing inexact local solutions while analyzing progress under a device-dissimilarity condition.","boundary":"Original 2018 front starts Anit Kumar Sahu then Tian Li, equal-contribution marked; later title/order not retroactively substituted. Inherits proximal regularization and FedAvg. Theory needs bounded local dissimilarity away from approximate stationarity and specified smoothness/solver accuracy; not convergence under arbitrary heterogeneous data, any proximal coefficient or unrestricted inexact solves.","area":"Federated optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"sahu-li-et-al-fedprox-heterogeneity-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7e6ec87-b749-4470-aa1c-c01072865fbd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64f2fc5bf6227270606849fa58586c7baca11facac204802996d8757f339ccfc"},"humans":["Anit Kumar Sahu","Tian Li","Maziar Sanjabi","Manzil Zaheer","Ameet Talwalkar","Virginia Smith"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1812-06127v1","title":"On the Convergence of Federated Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.06127v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"sahu-li-et-al-fedprox-heterogeneity-2018","entry_id":"sahu-li-et-al-fedprox-heterogeneity-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7e6ec87-b749-4470-aa1c-c01072865fbd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64f2fc5bf6227270606849fa58586c7baca11facac204802996d8757f339ccfc"},"what_changed":"Added a quadratic penalty around the broadcast model to local client objectives, allowing inexact local solutions while analyzing progress under a device-dissimilarity condition.","scope":"Added a quadratic penalty around the broadcast model to local client objectives, allowing inexact local solutions while analyzing progress under a device-dissimilarity condition. Original 2018 front starts Anit Kumar Sahu then Tian Li, equal-contribution marked; later title/order not retroactively substituted. Inherits proximal regularization and FedAvg. Theory needs bounded local dissimilarity away from approximate stationarity and specified smoothness/solver accuracy; not convergence under arbitrary heterogeneous data, any proximal coefficient or unrestricted inexact solves.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7e6ec87-b749-4470-aa1c-c01072865fbd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:64f2fc5bf6227270606849fa58586c7baca11facac204802996d8757f339ccfc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"reddi-et-al-fedopt-adaptive-server-2020","title":"FedOpt/FedAdam/FedYogi: adaptive server updates on federated model deltas","summary":"Separated client and server optimizers and treated average local model deltas as server pseudo-gradients, instantiating per-coordinate Adagrad, Adam and Yogi-style federated updates.","boundary":"Inherits the underlying optimizers and FedAvg, not their reinvention. Original v1 main analysis assumes full client participation, bounded gradients/variance/heterogeneity and controlled client steps; broader participation extensions are discussed separately. Nonconvex stationarity and empirical gains do not imply unbiased global gradients, arbitrary tuning robustness or global optima.","area":"Adaptive federated optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"reddi-et-al-fedopt-adaptive-server-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a132e04c-27cd-42b5-a0d8-f4818e5d273c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0b147564af0727642c106daf0133cf6ba2dbbe8fb4e6e6a2908442839a2cd58"},"humans":["Sashank J. Reddi","Zachary Charles","Manzil Zaheer","Zachary Garrett","Keith Rush","Jakub Konečný","Sanjiv Kumar","H. Brendan McMahan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2003-00295v1","title":"Adaptive Federated Optimization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.00295v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"reddi-et-al-fedopt-adaptive-server-2020","entry_id":"reddi-et-al-fedopt-adaptive-server-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a132e04c-27cd-42b5-a0d8-f4818e5d273c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0b147564af0727642c106daf0133cf6ba2dbbe8fb4e6e6a2908442839a2cd58"},"what_changed":"Separated client and server optimizers and treated average local model deltas as server pseudo-gradients, instantiating per-coordinate Adagrad, Adam and Yogi-style federated updates.","scope":"Separated client and server optimizers and treated average local model deltas as server pseudo-gradients, instantiating per-coordinate Adagrad, Adam and Yogi-style federated updates. Inherits the underlying optimizers and FedAvg, not their reinvention. Original v1 main analysis assumes full client participation, bounded gradients/variance/heterogeneity and controlled client steps; broader participation extensions are discussed separately. Nonconvex stationarity and empirical gains do not imply unbiased global gradients, arbitrary tuning robustness or global optima.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a132e04c-27cd-42b5-a0d8-f4818e5d273c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0b147564af0727642c106daf0133cf6ba2dbbe8fb4e6e6a2908442839a2cd58"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"karimireddy-et-al-mime-federated-optimizer-2020","title":"Mime/MimeLite: applying shared optimizer statistics within local updates","summary":"Used server-computed optimizer statistics during each client update, with an SVRG-style correction in Mime, to approximate centralized optimization while reducing client drift.","boundary":"Distinct from server-only FedOpt and persistent-client SCAFFOLD. Inherits variance reduction and centralized momentum/adaptive optimizers. The base method must decompose into the specified update/statistics maps; theory uses bounded gradient/Hessian dissimilarity and smoothness regimes. Mimicking does not mean identical centralized trajectories or guarantees for every optimizer, and extra full local-gradient work has a cost.","area":"Cross-device federated optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"karimireddy-et-al-mime-federated-optimizer-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:509fbfe1-fabd-441d-afca-63761f06264b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90bfadd81c07269264790a2154af8de2a89a0996c07e5caeec11f4a3d6ef3e6d"},"humans":["Sai Praneeth Karimireddy","Martin Jaggi","Satyen Kale","Mehryar Mohri","Sashank J. Reddi","Sebastian U. Stich","Ananda Theertha Suresh"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2008-03606v1","title":"Mime: Mimicking Centralized Stochastic Algorithms in Federated Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03606v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"karimireddy-et-al-mime-federated-optimizer-2020","entry_id":"karimireddy-et-al-mime-federated-optimizer-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:509fbfe1-fabd-441d-afca-63761f06264b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90bfadd81c07269264790a2154af8de2a89a0996c07e5caeec11f4a3d6ef3e6d"},"what_changed":"Used server-computed optimizer statistics during each client update, with an SVRG-style correction in Mime, to approximate centralized optimization while reducing client drift.","scope":"Used server-computed optimizer statistics during each client update, with an SVRG-style correction in Mime, to approximate centralized optimization while reducing client drift. Distinct from server-only FedOpt and persistent-client SCAFFOLD. Inherits variance reduction and centralized momentum/adaptive optimizers. The base method must decompose into the specified update/statistics maps; theory uses bounded gradient/Hessian dissimilarity and smoothness regimes. Mimicking does not mean identical centralized trajectories or guarantees for every optimizer, and extra full local-gradient work has a cost.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:509fbfe1-fabd-441d-afca-63761f06264b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:90bfadd81c07269264790a2154af8de2a89a0996c07e5caeec11f4a3d6ef3e6d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kairouz-et-al-dp-ftrl-no-sampling-2021","title":"DP-FTRL: correlated-noise private training without sampling amplification","summary":"Applied tree aggregation to clipped cumulative gradients in FTRL, using correlated noise across updates to obtain private online/deep learning without requiring privacy amplification by sampling or shuffling.","boundary":"Inherits FTRL, continual-release trees and prior private online learning. Privacy does not require convex losses, but regret/risk utility theorems do; momentum variant has empirical benefits without a formal regret guarantee in this version. Repeated participation/multiple passes require additional accounting, not unrestricted data reuse. Pinned v1 displays a 2025 cover date despite a 2021 arXiv release stamp; date anomaly recorded, not treated as later invention.","area":"Differentially private optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kairouz-et-al-dp-ftrl-no-sampling-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3ad85e2-21d2-4c9b-a546-cf4937464dac","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:099e0b07c7f946a7885a6c3f35236625594dfc3b5821d8d8e9cb2a705a22a327"},"humans":["Peter Kairouz","Brendan McMahan","Shuang Song","Om Thakkar","Abhradeep Thakurta","Zheng Xu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2103-00039v1","title":"Practical and Private (Deep) Learning without Sampling or Shuffling","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.00039v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"kairouz-et-al-dp-ftrl-no-sampling-2021","entry_id":"kairouz-et-al-dp-ftrl-no-sampling-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3ad85e2-21d2-4c9b-a546-cf4937464dac","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:099e0b07c7f946a7885a6c3f35236625594dfc3b5821d8d8e9cb2a705a22a327"},"what_changed":"Applied tree aggregation to clipped cumulative gradients in FTRL, using correlated noise across updates to obtain private online/deep learning without requiring privacy amplification by sampling or shuffling.","scope":"Applied tree aggregation to clipped cumulative gradients in FTRL, using correlated noise across updates to obtain private online/deep learning without requiring privacy amplification by sampling or shuffling. Inherits FTRL, continual-release trees and prior private online learning. Privacy does not require convex losses, but regret/risk utility theorems do; momentum variant has empirical benefits without a formal regret guarantee in this version. Repeated participation/multiple passes require additional accounting, not unrestricted data reuse. Pinned v1 displays a 2025 cover date despite a 2021 arXiv release stamp; date anomaly recorded, not treated as later invention.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3ad85e2-21d2-4c9b-a546-cf4937464dac","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:099e0b07c7f946a7885a6c3f35236625594dfc3b5821d8d8e9cb2a705a22a327"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"narang-micikevicius-et-al-mixed-precision-training-2017","title":"Mixed-precision training with FP32 master weights and loss scaling","summary":"Combined FP16 storage/computation, FP32 master updates and loss scaling to train tested neural networks with reduced activation bandwidth and memory while recovering higher-precision baselines.","boundary":"Scaling must avoid overflow and gradients are unscaled before updates or clipping. FP32 updates/accumulation remain; reduced storage does not mean every operation or model trains entirely in FP16. Reported accuracy/resource outcomes are task- and implementation-specific.","area":"Numerical machine-learning systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"narang-micikevicius-et-al-mixed-precision-training-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d8bf2d6e-91be-4aaa-abec-1d18209ed109","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da96438aaeba8297ea84091a0d81f7d1d5860ba315778db33106bfdfb4339b8d"},"humans":["Sharan Narang","Gregory Diamos","Erich Elsen","Paulius Micikevicius","Jonah Alben","David Garcia","Boris Ginsburg","Michael Houston","Oleksii Kuchaev","Ganesh Venkatesh","Hao Wu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1710-03740v1","title":"Mixed Precision Training","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740v1"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"narang-micikevicius-et-al-mixed-precision-training-2017","entry_id":"narang-micikevicius-et-al-mixed-precision-training-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d8bf2d6e-91be-4aaa-abec-1d18209ed109","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da96438aaeba8297ea84091a0d81f7d1d5860ba315778db33106bfdfb4339b8d"},"what_changed":"Combined FP16 storage/computation, FP32 master updates and loss scaling to train tested neural networks with reduced activation bandwidth and memory while recovering higher-precision baselines.","scope":"Combined FP16 storage/computation, FP32 master updates and loss scaling to train tested neural networks with reduced activation bandwidth and memory while recovering higher-precision baselines. Scaling must avoid overflow and gradients are unscaled before updates or clipping. FP32 updates/accumulation remain; reduced storage does not mean every operation or model trains entirely in FP16. Reported accuracy/resource outcomes are task- and implementation-specific.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d8bf2d6e-91be-4aaa-abec-1d18209ed109","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da96438aaeba8297ea84091a0d81f7d1d5860ba315778db33106bfdfb4339b8d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"micikevicius-et-al-fp8-interchange-2022","title":"FP8 E4M3/E5M2 interchange formats for deep learning","summary":"Specified complementary FP8 encodings and tensor-scale conventions, testing clipped FP8 inputs to matrix/convolution operations across training and inference models.","boundary":"E4M3 reassigns special-value patterns and lacks infinities; E5M2 follows IEEE-like special values. Experiments simulate FP8 tensor conversion while arithmetic and many outputs remain wider precision. Per-tensor scaling is required for some models and its optimization is outside the format specification; MobileNet v2 retained an accuracy gap. Not a claim that arbitrary networks use exclusively 8-bit arithmetic.","area":"Low-precision numerical formats","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"micikevicius-et-al-fp8-interchange-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1a8db58-2c72-4694-aecf-5900b3a93d0d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9cc276a196193593548b07c72f2168267d9baf0a3d957453b59e900480d9f8aa"},"humans":["Paulius Micikevicius","Dusan Stosic","Patrick Judd","John Kamalu","Stuart Oberman","Mohammad Shoeybi","Michael Siu","Hao Wu","Neil Burgess","Sangwon Ha","Richard Grisenthwaite","Marius Cornea","Alexander Heinecke","Naveen Mellempudi","Pradeep Dubey"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2209-05433v1","title":"FP8 Formats for Deep Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.05433v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"micikevicius-et-al-fp8-interchange-2022","entry_id":"micikevicius-et-al-fp8-interchange-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1a8db58-2c72-4694-aecf-5900b3a93d0d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9cc276a196193593548b07c72f2168267d9baf0a3d957453b59e900480d9f8aa"},"what_changed":"Specified complementary FP8 encodings and tensor-scale conventions, testing clipped FP8 inputs to matrix/convolution operations across training and inference models.","scope":"Specified complementary FP8 encodings and tensor-scale conventions, testing clipped FP8 inputs to matrix/convolution operations across training and inference models. E4M3 reassigns special-value patterns and lacks infinities; E5M2 follows IEEE-like special values. Experiments simulate FP8 tensor conversion while arithmetic and many outputs remain wider precision. Per-tensor scaling is required for some models and its optimization is outside the format specification; MobileNet v2 retained an accuracy gap. Not a claim that arbitrary networks use exclusively 8-bit arithmetic.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1a8db58-2c72-4694-aecf-5900b3a93d0d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9cc276a196193593548b07c72f2168267d9baf0a3d957453b59e900480d9f8aa"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jia-et-al-ipu-microbenchmarking-2019","title":"Citadel's microbenchmark characterization of the Graphcore IPU","summary":"Characterized the early IPU's tile-local SRAM, communication and arithmetic organization, publishing reproducible microbenchmark techniques and memory-bandwidth behavior under different load widths and block sizes.","boundary":"These four Citadel researchers characterized Graphcore hardware; they are not credited as its inventors. Graphcore supplied an early test system and reviewed the manuscript, while funding remained Citadel's. Local working sets, compiler/alignment, thread occupancy and workload shape constrain results; neither theoretical peaks nor local-memory tests establish universal end-to-end GPU superiority.","area":"AI-accelerator performance characterization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"jia-et-al-ipu-microbenchmarking-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:126fe14b-fa6a-4794-a478-1623e44ee1e8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0734d08339fec8a53516b9f6ba7cb3261a5137d6bf319bb38d4e568b9bca13ae"},"humans":["Zhe Jia","Blake Tillman","Marco Maggioni","Daniele P. Scarpazza"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1912-03413v1","title":"Dissecting the Graphcore IPU Architecture via Microbenchmarking","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.03413v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"jia-et-al-ipu-microbenchmarking-2019","entry_id":"jia-et-al-ipu-microbenchmarking-2019","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:126fe14b-fa6a-4794-a478-1623e44ee1e8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0734d08339fec8a53516b9f6ba7cb3261a5137d6bf319bb38d4e568b9bca13ae"},"what_changed":"Characterized the early IPU's tile-local SRAM, communication and arithmetic organization, publishing reproducible microbenchmark techniques and memory-bandwidth behavior under different load widths and block sizes.","scope":"Characterized the early IPU's tile-local SRAM, communication and arithmetic organization, publishing reproducible microbenchmark techniques and memory-bandwidth behavior under different load widths and block sizes. These four Citadel researchers characterized Graphcore hardware; they are not credited as its inventors. Graphcore supplied an early test system and reviewed the manuscript, while funding remained Citadel's. Local working sets, compiler/alignment, thread occupancy and workload shape constrain results; neither theoretical peaks nor local-memory tests establish universal end-to-end GPU superiority.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:126fe14b-fa6a-4794-a478-1623e44ee1e8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0734d08339fec8a53516b9f6ba7cb3261a5137d6bf319bb38d4e568b9bca13ae"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lee-et-al-snip-2018","title":"SNIP: data-dependent single-shot pruning at initialization","summary":"Estimated connection sensitivity through derivatives of multiplicative masks, retaining high-sensitivity weights before training the resulting sparse network.","boundary":"The criterion approximates discrete removal effects using an infinitesimal derivative at initialization and is a heuristic, not a global solution to constrained training. It uses task data; it is not data-free. High unstructured sparsity does not itself guarantee measured runtime acceleration or preserve accuracy on every architecture.","area":"Sparse neural-network training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lee-et-al-snip-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a88db7bf-aec7-43a4-ad01-a400592c9c38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b0253007deb66c6664b6488007c418fb23d310afb07953341071040c49ea8845"},"humans":["Namhoon Lee","Thalaiyasingam Ajanthan","Philip H. S. Torr"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1810-02340v1","title":"SNIP: Single-shot Network Pruning based on Connection Sensitivity","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.02340v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"lee-et-al-snip-2018","entry_id":"lee-et-al-snip-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a88db7bf-aec7-43a4-ad01-a400592c9c38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b0253007deb66c6664b6488007c418fb23d310afb07953341071040c49ea8845"},"what_changed":"Estimated connection sensitivity through derivatives of multiplicative masks, retaining high-sensitivity weights before training the resulting sparse network.","scope":"Estimated connection sensitivity through derivatives of multiplicative masks, retaining high-sensitivity weights before training the resulting sparse network. The criterion approximates discrete removal effects using an infinitesimal derivative at initialization and is a heuristic, not a global solution to constrained training. It uses task data; it is not data-free. High unstructured sparsity does not itself guarantee measured runtime acceleration or preserve accuracy on every architecture.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a88db7bf-aec7-43a4-ad01-a400592c9c38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b0253007deb66c6664b6488007c418fb23d310afb07953341071040c49ea8845"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-et-al-grasp-2020","title":"GraSP: pruning before training by gradient-signal preservation","summary":"Used Hessian-gradient products at initialization to score weight removals by their first-order effect on gradient norm, then trained the selected sparse subnetwork.","boundary":"This is a data-dependent pruning heuristic. Neural-tangent-kernel discussion motivates trainability but constant-kernel/infinite-width conditions do not prove finite-network accuracy or globally optimal masks. It differs from SNIP's immediate-loss sensitivity; all reported training comparisons remain benchmark-specific.","area":"Sparse neural-network training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wang-et-al-grasp-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:71719c12-9a96-4100-ae80-e95dac78c504","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:765f53b132bab8c497a2644c51ce128cab2b1f02107c4229bb0b72d338560904"},"humans":["Chaoqi Wang","Guodong Zhang","Roger Grosse"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2002-07376v1","title":"Picking Winning Tickets Before Training by Preserving Gradient Flow","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.07376v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"wang-et-al-grasp-2020","entry_id":"wang-et-al-grasp-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:71719c12-9a96-4100-ae80-e95dac78c504","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:765f53b132bab8c497a2644c51ce128cab2b1f02107c4229bb0b72d338560904"},"what_changed":"Used Hessian-gradient products at initialization to score weight removals by their first-order effect on gradient norm, then trained the selected sparse subnetwork.","scope":"Used Hessian-gradient products at initialization to score weight removals by their first-order effect on gradient norm, then trained the selected sparse subnetwork. This is a data-dependent pruning heuristic. Neural-tangent-kernel discussion motivates trainability but constant-kernel/infinite-width conditions do not prove finite-network accuracy or globally optimal masks. It differs from SNIP's immediate-loss sensitivity; all reported training comparisons remain benchmark-specific.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:71719c12-9a96-4100-ae80-e95dac78c504","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:765f53b132bab8c497a2644c51ce128cab2b1f02107c4229bb0b72d338560904"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tanaka-et-al-synflow-2020","title":"SynFlow: data-free iterative pruning with conserved synaptic-flow scores","summary":"Derived saliency conservation relations for homogeneous feedforward networks and used positive flow scores with iterative pruning to reduce premature whole-layer collapse without training data.","boundary":"Conservation assumes the stated homogeneous feedforward setting. The maximal-critical-compression theorem requires positive conservative scores re-evaluated for every removal; practical finite batches of pruning are not automatically the same theorem. Avoiding an empty layer is not a theorem of useful accuracy, connected information flow in arbitrary architectures or hardware speedup. Empirical finite schedules are reported separately.","area":"Sparse neural-network training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"tanaka-et-al-synflow-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:342bf97a-f9a2-4afb-ad01-f357a11d0366","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb5a4f0566fde18614b235a20865f3664455746e88124c6c28febb851f667e0b"},"humans":["Hidenori Tanaka","Daniel Kunin","Daniel L. K. Yamins","Surya Ganguli"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2006-05467v1","title":"Pruning neural networks without any data by iteratively conserving synaptic flow","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.05467v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"tanaka-et-al-synflow-2020","entry_id":"tanaka-et-al-synflow-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:342bf97a-f9a2-4afb-ad01-f357a11d0366","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb5a4f0566fde18614b235a20865f3664455746e88124c6c28febb851f667e0b"},"what_changed":"Derived saliency conservation relations for homogeneous feedforward networks and used positive flow scores with iterative pruning to reduce premature whole-layer collapse without training data.","scope":"Derived saliency conservation relations for homogeneous feedforward networks and used positive flow scores with iterative pruning to reduce premature whole-layer collapse without training data. Conservation assumes the stated homogeneous feedforward setting. The maximal-critical-compression theorem requires positive conservative scores re-evaluated for every removal; practical finite batches of pruning are not automatically the same theorem. Avoiding an empty layer is not a theorem of useful accuracy, connected information flow in arbitrary architectures or hardware speedup. Empirical finite schedules are reported separately.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:342bf97a-f9a2-4afb-ad01-f357a11d0366","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb5a4f0566fde18614b235a20865f3664455746e88124c6c28febb851f667e0b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liu-et-al-network-slimming-2017","title":"Network slimming through sparse channel-scale learning","summary":"Applied sparsity penalties to channel scaling factors, notably batch-normalization gamma, then removed low-scale channels and fine-tuned the narrower dense network.","boundary":"Inherits channel pruning, batch normalization and sparsity regularization. Training, pruning and fine-tuning remain necessary; the search changes layer widths rather than discovering arbitrary architectures. Residual/pre-activation networks require channel-selection handling. Smaller operation counts do not prescribe identical latency gains across platforms.","area":"Structured neural-network compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-et-al-network-slimming-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f50de7b9-7a32-4c95-a22a-f8fc602f64b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ab5411f7cc22ddcc16235fe65ace99d57e3a5224234f71de87f434b9a16eb884"},"humans":["Zhuang Liu","Jianguo Li","Zhiqiang Shen","Gao Huang","Shoumeng Yan","Changshui Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1708-06519v1","title":"Learning Efficient Convolutional Networks through Network Slimming","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.06519v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-et-al-network-slimming-2017","entry_id":"liu-et-al-network-slimming-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f50de7b9-7a32-4c95-a22a-f8fc602f64b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ab5411f7cc22ddcc16235fe65ace99d57e3a5224234f71de87f434b9a16eb884"},"what_changed":"Applied sparsity penalties to channel scaling factors, notably batch-normalization gamma, then removed low-scale channels and fine-tuned the narrower dense network.","scope":"Applied sparsity penalties to channel scaling factors, notably batch-normalization gamma, then removed low-scale channels and fine-tuned the narrower dense network. Inherits channel pruning, batch normalization and sparsity regularization. Training, pruning and fine-tuning remain necessary; the search changes layer widths rather than discovering arbitrary architectures. Residual/pre-activation networks require channel-selection handling. Smaller operation counts do not prescribe identical latency gains across platforms.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f50de7b9-7a32-4c95-a22a-f8fc602f64b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ab5411f7cc22ddcc16235fe65ace99d57e3a5224234f71de87f434b9a16eb884"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"li-et-al-filter-pruning-2016","title":"Structured CNN filter pruning by weight magnitude","summary":"Ranked trained convolutional filters by absolute weight sums and removed corresponding feature maps and downstream kernels, producing smaller dense operations rather than isolated sparse weights.","boundary":"Filter magnitude is a practical proxy, with layer sensitivity and pruning ratios empirically selected. Greedy multi-layer selection is not globally optimal and residual links impose structural constraints. Accuracy recovery and speed depend on retraining, architecture and implementation, not only nominal filter/FLOP reductions.","area":"Structured neural-network compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"li-et-al-filter-pruning-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c871c12-eca3-4d6c-a4ae-723b8c1c3b03","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcdc4f69a2bbf97af6fee840e15c2c58ffe4d6b8ef9a7fee99d24887c4de45a3"},"humans":["Hao Li","Asim Kadav","Igor Durdanovic","Hanan Samet","Hans Peter Graf"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1608-08710v1","title":"Pruning Filters for Efficient ConvNets","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.08710v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"li-et-al-filter-pruning-2016","entry_id":"li-et-al-filter-pruning-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c871c12-eca3-4d6c-a4ae-723b8c1c3b03","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcdc4f69a2bbf97af6fee840e15c2c58ffe4d6b8ef9a7fee99d24887c4de45a3"},"what_changed":"Ranked trained convolutional filters by absolute weight sums and removed corresponding feature maps and downstream kernels, producing smaller dense operations rather than isolated sparse weights.","scope":"Ranked trained convolutional filters by absolute weight sums and removed corresponding feature maps and downstream kernels, producing smaller dense operations rather than isolated sparse weights. Filter magnitude is a practical proxy, with layer sensitivity and pruning ratios empirically selected. Greedy multi-layer selection is not globally optimal and residual links impose structural constraints. Accuracy recovery and speed depend on retraining, architecture and implementation, not only nominal filter/FLOP reductions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c871c12-eca3-4d6c-a4ae-723b8c1c3b03","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcdc4f69a2bbf97af6fee840e15c2c58ffe4d6b8ef9a7fee99d24887c4de45a3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"luo-et-al-thinet-2017","title":"ThiNet: next-layer reconstruction for structured channel pruning","summary":"Selected channels using sampled next-layer responses and a greedy reconstruction objective, then pruned corresponding filters and fine-tuned the narrowed network.","boundary":"Retaining network structure means topology, not unchanged channel counts. Reconstruction selection is NP-hard and the implemented greedy solution is suboptimal; sampled reconstruction is not exact function preservation or a guarantee of classification accuracy. Training data, fine-tuning and deployment kernels remain part of the cost.","area":"Structured neural-network compression","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"luo-et-al-thinet-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f715bc20-d3d0-445c-a67b-4028ccbdfdd3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb6d0bebfe855a40eae2f77aa256082ae2c1b7e5c821d8bbad9311f5c5507959"},"humans":["Jian-Hao Luo","Jianxin Wu","Weiyao Lin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1707-06342v1","title":"ThiNet: A Filter Level Pruning Method for Deep Neural Network Compression","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06342v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"luo-et-al-thinet-2017","entry_id":"luo-et-al-thinet-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f715bc20-d3d0-445c-a67b-4028ccbdfdd3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb6d0bebfe855a40eae2f77aa256082ae2c1b7e5c821d8bbad9311f5c5507959"},"what_changed":"Selected channels using sampled next-layer responses and a greedy reconstruction objective, then pruned corresponding filters and fine-tuned the narrowed network.","scope":"Selected channels using sampled next-layer responses and a greedy reconstruction objective, then pruned corresponding filters and fine-tuned the narrowed network. 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Determinism pertains to the compiled model, instruction/data schedule and stated hardware conditions, not arbitrary external services or all workloads. Original2020 ISCA implementation only; inaccessible2022 scale-out extension is not silently included. Source is an author-uploaded reproduction, not a new2022 publication or independently reproduced benchmark.","area":"Deterministically scheduled AI accelerators","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"abts-et-al-groq-tsp-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b2dff19f-3c10-441b-a942-692a2c7bd2a0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9bee5827293b04142de549d1041036a3b05624869e103009eb2b14bf608eb421"},"humans":["Dennis Abts","Jonathan Ross","Jonathan Sparling","Mark Wong-VanHaren","Max Baker","Tom Hawkins","Andrew Bell","John Thompson","Temesghen Kahsai","Garrin Kimmell","Jennifer Hwang","Rebekah Leslie-Hurd","Michael Bye","E. R. 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No biological modelling or medical outcome is catalogued; approximate sparse-coding gains do not imply superiority at arbitrary numerical tolerance.","area":"Programmable AI accelerators","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"davies-orchard-et-al-loihi-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb82eb49-9073-4e8a-a8e5-9acc25001abe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b3b9287a51ad6f6e5a4a80ccef1b9f6d02c61888a92f07ef304f5d87b60aeb52"},"humans":["Mike Davies","Narayan Srinivasa","Tsung-Han Lin","Gautham Chinya","Yongqiang Cao","Sri Harsha Choday","Georgios Dimou","Prasad Joshi","Nabil Imam","Shweta Jain","Yuyun Liao","Chit-Kwan Lin","Andrew Lines","Ruokun Liu","Deepak Mathaikutty","Steve McCoy","Arnab Paul","Jonathan Tse","Guruguhanathan Venkataramanan","Yi-Hsin Weng","Andreas Wild","Yoonseok Yang","Hong Wang","Garrick Orchard","E. Paxon Frady","Daniel Ben Dayan Rubin","Sophia Sanborn","Sumit Bam Shrestha","Friedrich T. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2506-12708v1","title":"Serving Large Language Models on Huawei CloudMatrix384","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.12708v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"zuo-et-al-cloudmatrix-infer-2025","entry_id":"zuo-et-al-cloudmatrix-infer-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:68557670-e9ba-4c2e-ab71-0bc5bd062f46","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e9adda09aa61537cd1126964fc8b3ef547e61f37e3a523d56ef9bd8caf55fd2"},"what_changed":"Co-designed a Unified-Bus supernode with independently scalable prefill, decode and caching pools, exploiting direct remote-memory access and expert-parallel serving for large MoE models.","scope":"Co-designed a Unified-Bus supernode with independently scalable prefill, decode and caching pools, exploiting direct remote-memory access and expert-parallel serving for large MoE models. Prefill/decode separation, MoE and cache pooling have predecessors; contribution is the specified hardware/software integration. Network numbers can be per die rather than per dual-die NPU and unidirectional rather than bidirectional. Provider comparisons vary latency SLO, concurrency, precision, parallelism and hardware; no universal accuracy/throughput claim or independent replay. Original46-person Huawei/SiliconFlow affiliations are preserved.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:68557670-e9ba-4c2e-ab71-0bc5bd062f46","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e9adda09aa61537cd1126964fc8b3ef547e61f37e3a523d56ef9bd8caf55fd2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kalamkar-et-al-bfloat-training-study-2019","title":"Cross-domain BFLOAT16 mixed-training methodology and empirical study","summary":"Developed Quantlib-based BFLOAT16 emulation and mixed-precision dataflow, testing broad training workloads with round-to-nearest-even conversion, FP32 accumulation and master updates.","boundary":"BFLOAT16 itself and earlier hardware use are inherited, not invented by this study. Wide exponent range avoids FP16-style loss scaling in tested runs, not a theorem of universal convergence or preserved numerical precision. Bias/master weights and accumulation remain FP32; emulated-format accuracy does not independently measure native-hardware speed or energy.","area":"Numerical machine-learning systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"kalamkar-et-al-bfloat-training-study-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:87da1fd0-e1f7-4f80-ade5-37f890946c0b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee9ee33d45b73da219686be7974cef58a8ca6d12e782d1e25a795628be77cd88"},"humans":["Dhiraj Kalamkar","Dheevatsa Mudigere","Naveen Mellempudi","Dipankar Das","Kunal Banerjee","Sasikanth Avancha","Dharma Teja Vooturi","Nataraj Jammalamadaka","Jianyu Huang","Hector Yuen","Jiyan Yang","Jongsoo Park","Alexander Heinecke","Evangelos Georganas","Sudarshan Srinivasan","Abhisek Kundu","Misha Smelyanskiy","Bharat Kaul","Pradeep Dubey"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1905-12322v1","title":"A Study of BFLOAT16 for Deep Learning Training","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12322v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"kalamkar-et-al-bfloat-training-study-2019","entry_id":"kalamkar-et-al-bfloat-training-study-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:87da1fd0-e1f7-4f80-ade5-37f890946c0b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee9ee33d45b73da219686be7974cef58a8ca6d12e782d1e25a795628be77cd88"},"what_changed":"Developed Quantlib-based BFLOAT16 emulation and mixed-precision dataflow, testing broad training workloads with round-to-nearest-even conversion, FP32 accumulation and master updates.","scope":"Developed Quantlib-based BFLOAT16 emulation and mixed-precision dataflow, testing broad training workloads with round-to-nearest-even conversion, FP32 accumulation and master updates. BFLOAT16 itself and earlier hardware use are inherited, not invented by this study. Wide exponent range avoids FP16-style loss scaling in tested runs, not a theorem of universal convergence or preserved numerical precision. 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Early multi-level MX designs and later concrete32-element E8M0-scale formats are not silently identical. Quantization/transposition do not commute; vector operations, outputs and master updates remain wider precision. Reported results emulate formats, with distinct direct-cast/PTQ/fine-tuned/training settings; a sample conversion is not the only standards-compliant recipe.","area":"Block-scaled numerical formats","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"rouhani-et-al-shared-microexponents-microscaling-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42c6fcdd-1394-4238-a9f9-cf122645b2ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a7899cb5c5433af6271442e21cc7d5957bb849bbebe2e40f47a5cf8916a425ac"},"humans":["Bita Rouhani","Ritchie Zhao","Venmugil Elango","Rasoul Shafipour","Mathew Hall","Maral Mesmakhosroshahi","Ankit More","Levi Melnick","Maximilian Golub","Girish Varatkar","Lei Shao","Gaurav Kolhe","Dimitry Melts","Jasmine Klar","Renee L'Heureux","Matt Perry","Doug Burger","Eric Chung","Zhaoxia Deng","Sam Naghshineh","Jongsoo Park","Maxim Naumov","Bita Darvish Rouhani","Alireza Khodamoradi","Summer Deng","Dhruv Choudhary","Marius Cornea","Eric Dellinger","Kristof Denolf","Stosic Dusan","Alexander Heinecke","Phil James-Roxby","Dharmesh Jani","Martin Langhammer","Ada Li","Andres Rodriguez","Michael Schulte","Michael Siu","Pradeep Dubey","Paulius Micikevicius","Colin Verilli","Ralph Wittig"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2302-08007v1","title":"Shared Microexponents: A Little Shifting Goes a Long Way","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.08007v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2310-10537v1","title":"Microscaling Data Formats for Deep Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.10537v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"rouhani-et-al-shared-microexponents-microscaling-2023","entry_id":"rouhani-et-al-shared-microexponents-microscaling-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42c6fcdd-1394-4238-a9f9-cf122645b2ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a7899cb5c5433af6271442e21cc7d5957bb849bbebe2e40f47a5cf8916a425ac"},"what_changed":"Explored block data representations and fine-scale shared exponents, then evaluated an open microscaling-format family with compact elements and shared scaling across training/inference benchmarks.","scope":"Explored block data representations and fine-scale shared exponents, then evaluated an open microscaling-format family with compact elements and shared scaling across training/inference benchmarks. Two2023papers have22/32source-name positions; name variants are retained source-specifically, not identity-resolved. Early multi-level MX designs and later concrete32-element E8M0-scale formats are not silently identical. Quantization/transposition do not commute; vector operations, outputs and master updates remain wider precision. Reported results emulate formats, with distinct direct-cast/PTQ/fine-tuned/training settings; a sample conversion is not the only standards-compliant recipe.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:42c6fcdd-1394-4238-a9f9-cf122645b2ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a7899cb5c5433af6271442e21cc7d5957bb849bbebe2e40f47a5cf8916a425ac"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"graphcore-ipu-poplar-architecture-2017","title":"Graphcore IPU/Poplar: local-memory graph execution with BSP coordination","summary":"Designed fine-grained processors with distributed on-chip SRAM and compiler-mapped static graph programs, coordinating local computation and exchange through bulk-synchronous execution.","boundary":"Original2017 technical account is prelaunch design disclosure, not a verified shipment or benchmark report. BSP, graph partitioning and recomputation are inherited; finite SRAM and compiler balancing/communication costs remain. Claims of arbitrary-algorithm superiority, perfect interconnects or unconditional freedom from every race/deadlock are not adopted. Simon Knowles is the account's author, not a complete chip-inventor list; corporate authorship retained.","area":"Memory-local AI architecture","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"graphcore-ipu-poplar-architecture-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:533787ae-098b-4649-a190-128d4a8502c9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a5f86981f854eba03eb37bb98b1a5bc8c45f0ea5ecb86a4cb60b416f82e00740"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-graphcore-ipu-design-2017","title":"How to build a processor for machine intelligence (part2)","url":"https://www.graphcore.ai/posts/how-to-build-a-processor-for-machine-intelligence-part-2"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"graphcore-ipu-poplar-architecture-2017","entry_id":"graphcore-ipu-poplar-architecture-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:533787ae-098b-4649-a190-128d4a8502c9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a5f86981f854eba03eb37bb98b1a5bc8c45f0ea5ecb86a4cb60b416f82e00740"},"what_changed":"Designed fine-grained processors with distributed on-chip SRAM and compiler-mapped static graph programs, coordinating local computation and exchange through bulk-synchronous execution.","scope":"Designed fine-grained processors with distributed on-chip SRAM and compiler-mapped static graph programs, coordinating local computation and exchange through bulk-synchronous execution. Original2017 technical account is prelaunch design disclosure, not a verified shipment or benchmark report. BSP, graph partitioning and recomputation are inherited; finite SRAM and compiler balancing/communication costs remain. Claims of arbitrary-algorithm superiority, perfect interconnects or unconditional freedom from every race/deadlock are not adopted. Simon Knowles is the account's author, not a complete chip-inventor list; corporate authorship retained.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:533787ae-098b-4649-a190-128d4a8502c9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a5f86981f854eba03eb37bb98b1a5bc8c45f0ea5ecb86a4cb60b416f82e00740"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liao-et-al-davinci-architecture-2019","title":"Huawei DaVinci: heterogeneous scalar/vector/cube architecture","summary":"Combined scalar control, vector processing and cube matrix engines with explicit memory transfers, configurable core sizes and hierarchy-aware resource balancing.","boundary":"Original HotChips2019four-person technical presentation, not the seven-author expanded2021 HPCA paper. Provider design/peak-area comparisons are scoped to chosen configurations, not universal system benchmarks. Matrix/vector balance, bandwidth, scratchpad capacity and software mapping constrain efficiency. This is Huawei DaVinci, not unrelated photonic architectures also named ASCEND.","area":"Scalable neural-compute architecture","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"liao-et-al-davinci-architecture-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81780270-477e-4bb3-ac18-46bf4c66e751","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b2b8804375c79664a88b9ab4b0dba6ab107422fe4f98adef7b2037c82ee205f"},"humans":["Heng Liao","Jiajin Tu","Jing Xia","Xiping Zhou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-huawei-davinci-hotchips-2019","title":"DaVinci: A Scalable Architecture for Neural Network Computing","url":"https://old.hotchips.org/hc31/HC31_1.11_Huawei.Davinci.HengLiao_v4.0.pdf"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"liao-et-al-davinci-architecture-2019","entry_id":"liao-et-al-davinci-architecture-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81780270-477e-4bb3-ac18-46bf4c66e751","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b2b8804375c79664a88b9ab4b0dba6ab107422fe4f98adef7b2037c82ee205f"},"what_changed":"Combined scalar control, vector processing and cube matrix engines with explicit memory transfers, configurable core sizes and hierarchy-aware resource balancing.","scope":"Combined scalar control, vector processing and cube matrix engines with explicit memory transfers, configurable core sizes and hierarchy-aware resource balancing. Original HotChips2019four-person technical presentation, not the seven-author expanded2021 HPCA paper. Provider design/peak-area comparisons are scoped to chosen configurations, not universal system benchmarks. Matrix/vector balance, bandwidth, scratchpad capacity and software mapping constrain efficiency. This is Huawei DaVinci, not unrelated photonic architectures also named ASCEND.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81780270-477e-4bb3-ac18-46bf4c66e751","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b2b8804375c79664a88b9ab4b0dba6ab107422fe4f98adef7b2037c82ee205f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chen-et-al-diannao-2014","title":"DianNao: memory-aware compact neural-network accelerator","summary":"Co-designed pipelined neural arithmetic with separate input/output/weight buffers and locality-aware tiling, reporting a compact65nm post-layout inference accelerator including external-memory cost analysis.","boundary":"Original ICT–Inria academic work, not retroactively a Cambricon company product or the invention of every neural accelerator. Results are synthesized/place-and-route and simulated workload analyses, not a fabricated production chip or independently replayed measurement. Supports the studied feedforward convolution/classifier/pooling workloads; training was future work. Accuracy and speed depend on fixed-point choice, memory traffic and selected layers.","area":"Neural-accelerator architecture","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"chen-et-al-diannao-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8658ff4-6dee-42d7-a634-f78c79f77678","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6a09b0c8b9b98e08ac1571bc05321673bc4d5a0c4c7530da0ccdf8a921188689"},"humans":["Tianshi Chen","Zidong Du","Ninghui Sun","Jia Wang","Chengyong Wu","Yunji Chen","Olivier Temam"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-diannao-asplos-2014","title":"DianNao: A Small-Footprint High-Throughput Accelerator for Ubiquitous Machine-Learning","url":"https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spring16/cos598F/p269-chen.pdf"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"chen-et-al-diannao-2014","entry_id":"chen-et-al-diannao-2014","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8658ff4-6dee-42d7-a634-f78c79f77678","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6a09b0c8b9b98e08ac1571bc05321673bc4d5a0c4c7530da0ccdf8a921188689"},"what_changed":"Co-designed pipelined neural arithmetic with separate input/output/weight buffers and locality-aware tiling, reporting a compact65nm post-layout inference accelerator including external-memory cost analysis.","scope":"Co-designed pipelined neural arithmetic with separate input/output/weight buffers and locality-aware tiling, reporting a compact65nm post-layout inference accelerator including external-memory cost analysis. Original ICT–Inria academic work, not retroactively a Cambricon company product or the invention of every neural accelerator. Results are synthesized/place-and-route and simulated workload analyses, not a fabricated production chip or independently replayed measurement. Supports the studied feedforward convolution/classifier/pooling workloads; training was future work. Accuracy and speed depend on fixed-point choice, memory traffic and selected layers.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8658ff4-6dee-42d7-a634-f78c79f77678","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6a09b0c8b9b98e08ac1571bc05321673bc4d5a0c4c7530da0ccdf8a921188689"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhao-et-al-recd-2022","title":"RecD: session-aware feature deduplication across recommendation training","summary":"Coalesced session samples across logging, ETL and training, introducing inverse-keyed jagged tensors that share repeated feature values while retaining inverse mappings to their training examples.","boundary":"Deduplicates repeated features, not independent labels or arbitrary examples. Session grouping changes ordering and requires pipeline support; efficiency depends on actual session reuse and feature distributions. Reported storage, preprocessing and training gains are different metrics on selected industrial workloads.","area":"Recommendation training infrastructure","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhao-et-al-recd-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eeb75c07-1597-4107-a466-2d1aca5997de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54d01826b02f02fae945896ee878020712616ce11a00ab17370e99cad887590d"},"humans":["Mark Zhao","Dhruv Choudhary","Devashish Tyagi","Ajay Somani","Max Kaplan","Sung-Han Lin","Sarunya Pumma","Jongsoo Park","Aarti Basant","Niket Agarwal","Carole-Jean Wu","Christos Kozyrakis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2211-05239v1","title":"RecD: Deduplication for End-to-End Deep Learning Recommendation Model Training Infrastructure","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.05239v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"zhao-et-al-recd-2022","entry_id":"zhao-et-al-recd-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eeb75c07-1597-4107-a466-2d1aca5997de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54d01826b02f02fae945896ee878020712616ce11a00ab17370e99cad887590d"},"what_changed":"Coalesced session samples across logging, ETL and training, introducing inverse-keyed jagged tensors that share repeated feature values while retaining inverse mappings to their training examples.","scope":"Coalesced session samples across logging, ETL and training, introducing inverse-keyed jagged tensors that share repeated feature values while retaining inverse mappings to their training examples. Deduplicates repeated features, not independent labels or arbitrary examples. Session grouping changes ordering and requires pipeline support; efficiency depends on actual session reuse and feature distributions. 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Sampled distributions and cost estimates may drift; profiling and re-sharding have costs. Distinct from FlexShard's sequence-embedding communication and selective-replication problem.","area":"Recommendation memory systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"sethi-et-al-recshard-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f90c7f53-999e-4989-a727-07fa188dd18a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be3543407d6f55c7d390207cbf670252632e0516096a6d607e352814179b1424"},"humans":["Geet Sethi","Bilge Acun","Niket Agarwal","Christos Kozyrakis","Caroline Trippel","Carole-Jean Wu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2201-10095v1","title":"RecShard: Statistical Feature-Based Memory Optimization for Industry-Scale Neural Recommendation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10095v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"sethi-et-al-recshard-2022","entry_id":"sethi-et-al-recshard-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f90c7f53-999e-4989-a727-07fa188dd18a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be3543407d6f55c7d390207cbf670252632e0516096a6d607e352814179b1424"},"what_changed":"Profiled hashed embedding access distributions, pooling and coverage to formulate a mixed-integer placement problem balancing GPU work while allocating embedding rows between high-bandwidth and host memory.","scope":"Profiled hashed embedding access distributions, pooling and coverage to formulate a mixed-integer placement problem balancing GPU work while allocating embedding rows between high-bandwidth and host memory. Optimality concerns the stated cost proxy and capacities, not arbitrary real execution time. Sampled distributions and cost estimates may drift; profiling and re-sharding have costs. 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Linearity of expected accessed rows does not require row independence. Nearly sixfold improvement concerns training communication latency, not universal whole-training throughput. Production datasets and selected 32-GPU topology constrain generalization.","area":"Recommendation communication systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"sethi-et-al-flexshard-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d5fbd329-5a4b-49fd-ab78-aa804c034670","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:396c9fca4439c4c265735b53fad2d30530e3bf34835f8a4ea6b016720e0b3f69"},"humans":["Geet Sethi","Pallab Bhattacharya","Dhruv Choudhary","Carole-Jean Wu","Christos Kozyrakis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2301-02959v1","title":"FlexShard: Flexible Sharding for Industry-Scale Sequence Recommendation Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02959v1"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"sethi-et-al-flexshard-2023","entry_id":"sethi-et-al-flexshard-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d5fbd329-5a4b-49fd-ab78-aa804c034670","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:396c9fca4439c4c265735b53fad2d30530e3bf34835f8a4ea6b016720e0b3f69"},"what_changed":"Used row access probabilities and marginal memory/communication costs to combine replicated and row-sharded embeddings; a third strategy shards within a node while replicating across nodes to exploit network tiers.","scope":"Used row access probabilities and marginal memory/communication costs to combine replicated and row-sharded embeddings; a third strategy shards within a node while replicating across nodes to exploit network tiers. Memory-neutrality and cost trade-offs are relative to the specified row-wise baseline and analytical distribution/topology model. Linearity of expected accessed rows does not require row independence. Nearly sixfold improvement concerns training communication latency, not universal whole-training throughput. Production datasets and selected 32-GPU topology constrain generalization.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d5fbd329-5a4b-49fd-ab78-aa804c034670","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:396c9fca4439c4c265735b53fad2d30530e3bf34835f8a4ea6b016720e0b3f69"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mudigere-et-al-neo-zionex-2021","title":"Neo/ZionEX: co-designed distributed recommendation training","summary":"Combined table/row/column/data-parallel embedding placement, fused sparse operators, hierarchical memory and a dedicated scale-out network in a PyTorch-based training stack for very large recommendation models.","boundary":"One2021 preprint/2022 publication family, with the expanded2023-stamped v7 byline retained separately. Four-dimensional embedding parallelism is not WLB-LLM's DP/TP/PP/CP scheme. Placement uses cost models and heuristics rather than globally optimal observed runtime; column sharding can affect row-wise optimizer semantics. Reported speed and model capacity are configuration-specific.","area":"Distributed recommendation training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mudigere-et-al-neo-zionex-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:400e5070-8da1-4a64-a592-13522eb9d09e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:347fc2d5c78835d6bb68e06eb8dce68bf074d7699eed7a110dd37b11cc7e953e"},"humans":["Dheevatsa Mudigere","Yuchen Hao","Jianyu Huang","Andrew Tulloch","Srinivas Sridharan","Xing Liu","Mustafa Ozdal","Jade Nie","Jongsoo Park","Liang Luo","Jie (Amy) Yang","Leon Gao","Dmytro Ivchenko","Aarti Basant","Yuxi Hu","Jiyan Yang","Ehsan K. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2104-05158v1","title":"High-performance, Distributed Training of Large-scale Deep Learning Recommendation Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.05158v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2104-05158v7","title":"Software-Hardware Co-design for Fast and Scalable Training of Deep Learning Recommendation Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.05158v7"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"mudigere-et-al-neo-zionex-2021","entry_id":"mudigere-et-al-neo-zionex-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:400e5070-8da1-4a64-a592-13522eb9d09e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:347fc2d5c78835d6bb68e06eb8dce68bf074d7699eed7a110dd37b11cc7e953e"},"what_changed":"Combined table/row/column/data-parallel embedding placement, fused sparse operators, hierarchical memory and a dedicated scale-out network in a PyTorch-based training stack for very large recommendation models.","scope":"Combined table/row/column/data-parallel embedding placement, fused sparse operators, hierarchical memory and a dedicated scale-out network in a PyTorch-based training stack for very large recommendation models. One2021 preprint/2022 publication family, with the expanded2023-stamped v7 byline retained separately. Four-dimensional embedding parallelism is not WLB-LLM's DP/TP/PP/CP scheme. Placement uses cost models and heuristics rather than globally optimal observed runtime; column sharding can affect row-wise optimizer semantics. Reported speed and model capacity are configuration-specific.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:400e5070-8da1-4a64-a592-13522eb9d09e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:347fc2d5c78835d6bb68e06eb8dce68bf074d7699eed7a110dd37b11cc7e953e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhang-et-al-dhen-2022","title":"DHEN: hierarchical ensembles of heterogeneous feature interactions","summary":"Stacked ensembles of complementary feature-interaction modules with shared feature processing and residual information flow, paired with hybrid sharded training to support deeper click-prediction models.","boundary":"Reuses established attention, convolution, DLRM, DCN, FSDP and checkpointing components. Its contribution is their heterogeneous interaction hierarchy and associated training design, not invention of those components. Normalized-entropy improvement is not a revenue or absolute click-through-rate gain; results are empirical.","area":"Recommendation architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhang-et-al-dhen-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f79cedd5-0933-4e7b-aedb-54a5a34e59ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:237cc1d8ac8d9adf9833b23e268358c1e078992518aff551bfb26e8ad35329e2"},"humans":["Buyun Zhang","Liang Luo","Xi Liu","Jay Li","Zeliang Chen","Weilin Zhang","Xiaohan Wei","Yuchen Hao","Michael Tsang","Wenjun Wang","Yang Liu","Huayu Li","Yasmine Badr","Jongsoo Park","Jiyan Yang","Dheevatsa Mudigere","Ellie Wen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2203-11014v1","title":"DHEN: A Deep and Hierarchical Ensemble Network for Large-Scale Click-Through Rate Prediction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11014v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-et-al-dhen-2022","entry_id":"zhang-et-al-dhen-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f79cedd5-0933-4e7b-aedb-54a5a34e59ab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:237cc1d8ac8d9adf9833b23e268358c1e078992518aff551bfb26e8ad35329e2"},"what_changed":"Stacked ensembles of complementary feature-interaction modules with shared feature processing and residual information flow, paired with hybrid sharded training to support deeper click-prediction models.","scope":"Stacked ensembles of complementary feature-interaction modules with shared feature processing and residual information flow, paired with hybrid sharded training to support deeper click-prediction models. Reuses established attention, convolution, DLRM, DCN, FSDP and checkpointing components. Its contribution is their heterogeneous interaction hierarchy and associated training design, not invention of those components. 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Low-rank interaction compression depends on dimensions and learned projections; the interaction-order explanation does not certify learning every interaction. Distinct from DHEN's heterogeneous-module ensemble; inherited factorization machines and residual normalization are not new here.","area":"Recommendation architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhang-et-al-wukong-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f3750f65-1fb3-41bf-a832-1ca82dfbe6a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22cc88cd471c9646ee65d404aa055c412b0235d7bb29317b898a209a503639ff"},"humans":["Buyun Zhang","Liang Luo","Yuxin Chen","Jade Nie","Xi Liu","Daifeng Guo","Yanli Zhao","Shen Li","Yuchen Hao","Yantao Yao","Guna Lakshminarayanan","Ellie Dingqiao Wen","Jongsoo Park","Maxim Naumov","Wenlin Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2403-02545v1","title":"Wukong: Towards a Scaling Law for Large-Scale Recommendation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.02545v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-et-al-wukong-2024","entry_id":"zhang-et-al-wukong-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f3750f65-1fb3-41bf-a832-1ca82dfbe6a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22cc88cd471c9646ee65d404aa055c412b0235d7bb29317b898a209a503639ff"},"what_changed":"Combined factorization-machine interaction blocks, learned low-rank projections and linear compression blocks in a residual stack, with coordinated depth/width scaling for large recommendation datasets.","scope":"Combined factorization-machine interaction blocks, learned low-rank projections and linear compression blocks in a residual stack, with coordinated depth/width scaling for large recommendation datasets. Empirical scaling over the tested compute/model/data ranges is not an all-scale law. Low-rank interaction compression depends on dimensions and learned projections; the interaction-order explanation does not certify learning every interaction. 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Stochastic-length compute savings alter sampled histories and have empirical quality checks, not universal accuracy preservation. Power-law scaling and online A/B metrics are source-reported on selected systems; comparisons with LLM compute do not establish identical tasks or training regimes.","area":"Sequential recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhai-et-al-hstu-generative-recommenders-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:29ecf4c4-df46-45d7-af89-f529bf448fa6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a9d48115be444daadce23c9282e926bd4c510d85f562a6d157a9fe48b27d7e7f"},"humans":["Jiaqi Zhai","Lucy Liao","Xing Liu","Yueming Wang","Rui Li","Xuan Cao","Leon Gao","Zhaojie Gong","Fangda Gu","Michael He","Yinghai Lu","Yu Shi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2402-17152v1","title":"Actions Speak Louder than Words: Trillion-Parameter Sequential Transducers for Generative Recommendations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.17152v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"zhai-et-al-hstu-generative-recommenders-2024","entry_id":"zhai-et-al-hstu-generative-recommenders-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:29ecf4c4-df46-45d7-af89-f529bf448fa6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a9d48115be444daadce23c9282e926bd4c510d85f562a6d157a9fe48b27d7e7f"},"what_changed":"Reformulated recommendation around sequentially unified user actions and introduced HSTU blocks with pointwise aggregated attention, multiplicative gating, ragged fused kernels and stochastic sequence-length training.","scope":"Reformulated recommendation around sequentially unified user actions and introduced HSTU blocks with pointwise aggregated attention, multiplicative gating, ragged fused kernels and stochastic sequence-length training. Attention uses SiLU/normalization rather than softmax; feature and streaming assumptions matter. Stochastic-length compute savings alter sampled histories and have empirical quality checks, not universal accuracy preservation. Power-law scaling and online A/B metrics are source-reported on selected systems; comparisons with LLM compute do not establish identical tasks or training regimes.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:29ecf4c4-df46-45d7-af89-f529bf448fa6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a9d48115be444daadce23c9282e926bd4c510d85f562a6d157a9fe48b27d7e7f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"khudia-et-al-fbgemm-2021","title":"FBGEMM: fused quantized inference kernels with runtime specialization","summary":"Fused quantization-related packing, row-offset computation and output processing with CPU matrix multiplication, using shape-specific runtime code generation and cached kernels to accelerate inference.","boundary":"2021 is the cited technical-report release, not a claim that deployment or kernel work began then. This report concerns CPU FBGEMM, not all later FBGEMM_GPU work. It leaves threading orchestration to callers; INT16 accumulation can overflow and needs the stated handling. Speed and accuracy depend on shape, hardware and quantization.","area":"Low-precision CPU inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"khudia-et-al-fbgemm-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c274a197-cf8e-4431-a59a-8ae1f28642eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d580dc9ff18aa925fbdee9630e504e3803387a5323c384d17d9e5a4b6fc8741a"},"humans":["Daya Khudia","Jianyu Huang","Protonu Basu","Summer Deng","Haixin Liu","Jongsoo Park","Mikhail Smelyanskiy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2101-05615v1","title":"FBGEMM: Enabling High-Performance Low-Precision Deep Learning Inference","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.05615v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"khudia-et-al-fbgemm-2021","entry_id":"khudia-et-al-fbgemm-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c274a197-cf8e-4431-a59a-8ae1f28642eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d580dc9ff18aa925fbdee9630e504e3803387a5323c384d17d9e5a4b6fc8741a"},"what_changed":"Fused quantization-related packing, row-offset computation and output processing with CPU matrix multiplication, using shape-specific runtime code generation and cached kernels to accelerate inference.","scope":"Fused quantization-related packing, row-offset computation and output processing with CPU matrix multiplication, using shape-specific runtime code generation and cached kernels to accelerate inference. 2021 is the cited technical-report release, not a claim that deployment or kernel work began then. This report concerns CPU FBGEMM, not all later FBGEMM_GPU work. It leaves threading orchestration to callers; INT16 accumulation can overflow and needs the stated handling. Speed and accuracy depend on shape, hardware and quantization.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c274a197-cf8e-4431-a59a-8ae1f28642eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d580dc9ff18aa925fbdee9630e504e3803387a5323c384d17d9e5a4b6fc8741a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"feng-et-al-dlrm-dual-lossy-compression-2024","title":"Adaptive error-bounded compression for recommendation all-to-all traffic","summary":"Combined GPU vector-aware LZ/entropy compression with table-wise and iteration-wise error-bound adjustment for embedding lookups and gradients communicated during distributed recommendation training.","boundary":"Pointwise reconstruction error bounds do not establish general training convergence or accuracy preservation. Compression overhead and distribution changes matter. Communication acceleration is distinct from end-to-end training speedup; reported small quality loss is dataset/model-specific.","area":"Distributed recommendation communication","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"feng-et-al-dlrm-dual-lossy-compression-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b5c43e5d-0c44-4a87-ab26-563a05fcb59f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51871abf1f8e5fea6c9f53837f5a169b1d0bf50b4eb8aa6e060006b596b4fc65"},"humans":["Hao Feng","Boyuan Zhang","Fanjiang Ye","Min Si","Ching-Hsiang Chu","Jiannan Tian","Chunxing Yin","Zhaoxia (Summer) Deng","Yuchen Hao","Pavan Balaji","Tong Geng","Dingwen Tao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2407-04272v1","title":"Accelerating Communication in Deep Learning Recommendation Model Training with Dual-Level Adaptive Lossy Compression","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.04272v1"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"feng-et-al-dlrm-dual-lossy-compression-2024","entry_id":"feng-et-al-dlrm-dual-lossy-compression-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b5c43e5d-0c44-4a87-ab26-563a05fcb59f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51871abf1f8e5fea6c9f53837f5a169b1d0bf50b4eb8aa6e060006b596b4fc65"},"what_changed":"Combined GPU vector-aware LZ/entropy compression with table-wise and iteration-wise error-bound adjustment for embedding lookups and gradients communicated during distributed recommendation training.","scope":"Combined GPU vector-aware LZ/entropy compression with table-wise and iteration-wise error-bound adjustment for embedding lookups and gradients communicated during distributed recommendation training. Pointwise reconstruction error bounds do not establish general training convergence or accuracy preservation. Compression overhead and distribution changes matter. Communication acceleration is distinct from end-to-end training speedup; reported small quality loss is dataset/model-specific.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b5c43e5d-0c44-4a87-ab26-563a05fcb59f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51871abf1f8e5fea6c9f53837f5a169b1d0bf50b4eb8aa6e060006b596b4fc65"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-et-al-wlb-llm-2025","title":"WLB-LLM: workload-aware packing and document sharding for 4D training","summary":"Balanced packed-document training using profiled compute/communication costs, variable-length micro-batches and delayed outlier documents, alongside per-document context sharding to address pipeline and context imbalance.","boundary":"Document attention work is not determined by token count alone. Packing is heuristic under memory and delay constraints; delaying long documents changes sample timing and may affect data randomness. Reported balance and speedups are measured for selected configurations, not an exact globally optimal schedule for every model.","area":"Large-model distributed training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wang-et-al-wlb-llm-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:38ecd37c-b693-4877-a16d-1d7a11c2fbbf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:94958663193cfe5c45b705a53807fdaa1cce0dd8606ffd0b6c1facbfe01a78cb"},"humans":["Zheng Wang","Anna Cai","Xinfeng Xie","Zaifeng Pan","Yue Guan","Weiwei Chu","Jie Wang","Shikai Li","Jianyu Huang","Chris Cai","Yuchen Hao","Yufei Ding"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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New jobs may wait for on-demand data movement. External resource assignments, quotas, preemption and freshness policies remain constraints; observed overload reduction is not a universal optimality theorem.","area":"Geo-distributed ML infrastructure","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"choudhury-et-al-mast-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f56a3789-bec2-4a8b-a0b3-efeff87cc3ae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:45e7a76468b9dda5011a74d8f442b32198fcf91da2058ed09a5f040d81675bfe"},"humans":["Arnab Choudhury","Yang Wang","Tuomas Pelkonen","Kutta Srinivasan","Abha Jain","Shenghao Lin","Delia David","Siavash Soleimanifard","Michael Chen","Abhishek Yadav","Ritesh Tijoriwala","Denis Samoylov","Chunqiang Tang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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The home-region formulation uses historical usage estimates, soft GPU balancing and hard storage/CPU constraints; home and replica placement are not solved jointly. New jobs may wait for on-demand data movement. 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Fingerprints generate candidates but do not prove equivalence. The finite generated basis and hierarchical search do not establish globally optimal training runtime. Extends TASO/FlexFlow rather than inventing all graph rewriting or parallelization.","area":"Distributed machine-learning compilers","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"unger-et-al-unity-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ac1d5b0d-682b-4880-a093-36f1361f02ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:998c769e6a96abb08d41424ad0ad5dfff4019f5a9b5cd2a51dfefb541435be5c"},"humans":["Colin Unger","Zhihao Jia","Wei Wu","Sina Lin","Mandeep Baines","Carlos Efrain Quintero Narvaez","Vinay Ramakrishnaiah","Nirmal Prajapati","Pat McCormick","Jamaludin Mohd-Yusof","Xi Luo","Dheevatsa Mudigere","Jongsoo Park","Misha Smelyanskiy","Alex Aiken"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-unity-osdi-2022","title":"Unity: Accelerating DNN Training Through Joint Optimization of Algebraic Transformations and Parallelization","url":"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi22-unger.pdf"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"unger-et-al-unity-2022","entry_id":"unger-et-al-unity-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ac1d5b0d-682b-4880-a093-36f1361f02ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:998c769e6a96abb08d41424ad0ad5dfff4019f5a9b5cd2a51dfefb541435be5c"},"what_changed":"Represented computation and communication in parallel computation graphs, generated small algebraic/parallel substitutions from operator specifications, checked them with an automated prover and searched their compositions hierarchically.","scope":"Represented computation and communication in parallel computation graphs, generated small algebraic/parallel substitutions from operator specifications, checked them with an automated prover and searched their compositions hierarchically. Verification is relative to supplied operator axioms, not an independently replayed proof of arbitrary floating-point execution. Fingerprints generate candidates but do not prove equivalence. The finite generated basis and hierarchical search do not establish globally optimal training runtime. 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Quantization is lossy, so preserved tested quality does not mean bitwise-identical resumed training. Historical checkpoint-size prediction and sampled quantization tuning are heuristics, not guarantees for all failure patterns or distributions.","area":"Training resilience and checkpointing","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"eisenman-et-al-check-n-run-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6424fc1a-22ea-4008-a4da-a74a9ebafa1f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8260662d2923213434c4d6f59cc88e5b65dee281ac8dc0cdd6d84ca554cc1f2"},"humans":["Assaf Eisenman","Kiran Kumar Matam","Steven Ingram","Dheevatsa Mudigere","Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi","Krishnakumar Nair","Misha Smelyanskiy","Murali Annavaram"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Atomic GPU-to-host snapshots still impose coordination/stall costs; overlapping checkpoints are constrained. Quantization is lossy, so preserved tested quality does not mean bitwise-identical resumed training. 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Monitoring/coordinator costs and nonstationary accesses matter. Smaller deployed tables and empirical quality gains are separate from RecShard/FlexShard placement of a fixed table.","area":"Adaptive recommendation embeddings","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lai-et-al-adaembed-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f9297b0-31e5-4efb-a2f2-9a919717aa60","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d5480b3fe70e3f24e4ea1254a48335d11fec7964a2f0eb7491e9fa2af412770a"},"humans":["Fan Lai","Wei Zhang","Rui Liu","William Tsai","Xiaohan Wei","Yuxi Hu","Sabin Devkota","Jianyu Huang","Jongsoo Park","Xing Liu","Zeliang Chen","Ellie Wen","Paul Rivera","Jie You","Chun-cheng Jason Chen","Mosharaf Chowdhury"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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One renamed/revised preprint family: original AutoOverlap v1 has five authors, Syncopate v4 six. Requires annotations and a supplied/imported/template communication plan; it does not infer every global parallel plan from nothing. Backend/topology/tuning costs remain. The v4 abstract says overlap around one fused compute kernel, not that all communication must be inside a single kernel.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c4e9cce-b184-4e5e-a704-de5b4be1d576","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:331180415092b069436cb50d9ca03127c0e442ebf2a4b1bd03c20c859bb50c40"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"guan-et-al-mercury-2025","title":"Mercury: remote-memory scheduling for multi-GPU operators","summary":"Introduced a loop-based communication IR treating remote GPU memory as schedulable storage, with parallelize, shift, shard and replicate transformations and autotuned multi-GPU operator schedules.","boundary":"The available anonymous technical preprint and the named authorship source are separate documents. Equivalence with the final proceedings version and its exact benchmark details is unconfirmed. Reuses established ring/Ulysses strategies; no all-operator coverage or global optimum is claimed.","area":"Multi-GPU operator compilers","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"guan-et-al-mercury-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:008f38a2-9439-4ee1-ab8c-11746441627f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:989476c4070ba09a7dc3e69f718bad2bcbc148e9a5e183009f06a5cc2e605283"},"humans":["Yue Guan","Xinwei Qiang","Zaifeng Pan","Daniels Johnson","Yuanwei Fang","Keren Zhou","Yuke Wang","Wanlu Li","Yufei Ding","Adnan Aziz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-mercury-author-linked-preprint","title":"Mercury: Unlocking Multi-GPU Operator Optimization for LLMs via Remote Memory Scheduling — author-linked anonymous preprint","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/yuke_profile/sosp25ae-paper4.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-mercury-author-publication-page","title":"Keren Zhou — Mercury publication and complete byline","url":"https://www.jokeren.tech/publication/guan-2025-mercury/"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"guan-et-al-mercury-2025","entry_id":"guan-et-al-mercury-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:008f38a2-9439-4ee1-ab8c-11746441627f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:989476c4070ba09a7dc3e69f718bad2bcbc148e9a5e183009f06a5cc2e605283"},"what_changed":"Introduced a loop-based communication IR treating remote GPU memory as schedulable storage, with parallelize, shift, shard and replicate transformations and autotuned multi-GPU operator schedules.","scope":"Introduced a loop-based communication IR treating remote GPU memory as schedulable storage, with parallelize, shift, shard and replicate transformations and autotuned multi-GPU operator schedules. The available anonymous technical preprint and the named authorship source are separate documents. Equivalence with the final proceedings version and its exact benchmark details is unconfirmed. Reuses established ring/Ulysses strategies; no all-operator coverage or global optimum is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:008f38a2-9439-4ee1-ab8c-11746441627f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:989476c4070ba09a7dc3e69f718bad2bcbc148e9a5e183009f06a5cc2e605283"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ma-et-al-mmoe-2018","title":"MMoE: task-specific gates over shared expert networks","summary":"Assigned a separate input-dependent gating network to each task while sharing expert subnetworks, letting different prediction towers use different mixtures of learned representations.","boundary":"Extends mixture-of-experts for task-relationship modeling; it does not invent MoE or sparse conditional execution. Softmax mixtures need not select only one expert. Reduced negative transfer and trainability gains are empirical for studied task correlations, not guarantees for all task pairs.","area":"Multi-task recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ma-et-al-mmoe-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:867d372d-1825-4bf9-a9b9-a2fc78553d4b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bbbef9687037dbe891347c413953dab2d177adda190ddd2763d7bd4238706b50"},"humans":["Jiaqi Ma","Zhe Zhao","Xinyang Yi","Jilin Chen","Lichan Hong","Ed H. Chi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-mmoe-kdd-2018","title":"Modeling Task Relationships in Multi-task Learning with Multi-gate Mixture-of-Experts","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wzhe06/Reco-papers/master/Multi-Task/%5BMMoE%5D%20Modeling%20Task%20Relationships%20in%20Multi-task%20Learning%20with%20Multi-gate%20Mixture-of-Experts.pdf"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ma-et-al-mmoe-2018","entry_id":"ma-et-al-mmoe-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:867d372d-1825-4bf9-a9b9-a2fc78553d4b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bbbef9687037dbe891347c413953dab2d177adda190ddd2763d7bd4238706b50"},"what_changed":"Assigned a separate input-dependent gating network to each task while sharing expert subnetworks, letting different prediction towers use different mixtures of learned representations.","scope":"Assigned a separate input-dependent gating network to each task while sharing expert subnetworks, letting different prediction towers use different mixtures of learned representations. Extends mixture-of-experts for task-relationship modeling; it does not invent MoE or sparse conditional execution. Softmax mixtures need not select only one expert. Reduced negative transfer and trainability gains are empirical for studied task correlations, not guarantees for all task pairs.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:867d372d-1825-4bf9-a9b9-a2fc78553d4b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bbbef9687037dbe891347c413953dab2d177adda190ddd2763d7bd4238706b50"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tang-et-al-ple-2020","title":"PLE: progressive separation of shared and task-specific experts","summary":"Separated shared and task-specific expert groups and stacked gated extraction networks, progressively routing lower-level shared knowledge into higher-level task-specific representations.","boundary":"CGC and its progressive PLE extension are one contribution family. This architecture targets harmful sharing but does not prove elimination of negative transfer or all multi-objective trade-offs. Online view/watch gains are platform experiments, not universal user satisfaction or revenue guarantees.","area":"Multi-task recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"tang-et-al-ple-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad784396-1578-4761-a2c2-b3c546281404","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7121e3e8c3b3e027082f77ad6ec7ab1a1cd3bb57af93567b230c18766098108"},"humans":["Hongyan Tang","Junning Liu","Ming Zhao","Xudong Gong"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-ple-recsys-2020","title":"Progressive Layered Extraction (PLE): A Novel Multi-Task Learning (MTL) Model for Personalized Recommendations","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/datawhalechina/torch-rechub/main/docs/public/pdf/2020%20%28Tencent%29%20%28Recsys%29%20%5BPLE%5D%20Progressive%20Layered%20.pdf"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"tang-et-al-ple-2020","entry_id":"tang-et-al-ple-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad784396-1578-4761-a2c2-b3c546281404","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7121e3e8c3b3e027082f77ad6ec7ab1a1cd3bb57af93567b230c18766098108"},"what_changed":"Separated shared and task-specific expert groups and stacked gated extraction networks, progressively routing lower-level shared knowledge into higher-level task-specific representations.","scope":"Separated shared and task-specific expert groups and stacked gated extraction networks, progressively routing lower-level shared knowledge into higher-level task-specific representations. CGC and its progressive PLE extension are one contribution family. This architecture targets harmful sharing but does not prove elimination of negative transfer or all multi-objective trade-offs. Online view/watch gains are platform experiments, not universal user satisfaction or revenue guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad784396-1578-4761-a2c2-b3c546281404","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7121e3e8c3b3e027082f77ad6ec7ab1a1cd3bb57af93567b230c18766098108"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ma-et-al-esmm-2018","title":"ESMM: joint click and post-click conversion modeling over impressions","summary":"Trained click and joint click–conversion objectives over all impressions using a multiplicative probability decomposition and shared embeddings, avoiding direct unstable division of separately learned small probabilities.","boundary":"The sequential click-before-conversion labeling assumption and positive click support matter. Full-impression training does not by itself certify unbiased counterfactual conversion estimates or eliminate all finite-sample selection effects; delayed feedback is explicitly outside the paper's focus. Original v1 has placeholder DOI and a2022 copyright anomaly despite its2018 arXiv identity; these are not treated as valid publication identifiers.","area":"Conversion-rate recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ma-et-al-esmm-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:91e0031b-cf2d-456a-a2fc-2f32e46b35be","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93daad3f4d3eb377878993a8f452b85dcd6078f36f064f71576f34e7e1e8b002"},"humans":["Xiao Ma","Liqin Zhao","Guan Huang","Zhi Wang","Zelin Hu","Xiaoqiang Zhu","Kun Gai"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1804-07931v1","title":"Entire Space Multi-Task Model: An Effective Approach for Estimating Post-Click Conversion Rate","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.07931v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ma-et-al-esmm-2018","entry_id":"ma-et-al-esmm-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:91e0031b-cf2d-456a-a2fc-2f32e46b35be","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93daad3f4d3eb377878993a8f452b85dcd6078f36f064f71576f34e7e1e8b002"},"what_changed":"Trained click and joint click–conversion objectives over all impressions using a multiplicative probability decomposition and shared embeddings, avoiding direct unstable division of separately learned small probabilities.","scope":"Trained click and joint click–conversion objectives over all impressions using a multiplicative probability decomposition and shared embeddings, avoiding direct unstable division of separately learned small probabilities. The sequential click-before-conversion labeling assumption and positive click support matter. Full-impression training does not by itself certify unbiased counterfactual conversion estimates or eliminate all finite-sample selection effects; delayed feedback is explicitly outside the paper's focus. Original v1 has placeholder DOI and a2022 copyright anomaly despite its2018 arXiv identity; these are not treated as valid publication identifiers.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:91e0031b-cf2d-456a-a2fc-2f32e46b35be","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93daad3f4d3eb377878993a8f452b85dcd6078f36f064f71576f34e7e1e8b002"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ying-et-al-pinsage-2018","title":"PinSage: random-walk sampled graph convolutions at recommendation scale","summary":"Combined visit-count-weighted neighborhood sampling, shared local graph convolutions, CPU–GPU minibatch production and distributed embedding inference to train and serve recommendation embeddings on a large pin–board graph.","boundary":"Builds on GraphSAGE and prior graph convolutions rather than inventing graph neural learning. Sampled neighborhoods trade coverage for bounded work; performance and engagement lifts are source-reported for selected Pinterest tasks, not a guarantee for arbitrary graphs or an independently replayed deployment.","area":"Scalable graph recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ying-et-al-pinsage-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:edeed3bf-553f-4c66-a128-d21098a36a75","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1d6b86ad4f203273820a18ce03908afd1ec8be6eacaa8c9f0a0a9f88784cfa7c"},"humans":["Rex Ying","Ruining He","Kaifeng Chen","Pong Eksombatchai","William L. Hamilton","Jure Leskovec"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1806-01973v1","title":"Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systems","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01973v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"ying-et-al-pinsage-2018","entry_id":"ying-et-al-pinsage-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:edeed3bf-553f-4c66-a128-d21098a36a75","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1d6b86ad4f203273820a18ce03908afd1ec8be6eacaa8c9f0a0a9f88784cfa7c"},"what_changed":"Combined visit-count-weighted neighborhood sampling, shared local graph convolutions, CPU–GPU minibatch production and distributed embedding inference to train and serve recommendation embeddings on a large pin–board graph.","scope":"Combined visit-count-weighted neighborhood sampling, shared local graph convolutions, CPU–GPU minibatch production and distributed embedding inference to train and serve recommendation embeddings on a large pin–board graph. Builds on GraphSAGE and prior graph convolutions rather than inventing graph neural learning. Sampled neighborhoods trade coverage for bounded work; performance and engagement lifts are source-reported for selected Pinterest tasks, not a guarantee for arbitrary graphs or an independently replayed deployment.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:edeed3bf-553f-4c66-a128-d21098a36a75","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1d6b86ad4f203273820a18ce03908afd1ec8be6eacaa8c9f0a0a9f88784cfa7c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pal-et-al-pinnersage-2020","title":"PinnerSage: multiple medoid interests for personalized retrieval","summary":"Clustered user actions in a fixed pin-embedding space with hierarchical Ward clustering, represented each cluster by a medoid and sampled important medoids for retrieval using daily and online updates.","boundary":"Uses existing PinSage embeddings, Ward clustering and approximate nearest-neighbor search. A variable number of stored interests does not mean all are queried: the described retrieval samples three medoids. Oracle comparisons inspect future actions and are not a deployable predictor; empirical engagement gains do not establish complete understanding of user interests.","area":"Multi-interest recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"pal-et-al-pinnersage-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f85fd36-5082-44cf-ab10-d4f1031027b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d2305c162d9f8f2acca8b959ced72776d5ae4d09206cfdca3b812229b867b9c9"},"humans":["Aditya Pal","Chantat Eksombatchai","Yitong Zhou","Bo Zhao","Charles Rosenberg","Jure Leskovec"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2007-03634v1","title":"PinnerSage: Multi-Modal User Embedding Framework for Recommendations at Pinterest","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03634v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"pal-et-al-pinnersage-2020","entry_id":"pal-et-al-pinnersage-2020","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f85fd36-5082-44cf-ab10-d4f1031027b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d2305c162d9f8f2acca8b959ced72776d5ae4d09206cfdca3b812229b867b9c9"},"what_changed":"Clustered user actions in a fixed pin-embedding space with hierarchical Ward clustering, represented each cluster by a medoid and sampled important medoids for retrieval using daily and online updates.","scope":"Clustered user actions in a fixed pin-embedding space with hierarchical Ward clustering, represented each cluster by a medoid and sampled important medoids for retrieval using daily and online updates. Uses existing PinSage embeddings, Ward clustering and approximate nearest-neighbor search. A variable number of stored interests does not mean all are queried: the described retrieval samples three medoids. Oracle comparisons inspect future actions and are not a deployable predictor; empirical engagement gains do not establish complete understanding of user interests.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f85fd36-5082-44cf-ab10-d4f1031027b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d2305c162d9f8f2acca8b959ced72776d5ae4d09206cfdca3b812229b867b9c9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gurukar-et-al-multibisage-2022","title":"MultiBiSage: bipartite-view fusion for heterogeneous recommendation graphs","summary":"Decomposed heterogeneous entity interactions into bipartite views, aggregated each view's sampled visual/textual neighborhood with a Transformer and fused the resulting view embeddings through another attention layer.","boundary":"A distinct heterogeneous-view fusion extension, not another count for PinSage deployment or its original sampler. Reuses Pixie and distributed data workflows. View decomposition, stored neighborhoods and selected losses constrain expressiveness and cost; v1's template DOI/venue placeholders are not exported as valid publication facts.","area":"Scalable heterogeneous graph recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gurukar-et-al-multibisage-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d5c4aa4-110b-4833-a6f9-d6e0708776ef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d267d176ed3ad154c3879e7e02e44de26cd190d0acac77b9f063ffe16d97fdf"},"humans":["Saket Gurukar","Nikil Pancha","Andrew Zhai","Eric Kim","Samson Hu","Srinivasan Parthasarathy","Charles Rosenberg","Jure Leskovec"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2205-10666v1","title":"MultiBiSage: A Web-Scale Recommendation System Using Multiple Bipartite Graphs at Pinterest","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.10666v1"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"gurukar-et-al-multibisage-2022","entry_id":"gurukar-et-al-multibisage-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d5c4aa4-110b-4833-a6f9-d6e0708776ef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d267d176ed3ad154c3879e7e02e44de26cd190d0acac77b9f063ffe16d97fdf"},"what_changed":"Decomposed heterogeneous entity interactions into bipartite views, aggregated each view's sampled visual/textual neighborhood with a Transformer and fused the resulting view embeddings through another attention layer.","scope":"Decomposed heterogeneous entity interactions into bipartite views, aggregated each view's sampled visual/textual neighborhood with a Transformer and fused the resulting view embeddings through another attention layer. A distinct heterogeneous-view fusion extension, not another count for PinSage deployment or its original sampler. Reuses Pixie and distributed data workflows. View decomposition, stored neighborhoods and selected losses constrain expressiveness and cost; v1's template DOI/venue placeholders are not exported as valid publication facts.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d5c4aa4-110b-4833-a6f9-d6e0708776ef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d267d176ed3ad154c3879e7e02e44de26cd190d0acac77b9f063ffe16d97fdf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kang-mcauley-sasrec-2018","title":"SASRec: causal self-attention for next-item recommendation","summary":"Adapted self-attention with causal masking, learned item/position embeddings and residual feed-forward blocks to predict next items from user action histories.","boundary":"UC San Diego academic work, not retroactively a company invention. Uses a finite truncated/padded history and inherited attention machinery. Attention weights and benchmark gains do not prove causally identified preferences or superiority for every sparsity level; model and evaluation choices matter.","area":"Sequential recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kang-mcauley-sasrec-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a0d33d9-0958-4e63-a1dd-c5b9a9d733a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87f3c5f51d93f7126a4fde4b9772086e3cdff24099b6820338424526647a72aa"},"humans":["Wang-Cheng Kang","Julian McAuley"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1808-09781v1","title":"Self-Attentive Sequential Recommendation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09781v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"kang-mcauley-sasrec-2018","entry_id":"kang-mcauley-sasrec-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a0d33d9-0958-4e63-a1dd-c5b9a9d733a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87f3c5f51d93f7126a4fde4b9772086e3cdff24099b6820338424526647a72aa"},"what_changed":"Adapted self-attention with causal masking, learned item/position embeddings and residual feed-forward blocks to predict next items from user action histories.","scope":"Adapted self-attention with causal masking, learned item/position embeddings and residual feed-forward blocks to predict next items from user action histories. UC San Diego academic work, not retroactively a company invention. Uses a finite truncated/padded history and inherited attention machinery. Attention weights and benchmark gains do not prove causally identified preferences or superiority for every sparsity level; model and evaluation choices matter.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a0d33d9-0958-4e63-a1dd-c5b9a9d733a9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87f3c5f51d93f7126a4fde4b9772086e3cdff24099b6820338424526647a72aa"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sun-et-al-bert4rec-2019","title":"BERT4Rec: masked bidirectional training for item sequences","summary":"Transferred bidirectional Transformer encoding and masked-item prediction to recommendation, then appended a mask at the history's end for next-item inference to address the training–prediction mismatch.","boundary":"Uses known BERT/Cloze components; it does not invent bidirectionality or masking. Historical right context is available during masked training, not future user actions at serving. Sequence length and training budget constrain results; no unconditional advantage over causal recommenders. Original v1's WOODSTOCK venue/DOI placeholders are not asserted as actual publication facts.","area":"Sequential recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"sun-et-al-bert4rec-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a85e498-c004-491e-a6a2-d40bf6ec2243","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:426434e6140e86fc6d1a0f1f85fe2c247690114d3d6d938829c03261151ac526"},"humans":["Fei Sun","Jun Liu","Jian Wu","Changhua Pei","Xiao Lin","Wenwu Ou","Peng Jiang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1904-06690v1","title":"BERT4Rec: Sequential Recommendation with Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformer","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06690v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"sun-et-al-bert4rec-2019","entry_id":"sun-et-al-bert4rec-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a85e498-c004-491e-a6a2-d40bf6ec2243","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:426434e6140e86fc6d1a0f1f85fe2c247690114d3d6d938829c03261151ac526"},"what_changed":"Transferred bidirectional Transformer encoding and masked-item prediction to recommendation, then appended a mask at the history's end for next-item inference to address the training–prediction mismatch.","scope":"Transferred bidirectional Transformer encoding and masked-item prediction to recommendation, then appended a mask at the history's end for next-item inference to address the training–prediction mismatch. Uses known BERT/Cloze components; it does not invent bidirectionality or masking. Historical right context is available during masked training, not future user actions at serving. Sequence length and training budget constrain results; no unconditional advantage over causal recommenders. Original v1's WOODSTOCK venue/DOI placeholders are not asserted as actual publication facts.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a85e498-c004-491e-a6a2-d40bf6ec2243","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:426434e6140e86fc6d1a0f1f85fe2c247690114d3d6d938829c03261151ac526"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chen-et-al-behavior-sequence-transformer-2019","title":"BST: target-aware behavior-sequence attention for click ranking","summary":"Added Transformer encoding of historical clicked items plus the candidate item and relative-time position features to an embedding/MLP ranker, combining the encoded sequence with user, item and context features.","boundary":"Specific target-aware CTR ranking integration, distinct from SASRec next-item causal prediction and BERT4Rec masked training. Reuses Wide & Deep and Transformer components. AUC, online CTR and response time are different metrics; deeper stacks were not uniformly better in the reported experiments.","area":"Industrial recommendation ranking","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chen-et-al-behavior-sequence-transformer-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5dd7e9d6-83a4-4a89-a643-6d300cfa53e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:19d077dfd1066657355b03da0742456401a2c1a19363506e96d00cac9f971007"},"humans":["Qiwei Chen","Huan Zhao","Wei Li","Pipei Huang","Wenwu Ou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1905-06874v1","title":"Behavior Sequence Transformer for E-commerce Recommendation in Alibaba","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.06874v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"chen-et-al-behavior-sequence-transformer-2019","entry_id":"chen-et-al-behavior-sequence-transformer-2019","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5dd7e9d6-83a4-4a89-a643-6d300cfa53e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:19d077dfd1066657355b03da0742456401a2c1a19363506e96d00cac9f971007"},"what_changed":"Added Transformer encoding of historical clicked items plus the candidate item and relative-time position features to an embedding/MLP ranker, combining the encoded sequence with user, item and context features.","scope":"Added Transformer encoding of historical clicked items plus the candidate item and relative-time position features to an embedding/MLP ranker, combining the encoded sequence with user, item and context features. Specific target-aware CTR ranking integration, distinct from SASRec next-item causal prediction and BERT4Rec masked training. Reuses Wide & Deep and Transformer components. AUC, online CTR and response time are different metrics; deeper stacks were not uniformly better in the reported experiments.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5dd7e9d6-83a4-4a89-a643-6d300cfa53e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:19d077dfd1066657355b03da0742456401a2c1a19363506e96d00cac9f971007"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"li-et-al-mind-tmall-2019","title":"MIND: capsule-routed multi-interest retrieval at Tmall","summary":"Adapted dynamic routing to aggregate variable-length behavior embeddings into several interest vectors, using label-aware attention in training and independent nearest-neighbor queries for candidate retrieval.","boundary":"Reuses capsule routing and approximate retrieval, with a shared bilinear map and randomized routing initialization. Number of interests is set by a bounded history-length heuristic, not discovered with a universal optimality certificate. Label-aware attention is removed for serving; matching-stage retrieval is distinct from target-specific ranking.","area":"Multi-interest recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"li-et-al-mind-tmall-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c431472a-dc1e-4c76-aa14-7959e23f816b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f487e63b2ad25d8b5ae32f78a0bc450fabe30a4d46770c1272284b05d222fe5e"},"humans":["Chao Li","Zhiyuan Liu","Mengmeng Wu","Yuchi Xu","Pipei Huang","Huan Zhao","Guoliang Kang","Qiwei Chen","Wei Li","Dik Lun Lee"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1904-08030v1","title":"Multi-Interest Network with Dynamic Routing for Recommendation at Tmall","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.08030v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"li-et-al-mind-tmall-2019","entry_id":"li-et-al-mind-tmall-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c431472a-dc1e-4c76-aa14-7959e23f816b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f487e63b2ad25d8b5ae32f78a0bc450fabe30a4d46770c1272284b05d222fe5e"},"what_changed":"Adapted dynamic routing to aggregate variable-length behavior embeddings into several interest vectors, using label-aware attention in training and independent nearest-neighbor queries for candidate retrieval.","scope":"Adapted dynamic routing to aggregate variable-length behavior embeddings into several interest vectors, using label-aware attention in training and independent nearest-neighbor queries for candidate retrieval. 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Builds on MIND, capsule routing and ANN libraries. Greedy aggregation is not a general global optimum; relevance–diversity trade-offs and offline cloud deployment do not prove universal online satisfaction gains.","area":"Multi-interest recommendation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"cen-et-al-comirec-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2f1f35b1-ff68-446e-ac02-d01abce9e513","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ac6e036669d0424f2b8009c895332dbc62010862f453139f6a3fc64785a8459"},"humans":["Yukuo Cen","Jianwei Zhang","Xu Zou","Chang Zhou","Hongxia Yang","Jie Tang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Routing and attention are alternative implementations in one framework, not separate achievements. Builds on MIND, capsule routing and ANN libraries. Greedy aggregation is not a general global optimum; relevance–diversity trade-offs and offline cloud deployment do not prove universal online satisfaction gains.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2f1f35b1-ff68-446e-ac02-d01abce9e513","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ac6e036669d0424f2b8009c895332dbc62010862f453139f6a3fc64785a8459"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liu-et-al-monolith-recommendation-2022","title":"Monolith: collisionless embeddings and incremental online training","summary":"Integrated a dynamic key-preserving embedding table with admission/expiry filtering, streaming feature–label joins and incremental synchronization between training and serving parameter servers.","boundary":"Uses cuckoo hashing, TensorFlow, Kafka and Flink rather than inventing those components. Collisionless lookup does not retain every ID: filtering and expiry discard some features. Sparse/dense synchronization can be inconsistent and delayed labels require storage; empirical reliability/freshness trade-offs are not a universal fault-tolerance or unbiasedness proof.","area":"Online recommendation infrastructure","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-et-al-monolith-recommendation-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d8e4c67-85b3-4591-ac31-5f3dc7a956cf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8123d35c888b708803376886ed1c3d71c4e5d46b5c7f56568e7e80df32b33438"},"humans":["Zhuoran Liu","Leqi Zou","Xuan Zou","Caihua Wang","Biao Zhang","Da Tang","Bolin Zhu","Yijie Zhu","Peng Wu","Ke Wang","Youlong Cheng"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2209-07663v1","title":"Monolith: Real Time Recommendation System With Collisionless Embedding Table","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07663v1"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-et-al-monolith-recommendation-2022","entry_id":"liu-et-al-monolith-recommendation-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d8e4c67-85b3-4591-ac31-5f3dc7a956cf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8123d35c888b708803376886ed1c3d71c4e5d46b5c7f56568e7e80df32b33438"},"what_changed":"Integrated a dynamic key-preserving embedding table with admission/expiry filtering, streaming feature–label joins and incremental synchronization between training and serving parameter servers.","scope":"Integrated a dynamic key-preserving embedding table with admission/expiry filtering, streaming feature–label joins and incremental synchronization between training and serving parameter servers. Uses cuckoo hashing, TensorFlow, Kafka and Flink rather than inventing those components. Collisionless lookup does not retain every ID: filtering and expiry discard some features. 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Selection/storage/retrieval have costs; studied scale and length generalization are finite.","area":"Hybrid sequence-model architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zancato-et-al-bmojo-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1548968d-6784-4882-a7f8-fc7c860b7926","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:669861215a18c13c2028aab1e3f4fe69b6f6e36b2f18fc20a745c25515b1f45f"},"humans":["Luca Zancato","Arjun Seshadri","Yonatan Dukler","Aditya Golatkar","Yantao Shen","Benjamin Bowman","Matthew Trager","Alessandro Achille","Stefano Soatto"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-bmojo-neurips-2024","title":"B’MOJO: Hybrid State Space Realizations of Foundation Models with Eidetic and Fading Memory","url":"https://cdn.amazon.science/6a/46/29da966b4161a7dcb7dc459beb16/bmojo-hybrid-state-space-realizations-of-foundation-models-with-eidetic-and-fading-memory.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2407-06324v1","title":"B'MOJO: Hybrid State Space Realizations of Foundation Models with Eidetic and Fading Memory","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.06324v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"zancato-et-al-bmojo-2024","entry_id":"zancato-et-al-bmojo-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1548968d-6784-4882-a7f8-fc7c860b7926","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:669861215a18c13c2028aab1e3f4fe69b6f6e36b2f18fc20a745c25515b1f45f"},"what_changed":"Combined recurrent fading memory with a local attention window and innovation-selected stored tokens, expressing a family of hybrid state-space modules that can retrieve selected information beyond the recent context.","scope":"Combined recurrent fading memory with a local attention window and innovation-selected stored tokens, expressing a family of hybrid state-space modules that can retrieve selected information beyond the recent context. The framework's structural reductions do not guarantee optimal Solomonoff inference, lossless retention of every token or unlimited useful recall at fixed resources. 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Finite solver iterations approximate the solution; conditioning, precision, state dimension and gating matter. Constant memory is in sequence length, not model width or batch size; inherited Kalman filtering, ridge regression and Chebyshev iteration are not claimed new.","area":"Recurrent language-model memory","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"peng-et-al-gated-kalmanet-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bc15665c-1167-43ea-acaf-b53f9477bd38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ea86a3dc54dfd04af14a68576a91964ad250545b79961e51b36f1da446134121"},"humans":["Liangzu Peng","Aditya Chattopadhyay","Luca Zancato","Elvis Nunez","Wei Xia","Stefano Soatto"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2511-21016v1","title":"Gated KalmaNet: A Fading Memory Layer Through Test-Time Ridge Regression","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21016v1"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"peng-et-al-gated-kalmanet-2025","entry_id":"peng-et-al-gated-kalmanet-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bc15665c-1167-43ea-acaf-b53f9477bd38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ea86a3dc54dfd04af14a68576a91964ad250545b79961e51b36f1da446134121"},"what_changed":"Maintained weighted key/value covariance statistics and solved regularized test-time regressions using Chebyshev iteration, adding adaptive regularization, input-dependent decay and chunk-wise kernels.","scope":"Maintained weighted key/value covariance statistics and solved regularized test-time regressions using Chebyshev iteration, adding adaptive regularization, input-dependent decay and chunk-wise kernels. Kalman-inspired ridge optimality applies to the stated regression, not arbitrary language-model prediction. Finite solver iterations approximate the solution; conditioning, precision, state dimension and gating matter. 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Multilayer use is approximate; offline preprocessing/storage and retrieval costs remain. The strongest quality/speed comparisons are source-reported on selected datasets.","area":"Retrieval-augmented recurrent inference","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-et-al-picaso-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:167e62ce-959a-43ba-ac54-64b008953f03","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a3d5fa3a3715e93d18eed66adc530f373b9b9b47c0f64ea18f3fff555e5558f4"},"humans":["Tian Yu Liu","Alessandro Achille","Matthew Trager","Aditya Golatkar","Luca Zancato","Stefano Soatto"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2502-17605v1","title":"PICASO: Permutation-Invariant Context Composition with State Space Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17605v1"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-et-al-picaso-2025","entry_id":"liu-et-al-picaso-2025","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:167e62ce-959a-43ba-ac54-64b008953f03","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a3d5fa3a3715e93d18eed66adc530f373b9b9b47c0f64ea18f3fff555e5558f4"},"what_changed":"Stored precomputed context states and transition factors, composed them algebraically and averaged compositions over permutations or cyclic rotations to reduce online context-processing costs.","scope":"Stored precomputed context states and transition factors, composed them algebraically and averaged compositions over permutations or cyclic rotations to reduce online context-processing costs. Concatenation identity is exact for the stated single-layer input-dependent linear dynamics, not general stacked nonlinear SSMs. Full-permutation formulas require commuting transitions; cyclic averaging is not full permutation invariance. Multilayer use is approximate; offline preprocessing/storage and retrieval costs remain. The strongest quality/speed comparisons are source-reported on selected datasets.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:167e62ce-959a-43ba-ac54-64b008953f03","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a3d5fa3a3715e93d18eed66adc530f373b9b9b47c0f64ea18f3fff555e5558f4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chattopadhyay-et-al-priming-2026","title":"Priming: converting pretrained Transformers into hybrid state-space models","summary":"Selected attention layers using substitution-based importance, transferred compatible projections and expanded state capacity, then aligned hidden representations and adapted the full hybrid model with next-token training.","boundary":"Per-input realization existence is not a common low-dimensional exact realization across all inputs; practical conversion is approximate and the selection score is a proxy. Although the abstract emphasizes layerwise alignment, method Section3.2.4 says end-to-end final-hidden-state MSE is the default after ablation. Reported savings exclude source pretraining; throughput uses8H200 GPUs, BF16 weights and FP32 recurrent state. The three-way SSM comparison is limited to the stated8B/50%-hybrid/Qwen setup.","area":"Cross-architecture knowledge transfer","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chattopadhyay-et-al-priming-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:71396216-23b7-41f8-a7ff-def5543794ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2674b7d81922d01bde067f901e4e2cb8f62fb657ebe3f9cb404efc16189a9295"},"humans":["Aditya Chattopadhyay","Elvis Nunez","Prannay Kaul","Benjamin Bowman","Evan Becker","Luca Zancato","David Thomas","Wei Xia","Stefano Soatto"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2605-08301v1","title":"Priming: Hybrid State Space Models From Pre-trained Transformers","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.08301v1"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"chattopadhyay-et-al-priming-2026","entry_id":"chattopadhyay-et-al-priming-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:71396216-23b7-41f8-a7ff-def5543794ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2674b7d81922d01bde067f901e4e2cb8f62fb657ebe3f9cb404efc16189a9295"},"what_changed":"Selected attention layers using substitution-based importance, transferred compatible projections and expanded state capacity, then aligned hidden representations and adapted the full hybrid model with next-token training.","scope":"Selected attention layers using substitution-based importance, transferred compatible projections and expanded state capacity, then aligned hidden representations and adapted the full hybrid model with next-token training. Per-input realization existence is not a common low-dimensional exact realization across all inputs; practical conversion is approximate and the selection score is a proxy. Although the abstract emphasizes layerwise alignment, method Section3.2.4 says end-to-end final-hidden-state MSE is the default after ablation. Reported savings exclude source pretraining; throughput uses8H200 GPUs, BF16 weights and FP32 recurrent state. The three-way SSM comparison is limited to the stated8B/50%-hybrid/Qwen setup.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:71396216-23b7-41f8-a7ff-def5543794ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2674b7d81922d01bde067f901e4e2cb8f62fb657ebe3f9cb404efc16189a9295"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"aws-reactor-streaming-video-kernels-2026","title":"AWS–Reactor: hardware-tuned streaming video inference on Trainium","summary":"Optimized a Rolling Forcing streaming pipeline with NKI kernels for3D rotary embeddings and cache copies, fused attention transposes, hybrid head/sequence sharding and batching of common denoise/cache-update work.","boundary":"Company technical account supports the integration, not a new Rolling Forcing algorithm, invention of NKI/parallelism or independently certified real-time performance. Kernel latency and full-pipeline frame rate are different metrics; reported single-chip results depend on model, resolution and configuration. Article writer Stephen Zorio is not asserted to be a complete technical-inventor list; corporate project groups retained.","area":"Streaming video inference systems","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"aws-reactor-streaming-video-kernels-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e9a04b50-3099-4f32-acc5-d200766cbafd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9f2812ed8a4a6c0badc624e0c71e63cf0fbc2064095c44b00f60a8e1b30d94b3"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-aws-reactor-streaming-video-2026","title":"A kernel-centric path to real-time video generation on Trainium","url":"https://www.amazon.science/blog/a-kernel-centric-path-to-real-time-video-generation-on-trainium"}],"points":"40000","published_grade":{"id":"aws-reactor-streaming-video-kernels-2026","entry_id":"aws-reactor-streaming-video-kernels-2026","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e9a04b50-3099-4f32-acc5-d200766cbafd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9f2812ed8a4a6c0badc624e0c71e63cf0fbc2064095c44b00f60a8e1b30d94b3"},"what_changed":"Optimized a Rolling Forcing streaming pipeline with NKI kernels for3D rotary embeddings and cache copies, fused attention transposes, hybrid head/sequence sharding and batching of common denoise/cache-update work.","scope":"Optimized a Rolling Forcing streaming pipeline with NKI kernels for3D rotary embeddings and cache copies, fused attention transposes, hybrid head/sequence sharding and batching of common denoise/cache-update work. Company technical account supports the integration, not a new Rolling Forcing algorithm, invention of NKI/parallelism or independently certified real-time performance. Kernel latency and full-pipeline frame rate are different metrics; reported single-chip results depend on model, resolution and configuration. Article writer Stephen Zorio is not asserted to be a complete technical-inventor list; corporate project groups retained.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e9a04b50-3099-4f32-acc5-d200766cbafd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9f2812ed8a4a6c0badc624e0c71e63cf0fbc2064095c44b00f60a8e1b30d94b3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kumar-et-al-cql-2020","title":"CQL: conservative value regularization for offline reinforcement learning","summary":"Augmented Bellman regression with a conservative Q-value penalty, contrasting policy/proposal actions with data actions to reduce value overestimation during offline learning.","boundary":"The tighter objective bounds policy-expected value under stated support, regularization and policy-change assumptions; it is not a pointwise lower bound for every action. 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Does not invent the underlying simulators or offline RL; benchmark success is not demonstrated real-world safety or broad deployment.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7c01c694-0773-4b3b-a9d2-8fb25c8e0fe3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:931f8a332f0823bde1d8399c689177b31e78bdcf4287c2c0415c451033f5ffa9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chua-et-al-pets-2018","title":"PETS: probabilistic dynamics ensembles with trajectory sampling","summary":"Combined bootstrapped probabilistic dynamics models with particle trajectory sampling and model-predictive control, distinguishing transition noise from model disagreement during planning.","boundary":"Ensemble and Gaussian uncertainty are modeling proxies, not calibrated error certificates. TS1 and TS-infinity propagate model uncertainty differently. Reported environment-sample efficiency does not imply lower total compute or guarantees outside the tested settings.","area":"Model-based reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chua-et-al-pets-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13aaff5e-e8ff-42f7-a562-d8fbdadcf138","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:04f097454fd796ff5a06864259c8be65fdfbaa7143fc10357322b9f16235249c"},"humans":["Kurtland Chua","Roberto Calandra","Rowan McAllister","Sergey Levine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1805-12114v1","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning in a Handful of Trials using Probabilistic Dynamics Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12114v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"chua-et-al-pets-2018","entry_id":"chua-et-al-pets-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13aaff5e-e8ff-42f7-a562-d8fbdadcf138","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:04f097454fd796ff5a06864259c8be65fdfbaa7143fc10357322b9f16235249c"},"what_changed":"Combined bootstrapped probabilistic dynamics models with particle trajectory sampling and model-predictive control, distinguishing transition noise from model disagreement during planning.","scope":"Combined bootstrapped probabilistic dynamics models with particle trajectory sampling and model-predictive control, distinguishing transition noise from model disagreement during planning. Ensemble and Gaussian uncertainty are modeling proxies, not calibrated error certificates. TS1 and TS-infinity propagate model uncertainty differently. Reported environment-sample efficiency does not imply lower total compute or guarantees outside the tested settings.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13aaff5e-e8ff-42f7-a562-d8fbdadcf138","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:04f097454fd796ff5a06864259c8be65fdfbaa7143fc10357322b9f16235249c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"janner-et-al-mbpo-2019","title":"MBPO: short model rollouts branched from real replay states","summary":"Trained a probabilistic dynamics ensemble, branched short synthetic rollouts from real replay-buffer states and used model samples for soft actor-critic updates.","boundary":"Worst-case bounds alone favor zero model rollout; justification for nonzero rollouts incorporates empirical model-generalization estimates. Bounded rewards, model error and policy shift control the theoretical statements. Practical finite updates are not an exact optimizer or unconditional monotonic-improvement theorem.","area":"Model-based reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"janner-et-al-mbpo-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:09564de8-0bac-4367-ac58-617997546886","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ff405a148a26bdedbe3b3bb2f3be6edf059d44788f435f2e86609af73320f8da"},"humans":["Michael Janner","Justin Fu","Marvin Zhang","Sergey Levine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1906-08253v1","title":"When to Trust Your Model: Model-Based Policy Optimization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08253v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"janner-et-al-mbpo-2019","entry_id":"janner-et-al-mbpo-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:09564de8-0bac-4367-ac58-617997546886","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ff405a148a26bdedbe3b3bb2f3be6edf059d44788f435f2e86609af73320f8da"},"what_changed":"Trained a probabilistic dynamics ensemble, branched short synthetic rollouts from real replay-buffer states and used model samples for soft actor-critic updates.","scope":"Trained a probabilistic dynamics ensemble, branched short synthetic rollouts from real replay-buffer states and used model samples for soft actor-critic updates. Worst-case bounds alone favor zero model rollout; justification for nonzero rollouts incorporates empirical model-generalization estimates. Bounded rewards, model error and policy shift control the theoretical statements. Practical finite updates are not an exact optimizer or unconditional monotonic-improvement theorem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:09564de8-0bac-4367-ac58-617997546886","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ff405a148a26bdedbe3b3bb2f3be6edf059d44788f435f2e86609af73320f8da"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yu-et-al-mopo-2020","title":"MOPO: uncertainty-penalized learned MDPs for offline policy optimization","summary":"Modified rewards in a learned dynamics model by an uncertainty penalty and optimized policies in the penalized MDP, connecting conservative model use to conditional return bounds.","boundary":"The lower-bound analysis requires an admissible model-error estimator and stated value-class assumptions, not merely a learned variance heuristic. Exact surrogate optimization differs from finite deep RL updates. This soft reward-penalty mechanism is distinct from MOReL's unknown-region absorbing state.","area":"Offline model-based reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yu-et-al-mopo-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b5e8add-b087-4fae-a0ed-5cefa65cdb42","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b0ac06a549731d37679f4a1901eec649314864b4c665acafae6d9b088a3fb34c"},"humans":["Tianhe Yu","Garrett Thomas","Lantao Yu","Stefano Ermon","James Zou","Sergey Levine","Chelsea Finn","Tengyu Ma"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2005-13239v1","title":"MOPO: Model-based Offline Policy Optimization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.13239v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"yu-et-al-mopo-2020","entry_id":"yu-et-al-mopo-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b5e8add-b087-4fae-a0ed-5cefa65cdb42","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b0ac06a549731d37679f4a1901eec649314864b4c665acafae6d9b088a3fb34c"},"what_changed":"Modified rewards in a learned dynamics model by an uncertainty penalty and optimized policies in the penalized MDP, connecting conservative model use to conditional return bounds.","scope":"Modified rewards in a learned dynamics model by an uncertainty penalty and optimized policies in the penalized MDP, connecting conservative model use to conditional return bounds. The lower-bound analysis requires an admissible model-error estimator and stated value-class assumptions, not merely a learned variance heuristic. Exact surrogate optimization differs from finite deep RL updates. This soft reward-penalty mechanism is distinct from MOReL's unknown-region absorbing state.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b5e8add-b087-4fae-a0ed-5cefa65cdb42","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b0ac06a549731d37679f4a1901eec649314864b4c665acafae6d9b088a3fb34c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kidambi-et-al-morel-2020","title":"MOReL: unknown-region pessimistic MDP construction for offline learning","summary":"Partitioned state-action space using an unknown-state-action detector, redirected unknown transitions to an absorbing penalty state and planned in the resulting pessimistic MDP.","boundary":"Original theorem includes initial-distribution and known-region total-variation error terms; the abstract's unqualified lower-bound wording is not exported. Detector guarantees, planning accuracy and coverage/hitting-time terms matter. Practical detectors are not automatically certified error oracles.","area":"Offline model-based reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kidambi-et-al-morel-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b5d50be7-a210-485a-a623-0a8e8a4c7619","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a484c8b16e33bdb1ef6eaef90217f5e1303af52ffb9c3023066820e8ce715b29"},"humans":["Rahul Kidambi","Aravind Rajeswaran","Praneeth Netrapalli","Thorsten Joachims"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2005-05951v1","title":"MOReL : Model-Based Offline Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05951v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"kidambi-et-al-morel-2020","entry_id":"kidambi-et-al-morel-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b5d50be7-a210-485a-a623-0a8e8a4c7619","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a484c8b16e33bdb1ef6eaef90217f5e1303af52ffb9c3023066820e8ce715b29"},"what_changed":"Partitioned state-action space using an unknown-state-action detector, redirected unknown transitions to an absorbing penalty state and planned in the resulting pessimistic MDP.","scope":"Partitioned state-action space using an unknown-state-action detector, redirected unknown transitions to an absorbing penalty state and planned in the resulting pessimistic MDP. Original theorem includes initial-distribution and known-region total-variation error terms; the abstract's unqualified lower-bound wording is not exported. Detector guarantees, planning accuracy and coverage/hitting-time terms matter. Practical detectors are not automatically certified error oracles.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b5d50be7-a210-485a-a623-0a8e8a4c7619","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a484c8b16e33bdb1ef6eaef90217f5e1303af52ffb9c3023066820e8ce715b29"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"janner-et-al-diffuser-2022","title":"Diffuser: trajectory denoising as guided planning","summary":"Learned a diffusion prior over state/action trajectories, guided reverse denoising with reward gradients or clamped constraints and executed sampled plans in a receding-horizon loop.","boundary":"Guided conditional sampling is approximate and does not certify feasible or globally optimal plans. Variable-length convolutional horizons do not remove planning cost or guarantee arbitrary-horizon quality. Distinct from a diffusion single-action policy or later imitation-only robotics systems.","area":"Diffusion-based planning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"janner-et-al-diffuser-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd1f982e-824e-4296-a2d4-36c32b4cc14e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b95c7007b6aa6732d3d8efaf4192aaada76a74f168b4eccd5b01317db9002c68"},"humans":["Michael Janner","Yilun Du","Joshua B. Tenenbaum","Sergey Levine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2205-09991v1","title":"Planning with Diffusion for Flexible Behavior Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.09991v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"janner-et-al-diffuser-2022","entry_id":"janner-et-al-diffuser-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd1f982e-824e-4296-a2d4-36c32b4cc14e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b95c7007b6aa6732d3d8efaf4192aaada76a74f168b4eccd5b01317db9002c68"},"what_changed":"Learned a diffusion prior over state/action trajectories, guided reverse denoising with reward gradients or clamped constraints and executed sampled plans in a receding-horizon loop.","scope":"Learned a diffusion prior over state/action trajectories, guided reverse denoising with reward gradients or clamped constraints and executed sampled plans in a receding-horizon loop. Guided conditional sampling is approximate and does not certify feasible or globally optimal plans. Variable-length convolutional horizons do not remove planning cost or guarantee arbitrary-horizon quality. Distinct from a diffusion single-action policy or later imitation-only robotics systems.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd1f982e-824e-4296-a2d4-36c32b4cc14e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b95c7007b6aa6732d3d8efaf4192aaada76a74f168b4eccd5b01317db9002c68"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-hunt-zhou-diffusion-ql-2022","title":"Diffusion-QL: Q-guided training of expressive diffusion action policies","summary":"Combined conditional action-denoising behavior regularization with Q-value maximization, backpropagating the Q objective through the reverse diffusion chain and learning twin critics from offline transitions.","boundary":"The method learns single-action policies, not Diffuser's full-trajectory planner. Denoising-chain evaluation and differentiation cost remain; near-behavior regularization and benchmark gains are not universal safety or optimality guarantees. The preprint document is dated 15 August 2022, while its arXiv submission is dated 12 August 2022; these are different bibliographic dates.","area":"Offline reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wang-hunt-zhou-diffusion-ql-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d00177e8-3c5b-4f28-a990-445c8cdad9ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de40569863208672cf589c11a32aba277bf97f59648ceaf0cfa6c81681739884"},"humans":["Zhendong Wang","Jonathan J Hunt","Mingyuan Zhou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2208-06193v1","title":"Diffusion Policies as an Expressive Policy Class for Offline Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.06193v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"wang-hunt-zhou-diffusion-ql-2022","entry_id":"wang-hunt-zhou-diffusion-ql-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d00177e8-3c5b-4f28-a990-445c8cdad9ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de40569863208672cf589c11a32aba277bf97f59648ceaf0cfa6c81681739884"},"what_changed":"Combined conditional action-denoising behavior regularization with Q-value maximization, backpropagating the Q objective through the reverse diffusion chain and learning twin critics from offline transitions.","scope":"Combined conditional action-denoising behavior regularization with Q-value maximization, backpropagating the Q objective through the reverse diffusion chain and learning twin critics from offline transitions. The method learns single-action policies, not Diffuser's full-trajectory planner. Denoising-chain evaluation and differentiation cost remain; near-behavior regularization and benchmark gains are not universal safety or optimality guarantees. The preprint document is dated 15 August 2022, while its arXiv submission is dated 12 August 2022; these are different bibliographic dates.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d00177e8-3c5b-4f28-a990-445c8cdad9ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de40569863208672cf589c11a32aba277bf97f59648ceaf0cfa6c81681739884"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"burges-et-al-ranknet-2005","title":"RankNet: pairwise probabilistic neural ranking","summary":"Trained a scalar neural ranking function from document pairs using logistic score differences and cross-entropy loss, extending backpropagation to pairwise preferences while retaining individual-item scoring at inference.","boundary":"Pairwise loss does not directly optimize every listwise retrieval metric, nor guarantee global neural optimization. Does not invent gradient descent, pairwise preference learning or logistic models.","area":"Learning to rank","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2005,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"burges-et-al-ranknet-2005","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72f7701b-99c9-4940-aa40-18b4ff224ce4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f7aa5367b18fc2e05dfcc14cf3a977bf7815aff5f10466e7c5be40e197dfcce"},"humans":["Chris Burges","Tal Shaked","Erin Renshaw","Ari Lazier","Matt Deeds","Nicole Hamilton","Greg Hullender"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-ranknet-icml-2005","title":"Learning to Rank using Gradient Descent","url":"https://icml.cc/2015/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/icml_ranking.pdf"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"burges-et-al-ranknet-2005","entry_id":"burges-et-al-ranknet-2005","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72f7701b-99c9-4940-aa40-18b4ff224ce4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f7aa5367b18fc2e05dfcc14cf3a977bf7815aff5f10466e7c5be40e197dfcce"},"what_changed":"Trained a scalar neural ranking function from document pairs using logistic score differences and cross-entropy loss, extending backpropagation to pairwise preferences while retaining individual-item scoring at inference.","scope":"Trained a scalar neural ranking function from document pairs using logistic score differences and cross-entropy loss, extending backpropagation to pairwise preferences while retaining individual-item scoring at inference. Pairwise loss does not directly optimize every listwise retrieval metric, nor guarantee global neural optimization. Does not invent gradient descent, pairwise preference learning or logistic models.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72f7701b-99c9-4940-aa40-18b4ff224ce4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f7aa5367b18fc2e05dfcc14cf3a977bf7815aff5f10466e7c5be40e197dfcce"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"burges-ragno-le-lambdarank-2006","title":"LambdaRank: metric-aware score-update rules for ranking","summary":"Specified document-score update signals using ranked positions and target retrieval measures, trained differentiable ranking models from these implicit-gradient rules and factored pairwise training contributions.","boundary":"Integrability and convexity require stated regularity, symmetric Jacobian and appropriate Hessian sign conditions; arbitrary rank-dependent lambda rules are not automatically gradients of a smooth global objective. Empirical metric optimization is not a theorem of global NDCG optimality; Poincare's lemma is inherited, not a new theorem.","area":"Learning to rank","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2006,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"burges-ragno-le-lambdarank-2006","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ddf04fb-4353-492b-aa38-f3cfe88074c6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e6aab29f873b470a95234cfabefa3e83ec2d7402baff349548c73f13bc2be514"},"humans":["Christopher J.C. Burges","Robert Ragno","Quoc Viet Le"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-lambdarank-neurips-2006","title":"Learning to Rank with Nonsmooth Cost Functions","url":"https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2006/file/af44c4c56f385c43f2529f9b1b018f6a-Paper.pdf"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"burges-ragno-le-lambdarank-2006","entry_id":"burges-ragno-le-lambdarank-2006","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ddf04fb-4353-492b-aa38-f3cfe88074c6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e6aab29f873b470a95234cfabefa3e83ec2d7402baff349548c73f13bc2be514"},"what_changed":"Specified document-score update signals using ranked positions and target retrieval measures, trained differentiable ranking models from these implicit-gradient rules and factored pairwise training contributions.","scope":"Specified document-score update signals using ranked positions and target retrieval measures, trained differentiable ranking models from these implicit-gradient rules and factored pairwise training contributions. Integrability and convexity require stated regularity, symmetric Jacobian and appropriate Hessian sign conditions; arbitrary rank-dependent lambda rules are not automatically gradients of a smooth global objective. 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LambdaRank metric optimality is explicitly empirical. Online publication September3,2009 precedes the June2010 volume issue; year2009 follows primary publisher publication date.","area":"Learning to rank","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2009,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wu-et-al-lambdamart-2009","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c033b818-a4f7-46d8-ae17-9f625cc893fd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aa2637f9dfdd757369c5e5e7e776f4f883eeb894dfe7d7ecb3546dff8ce3c3b7"},"humans":["Qiang Wu","Christopher J. C. Burges","Krysta M. Svore","Jianfeng Gao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Longer accepted inputs are not certified lossless semantic compression.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88b0d857-44d0-4082-a05d-eebbdfed2974","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4284023d450dee049dc927f86b7aebfd4280fb0246fca5dca9370822e33ce000"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"formal-et-al-splade-family-2021","title":"SPLADE: sparsity-regularized lexical expansion and distilled max-pooling variants","summary":"Learned vocabulary-space query/document expansion with log-saturated weights and explicit sparsity regularization; v2 changed aggregation to max pooling, evaluated document-only expansion and added teacher-distilled hard-negative training.","boundary":"FLOPS regularization and sparse expansion build on prior work, not invented wholesale here. Efficiency proxies, index storage and actual latency are distinct; offline preprocessing remains. Original preprints contain placeholder conference/DOI fields, not valid publication receipts. BEIR subset evaluations are not full benchmark-wide dominance.","area":"Sparse neural information retrieval","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"formal-et-al-splade-family-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36fbe93f-4a20-4630-ac91-ababbc5bc741","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a95923ec45f92e7c6829091536ac76599d7b6354824400c5a396af52c8d81e5c"},"humans":["Thibault Formal","Benjamin Piwowarski","Stéphane Clinchant","Carlos Lassance"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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FLOPS regularization and sparse expansion build on prior work, not invented wholesale here. Efficiency proxies, index storage and actual latency are distinct; offline preprocessing remains. Original preprints contain placeholder conference/DOI fields, not valid publication receipts. 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Single-GPU timing and retrieval latency use the stated hardware/index configuration. Balanced teacher margins do not certify relevance labels or eliminate false negatives.","area":"Dense retrieval training","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hofstatter-et-al-tas-balanced-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5b564463-c956-4dd5-ae93-29218504009c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:74832c7b02b0e825b768327ecd572cd345639fc398062e4a0ec579cbe580a17e"},"humans":["Sebastian Hofstätter","Sheng-Chieh Lin","Jheng-Hong Yang","Jimmy Lin","Allan Hanbury"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2104-06967v1","title":"Efficiently Teaching an Effective Dense Retriever with Balanced Topic Aware Sampling","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06967v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"hofstatter-et-al-tas-balanced-2021","entry_id":"hofstatter-et-al-tas-balanced-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5b564463-c956-4dd5-ae93-29218504009c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:74832c7b02b0e825b768327ecd572cd345639fc398062e4a0ec579cbe580a17e"},"what_changed":"Clustered training queries once, sampled topically related batches and balanced positive/negative passage pairs by teacher-score margins, combining pairwise cross-encoder and in-batch ColBERT teacher signals.","scope":"Clustered training queries once, sampled topically related batches and balanced positive/negative passage pairs by teacher-score margins, combining pairwise cross-encoder and in-batch ColBERT teacher signals. Teacher inference, reused teacher scores and one-time query clustering have costs even when omitted from the student loop. Single-GPU timing and retrieval latency use the stated hardware/index configuration. Balanced teacher margins do not certify relevance labels or eliminate false negatives.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5b564463-c956-4dd5-ae93-29218504009c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:74832c7b02b0e825b768327ecd572cd345639fc398062e4a0ec579cbe580a17e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xiong-et-al-ance-2020","title":"ANCE: asynchronously refreshed corpus negatives for dense retrieval","summary":"Mined hard negatives from an approximate nearest-neighbor index of the corpus while a parallel inferencer periodically re-encoded documents and refreshed the index from newer training checkpoints.","boundary":"Asynchronous refresh permits stale negatives and incurs re-encoding/index costs; it does not exactly eliminate every train-test distribution gap. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2007-00808v1","title":"Approximate Nearest Neighbor Negative Contrastive Learning for Dense Text Retrieval","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.00808v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"xiong-et-al-ance-2020","entry_id":"xiong-et-al-ance-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0efd0706-5cca-43d4-a511-59ffd7ef7354","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:06dc2a8e98d1ff644b36ebf702355701ab625f17f6fa1f9dcd6b3b9633a4edbb"},"what_changed":"Mined hard negatives from an approximate nearest-neighbor index of the corpus while a parallel inferencer periodically re-encoded documents and refreshed the index from newer training checkpoints.","scope":"Mined hard negatives from an approximate nearest-neighbor index of the corpus while a parallel inferencer periodically re-encoded documents and refreshed the index from newer training checkpoints. Asynchronous refresh permits stale negatives and incurs re-encoding/index costs; it does not exactly eliminate every train-test distribution gap. Uses inherited encoders, nearest-neighbor search and contrastive losses. 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Fixed embedding dimension does not fix encoder compute or training-data cost. Findings on BEIR and supervised-data subsamples do not prove universal scaling or domain generalization; no biological outcome is added.","area":"Generalizable dense retrieval","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ni-et-al-gtr-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3ee2dd7-06f9-4965-aff9-8768979570c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:975e0fbc01c36a0a1e5365ffedb07a5dc5dc915896dabbb3bc9664a7848d3d00"},"humans":["Jianmo Ni","Chen Qu","Jing Lu","Zhuyun Dai","Gustavo Hernández Ábrego","Ji Ma","Vincent Y. Zhao","Yi Luan","Keith B. Hall","Ming-Wei Chang","Yinfei Yang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2112-07899v1","title":"Large Dual Encoders Are Generalizable Retrievers","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.07899v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"ni-et-al-gtr-2021","entry_id":"ni-et-al-gtr-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3ee2dd7-06f9-4965-aff9-8768979570c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:975e0fbc01c36a0a1e5365ffedb07a5dc5dc915896dabbb3bc9664a7848d3d00"},"what_changed":"Studied larger T5-derived dual encoders with a fixed768-dimensional output, combining web-pair pretraining and labeled retrieval fine-tuning to test out-of-domain retrieval generalization.","scope":"Studied larger T5-derived dual encoders with a fixed768-dimensional output, combining web-pair pretraining and labeled retrieval fine-tuning to test out-of-domain retrieval generalization. Source reports a controlled scaling and training study, not invention of T5 or dual encoders. Fixed embedding dimension does not fix encoder compute or training-data cost. Findings on BEIR and supervised-data subsamples do not prove universal scaling or domain generalization; no biological outcome is added.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3ee2dd7-06f9-4965-aff9-8768979570c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:975e0fbc01c36a0a1e5365ffedb07a5dc5dc915896dabbb3bc9664a7848d3d00"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lee-et-al-nv-embed-2024","title":"NV-Embed: latent dictionary attention and staged embedding instruction tuning","summary":"Removed the causal attention mask during contrastive embedding training, used token queries attending a trainable latent key/value dictionary before mean pooling, and staged retrieval then mixed-task instruction tuning.","boundary":"Latent dictionary keys/values are not the queries: this is not simply Perceiver latent-query pooling. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2405-17428v1","title":"NV-Embed: Improved Techniques for Training LLMs as Generalist Embedding Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.17428v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"lee-et-al-nv-embed-2024","entry_id":"lee-et-al-nv-embed-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b72d3fd6-8a50-43db-a20b-140968c374b2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fef663001a37079c983f64ac556e5c47c1f004589bca110af8b0e9ef3cabbf2e"},"what_changed":"Removed the causal attention mask during contrastive embedding training, used token queries attending a trainable latent key/value dictionary before mean pooling, and staged retrieval then mixed-task instruction tuning.","scope":"Removed the causal attention mask during contrastive embedding training, used token queries attending a trainable latent key/value dictionary before mean pooling, and staged retrieval then mixed-task instruction tuning. 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General benchmark/protocol contribution only: included biomedical corpora do not become biological or medical achievements. Dataset selection and source-reported scores are not a guarantee of all-domain robustness.","area":"Information retrieval evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"thakur-et-al-beir-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:808a7894-3f6c-4158-a969-e75dd381fce7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c61d20c0f433b567719d2929f7c9f5eb26f723965e17818b9725676cbd544471"},"humans":["Nandan Thakur","Nils Reimers","Andreas Rücklé","Abhishek Srivastava","Iryna Gurevych"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2104-08663v1","title":"BEIR: A Heterogenous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08663v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"thakur-et-al-beir-2021","entry_id":"thakur-et-al-beir-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:808a7894-3f6c-4158-a969-e75dd381fce7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c61d20c0f433b567719d2929f7c9f5eb26f723965e17818b9725676cbd544471"},"what_changed":"Standardized cross-domain retrieval evaluation over diverse query/document forms, relevance labels and tasks, comparing lexical, dense and reranking approaches beyond their training domains.","scope":"Standardized cross-domain retrieval evaluation over diverse query/document forms, relevance labels and tasks, comparing lexical, dense and reranking approaches beyond their training domains. 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MMTEB reduced sets preserve rankings empirically for studied models, not universally for future models. Managing-team and source authorship points are not WRS effort/scoring. Incidental medical-domain texts do not constitute a medical achievement.","area":"Text embedding evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"muennighoff-enevoldsen-et-al-mteb-family-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d882107e-e844-49ab-ae77-371c6c44b226","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb8c27a1a3c2b193a4fd4feec894fae113e29fba3a0e667ccaea3382d4f88bba"},"humans":["Niklas Muennighoff","Nouamane Tazi","Loïc Magne","Nils Reimers","Kenneth Enevoldsen","Isaac Chung","Imene Kerboua","Márton Kardos","Ashwin Mathur","David Stap","Jay Gala","Wissam Siblini","Dominik Krzemiński","Genta Indra Winata","Saba Sturua","Saiteja Utpala","Mathieu Ciancone","Marion Schaeffer","Gabriel Sequeira","Diganta Misra","Shreeya Dhakal","Jonathan Rystrøm","Roman Solomatin","Ömer Çağatan","Akash Kundu","Martin Bernstorff","Shitao Xiao","Akshita Sukhlecha","Bhavish Pahwa","Rafał Poświata","Kranthi Kiran GV","Shawon Ashraf","Daniel Auras","Björn Plüster","Jan Philipp Harries","Isabelle Mohr","Mariya Hendriksen","Dawei Zhu","Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef","Tom Aarsen","Jan Kostkan","Konrad Wojtasik","Taemin Lee","Marek Šuppa","Crystina Zhang","Roberta Rocca","Mohammed Hamdy","Andrianos Michail","John Yang","Manuel Faysse","Aleksei Vatolin","Nandan Thakur","Manan Dey","Dipam Vasani","Pranjal Chitale","Simone Tedeschi","Nguyen Tai","Artem Snegirev","Michael Günther","Mengzhou Xia","Weijia Shi","Xing Han Lù","Jordan Clive","Gayatri Krishnakumar","Anna Maksimova","Silvan Wehrli","Maria Tikhonova","Henil Panchal","Aleksandr Abramov","Malte Ostendorff","Zheng Liu","Simon Clematide","Lester James Miranda","Alena Fenogenova","Guangyu Song","Ruqiya Bin Safi","Wen-Ding Li","Alessia Borghini","Federico Cassano","Hongjin Su","Jimmy Lin","Howard Yen","Lasse Hansen","Sara Hooker","Chenghao Xiao","Vaibhav Adlakha","Orion Weller","Siva Reddy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2403-20327v1","title":"Gecko: Versatile Text Embeddings Distilled from Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.20327v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"lee-et-al-gecko-2024","entry_id":"lee-et-al-gecko-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35aee8ee-595d-4579-acac-ad0cc3a004d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:35f4955a1d68192e17410de259ef04825fbfc9a60102a80f34a580d731457f10"},"what_changed":"Generated task descriptions and queries from web passages, retrieved alternative passages and used an LLM to relabel positives/hard negatives before contrastive embedding fine-tuning.","scope":"Generated task descriptions and queries from web passages, retrieved alternative passages and used an LLM to relabel positives/hard negatives before contrastive embedding fine-tuning. The seed passage need not remain the best positive. Synthetic labels and few-shot relevance/query-likelihood judgments are not ground-truth guarantees. Teacher/data-generation and pretrained-backbone costs remain; dimension and leaderboard comparisons are source snapshots, not universal compression or current-rank claims.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35aee8ee-595d-4579-acac-ad0cc3a004d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:35f4955a1d68192e17410de259ef04825fbfc9a60102a80f34a580d731457f10"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liu-shao-retromae-2022","title":"RetroMAE: asymmetric masked reconstruction for retrieval-oriented encoders","summary":"Encoded moderately masked text into a sentence vector and reconstructed from a more heavily masked input with a lightweight decoder, adding position-specific decoding for denser training signals.","boundary":"Reconstruction also uses visible token context, not the sentence vector alone; it is not a lossless text-compression guarantee. Masked autoencoding, two-stream/position masks and pretrained Transformers are inherited. Original affiliations include Huawei and BUPT, with a prior-Microsoft work note, not retrospective BAAI authorship.","area":"Retrieval-oriented pretraining","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-shao-retromae-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55aca34e-f101-4b0e-a51c-e8de09c0e3c6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f782fbcc6ab01c833a2bb8f2c650238602b30419820b24d09bd951bb5020d203"},"humans":["Zheng Liu","Yingxia Shao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2205-12035v1","title":"RetroMAE: Pre-training Retrieval-oriented Transformers via Masked Auto-Encoder","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12035v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-shao-retromae-2022","entry_id":"liu-shao-retromae-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55aca34e-f101-4b0e-a51c-e8de09c0e3c6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f782fbcc6ab01c833a2bb8f2c650238602b30419820b24d09bd951bb5020d203"},"what_changed":"Encoded moderately masked text into a sentence vector and reconstructed from a more heavily masked input with a lightweight decoder, adding position-specific decoding for denser training signals.","scope":"Encoded moderately masked text into a sentence vector and reconstructed from a more heavily masked input with a lightweight decoder, adding position-specific decoding for denser training signals. Reconstruction also uses visible token context, not the sentence vector alone; it is not a lossless text-compression guarantee. Masked autoencoding, two-stream/position masks and pretrained Transformers are inherited. 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Additional representation batches/objectives add training compute; task/loss balancing and inherited pretraining matter. Matching separate specialists in reported tests is not a theorem of no performance trade-off for every dataset or a universal RAG speedup.","area":"Unified language-model adaptation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"muennighoff-et-al-grit-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1607160-f268-4d09-a0d8-4d41088a6972","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e431a308e3e4c0661eeda7a36081dfaeaf6d08d4d5e8474db9eff92795a64c4f"},"humans":["Niklas Muennighoff","Hongjin Su","Liang Wang","Nan Yang","Furu Wei","Tao Yu","Amanpreet Singh","Douwe Kiela"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2402-09906v1","title":"Generative Representational Instruction Tuning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.09906v1"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"muennighoff-et-al-grit-2024","entry_id":"muennighoff-et-al-grit-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1607160-f268-4d09-a0d8-4d41088a6972","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e431a308e3e4c0661eeda7a36081dfaeaf6d08d4d5e8474db9eff92795a64c4f"},"what_changed":"Fine-tuned one pretrained model with bidirectional contrastive representation loss and causal next-token generation loss, switching behavior by task formatting and instructions.","scope":"Fine-tuned one pretrained model with bidirectional contrastive representation loss and causal next-token generation loss, switching behavior by task formatting and instructions. Pooling excludes instruction/format tokens but attention still depends on them. Additional representation batches/objectives add training compute; task/loss balancing and inherited pretraining matter. 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Quality preservation, interpolated dimensions and speedups are empirical for tested setups, not every dimension/task. Nested-dropout and other adaptive-network predecessors are acknowledged; first3equal credit includes a project-lead distinction.","area":"Adaptive representation learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kusupati-et-al-matryoshka-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a684f932-78b5-48f7-a5cd-c349ddf2eca7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2079510a62fc82ffe84b8b2f31eb789c5c28fa24d448f88e6ae96c2c0fd95809"},"humans":["Aditya Kusupati","Gantavya Bhatt","Aniket Rege","Matthew Wallingford","Aditya Sinha","Vivek Ramanujan","William Howard-Snyder","Kaifeng Chen","Sham Kakade","Prateek Jain","Ali Farhadi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2205-13147v1","title":"Matryoshka Representations for Adaptive Deployment","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13147v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"kusupati-et-al-matryoshka-2022","entry_id":"kusupati-et-al-matryoshka-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a684f932-78b5-48f7-a5cd-c349ddf2eca7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2079510a62fc82ffe84b8b2f31eb789c5c28fa24d448f88e6ae96c2c0fd95809"},"what_changed":"Trained multiple nested prefixes of a shared embedding with size-specific objectives, enabling downstream classification/retrieval to use different dimensionalities without separate encoder forward passes.","scope":"Trained multiple nested prefixes of a shared embedding with size-specific objectives, enabling downstream classification/retrieval to use different dimensionalities without separate encoder forward passes. Multi-prefix loss adds training obligations; the encoder forward cost is not reduced merely by truncating its output. Quality preservation, interpolated dimensions and speedups are empirical for tested setups, not every dimension/task. Nested-dropout and other adaptive-network predecessors are acknowledged; first3equal credit includes a project-lead distinction.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a684f932-78b5-48f7-a5cd-c349ddf2eca7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2079510a62fc82ffe84b8b2f31eb789c5c28fa24d448f88e6ae96c2c0fd95809"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"su-et-al-instructor-2022","title":"INSTRUCTOR: task-conditioned embedding instruction fine-tuning","summary":"Paired text with task/domain instructions, assembled the MEDI multitask instruction dataset and trained a shared encoder with contrastive objectives to alter embeddings according to use case.","boundary":"Mean pooling excludes instruction tokens, though attention includes them. Backbone/data/contrastive components are inherited; instruction robustness is empirical and new tasks need not behave correctly without fine-tuning. Original330training tasks/70evaluation tasks are version-specific; no medical task outcome is added.","area":"Instruction-conditioned text embeddings","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"su-et-al-instructor-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c43af363-81dc-40f3-a50f-5ab2037d7f1c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:57f2f66a87a7f766628d828de7af7653418de6f525b14aac0561361640fab3a2"},"humans":["Hongjin Su","Weijia Shi","Jungo Kasai","Yizhong Wang","Yushi Hu","Mari Ostendorf","Wen-tau Yih","Noah A. Smith","Luke Zettlemoyer","Tao Yu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2212-09741v1","title":"One Embedder, Any Task: Instruction-Finetuned Text Embeddings","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.09741v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"su-et-al-instructor-2022","entry_id":"su-et-al-instructor-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c43af363-81dc-40f3-a50f-5ab2037d7f1c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:57f2f66a87a7f766628d828de7af7653418de6f525b14aac0561361640fab3a2"},"what_changed":"Paired text with task/domain instructions, assembled the MEDI multitask instruction dataset and trained a shared encoder with contrastive objectives to alter embeddings according to use case.","scope":"Paired text with task/domain instructions, assembled the MEDI multitask instruction dataset and trained a shared encoder with contrastive objectives to alter embeddings according to use case. 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Data-flow analysis and Transformers are inherited.","area":"Structured code representation learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"guo-et-al-graphcodebert-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f26a1698-b5c1-4ea8-a056-908c31c00d71","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:628cffc2fe39c2aebbe602f5bfbf2d5aeab91fca52dea90b1b9de32fde328508"},"humans":["Daya Guo","Shuo Ren","Shuai Lu","Zhangyin Feng","Duyu Tang","Shujie Liu","Long Zhou","Nan Duan","Jian Yin","Daxin Jiang","Ming Zhou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2009-08366v1","title":"GraphCodeBERT: Pre-training Code Representations with Data Flow","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.08366v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"guo-et-al-graphcodebert-2020","entry_id":"guo-et-al-graphcodebert-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f26a1698-b5c1-4ea8-a056-908c31c00d71","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:628cffc2fe39c2aebbe602f5bfbf2d5aeab91fca52dea90b1b9de32fde328508"},"what_changed":"Added extracted variable data-flow nodes to source/comment inputs, used graph-guided attention masks and trained code-edge and variable/token alignment tasks alongside masked language modeling.","scope":"Added extracted variable data-flow nodes to source/comment inputs, used graph-guided attention masks and trained code-edge and variable/token alignment tasks alongside masked language modeling. Graph extraction depends on parsers and supported constructs; learned attention is not complete semantic analysis or proof of program equivalence. Data-flow analysis and Transformers are inherited.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f26a1698-b5c1-4ea8-a056-908c31c00d71","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:628cffc2fe39c2aebbe602f5bfbf2d5aeab91fca52dea90b1b9de32fde328508"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ahmad-et-al-plbart-2021","title":"PLBART: denoising encoder–decoder pretraining for code and language","summary":"Adapted BART-style sequence denoising to code and natural-language corpora with language tags, then fine-tuned the model across program understanding, translation and generation tasks.","boundary":"Original pretraining uses Java/Python/English, while later evaluations cover additional programming languages; these are not the same training-coverage claim. Architecture/noise objectives inherit BART. Benchmark examples and generated translations are not verified program correctness; first2authors explicitly contributed equally.","area":"Code understanding and generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ahmad-et-al-plbart-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c78c361-0de3-4b19-af97-5c81010f8dda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b832f0fd7140d04fafc0d484a48d7ecefccf50aeb4df1d79ee806fc57e74dde"},"humans":["Wasi Uddin Ahmad","Saikat Chakraborty","Baishakhi Ray","Kai-Wei Chang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2103-06333v1","title":"Unified Pre-training for Program Understanding and Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.06333v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"ahmad-et-al-plbart-2021","entry_id":"ahmad-et-al-plbart-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c78c361-0de3-4b19-af97-5c81010f8dda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b832f0fd7140d04fafc0d484a48d7ecefccf50aeb4df1d79ee806fc57e74dde"},"what_changed":"Adapted BART-style sequence denoising to code and natural-language corpora with language tags, then fine-tuned the model across program understanding, translation and generation tasks.","scope":"Adapted BART-style sequence denoising to code and natural-language corpora with language tags, then fine-tuned the model across program understanding, translation and generation tasks. Original pretraining uses Java/Python/English, while later evaluations cover additional programming languages; these are not the same training-coverage claim. Architecture/noise objectives inherit BART. Benchmark examples and generated translations are not verified program correctness; first2authors explicitly contributed equally.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c78c361-0de3-4b19-af97-5c81010f8dda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2b832f0fd7140d04fafc0d484a48d7ecefccf50aeb4df1d79ee806fc57e74dde"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"behnamghader-et-al-llm2vec-2024","title":"LLM2Vec: bidirectional adaptation and contrastive tuning of decoder LLMs","summary":"Enabled bidirectional attention, adapted with masked next-token prediction using the previous position's representation, then applied unsupervised SimCSE-style sequence contrastive learning.","boundary":"Simply removing causal masks can hurt tested models; the adaptation steps and task type matter. Sequence-level contrastive tuning can degrade word-level results. Empirical tests on three pretrained families do not prove the abstract's arbitrary-model transformation claim; LoRA/SimCSE/backbone costs and origins retained.","area":"LLM-derived text embeddings","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"behnamghader-et-al-llm2vec-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b125e905-dcbd-4ef5-aa98-091e98134e5c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d2c250648431520c76498f570853f3f4c148677907a3fa99e0df3909e2deaa2c"},"humans":["Parishad BehnamGhader","Vaibhav Adlakha","Marius Mosbach","Dzmitry Bahdanau","Nicolas Chapados","Siva Reddy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2404-05961v1","title":"LLM2Vec: Large Language Models Are Secretly Powerful Text Encoders","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.05961v1"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"behnamghader-et-al-llm2vec-2024","entry_id":"behnamghader-et-al-llm2vec-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b125e905-dcbd-4ef5-aa98-091e98134e5c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d2c250648431520c76498f570853f3f4c148677907a3fa99e0df3909e2deaa2c"},"what_changed":"Enabled bidirectional attention, adapted with masked next-token prediction using the previous position's representation, then applied unsupervised SimCSE-style sequence contrastive learning.","scope":"Enabled bidirectional attention, adapted with masked next-token prediction using the previous position's representation, then applied unsupervised SimCSE-style sequence contrastive learning. Simply removing causal masks can hurt tested models; the adaptation steps and task type matter. Sequence-level contrastive tuning can degrade word-level results. Empirical tests on three pretrained families do not prove the abstract's arbitrary-model transformation claim; LoRA/SimCSE/backbone costs and origins retained.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b125e905-dcbd-4ef5-aa98-091e98134e5c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d2c250648431520c76498f570853f3f4c148677907a3fa99e0df3909e2deaa2c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"guo-et-al-unixcoder-2022","title":"UniXcoder: attention-mode control and structured code/text pretraining","summary":"Used shared Transformer weights with encoder/decoder/encoder–decoder attention masks and prefixes, serialized AST structure with matched boundary markers and trained cross-modal code/comment objectives.","boundary":"The prefix controls model mode; it is not independently credited as invention of attention masks or Transformers. 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SNLI workers saw captions, not images, despite scenario grounding. MultiNLI follows the collection template but adds ten genres with only five represented in training. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1903-00161v1","title":"DROP: A Reading Comprehension Benchmark Requiring Discrete Reasoning Over Paragraphs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00161v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"dua-et-al-drop-2019","entry_id":"dua-et-al-drop-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aba55e88-dfe2-421c-a31b-bd75698ad2d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07e638aaeedd3ab664d13e98614f3425066d99c840cd2f3070c0f298ff8d6496"},"what_changed":"Built crowdsourced questions over passages selected for structured information, using an adversarial baseline filter to encourage counting, sorting, comparison and arithmetic over text.","scope":"Built crowdsourced questions over passages selected for structured information, using an adversarial baseline filter to encourage counting, sorting, comparison and arithmetic over text. 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Performance on this selected school-exam corpus is not a measurement of general student intelligence or Chinese-language comprehension.","area":"Reading-comprehension benchmarks","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"lai-et-al-race-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:efa07242-ec5f-4673-a6e9-8e3075bb1dd4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:26a935c07edad38402e995132155ab11f9a25648861a3f2871236b3c0c07a7e1"},"humans":["Guokun Lai","Qizhe Xie","Hanxiao Liu","Yiming Yang","Eduard Hovy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1704-04683v1","title":"RACE: Large-scale ReAding Comprehension Dataset From Examinations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04683v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"lai-et-al-race-2017","entry_id":"lai-et-al-race-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:efa07242-ec5f-4673-a6e9-8e3075bb1dd4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:26a935c07edad38402e995132155ab11f9a25648861a3f2871236b3c0c07a7e1"},"what_changed":"Collected English passages and multiple-choice questions from Chinese middle- and high-school examinations written by instructors, introducing a large reading-comprehension evaluation beyond automatically generated cloze questions.","scope":"Collected English passages and multiple-choice questions from Chinese middle- and high-school examinations written by instructors, introducing a large reading-comprehension evaluation beyond automatically generated cloze questions. The language tested is English although the examinations originate in China. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-natural-questions-tacl-2019","title":"Natural Questions: A Benchmark for Question Answering Research","url":"https://aclanthology.org/Q19-1026/"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"kwiatkowski-et-al-natural-questions-2019","entry_id":"kwiatkowski-et-al-natural-questions-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a72404ba-eee5-44a9-af7b-bb5fe284ec7a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:498fd82a05d7ec0306e4991aa72e4d34e4b4ca4f36a0bd3235fdd0c36fd6e5f6"},"what_changed":"Paired anonymized Google search queries with Wikipedia pages, annotating long evidence regions and short answers or null answers, with repeated annotations and evaluation designed to account for human variability.","scope":"Paired anonymized Google search queries with Wikipedia pages, annotating long evidence regions and short answers or null answers, with repeated annotations and evaluation designed to account for human variability. 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FFT and dense-DFT implementations have different complexity and device tradeoffs. Reported speedups use particular encoder tasks and hardware and do not establish drop-in causal decoding equivalence.","area":"Sequence-model architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lee-thorp-et-al-fnet-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:552a87fb-fa49-4efc-a318-01444e1b4e10","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21f5c615ffc43dfa995154fc4a23473a6a72f81f0a20ae1a79602ee9faf82e11"},"humans":["James Lee-Thorp","Joshua Ainslie","Ilya Eckstein","Santiago Ontañón"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2105-03824v1","title":"FNet: Mixing Tokens with Fourier Transforms","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.03824v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"lee-thorp-et-al-fnet-2021","entry_id":"lee-thorp-et-al-fnet-2021","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:552a87fb-fa49-4efc-a318-01444e1b4e10","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21f5c615ffc43dfa995154fc4a23473a6a72f81f0a20ae1a79602ee9faf82e11"},"what_changed":"Replaced encoder self-attention with real-valued outputs of Fourier transforms over sequence and hidden dimensions, retaining feed-forward blocks and studying speed–accuracy tradeoffs.","scope":"Replaced encoder self-attention with real-valued outputs of Fourier transforms over sequence and hidden dimensions, retaining feed-forward blocks and studying speed–accuracy tradeoffs. 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A finite alphabet and learned representation do not guarantee correct translation of every unseen string.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f509a458-5a77-4671-a25c-82ee418b0be1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:52fda9cc18417c069bd31fb3009073eecd5f9ae5a2ff8b8792c62e04924aa1dc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"provilkov-emelianenko-voita-bpe-dropout-2019","title":"BPE-dropout: stochastic merge suppression for subword training","summary":"Kept a learned BPE merge table while randomly suppressing candidate merges during training segmentation, exposing the translation model to multiple segmentations before deterministic inference.","boundary":"Does not introduce a new BPE vocabulary or establish universal robustness. 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XLM's parallel-data objective is supervised; XLM-R's monolingual pretraining does not imply all evaluations are unsupervised. Improvements inherit BERT/RoBERTa and depend on sampling, capacity and resource distribution. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1809-05053v1","title":"XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05053v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"conneau-et-al-xnli-2018","entry_id":"conneau-et-al-xnli-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6a8db31c-af1d-43e5-aaff-e90975d4f9d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cca988fd3a53c8fa9b4eb1802d600a0e6872918280063c85c1ca3586ff0ae0bf"},"what_changed":"Collected new English premise–hypothesis evaluation examples using the MultiNLI protocol and professionally translated them into aligned multilingual sets for comparing cross-lingual sentence representations.","scope":"Collected new English premise–hypothesis evaluation examples using the MultiNLI protocol and professionally translated them into aligned multilingual sets for comparing cross-lingual sentence representations. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1612-03144v1","title":"Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detection","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.03144v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"lin-et-al-feature-pyramid-networks-2016","entry_id":"lin-et-al-feature-pyramid-networks-2016","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:50d8ab71-2a75-4caa-a481-72372b91246b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97715b9e31c51d4f82fe627ef63e9b165750d202ee2b734004e60600f305a74b"},"what_changed":"Built semantically enriched feature maps at several backbone resolutions through a top-down pathway and same-resolution lateral additions, reusing one image's convolutional hierarchy.","scope":"Built semantically enriched feature maps at several backbone resolutions through a top-down pathway and same-resolution lateral additions, reusing one image's convolutional hierarchy. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1712-00726v1","title":"Cascade R-CNN: Delving into High Quality Object Detection","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.00726v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"cai-vasconcelos-cascade-rcnn-2017","entry_id":"cai-vasconcelos-cascade-rcnn-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:34010b57-1678-4cb9-a279-e565314bbddf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fab6166ec25768afe5fa3c8f9b0f83e31298defd3baa5dc99f752782058f030b"},"what_changed":"Trained a sequence of detector heads at increasing IoU quality thresholds, using progressively refined proposals to address sample scarcity and train–inference quality mismatch.","scope":"Trained a sequence of detector heads at increasing IoU quality thresholds, using progressively refined proposals to address sample scarcity and train–inference quality mismatch. 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Its end-to-end benchmark still excludes I/O and memory-copy operations and reports a specific NMS kernel convention. No universal first-real-time or all-device speed superiority is independently certified.","area":"Real-time object detection","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lv-et-al-rtdetr-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bef6af09-ad1e-408a-a75f-75fb01b817c3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e272a15aeab79d14d277838578cdb2efbfdaccd16037c16e59a878bf7de90a2"},"humans":["Wenyu Lv","Shangliang Xu","Yian Zhao","Guanzhong Wang","Jinman Wei","Cheng Cui","Yuning Du","Qingqing Dang","Yi Liu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Architectural guidelines improve tested training regimes, not a theorem of stability or absence of memorization. Fractionally strided convolution is not a mathematical inverse of ordinary convolution.","area":"Adversarial image generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"radford-metz-chintala-dcgan-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7abec52-6569-443f-a1f2-6f4cd9664e25","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d90556489e589e59dce0826f426f20012caa7224a52d87ca8515e0fc7777bf4a"},"humans":["Alec Radford","Luke Metz","Soumith Chintala"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1511-06434v1","title":"Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.06434v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"radford-metz-chintala-dcgan-2015","entry_id":"radford-metz-chintala-dcgan-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7abec52-6569-443f-a1f2-6f4cd9664e25","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d90556489e589e59dce0826f426f20012caa7224a52d87ca8515e0fc7777bf4a"},"what_changed":"Combined strided/fractionally strided convolutions, restricted dense layers, normalization and activation choices to train convolutional adversarial generators and test reusable discriminator features.","scope":"Combined strided/fractionally strided convolutions, restricted dense layers, normalization and activation choices to train convolutional adversarial generators and test reusable discriminator features. 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Attention maps and feature metrics do not prove object-level causal understanding or complete distribution coverage.","area":"Adversarial image generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhang-et-al-sagan-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5f429aed-f956-45d1-a4f6-e266422e0764","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba06d88247fe95eaa2899379a896ca9d4d66ae7bbe68f82c03d3c8c43423c5d4"},"humans":["Han Zhang","Ian Goodfellow","Dimitris Metaxas","Augustus Odena"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1805-08318v1","title":"Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08318v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-et-al-sagan-2018","entry_id":"zhang-et-al-sagan-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5f429aed-f956-45d1-a4f6-e266422e0764","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba06d88247fe95eaa2899379a896ca9d4d66ae7bbe68f82c03d3c8c43423c5d4"},"what_changed":"Adapted non-local self-attention to generator and discriminator representations, paired with spectral normalization on both networks and distinct update rates for long-range image synthesis.","scope":"Adapted non-local self-attention to generator and discriminator representations, paired with spectral normalization on both networks and distinct update rates for long-range image synthesis. 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Attention maps and feature metrics do not prove object-level causal understanding or complete distribution coverage.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5f429aed-f956-45d1-a4f6-e266422e0764","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba06d88247fe95eaa2899379a896ca9d4d66ae7bbe68f82c03d3c8c43423c5d4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhu-et-al-cyclegan-2017","title":"CycleGAN: adversarial image translation with cycle consistency","summary":"Learned mappings in both directions between unpaired image collections, combining domain discriminators with reconstruction after the forward-and-back translation cycle.","boundary":"Cycle consistency and matching marginal distributions do not identify the uniquely intended semantic correspondence. The method can hallucinate or alter content; no scientific/medical image-validity claim is made. Earlier cycle constraints and conditional image translation are acknowledged.","area":"Unpaired image translation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhu-et-al-cyclegan-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:96d01987-fe86-430f-aab2-bde41cc3cd84","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0308a1027779f776aaf97a9b0747abc9c8a6e1cc4a33d18c1efa30cee6467f1a"},"humans":["Jun-Yan Zhu","Taesung Park","Phillip Isola","Alexei A. Efros"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1703-10593v1","title":"Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10593v1"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"zhu-et-al-cyclegan-2017","entry_id":"zhu-et-al-cyclegan-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:96d01987-fe86-430f-aab2-bde41cc3cd84","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0308a1027779f776aaf97a9b0747abc9c8a6e1cc4a33d18c1efa30cee6467f1a"},"what_changed":"Learned mappings in both directions between unpaired image collections, combining domain discriminators with reconstruction after the forward-and-back translation cycle.","scope":"Learned mappings in both directions between unpaired image collections, combining domain discriminators with reconstruction after the forward-and-back translation cycle. 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Earlier cycle constraints and conditional image translation are acknowledged.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:96d01987-fe86-430f-aab2-bde41cc3cd84","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0308a1027779f776aaf97a9b0747abc9c8a6e1cc4a33d18c1efa30cee6467f1a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"isola-wang-et-al-pix2pix-family-2016-2017","title":"pix2pix and pix2pixHD: paired conditional image translation","summary":"Combined image-conditioned adversarial training with reconstruction and patch-based discrimination; the high-resolution extension added coarse-to-fine generation, multi-scale discriminators and discriminator-feature matching.","boundary":"Uses paired supervision and inherited encoder/skip architectures, not a solution to arbitrary unpaired translation. Patch losses do not guarantee global semantic correctness. Different original author sets are retained; increasing image resolution alone is not counted as a separate invention.","area":"Conditional image generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"isola-wang-et-al-pix2pix-family-2016-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:45e59b98-3066-4314-af14-5e5518f264c2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d500f2e8a3e82e52fdebdb75b527663883d6206c1b8ab97569d8e91bbc62980b"},"humans":["Phillip Isola","Jun-Yan Zhu","Tinghui Zhou","Alexei A. Efros","Ting-Chun Wang","Ming-Yu Liu","Andrew Tao","Jan Kautz","Bryan Catanzaro"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1611-07004v1","title":"Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.07004v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1711-11585v1","title":"High-Resolution Image Synthesis and Semantic Manipulation with Conditional GANs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.11585v1"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"isola-wang-et-al-pix2pix-family-2016-2017","entry_id":"isola-wang-et-al-pix2pix-family-2016-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:45e59b98-3066-4314-af14-5e5518f264c2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d500f2e8a3e82e52fdebdb75b527663883d6206c1b8ab97569d8e91bbc62980b"},"what_changed":"Combined image-conditioned adversarial training with reconstruction and patch-based discrimination; the high-resolution extension added coarse-to-fine generation, multi-scale discriminators and discriminator-feature matching.","scope":"Combined image-conditioned adversarial training with reconstruction and patch-based discrimination; the high-resolution extension added coarse-to-fine generation, multi-scale discriminators and discriminator-feature matching. Uses paired supervision and inherited encoder/skip architectures, not a solution to arbitrary unpaired translation. Patch losses do not guarantee global semantic correctness. 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A plausible image need not be a faithful depiction of a real scene. Taesung Park's star denotes internship, not an equal-contribution marker.","area":"Conditional image generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"park-et-al-spade-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0bce99ae-3583-4786-a62f-b308b1ac984d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4f3b622632457fe71eadb78fb5d41199e7fe1b54f8546aaef8dbaf5ec99f2a37"},"humans":["Taesung Park","Ming-Yu Liu","Ting-Chun Wang","Jun-Yan Zhu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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The high-density-manifold interpretation does not certify that finite learned-model trajectories stay on an exact data manifold. Speed and error orders require their stated schedule/smoothness conditions; no universal fixed-step quality guarantee.","area":"Diffusion sampling algorithms","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"liu-et-al-pndm-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0957924d-5a8d-4c0c-a543-3b4e980e656d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:66aedea59af5820d9a8bed44d4820bd165e3985e6c06cdc350cb74f2468cd452"},"humans":["Luping Liu","Yi Ren","Zhijie Lin","Zhou Zhao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Exact-score marginal equivalence does not eliminate learned-score error or finite-step discretization error. Plain frozen-score exponential Euler can perform poorly; parameterization and step selection matter.","area":"Diffusion sampling algorithms","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhang-chen-deis-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3c9581c8-e1ff-41cc-a2f6-a6665e2aa376","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:265c5296341fb3db9ef2ca20fdc3b24b0d5c172cdb7469154d3cc05f6dfc5887"},"humans":["Qinsheng Zhang","Yongxin Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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IAF supports parallel sampling and density evaluation for its own tracked samples, not fast inversion for every externally given point; MAF supports fast density evaluation but dimension-sequential sampling. A triangular Jacobian does not remove this direction-dependent cost.","area":"Flow-based probabilistic generative modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kingma-papamakarios-et-al-autoregressive-flow-family-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:020ea586-2336-422c-ab10-a45839252995","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:58b3e58c7322b50800d4e68d451bb721727c50e9614982bcd863f763c282fa98"},"humans":["Diederik P. Kingma","Tim Salimans","Max Welling","George Papamakarios","Theo Pavlakou","Iain Murray"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1606-04934v1","title":"Improving Variational Inference with Inverse Autoregressive Flow","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04934v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1705-07057v1","title":"Masked Autoregressive Flow for Density Estimation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.07057v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"kingma-papamakarios-et-al-autoregressive-flow-family-2016","entry_id":"kingma-papamakarios-et-al-autoregressive-flow-family-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:020ea586-2336-422c-ab10-a45839252995","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:58b3e58c7322b50800d4e68d451bb721727c50e9614982bcd863f763c282fa98"},"what_changed":"Used triangular autoregressive transforms to enrich variational posteriors and construct flexible density estimators, exploiting complementary fast directions in IAF and MAF.","scope":"Used triangular autoregressive transforms to enrich variational posteriors and construct flexible density estimators, exploiting complementary fast directions in IAF and MAF. Two related original contributions with separate bylines. IAF supports parallel sampling and density evaluation for its own tracked samples, not fast inversion for every externally given point; MAF supports fast density evaluation but dimension-sequential sampling. A triangular Jacobian does not remove this direction-dependent cost.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:020ea586-2336-422c-ab10-a45839252995","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:58b3e58c7322b50800d4e68d451bb721727c50e9614982bcd863f763c282fa98"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"durkan-et-al-neural-spline-flows-2019","title":"Neural spline flows with analytic invertibility","summary":"Parameterized monotonic rational-quadratic spline transforms inside coupling or autoregressive flows, increasing scalar-transform flexibility while retaining tractable derivatives and analytic inversion.","boundary":"Builds on inherited spline interpolation and preceding spline flows, not invention of all splines. Positive bin widths/heights/derivatives and identity-tail boundary construction enforce the stated transform properties. Analytic inversion does not eliminate autoregressive direction-dependent sampling costs.","area":"Flow-based probabilistic generative modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"durkan-et-al-neural-spline-flows-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef3a83e8-e3ee-45b4-ade4-0fbfd96b198d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44efea0e3c04883f43ae517e52f676932b5168b3e53726b410b691c96e8657c6"},"humans":["Conor Durkan","Artur Bekasov","Iain Murray","George Papamakarios"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1906-04032v1","title":"Neural Spline Flows","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.04032v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"durkan-et-al-neural-spline-flows-2019","entry_id":"durkan-et-al-neural-spline-flows-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef3a83e8-e3ee-45b4-ade4-0fbfd96b198d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44efea0e3c04883f43ae517e52f676932b5168b3e53726b410b691c96e8657c6"},"what_changed":"Parameterized monotonic rational-quadratic spline transforms inside coupling or autoregressive flows, increasing scalar-transform flexibility while retaining tractable derivatives and analytic inversion.","scope":"Parameterized monotonic rational-quadratic spline transforms inside coupling or autoregressive flows, increasing scalar-transform flexibility while retaining tractable derivatives and analytic inversion. Builds on inherited spline interpolation and preceding spline flows, not invention of all splines. Positive bin widths/heights/derivatives and identity-tail boundary construction enforce the stated transform properties. 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Monotonicity needs positivity/activation assumptions; invertibility alone does not give a cheap closed-form inverse. Theorems were read as statements, not independently replayed.","area":"Flow-based probabilistic generative modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"huang-et-al-neural-autoregressive-flows-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f6773a94-7a3f-41c7-aae1-9e7e36a82102","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09df622e97907ed52a17f562fd55a66c29896cd3b5e5212fa273fb2203680c7d"},"humans":["Chin-Wei Huang","David Krueger","Alexandre Lacoste","Aaron Courville"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1804-00779v1","title":"Neural Autoregressive Flows","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.00779v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"huang-et-al-neural-autoregressive-flows-2018","entry_id":"huang-et-al-neural-autoregressive-flows-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f6773a94-7a3f-41c7-aae1-9e7e36a82102","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09df622e97907ed52a17f562fd55a66c29896cd3b5e5212fa273fb2203680c7d"},"what_changed":"Replaced conditionally affine scalar transforms by monotonic neural networks, including deep sigmoidal flow modules for richer density estimation and variational posterior approximation.","scope":"Replaced conditionally affine scalar transforms by monotonic neural networks, including deep sigmoidal flow modules for richer density estimation and variational posterior approximation. The source's universal-approximation statements require positive continuous densities and convergence in distribution, not exact finite-network representation of arbitrary discrete or singular laws. Monotonicity needs positivity/activation assumptions; invertibility alone does not give a cheap closed-form inverse. Theorems were read as statements, not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f6773a94-7a3f-41c7-aae1-9e7e36a82102","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09df622e97907ed52a17f562fd55a66c29896cd3b5e5212fa273fb2203680c7d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"grathwohl-et-al-ffjord-2018","title":"FFJORD: scalable continuous normalizing flows","summary":"Combined continuous-time invertible dynamics with Hutchinson trace estimation and adjoint-based training to scale log-density evaluation without triangular neural Jacobian restrictions.","boundary":"Inherits continuous normalizing flows, neural ODEs, adjoints and Hutchinson estimation. Unbiasedness concerns the stochastic log-density integral under stated regularity and exact integration; exponentiation is not thereby an unbiased density estimate and practical ODE solvers introduce numerical error. One-pass sampling is an ODE solve with potentially many function evaluations, not a single network evaluation.","area":"Flow-based probabilistic generative modeling","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"grathwohl-et-al-ffjord-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:807aa464-244a-4d98-aed0-1b70e0f322aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbeb35513111a4ff23a46e192af9659b2d731367f57c6077764be56b05a1d1db"},"humans":["Will Grathwohl","Ricky T. Q. Chen","Jesse Bettencourt","Ilya Sutskever","David Duvenaud"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1810-01367v1","title":"FFJORD: Free-form Continuous Dynamics for Scalable Reversible Generative Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.01367v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"grathwohl-et-al-ffjord-2018","entry_id":"grathwohl-et-al-ffjord-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:807aa464-244a-4d98-aed0-1b70e0f322aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbeb35513111a4ff23a46e192af9659b2d731367f57c6077764be56b05a1d1db"},"what_changed":"Combined continuous-time invertible dynamics with Hutchinson trace estimation and adjoint-based training to scale log-density evaluation without triangular neural Jacobian restrictions.","scope":"Combined continuous-time invertible dynamics with Hutchinson trace estimation and adjoint-based training to scale log-density evaluation without triangular neural Jacobian restrictions. Inherits continuous normalizing flows, neural ODEs, adjoints and Hutchinson estimation. Unbiasedness concerns the stochastic log-density integral under stated regularity and exact integration; exponentiation is not thereby an unbiased density estimate and practical ODE solvers introduce numerical error. One-pass sampling is an ODE solve with potentially many function evaluations, not a single network evaluation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:807aa464-244a-4d98-aed0-1b70e0f322aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbeb35513111a4ff23a46e192af9659b2d731367f57c6077764be56b05a1d1db"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"girshick-et-al-rcnn-2013","title":"R-CNN: region proposals with convolutional features","summary":"Combined bottom-up region proposals with pretrained and detection-finetuned convolutional features and class-specific SVMs, demonstrating strong object detection and transferable region representations.","boundary":"Original2013v1, not silently updated with later R-CNN performance/features. Selective search, CNN pretraining and SVMs are inherited components. Per-proposal warped-image computation and multistage training differ from Fast/Faster/Mask R-CNN already covered.","area":"Convolutional visual recognition","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2013,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"girshick-et-al-rcnn-2013","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebc8cc25-df3c-4171-ad20-0c91adffcc7d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3b48faf027b782c2e338a29568addccd6d03f2d99ca71e36af63d14a921704e"},"humans":["Ross Girshick","Jeff Donahue","Trevor Darrell","Jitendra Malik"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1311-2524v1","title":"Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.2524v1"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"girshick-et-al-rcnn-2013","entry_id":"girshick-et-al-rcnn-2013","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebc8cc25-df3c-4171-ad20-0c91adffcc7d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3b48faf027b782c2e338a29568addccd6d03f2d99ca71e36af63d14a921704e"},"what_changed":"Combined bottom-up region proposals with pretrained and detection-finetuned convolutional features and class-specific SVMs, demonstrating strong object detection and transferable region representations.","scope":"Combined bottom-up region proposals with pretrained and detection-finetuned convolutional features and class-specific SVMs, demonstrating strong object detection and transferable region representations. Original2013v1, not silently updated with later R-CNN performance/features. Selective search, CNN pretraining and SVMs are inherited components. Per-proposal warped-image computation and multistage training differ from Fast/Faster/Mask R-CNN already covered.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebc8cc25-df3c-4171-ad20-0c91adffcc7d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3b48faf027b782c2e338a29568addccd6d03f2d99ca71e36af63d14a921704e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sermanet-et-al-overfeat-2013","title":"OverFeat: shared multiscale recognition and localization","summary":"Used shared convolutional feature extraction across multiscale sliding-window classification and bounding-box regression to integrate recognition, localization and detection.","boundary":"Inherits convolutional weight sharing and prior dense-evaluation techniques. Localization contest success is not first place in every classification/detection task. The original fixes feature extraction layers when training the regression head; shared features do not imply a single jointly optimized loss for all heads.","area":"Convolutional visual recognition","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2013,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"sermanet-et-al-overfeat-2013","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ee49791-49ce-4fcd-a447-d95eadf38939","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1109b5b195ffa9b0187b5c4c73687beafd6cb1716c04ee5f1cda2cb7fdadd044"},"humans":["Pierre Sermanet","David Eigen","Xiang Zhang","Michael Mathieu","Rob Fergus","Yann LeCun"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1312-6229v1","title":"OverFeat: Integrated Recognition, Localization and Detection using Convolutional Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6229v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"sermanet-et-al-overfeat-2013","entry_id":"sermanet-et-al-overfeat-2013","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ee49791-49ce-4fcd-a447-d95eadf38939","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1109b5b195ffa9b0187b5c4c73687beafd6cb1716c04ee5f1cda2cb7fdadd044"},"what_changed":"Used shared convolutional feature extraction across multiscale sliding-window classification and bounding-box regression to integrate recognition, localization and detection.","scope":"Used shared convolutional feature extraction across multiscale sliding-window classification and bounding-box regression to integrate recognition, localization and detection. Inherits convolutional weight sharing and prior dense-evaluation techniques. Localization contest success is not first place in every classification/detection task. The original fixes feature extraction layers when training the regression head; shared features do not imply a single jointly optimized loss for all heads.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ee49791-49ce-4fcd-a447-d95eadf38939","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1109b5b195ffa9b0187b5c4c73687beafd6cb1716c04ee5f1cda2cb7fdadd044"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"he-et-al-spp-net-2014","title":"SPP-net: spatial pyramid pooling on convolutional feature maps","summary":"Placed fixed-bin spatial pyramid pooling above convolutional maps to produce fixed-length features from varying image/region sizes and reuse whole-image convolutions across detection proposals.","boundary":"Spatial pyramid pooling predates this deep-network integration. Original training uses selected fixed input sizes with shared weights; acceptance of variable shapes is not proven accuracy invariance across arbitrary scales. Detector speedups are source benchmark conditions, not universal end-to-end ratios.","area":"Convolutional visual recognition","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"he-et-al-spp-net-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ba3e2e38-6b63-44af-aeff-8d12781aac64","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:994fa2673442daa2d9d12849bc31b79ac099a69c823d04b3965659cc0cef63cb"},"humans":["Kaiming He","Xiangyu Zhang","Shaoqing Ren","Jian Sun"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1406-4729v1","title":"Spatial Pyramid Pooling in Deep Convolutional Networks for Visual Recognition","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.4729v1"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"he-et-al-spp-net-2014","entry_id":"he-et-al-spp-net-2014","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ba3e2e38-6b63-44af-aeff-8d12781aac64","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:994fa2673442daa2d9d12849bc31b79ac099a69c823d04b3965659cc0cef63cb"},"what_changed":"Placed fixed-bin spatial pyramid pooling above convolutional maps to produce fixed-length features from varying image/region sizes and reuse whole-image convolutions across detection proposals.","scope":"Placed fixed-bin spatial pyramid pooling above convolutional maps to produce fixed-length features from varying image/region sizes and reuse whole-image convolutions across detection proposals. Spatial pyramid pooling predates this deep-network integration. Original training uses selected fixed input sizes with shared weights; acceptance of variable shapes is not proven accuracy invariance across arbitrary scales. 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The displayed equivalence depends on the chosen homogeneous blocks and need not hold for arbitrary heterogeneous transformations. Matched-complexity accuracy advantages are empirical, not a theorem that cardinality always beats width/depth.","area":"Convolutional visual recognition","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"xie-et-al-resnext-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b016bc8-a0d1-45d3-a384-030c81ccc14b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a09acf637bb618fa45dcc5ae859cde287a20cea8d7fcb2a3ab9c5aaaa045a4b"},"humans":["Saining Xie","Ross Girshick","Piotr Dollár","Zhuowen Tu","Kaiming He"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1611-05431v1","title":"Aggregated Residual Transformations for Deep Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.05431v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"xie-et-al-resnext-2016","entry_id":"xie-et-al-resnext-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b016bc8-a0d1-45d3-a384-030c81ccc14b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a09acf637bb618fa45dcc5ae859cde287a20cea8d7fcb2a3ab9c5aaaa045a4b"},"what_changed":"Introduced a homogeneous multi-branch residual block and cardinality as a model-design axis, with an equivalent grouped-convolution implementation for the selected bottleneck structure.","scope":"Introduced a homogeneous multi-branch residual block and cardinality as a model-design axis, with an equivalent grouped-convolution implementation for the selected bottleneck structure. Grouped convolution, residual learning and split-transform-merge precedents are inherited. The displayed equivalence depends on the chosen homogeneous blocks and need not hold for arbitrary heterogeneous transformations. 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Small FLOP overhead does not imply equal wall-clock overhead; original timings explicitly differ across devices/training implementations. Competition entry results concern an ensemble/configuration, not every SE block.","area":"Convolutional visual recognition","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hu-shen-sun-senet-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3687af63-05a3-48fc-aa45-5f44470d9c61","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97d2b83c0617744d4f4238cc570df555f6c4954d90898eb3f0f466f706abe676"},"humans":["Jie Hu","Li Shen","Gang Sun"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1709-01507v1","title":"Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.01507v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"hu-shen-sun-senet-2017","entry_id":"hu-shen-sun-senet-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3687af63-05a3-48fc-aa45-5f44470d9c61","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97d2b83c0617744d4f4238cc570df555f6c4954d90898eb3f0f466f706abe676"},"what_changed":"Added global spatial pooling and a bottleneck gating network to adaptively rescale convolutional feature channels, enabling SE-enhanced recognition architectures.","scope":"Added global spatial pooling and a bottleneck gating network to adaptively rescale convolutional feature channels, enabling SE-enhanced recognition architectures. 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Competition and online Science publication occurred2017; print issue2018 is recorded separately. Blueprint abstraction, approximate opponent values and finite solving accuracy constrain guarantees; a120000hand match is not proof of an exact full-game equilibrium. Self-improvement patches the system's own weaknesses, not simply fitting an opponent-exploitation model. DeepStack concurrent related work is credited without assigning exclusive priority.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4e1c900-6fff-4f08-a5e2-2f101d50842c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:764ce60119e77b77c8d65fb3c27f01704dda4b7b6be82dbc69892387b9e79d7b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"brown-sandholm-pluribus-2019","title":"Pluribus: multiplayer poker self-play and limited-depth search","summary":"Combined improved Monte Carlo CFR blueprint learning with depth-limited online search that permits multiple continuation strategies, defeating professional players in six-player no-limit poker experiments.","boundary":"Multiplayer empirical performance is not a proof of Nash convergence or an unbeatable strategy; the source explicitly lacks the two-player zero-sum guarantee here. Information/action abstractions and selected continuation policies remain. The strategy does not adapt to observed opponent tendencies; live search is not opponent-model learning. Blueprint cloud-cost estimates exclude development/research costs.","area":"Multiplayer imperfect-information game reasoning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"brown-sandholm-pluribus-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:94bcc6d6-a2de-4b4a-a6b1-1829f456beae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f9b73902542ed7e6b276cc2d5234bb72a30867a99560d3f564123d091d74e2c"},"humans":["Noam Brown","Tuomas Sandholm"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-pluribus-science-author2019","title":"Superhuman AI for multiplayer poker","url":"https://noambrown.com/papers/19-Science-Superhuman.pdf"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"brown-sandholm-pluribus-2019","entry_id":"brown-sandholm-pluribus-2019","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:94bcc6d6-a2de-4b4a-a6b1-1829f456beae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f9b73902542ed7e6b276cc2d5234bb72a30867a99560d3f564123d091d74e2c"},"what_changed":"Combined improved Monte Carlo CFR blueprint learning with depth-limited online search that permits multiple continuation strategies, defeating professional players in six-player no-limit poker experiments.","scope":"Combined improved Monte Carlo CFR blueprint learning with depth-limited online search that permits multiple continuation strategies, defeating professional players in six-player no-limit poker experiments. Multiplayer empirical performance is not a proof of Nash convergence or an unbeatable strategy; the source explicitly lacks the two-player zero-sum guarantee here. Information/action abstractions and selected continuation policies remain. The strategy does not adapt to observed opponent tendencies; live search is not opponent-model learning. Blueprint cloud-cost estimates exclude development/research costs.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:94bcc6d6-a2de-4b4a-a6b1-1829f456beae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f9b73902542ed7e6b276cc2d5234bb72a30867a99560d3f564123d091d74e2c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schaeffer-et-al-checkers-weak-solution-2007","title":"Checkers: computational weak solution from the initial position","summary":"Combined retrograde endgame databases with proof-tree management and forward search to give a source-reported computational proof that perfect play from the standard8x8checkers starting position is a draw.","boundary":"Weak solution from the initial position, not a strong solution for every legal position or every draughts variant. Source reports internal consistency and partially independent component checks; WRS has not downloaded/replayed proof databases or independently certified correctness. Search heuristics guide work but heuristic scores alone are not the terminal proof certificate.","area":"Computer-assisted game solving","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"schaeffer-et-al-checkers-weak-solution-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:16914dd3-1849-4c6d-a107-105af41ba95b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9b7579f658967a2116af514c1c907d06a1104e279c2220a0bbaeef6c2cf33e1"},"humans":["Jonathan Schaeffer","Neil Burch","Yngvi Björnsson","Akihiro Kishimoto","Martin Müller","Robert Lake","Paul Lu","Steve Sutphen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-checkers-science-author2007","title":"Checkers Is Solved","url":"https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~mmueller/courses/657-Fall2025/readings/2007-checkers.pdf"}],"points":"225000","published_grade":{"id":"schaeffer-et-al-checkers-weak-solution-2007","entry_id":"schaeffer-et-al-checkers-weak-solution-2007","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:16914dd3-1849-4c6d-a107-105af41ba95b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9b7579f658967a2116af514c1c907d06a1104e279c2220a0bbaeef6c2cf33e1"},"what_changed":"Combined retrograde endgame databases with proof-tree management and forward search to give a source-reported computational proof that perfect play from the standard8x8checkers starting position is a draw.","scope":"Combined retrograde endgame databases with proof-tree management and forward search to give a source-reported computational proof that perfect play from the standard8x8checkers starting position is a draw. Weak solution from the initial position, not a strong solution for every legal position or every draughts variant. Source reports internal consistency and partially independent component checks; WRS has not downloaded/replayed proof databases or independently certified correctness. Search heuristics guide work but heuristic scores alone are not the terminal proof certificate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:16914dd3-1849-4c6d-a107-105af41ba95b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9b7579f658967a2116af514c1c907d06a1104e279c2220a0bbaeef6c2cf33e1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zinkevich-et-al-counterfactual-regret-minimization-2007","title":"Counterfactual regret minimization in extensive-form games","summary":"Decomposed overall strategic regret into information-set counterfactual regrets, enabling locally maintained regret-matching updates and approximate-equilibrium computation in large imperfect-information games.","boundary":"Finite perfect-recall extensive games underpin the stated regret decomposition; average self-play strategies yield the equilibrium guarantee in the two-player zero-sum setting. It is not a universal Nash-convergence theorem for arbitrary multiplayer/general-sum learning or unrestricted imperfect-recall abstractions. Blackwell approachability/regret matching are inherited. Source theorem statements read, proofs not independently replayed.","area":"Imperfect-information multiagent learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zinkevich-et-al-counterfactual-regret-minimization-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b57f2da-d92b-41cc-a43f-975afeb27973","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b1566b29f65b1044e1897f144b11acaf2ef83fb2891a2e326ad86946a951670"},"humans":["Martin Zinkevich","Michael Johanson","Michael Bowling","Carmelo Piccione"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Source theorem statements read, proofs not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b57f2da-d92b-41cc-a43f-975afeb27973","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b1566b29f65b1044e1897f144b11acaf2ef83fb2891a2e326ad86946a951670"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tammelin-bowling-et-al-cfrplus-cepheus-family-2014","title":"CFR+ and Cepheus: scalable near-equilibrium poker solving","summary":"Introduced clipped cumulative regret-matching updates and weighted averaging, then combined distributed compressed computation with CFR+ to essentially weakly solve heads-up limit Texas hold'em.","boundary":"The2014algorithm originates with Tammelin alone; subsequent theory/engineering and Cepheus reports have their own bylines. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1407-5042v1","title":"Solving Large Imperfect Information Games Using CFR+","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1407.5042v1"},{"id":"cur20261015-cfrplus-ijcai2015","title":"Solving Heads-up Limit Texas Hold'em","url":"https://poker.cs.ualberta.ca/publications/2015-ijcai-cfrplus.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261015-cepheus-cacm2017","title":"Heads-Up Limit Hold'em Poker Is Solved","url":"https://poker.cs.ualberta.ca/publications/heads-up_limit_poker_is_solved.acm2017.pdf"}],"points":"175000","published_grade":{"id":"tammelin-bowling-et-al-cfrplus-cepheus-family-2014","entry_id":"tammelin-bowling-et-al-cfrplus-cepheus-family-2014","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bc8ba839-e7e0-4f91-a328-5cf6db9b7554","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:13f6e5ac05512645817888f336d7218bf579416cbb73ebb2f72857e16365eac8"},"what_changed":"Introduced clipped cumulative regret-matching updates and weighted averaging, then combined distributed compressed computation with CFR+ to essentially weakly solve heads-up limit Texas hold'em.","scope":"Introduced clipped cumulative regret-matching updates and weighted averaging, then combined distributed compressed computation with CFR+ to essentially weakly solve heads-up limit Texas hold'em. The2014algorithm originates with Tammelin alone; subsequent theory/engineering and Cepheus reports have their own bylines. Same asymptotic regret order does not prove a universal order-of-magnitude acceleration. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1603-01121v1","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning from Self-Play in Imperfect-Information Games","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.01121v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"heinrich-silver-neural-fictitious-selfplay-2016","entry_id":"heinrich-silver-neural-fictitious-selfplay-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1b37ee2d-f4c7-4031-a407-e4e735c3a916","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a445f74a30ddff6cb5398a9c9af1b610efa06c6f8809a0e53a13f92be23e56bc"},"what_changed":"Combined off-policy deep reinforcement learning of approximate best responses with supervised reservoir-memory learning of average behavior, supporting end-to-end imperfect-information self-play.","scope":"Combined off-policy deep reinforcement learning of approximate best responses with supervised reservoir-memory learning of average behavior, supporting end-to-end imperfect-information self-play. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-2007-13544v1","title":"Combining Deep Reinforcement Learning and Search for Imperfect-Information Games","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.13544v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"brown-et-al-rebel-belief-search-2020","entry_id":"brown-et-al-rebel-belief-search-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:56bce9ec-1c16-4c2b-a7d4-39d4d4cad82c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:900617fedbc2d15618c66ba75431c00c7726518dbd33701a2471b0dc53e95b4f"},"what_changed":"Reframed imperfect-information learning/search around public belief states, training value/policy functions using self-play subgame solving rather than treating hidden-world states as ordinary perfect-information leaves.","scope":"Reframed imperfect-information learning/search around public belief states, training value/policy functions using self-play subgame solving rather than treating hidden-world states as ordinary perfect-information leaves. Originalv1 convergence statement is tabular/idealized and two-player zero-sum; bounded-accuracy subgame solving and exploration assumptions matter. Practical neural approximation and finite poker experiments do not prove a general deep-learning Nash guarantee. Common-knowledge rules/algorithms and legal belief construction are assumed; predecessor belief-state/decomposition ideas are credited.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:56bce9ec-1c16-4c2b-a7d4-39d4d4cad82c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:900617fedbc2d15618c66ba75431c00c7726518dbd33701a2471b0dc53e95b4f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lanctot-et-al-psro-2017","title":"Policy-space response oracles and deep cognitive hierarchies","summary":"Grew empirical meta-games of policies by learning approximate best responses to policy mixtures, then applied meta-strategy solvers; a decoupled hierarchy reduced the full payoff-tensor bottleneck.","boundary":"Generalizes prior double-oracle, empirical game theory and fictitious-play ideas. Approximate response quality, finite policy populations and choice of meta-solver limit guarantees; a meta-game solution is not automatically a full-game Nash equilibrium. Full empirical payoff tensors have combinatorial cost, not free scaling.","area":"Imperfect-information multiagent learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lanctot-et-al-psro-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1bdfa9c6-1e20-42d0-a2b7-6ecd537e7f73","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6d4e4882ed0f46d2c821997a4d95371a5234411d4ecd9276a07b0b3711f9683"},"humans":["Marc Lanctot","Vinicius Zambaldi","Audrūnas Gruslys","Angeliki Lazaridou","Karl Tuyls","Julien Pérolat","David Silver","Thore Graepel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261015-arxiv-1711-00832v1","title":"A Unified Game-Theoretic Approach to Multiagent Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.00832v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"lanctot-et-al-psro-2017","entry_id":"lanctot-et-al-psro-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1bdfa9c6-1e20-42d0-a2b7-6ecd537e7f73","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6d4e4882ed0f46d2c821997a4d95371a5234411d4ecd9276a07b0b3711f9683"},"what_changed":"Grew empirical meta-games of policies by learning approximate best responses to policy mixtures, then applied meta-strategy solvers; a decoupled hierarchy reduced the full payoff-tensor bottleneck.","scope":"Grew empirical meta-games of policies by learning approximate best responses to policy mixtures, then applied meta-strategy solvers; a decoupled hierarchy reduced the full payoff-tensor bottleneck. 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The record concerns the framework introduced in 2019. Features and supported-game counts from later living documentation are not attributed to that initial release. 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Human demonstrations and dialogue data are used; it is not learning solely from self-play. Dialogue grounding/filtering is imperfect and the planning model does not model long-term relationship effects; no never-deceives or universal trustworthiness guarantee is implied. R2C2/BART and earlier regularized search retain predecessor credit.","area":"Language-grounded multiagent reasoning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"fair-diplomacy-team-cicero-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e3e2cdca-5c3d-46aa-a727-d45ddfe5c38c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bdd05bdd078cf2b2bb9fa3faf914cab8018ecfa15f80fba875f8eeb93960c321"},"humans":["Anton Bakhtin","Noam Brown","Emily Dinan","Gabriele Farina","Colin Flaherty","Daniel Fried","Andrew Goff","Jonathan Gray","Hengyuan Hu","Athul Paul Jacob","Mojtaba Komeili","Karthik Konath","Minae Kwon","Adam Lerer","Mike Lewis","Alexander H. 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Forty-game five-minute-negotiation-turn evaluation, not unrestricted long-form Diplomacy or general negotiation competence. Human demonstrations and dialogue data are used; it is not learning solely from self-play. Dialogue grounding/filtering is imperfect and the planning model does not model long-term relationship effects; no never-deceives or universal trustworthiness guarantee is implied. 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Printed Jakob N. Foerster is retained; first two authors are marked equal contributors.","area":"Multi-agent credit assignment","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"coma-counterfactual-credit-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2005f143-e008-4c27-ab66-255fe4845f1a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be66dc3e98ec612de9dd2440cbc64039eb8f352bc46fd1798ed7e5f35bf8d5b5"},"humans":["Jakob N. Foerster","Gregory Farquhar","Triantafyllos Afouras","Nantas Nardelli","Shimon Whiteson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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The baseline is computed from a learned critic, not an exact causal simulator; finite StarCraft micromanagement results do not establish general optimality. Printed Jakob N. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-1803-11485v1","title":"QMIX: Monotonic Value Function Factorisation for Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.11485v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"qmix-monotonic-factorisation-2018","entry_id":"qmix-monotonic-factorisation-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e0033e99-0fab-4e18-a3fe-33ca3d622442","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5db2ff963a7ad0b569055df9a51ed719c9ee053cff59308d6ee321fc62230098"},"what_changed":"Combines local action-value utilities through a state-conditioned monotonic mixing network so local greedy choices agree with the represented joint greedy choice.","scope":"Combines local action-value utilities through a state-conditioned monotonic mixing network so local greedy choices agree with the represented joint greedy choice. 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Practical soft constraint losses and shared function approximation do not guarantee exact feasibility or global optimality.","area":"Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"qtran-value-transformation-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0a466f8d-f379-4c36-a8b9-57afbf9ca45d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be9ef882e44a85f3d0ebc4c33cd6bf9e69e13f4f61f5297618098bd39d8ab21e"},"humans":["Kyunghwan Son","Daewoo Kim","Wan Ju Kang","David Hostallero","Yung Yi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Pham and Guan are equal contributors.","area":"Neural architecture search","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","execution_attribution":{"kind":"AUTOMATED_ARCHITECTURE_SEARCH","statement":"A learned controller selected network subgraphs using validation rewards; human authors defined the shared model, training procedure and tests.","locator":"Pinned v1 abstract: learned controller selects subgraphs, parameter sharing and discovered architectures.","sources":[{"title":"Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameters Sharing","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.03268v1"}],"attribution_basis":"SOURCE_REPORTED","provider_attestation":"NONE","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"package_id":"enas-shared-parameter-search-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f7666e41-d589-4216-a990-8674f7a0f2b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c3845b2d1c557bc3d3a3729b61a17601ebd85c14b3532ec29122b2822d68143"},"humans":["Hieu Pham","Melody Y. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[{"provider":"Not recorded: research execution is source-reported, not provider-attested","product":"ENAS policy-gradient controller","model":"Not applicable: no language-model version identified for this search","role":"A learned controller selected network subgraphs using validation rewards; human authors defined the shared model, training procedure and tests.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":{"title":"Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameters Sharing","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.03268v1"}}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-1802-03268v1","title":"Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameters Sharing","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.03268v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"enas-shared-parameter-search-2018","entry_id":"enas-shared-parameter-search-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f7666e41-d589-4216-a990-8674f7a0f2b8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c3845b2d1c557bc3d3a3729b61a17601ebd85c14b3532ec29122b2822d68143"},"what_changed":"Uses a reinforcement-learned controller to sample subgraphs of a shared computation graph, alternating controller validation rewards with shared-weight training to reduce repeated child-model training.","scope":"Uses a reinforcement-learned controller to sample subgraphs of a shared computation graph, alternating controller validation rewards with shared-weight training to reduce repeated child-model training. 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Reported speed/accuracy concerns the measured image datasets, not arbitrary data distributions.","area":"Automated data augmentation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"population-based-augmentation-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:239b35f1-3ac7-44c6-afc4-3591684d04eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:57cdc34ce8821ca22550d7a1a2d408105089a7a4fb039c768f55da9b56da0285"},"humans":["Daniel Ho","Eric Liang","Ion Stoica","Pieter Abbeel","Xi Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Bounds rely on its sampling/loss-limit and uniform convergence-envelope assumptions, not arbitrary misleading learning curves at any fixed budget. Successive halving is inherited; no claim to invent bandit optimization.","area":"Hyperparameter optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hyperband-adaptive-resource-allocation-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b865b4fe-346c-4e81-aeed-b3a141052975","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:021c3ff7fafaeb94cdee28dc7539672e65aea6c911425c21ec29c76e064e0699"},"humans":["Lisha Li","Kevin Jamieson","Giulia DeSalvo","Afshin Rostamizadeh","Ameet Talwalkar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-1603-06560v1","title":"Efficient Hyperparameter Optimization and Infinitely Many Armed Bandits","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.06560v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"hyperband-adaptive-resource-allocation-2016","entry_id":"hyperband-adaptive-resource-allocation-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b865b4fe-346c-4e81-aeed-b3a141052975","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:021c3ff7fafaeb94cdee28dc7539672e65aea6c911425c21ec29c76e064e0699"},"what_changed":"Runs successive-halving brackets with different breadth/depth allocations, adapting resource spending among configurations instead of requiring a fixed number of candidates.","scope":"Runs successive-halving brackets with different breadth/depth allocations, adapting resource spending among configurations instead of requiring a fixed number of candidates. 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Empirical anytime gains do not certify a finite-budget global optimum.","area":"Hyperparameter optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"bohb-model-based-hyperband-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e9ea206-e0df-4de3-a277-736bd348ebba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:17e73184bd424467a62fa74e55fa0a76f63e820570790822caddf77bba56db44"},"humans":["Stefan Falkner","Aaron Klein","Frank Hutter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-1807-01774v1","title":"BOHB: Robust and Efficient Hyperparameter Optimization at Scale","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.01774v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"bohb-model-based-hyperband-2018","entry_id":"bohb-model-based-hyperband-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e9ea206-e0df-4de3-a277-736bd348ebba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:17e73184bd424467a62fa74e55fa0a76f63e820570790822caddf77bba56db44"},"what_changed":"Combines Hyperband's multi-fidelity allocation with multidimensional density-estimation guidance, using the largest sufficiently populated budget model and retaining random exploration.","scope":"Combines Hyperband's multi-fidelity allocation with multidimensional density-estimation guidance, using the largest sufficiently populated budget model and retaining random exploration. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-1711-09846v1","title":"Population Based Training of Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.09846v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"pbt-hyperparameter-schedules-2017","entry_id":"pbt-hyperparameter-schedules-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:10ecd8c9-9bb8-47e5-abe2-d0b54160f5f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:062451af21887fa62fa11e52e5fb27159f0a776d5d5282c2f3fe73e898684cb6"},"what_changed":"Asynchronously trains a population, copies promising members' weights/hyperparameters and perturbs hyperparameters to discover schedules within continuing training runs.","scope":"Asynchronously trains a population, copies promising members' weights/hyperparameters and perturbs hyperparameters to discover schedules within continuing training runs. A population consumes more total resources than one member; low orchestration overhead is not zero tuning cost or guaranteed global optimization.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:10ecd8c9-9bb8-47e5-abe2-d0b54160f5f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:062451af21887fa62fa11e52e5fb27159f0a776d5d5282c2f3fe73e898684cb6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mnasnet-hardware-aware-search-2018","title":"MnasNet platform-aware mobile architecture search","summary":"Searches a factorized hierarchical mobile CNN space with a reward balancing measured target-phone latency and classification accuracy.","boundary":"Automated search selected mobile network designs using accuracy and measured latency; researchers supplied the search space, devices and evaluation. Original v1 uses proxy-task search and transfer, not a claim that every candidate is fully trained on ImageNet. A weighted product approximates nearby tradeoffs, not an exhaustive certified Pareto frontier; latency is specific to measured hardware.","area":"Hardware-aware neural architecture search","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","execution_attribution":{"kind":"AUTOMATED_ARCHITECTURE_SEARCH","statement":"Automated search selected mobile network designs using accuracy and measured latency; researchers supplied the search space, devices and evaluation.","locator":"Pinned v1 abstract: automated search with measured device latency and a human-defined factorized search space.","sources":[{"title":"MnasNet: Platform-Aware Neural Architecture Search for Mobile","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.11626v1"}],"attribution_basis":"SOURCE_REPORTED","provider_attestation":"NONE","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"package_id":"mnasnet-hardware-aware-search-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:08c4b46c-006e-4fb2-aaa3-52d03297bf9a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:148397459ac25b615d256ca6ab2b554a42643c06066297f4d3f392a96565477a"},"humans":["Mingxing Tan","Bo Chen","Ruoming Pang","Vijay Vasudevan","Quoc V. Le"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[{"provider":"Not recorded: research execution is source-reported, not provider-attested","product":"MnasNet mobile architecture search","model":"Not applicable: no language-model version identified for this search","role":"Automated search selected mobile network designs using accuracy and measured latency; researchers supplied the search space, devices and evaluation.","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":{"title":"MnasNet: Platform-Aware Neural Architecture Search for Mobile","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.11626v1"}}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-1807-11626v1","title":"MnasNet: Platform-Aware Neural Architecture Search for Mobile","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.11626v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"mnasnet-hardware-aware-search-2018","entry_id":"mnasnet-hardware-aware-search-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:08c4b46c-006e-4fb2-aaa3-52d03297bf9a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:148397459ac25b615d256ca6ab2b554a42643c06066297f4d3f392a96565477a"},"what_changed":"Searches a factorized hierarchical mobile CNN space with a reward balancing measured target-phone latency and classification accuracy.","scope":"Searches a factorized hierarchical mobile CNN space with a reward balancing measured target-phone latency and classification accuracy. 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Latency is estimated by summing separately benchmarked operators, assuming near-independent sequential runtimes; the proxy need not hold on all hardware. Search-space macroarchitecture/filter choices remain hand designed. 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One solver call still contains many iterations, not one matrix multiply. Gardner/Pleiss equal contributors; CG/Lanczos/trace-estimation foundations inherited.","area":"Scalable Gaussian-process computation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gpytorch-bbmm-inference-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fa7281b8-4d24-4d4c-a3e4-e56e249a11f4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d89b1d487336bafdbec4d3d4ed67719629a1425757b138144db872c230970721"},"humans":["Jacob R. Gardner","Geoff Pleiss","David Bindel","Kilian Q. Weinberger","Andrew Gordon Wilson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Cost modeling assumes independence of objective and log duration in this source, and finite Monte Carlo/acquisition optimization is approximate. No universally optimal finite-budget tuner is established.","area":"Bayesian hyperparameter optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"snoek-practical-bayesian-optimization-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c4ed1a65-8a27-4b33-a9d5-30c0d08b620a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6ff9b2caa9a6b9c2b1f005f03cd3017adcaea79d8ca7c864ac6f7a1552723171"},"humans":["Jasper Snoek","Hugo Larochelle","Ryan P. Adams"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-0912-3995v1","title":"Gaussian Process Bandits without Regret: An Experimental Design Approach","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0912.3995v1"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"gp-ucb-information-regret-2009","entry_id":"gp-ucb-information-regret-2009","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:61134224-93cf-41e7-ace7-f11d54fc9a6e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:23ef50c4f8b8342d9a01a8b991278191220d80d907b17ce45fcb5655a9a2cc68"},"what_changed":"Relates Gaussian-process upper-confidence bandit cumulative regret to maximal sampling information gain, using kernel spectral structure to derive sublinear-regret results under the source's assumptions.","scope":"Relates Gaussian-process upper-confidence bandit cumulative regret to maximal sampling information gain, using kernel spectral structure to derive sublinear-regret results under the source's assumptions. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-1807-01613v1","title":"Conditional Neural Processes","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.01613v1"},{"id":"ai-oct15-arxiv-1807-01622v1","title":"Neural Processes","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.01622v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"conditional-neural-process-family-2018","entry_id":"conditional-neural-process-family-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2f629b0a-4a58-4c3d-aba1-a5bf677423ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f592f0efeafd0ddb049ec7800d61e2ac8a26eadd6cb5295d358ea4cfbd87d0dd"},"what_changed":"Aggregates permutation-invariant context representations for conditional predictions; latent Neural Processes add a shared global latent to generate coherent function samples.","scope":"Aggregates permutation-invariant context representations for conditional predictions; latent Neural Processes add a shared global latent to generate coherent function samples. 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Related algorithm/library lineage bundled with distinct four/three-author source bylines. TPE's density factorization limits modeling of parameter interactions; selected candidates approximate acquisition maximization. Hyperopt2013offers random search/TPE while other optimizers are future work. 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Advantages depend on effective dimensions, sampling distribution and budget; low-dimensional regular grids can be more efficient. This is the2012JMLRoriginal.","area":"Hyperparameter search methodology","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"random-search-hyperparameters-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:809f1b3e-5332-4e8d-a434-f94549b33e6a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af41e621af7ebbfe15a8bcb3735d7016f739f794a6f0dd76cd6a4257ddac9d59"},"humans":["James Bergstra","Yoshua Bengio"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-randomsearch2012","title":"Random Search for Hyper-Parameter Optimization","url":"https://jmlr.org/papers/volume13/bergstra12a/bergstra12a.pdf"}],"points":"175000","published_grade":{"id":"random-search-hyperparameters-2012","entry_id":"random-search-hyperparameters-2012","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:809f1b3e-5332-4e8d-a434-f94549b33e6a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af41e621af7ebbfe15a8bcb3735d7016f739f794a6f0dd76cd6a4257ddac9d59"},"what_changed":"Analyzes and tests independent random configurations as a baseline against grids, showing why low effective-dimensional objectives can waste many grid coordinates.","scope":"Analyzes and tests independent random configurations as a baseline against grids, showing why low effective-dimensional objectives can waste many grid coordinates. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct15-smac2011","title":"Sequential Model-Based Optimization for General Algorithm Configuration","url":"https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~hutter/papers/11-LION5-SMAC.pdf"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"smac-general-algorithm-config-2011","entry_id":"smac-general-algorithm-config-2011","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0055d219-8431-405c-a680-6caf39008b9e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b658963d87aa72a0a5f3ce632e0f4b8be803abdb9d52b18013d13c72fe72c2de"},"what_changed":"Extends sequential model-based configuration to categorical parameters and instance sets using random-forest performance models and aggressive incumbent/challenger intensification.","scope":"Extends sequential model-based configuration to categorical parameters and instance sets using random-forest performance models and aggressive incumbent/challenger intensification. Random forests, Bayesian/model-based optimization and variance-reduction principles are inherited. Early comparisons can occur before statistical significance; the original lacks adaptive capping and evaluates small-cutoff SAT/MIP scenarios. Predictive forest variance is a modeling heuristic, not universal calibrated uncertainty or global-optimality certification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0055d219-8431-405c-a680-6caf39008b9e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b658963d87aa72a0a5f3ce632e0f4b8be803abdb9d52b18013d13c72fe72c2de"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-neural-operators-gkn-fno","title":"Graph-kernel and Fourier neural operators","summary":"Learns parameterized maps between input and solution functions through shared integral-operator layers; GKN approximates kernels by graph message passing and Nyström sampling, while FNO parameterizes truncated Fourier modes for efficient grid evaluation.","boundary":"Resolution-transfer and solver-speed results are empirical and exclude training/data-generation cost; FNO FFT implementation assumes a uniform grid and truncated periodic kernel. No universal trained-solver accuracy or existence-of-optimal-training guarantee.","area":"Neural operators and scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-neural-operators-gkn-fno","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df1a5b95-1137-47bd-ab51-b8acd2ef67f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e21006a9e458e46d492d7bbb23b2ca24ec27c2af7cd4e6fa942b577693f30cc"},"humans":["Zongyi Li","Nikola Kovachki","Kamyar Azizzadenesheli","Burigede Liu","Kaushik Bhattacharya","Andrew Stuart","Anima Anandkumar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2003-03485v1-primary","title":"Neural Operator: Graph Kernel Network for Partial Differential Equations","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.03485v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-2010-08895v1-primary","title":"Fourier Neural Operator for Parametric Partial Differential Equations","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.08895v1"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-neural-operators-gkn-fno","entry_id":"ai-oct-neural-operators-gkn-fno","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df1a5b95-1137-47bd-ab51-b8acd2ef67f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e21006a9e458e46d492d7bbb23b2ca24ec27c2af7cd4e6fa942b577693f30cc"},"what_changed":"Learns parameterized maps between input and solution functions through shared integral-operator layers; GKN approximates kernels by graph message passing and Nyström sampling, while FNO parameterizes truncated Fourier modes for efficient grid evaluation.","scope":"Learns parameterized maps between input and solution functions through shared integral-operator layers; GKN approximates kernels by graph message passing and Nyström sampling, while FNO parameterizes truncated Fourier modes for efficient grid evaluation. Resolution-transfer and solver-speed results are empirical and exclude training/data-generation cost; FNO FFT implementation assumes a uniform grid and truncated periodic kernel. No universal trained-solver accuracy or existence-of-optimal-training guarantee.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df1a5b95-1137-47bd-ab51-b8acd2ef67f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e21006a9e458e46d492d7bbb23b2ca24ec27c2af7cd4e6fa942b577693f30cc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-deeponet","title":"DeepONet branch–trunk operator-learning architecture","summary":"Combines a branch network encoding sampled input functions with a trunk network encoding output locations, taking their learned feature inner product to approximate nonlinear operators.","boundary":"The continuous-operator universal approximation theorem is inherited from Chen and Chen, not newly invented here; small approximation error does not bound optimization or generalization error. Original input sensor locations must be consistent across functions.","area":"Neural operators and scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-deeponet","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b738c4f-c15a-4364-a50f-65446fdca07a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:575ae6d3b9c333ad535d1d1474a3dd9528ee2c0b84bd95e24ce837b8b1749120"},"humans":["Lu Lu","Pengzhan Jin","George Em Karniadakis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1910-03193v1-primary","title":"DeepONet: Learning nonlinear operators for identifying differential equations based on the universal approximation theorem of operators","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.03193v1"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-deeponet","entry_id":"ai-oct-deeponet","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b738c4f-c15a-4364-a50f-65446fdca07a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:575ae6d3b9c333ad535d1d1474a3dd9528ee2c0b84bd95e24ce837b8b1749120"},"what_changed":"Combines a branch network encoding sampled input functions with a trunk network encoding output locations, taking their learned feature inner product to approximate nonlinear operators.","scope":"Combines a branch network encoding sampled input functions with a trunk network encoding output locations, taking their learned feature inner product to approximate nonlinear operators. 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Original input sensor locations must be consistent across functions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b738c4f-c15a-4364-a50f-65446fdca07a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:575ae6d3b9c333ad535d1d1474a3dd9528ee2c0b84bd95e24ce837b8b1749120"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-pinn-continuous-discrete","title":"Physics-informed neural networks for PDE solution and parameter discovery","summary":"Uses automatic differentiation of neural surrogate solutions to combine observed-data errors with differential-equation residual losses, supporting forward solution and inverse parameter fitting in related continuous/discrete-time formulations.","boundary":"Two original 2017 parts bundled; not the invention of neural PDE solvers or automatic differentiation. Loss enforcement at finite collocation points does not certify exact global conservation, PDE satisfaction, identifiability, convergence or all-regime accuracy. Numerical and stochastic settings remain source-specific.","area":"Physics-informed machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-pinn-continuous-discrete","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df22ab4c-d80a-416a-a631-8ba7f9839052","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fa41f990b252aa3269634220c5f31cbfa40427637bc194392e70909518ade9e"},"humans":["Maziar Raissi","Paris Perdikaris","George Em Karniadakis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1711-10561v1-primary","title":"Physics Informed Deep Learning (Part I): Data-driven Solutions of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.10561v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-1711-10566v1-primary","title":"Physics Informed Deep Learning (Part II): Data-driven Discovery of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.10566v1"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-pinn-continuous-discrete","entry_id":"ai-oct-pinn-continuous-discrete","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df22ab4c-d80a-416a-a631-8ba7f9839052","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fa41f990b252aa3269634220c5f31cbfa40427637bc194392e70909518ade9e"},"what_changed":"Uses automatic differentiation of neural surrogate solutions to combine observed-data errors with differential-equation residual losses, supporting forward solution and inverse parameter fitting in related continuous/discrete-time formulations.","scope":"Uses automatic differentiation of neural surrogate solutions to combine observed-data errors with differential-equation residual losses, supporting forward solution and inverse parameter fitting in related continuous/discrete-time formulations. Two original 2017 parts bundled; not the invention of neural PDE solvers or automatic differentiation. Loss enforcement at finite collocation points does not certify exact global conservation, PDE satisfaction, identifiability, convergence or all-regime accuracy. 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Rollout transfer and speed are empirical, not exact conservation, controlled global-error guarantees or universal replacement of numerical solvers. Model inference cost excludes training and producing reference simulations.","area":"Learned physical simulation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-gns-meshgraphnets","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c83a41aa-5388-4777-a495-afa631ad1df3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb1d37b41fd9043bce2aa1068e26789d6eaf1710322ed17c544b8be3401ac878"},"humans":["Alvaro Sanchez-Gonzalez","Jonathan Godwin","Tobias Pfaff","Rex Ying","Jure Leskovec","Peter W. Battaglia","Meire Fortunato"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2002-09405v1-primary","title":"Learning to Simulate Complex Physics with Graph Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.09405v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-2010-03409v1-primary","title":"Learning Mesh-Based Simulation with Graph Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.03409v1"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-gns-meshgraphnets","entry_id":"ai-oct-gns-meshgraphnets","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c83a41aa-5388-4777-a495-afa631ad1df3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb1d37b41fd9043bce2aa1068e26789d6eaf1710322ed17c544b8be3401ac878"},"what_changed":"Learns particle dynamics by graph encode–process–decode message passing, then extends this learned-simulation approach to irregular meshes using mesh-space/world-space edges and a predicted sizing field with a generic remesher.","scope":"Learns particle dynamics by graph encode–process–decode message passing, then extends this learned-simulation approach to irregular meshes using mesh-space/world-space edges and a predicted sizing field with a generic remesher. One simulator-family record with source-specific bylines. GNS first four and MeshGraphNets first three authors explicitly share contribution. Rollout transfer and speed are empirical, not exact conservation, controlled global-error guarantees or universal replacement of numerical solvers. Model inference cost excludes training and producing reference simulations.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c83a41aa-5388-4777-a495-afa631ad1df3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb1d37b41fd9043bce2aa1068e26789d6eaf1710322ed17c544b8be3401ac878"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-tensor-field-networks","title":"Tensor Field Networks for equivariant 3D point-cloud processing","summary":"Builds rotation-equivariant point convolutions using spherical-harmonic filters and Clebsch–Gordan tensor products, propagating scalar, vector and higher-order geometric features.","boundary":"This assessment concerns the equivariant architecture and its evaluated 3D/physics tasks. Seven original authors; Thomas and Smidt share contribution. Representation theory and tensor products are inherited mathematics; SO(3) construction is not an automatic O(3), physical-correctness or conservation guarantee. Distinct from the later e3nn software framework.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-tensor-field-networks","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7081b12f-8030-401a-a9e4-1c10cf1f5c3d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f6c27db9ec5f9f71ee85cfd3e3e86824c9ba2bec4175dc247f352eecd62d8e40"},"humans":["Nathaniel Thomas","Tess Smidt","Steven Kearnes","Lusann Yang","Li Li","Kai Kohlhoff","Patrick Riley"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1802-08219v1-primary","title":"Tensor Field Networks: Rotation- and Translation-Equivariant Neural Networks for 3D Point Clouds","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.08219v1"}],"points":"175000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-tensor-field-networks","entry_id":"ai-oct-tensor-field-networks","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7081b12f-8030-401a-a9e4-1c10cf1f5c3d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f6c27db9ec5f9f71ee85cfd3e3e86824c9ba2bec4175dc247f352eecd62d8e40"},"what_changed":"Builds rotation-equivariant point convolutions using spherical-harmonic filters and Clebsch–Gordan tensor products, propagating scalar, vector and higher-order geometric features.","scope":"Builds rotation-equivariant point convolutions using spherical-harmonic filters and Clebsch–Gordan tensor products, propagating scalar, vector and higher-order geometric features. This assessment concerns the equivariant architecture and its evaluated 3D/physics tasks. Seven original authors; Thomas and Smidt share contribution. Representation theory and tensor products are inherited mathematics; SO(3) construction is not an automatic O(3), physical-correctness or conservation guarantee. Distinct from the later e3nn software framework.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7081b12f-8030-401a-a9e4-1c10cf1f5c3d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f6c27db9ec5f9f71ee85cfd3e3e86824c9ba2bec4175dc247f352eecd62d8e40"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-e3nn","title":"e3nn composable Euclidean-equivariant neural-network software","summary":"Provides reusable parity-aware irreducible representations, spherical harmonics and trainable tensor-product primitives for assembling E(3)-equivariant networks.","boundary":"2022 arXiv source retains a January 2021 draft date; source version not backdated to a finalized journal article. Geiger and Smidt are its two source authors, not the entire predecessor-author union. Framework generality depends on valid representations and equivariant composition; no automatic physical accuracy or claim to invent representation theory. Bio/medical applications omitted.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-e3nn","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28946c2f-3b6b-438a-a680-5db04715aabd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fc5a2a50eb77819fd12a9b19018b371d437ac1e7624b8b35f1ba53029f8001ee"},"humans":["Mario Geiger","Tess Smidt"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2207-09453v1-primary","title":"e3nn: Euclidean Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.09453v1"}],"points":"175000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-e3nn","entry_id":"ai-oct-e3nn","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28946c2f-3b6b-438a-a680-5db04715aabd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fc5a2a50eb77819fd12a9b19018b371d437ac1e7624b8b35f1ba53029f8001ee"},"what_changed":"Provides reusable parity-aware irreducible representations, spherical harmonics and trainable tensor-product primitives for assembling E(3)-equivariant networks.","scope":"Provides reusable parity-aware irreducible representations, spherical harmonics and trainable tensor-product primitives for assembling E(3)-equivariant networks. 2022 arXiv source retains a January 2021 draft date; source version not backdated to a finalized journal article. Geiger and Smidt are its two source authors, not the entire predecessor-author union. Framework generality depends on valid representations and equivariant composition; no automatic physical accuracy or claim to invent representation theory. Bio/medical applications omitted.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28946c2f-3b6b-438a-a680-5db04715aabd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fc5a2a50eb77819fd12a9b19018b371d437ac1e7624b8b35f1ba53029f8001ee"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-egnn","title":"E(n)-equivariant graph neural networks","summary":"Uses invariant distance-conditioned scalar messages and radial coordinate updates to preserve Euclidean rotation, reflection and translation equivariance without computing higher-order spherical-harmonic features.","boundary":"Equivariance is structural for the specified updates and invariant input features, not universal expressivity across all tensor representations, exact physical conservation or arbitrary graph-inference scalability. General architecture and artificial particle dynamics only; bio applications omitted.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-egnn","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2a77a584-bdb0-409c-a041-e093bf4e9a72","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:781ae914b5a26674d2e1a82ec7978e4a03f78c8929c79ffafbebcc0a24c3e5a6"},"humans":["Victor Garcia Satorras","Emiel Hoogeboom","Max Welling"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2102-09844v1-primary","title":"E(n) Equivariant Graph Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.09844v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-egnn","entry_id":"ai-oct-egnn","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2a77a584-bdb0-409c-a041-e093bf4e9a72","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:781ae914b5a26674d2e1a82ec7978e4a03f78c8929c79ffafbebcc0a24c3e5a6"},"what_changed":"Uses invariant distance-conditioned scalar messages and radial coordinate updates to preserve Euclidean rotation, reflection and translation equivariance without computing higher-order spherical-harmonic features.","scope":"Uses invariant distance-conditioned scalar messages and radial coordinate updates to preserve Euclidean rotation, reflection and translation equivariance without computing higher-order spherical-harmonic features. Equivariance is structural for the specified updates and invariant input features, not universal expressivity across all tensor representations, exact physical conservation or arbitrary graph-inference scalability. General architecture and artificial particle dynamics only; bio applications omitted.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2a77a584-bdb0-409c-a041-e093bf4e9a72","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:781ae914b5a26674d2e1a82ec7978e4a03f78c8929c79ffafbebcc0a24c3e5a6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-se3-transformer","title":"SE(3)-Transformer equivariant attention","summary":"Combines invariant attention weights with equivariant tensor-field value messages to process 3D point clouds while respecting rigid rotations and translations.","boundary":"First two authors share contribution. Reuses tensor-field kernels and representation theory; not an independent invention of their mathematics. Neighborhood-restricted attention cost depends on bounded neighborhood size; unrestricted global attention remains quadratic. General 3D architecture only, without excluded-domain application records.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-se3-transformer","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b56445b-0abe-41dd-acc9-46e7e1d8f979","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5864312599dbf08bc8d90cf904e53c0289dd75f3a812905940aa5b26fae0a9f4"},"humans":["Fabian B. Fuchs","Daniel E. Worrall","Volker Fischer","Max Welling"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2006-10503v1-primary","title":"SE(3)-Transformers: 3D Roto-Translation Equivariant Attention Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.10503v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-se3-transformer","entry_id":"ai-oct-se3-transformer","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b56445b-0abe-41dd-acc9-46e7e1d8f979","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5864312599dbf08bc8d90cf904e53c0289dd75f3a812905940aa5b26fae0a9f4"},"what_changed":"Combines invariant attention weights with equivariant tensor-field value messages to process 3D point clouds while respecting rigid rotations and translations.","scope":"Combines invariant attention weights with equivariant tensor-field value messages to process 3D point clouds while respecting rigid rotations and translations. First two authors share contribution. Reuses tensor-field kernels and representation theory; not an independent invention of their mathematics. Neighborhood-restricted attention cost depends on bounded neighborhood size; unrestricted global attention remains quadratic. General 3D architecture only, without excluded-domain application records.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b56445b-0abe-41dd-acc9-46e7e1d8f979","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5864312599dbf08bc8d90cf904e53c0289dd75f3a812905940aa5b26fae0a9f4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-lieconv","title":"LieConv continuous-data group convolutions","summary":"Lifts continuous coordinates into a Lie group and parameterizes convolution kernels through its Lie algebra, enabling local learned convolutions on irregularly sampled data.","boundary":"Original construction restricts to groups with surjective exponential maps and appropriate lifting/sampling. Monte Carlo convolution is equivariant in distribution, not every finite random realization exactly equivariant. No unrestricted all-Lie-group or integrator-level energy conservation claim; inherits group convolution and efficient PointConv.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-lieconv","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:00761a36-ec3e-4161-ad60-f0f5b6cd8731","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf55ef7bb9b40a20ae22ab4d2301e1b9cc1a28d65441c1edc2e6a96f1a5de8d1"},"humans":["Marc Finzi","Samuel Stanton","Pavel Izmailov","Andrew Gordon Wilson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2002-12880v1-primary","title":"Generalizing Convolutional Neural Networks for Equivariance to Lie Groups on Arbitrary Continuous Data","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.12880v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-lieconv","entry_id":"ai-oct-lieconv","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:00761a36-ec3e-4161-ad60-f0f5b6cd8731","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf55ef7bb9b40a20ae22ab4d2301e1b9cc1a28d65441c1edc2e6a96f1a5de8d1"},"what_changed":"Lifts continuous coordinates into a Lie group and parameterizes convolution kernels through its Lie algebra, enabling local learned convolutions on irregularly sampled data.","scope":"Lifts continuous coordinates into a Lie group and parameterizes convolution kernels through its Lie algebra, enabling local learned convolutions on irregularly sampled data. Original construction restricts to groups with surjective exponential maps and appropriate lifting/sampling. Monte Carlo convolution is equivariant in distribution, not every finite random realization exactly equivariant. No unrestricted all-Lie-group or integrator-level energy conservation claim; inherits group convolution and efficient PointConv.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:00761a36-ec3e-4161-ad60-f0f5b6cd8731","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf55ef7bb9b40a20ae22ab4d2301e1b9cc1a28d65441c1edc2e6a96f1a5de8d1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-graphgps","title":"GraphGPS modular local–global graph Transformer recipe","summary":"Combines positional/structural encodings, local edge-aware message passing and global attention in a modular graph-learning architecture and implementation.","boundary":"Six source authors; star denotes correspondence, not equal contribution. Linear node/edge cost requires a linear-attention instantiation and excludes encoding precomputation such as Laplacian eigendecomposition; full attention remains quadratic. Universality argument needs sufficiently rich/full eigenvectors and suitable modules, not every practical instantiation. Non-biological graph methods only.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-graphgps","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:029e84a3-1336-4517-a419-d95f4f7d0b81","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:31b9d0a615131126e83e4ff802af728f260df892e873e9f01993d13b071d9e74"},"humans":["Ladislav Rampášek","Mikhail Galkin","Vijay Prakash Dwivedi","Anh Tuan Luu","Guy Wolf","Dominique Beaini"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2205-12454v1-primary","title":"Recipe for a General, Powerful, Scalable Graph Transformer","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.12454v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-graphgps","entry_id":"ai-oct-graphgps","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:029e84a3-1336-4517-a419-d95f4f7d0b81","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:31b9d0a615131126e83e4ff802af728f260df892e873e9f01993d13b071d9e74"},"what_changed":"Combines positional/structural encodings, local edge-aware message passing and global attention in a modular graph-learning architecture and implementation.","scope":"Combines positional/structural encodings, local edge-aware message passing and global attention in a modular graph-learning architecture and implementation. Six source authors; star denotes correspondence, not equal contribution. Linear node/edge cost requires a linear-attention instantiation and excludes encoding precomputation such as Laplacian eigendecomposition; full attention remains quadratic. Universality argument needs sufficiently rich/full eigenvectors and suitable modules, not every practical instantiation. Non-biological graph methods only.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:029e84a3-1336-4517-a419-d95f4f7d0b81","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:31b9d0a615131126e83e4ff802af728f260df892e873e9f01993d13b071d9e74"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-graphormer","title":"Graphormer structural encodings for graph Transformers","summary":"Adds degree centrality, shortest-path distance attention biases and path-based edge encodings to a Transformer graph representation model.","boundary":"Eight original authors; internship/correspondence marks are not equal-contribution marks. Source-specific expressivity and benchmark statements do not establish all-graph universality or linear-time attention. Path selection and graph preprocessing have costs; the architectural contribution is distinct from independently established application outcomes.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-graphormer","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7bd89146-ec36-467d-aa95-75a947b71f53","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9409c4408affdda4cc244e9c12b3114cede0d188e0ef5f2ba763924f9fd882f5"},"humans":["Chengxuan Ying","Tianle Cai","Shengjie Luo","Shuxin Zheng","Guolin Ke","Di He","Yanming Shen","Tie-Yan Liu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2106-05234v1-primary","title":"Do Transformers Really Perform Bad for Graph Representation?","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.05234v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-graphormer","entry_id":"ai-oct-graphormer","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7bd89146-ec36-467d-aa95-75a947b71f53","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9409c4408affdda4cc244e9c12b3114cede0d188e0ef5f2ba763924f9fd882f5"},"what_changed":"Adds degree centrality, shortest-path distance attention biases and path-based edge encodings to a Transformer graph representation model.","scope":"Adds degree centrality, shortest-path distance attention biases and path-based edge encodings to a Transformer graph representation model. Eight original authors; internship/correspondence marks are not equal-contribution marks. Source-specific expressivity and benchmark statements do not establish all-graph universality or linear-time attention. Path selection and graph preprocessing have costs; the architectural contribution is distinct from independently established application outcomes.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7bd89146-ec36-467d-aa95-75a947b71f53","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9409c4408affdda4cc244e9c12b3114cede0d188e0ef5f2ba763924f9fd882f5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-gated-graph-sequence-networks","title":"Gated Graph Neural Networks and graph-sequence outputs","summary":"Replaces contraction-constrained graph recurrence with GRU-style finite unrolling and backpropagation, and carries node annotations across graph-based output steps.","boundary":"The method uses a finite sequence of recurrent graph updates, rather than requiring convergence to a fixed point. More unrolled steps require more memory; successful benchmark predictions do not prove arbitrary program correctness.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-gated-graph-sequence-networks","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4cd8bc6d-2298-420f-a787-2a8cc93e7c17","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f11be1e0aa5f916c4e4f5d01b77c94cfc750688768b82258b7531beaeb2d4a0c"},"humans":["Yujia Li","Richard Zemel","Marc Brockschmidt","Daniel Tarlow"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1511-05493v1-primary","title":"Gated Graph Sequence Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.05493v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-gated-graph-sequence-networks","entry_id":"ai-oct-gated-graph-sequence-networks","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4cd8bc6d-2298-420f-a787-2a8cc93e7c17","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f11be1e0aa5f916c4e4f5d01b77c94cfc750688768b82258b7531beaeb2d4a0c"},"what_changed":"Replaces contraction-constrained graph recurrence with GRU-style finite unrolling and backpropagation, and carries node annotations across graph-based output steps.","scope":"Replaces contraction-constrained graph recurrence with GRU-style finite unrolling and backpropagation, and carries node annotations across graph-based output steps. The method uses a finite sequence of recurrent graph updates, rather than requiring convergence to a fixed point. More unrolled steps require more memory; successful benchmark predictions do not prove arbitrary program correctness.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4cd8bc6d-2298-420f-a787-2a8cc93e7c17","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f11be1e0aa5f916c4e4f5d01b77c94cfc750688768b82258b7531beaeb2d4a0c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-vgae","title":"Variational graph auto-encoders","summary":"Uses a graph-convolutional variational encoder and inner-product decoder to learn latent node variables and reconstruct graph links, with a deterministic graph-autoencoder variant.","boundary":"Original framework is demonstrated on undirected unweighted graphs using a factorized Gaussian posterior and simple decoder; approximate inference and fixed-split link prediction are not calibrated uncertainty or universal graph-generation guarantees. Citation-network task is bibliographic, not biomedical research.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-vgae","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2db7759b-d0ee-43c1-abb2-25d517ee4169","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0016d878ef28ec5828adabbbebb975a2e444c8fec75b2e4536a4f1055c8495ec"},"humans":["Thomas N. Kipf","Max Welling"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1611-07308v1-primary","title":"Variational Graph Auto-Encoders","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.07308v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-vgae","entry_id":"ai-oct-vgae","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2db7759b-d0ee-43c1-abb2-25d517ee4169","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0016d878ef28ec5828adabbbebb975a2e444c8fec75b2e4536a4f1055c8495ec"},"what_changed":"Uses a graph-convolutional variational encoder and inner-product decoder to learn latent node variables and reconstruct graph links, with a deterministic graph-autoencoder variant.","scope":"Uses a graph-convolutional variational encoder and inner-product decoder to learn latent node variables and reconstruct graph links, with a deterministic graph-autoencoder variant. Original framework is demonstrated on undirected unweighted graphs using a factorized Gaussian posterior and simple decoder; approximate inference and fixed-split link prediction are not calibrated uncertainty or universal graph-generation guarantees. Citation-network task is bibliographic, not biomedical research.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2db7759b-d0ee-43c1-abb2-25d517ee4169","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0016d878ef28ec5828adabbbebb975a2e444c8fec75b2e4536a4f1055c8495ec"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-diffpool","title":"DiffPool differentiable hierarchical graph pooling","summary":"Learns soft node-to-cluster assignments and coarsens features and adjacency through S-transpose Z and S-transpose A S, enabling hierarchical graph neural networks.","boundary":"Six original authors. Learned hierarchical pooling is not exact graph isomorphism, ground-truth community recovery or universally sparse coarsened graphs; assignment and dense coarsening introduce costs. The generic graph-learning evaluations do not establish arbitrary downstream application benefits.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-diffpool","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d017056f-1f94-4fcc-abf7-22811e7ff19e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba9de22a4feb274eb46d09f6553a47c4c4e94f3e67f86465665322232338c06b"},"humans":["Rex Ying","Jiaxuan You","Christopher Morris","Xiang Ren","William L. Hamilton","Jure Leskovec"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1806-08804v1-primary","title":"Hierarchical Graph Representation Learning withDifferentiable Pooling","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.08804v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-diffpool","entry_id":"ai-oct-diffpool","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d017056f-1f94-4fcc-abf7-22811e7ff19e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba9de22a4feb274eb46d09f6553a47c4c4e94f3e67f86465665322232338c06b"},"what_changed":"Learns soft node-to-cluster assignments and coarsens features and adjacency through S-transpose Z and S-transpose A S, enabling hierarchical graph neural networks.","scope":"Learns soft node-to-cluster assignments and coarsens features and adjacency through S-transpose Z and S-transpose A S, enabling hierarchical graph neural networks. Six original authors. Learned hierarchical pooling is not exact graph isomorphism, ground-truth community recovery or universally sparse coarsened graphs; assignment and dense coarsening introduce costs. The generic graph-learning evaluations do not establish arbitrary downstream application benefits.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d017056f-1f94-4fcc-abf7-22811e7ff19e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba9de22a4feb274eb46d09f6553a47c4c4e94f3e67f86465665322232338c06b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-monet","title":"MoNet mixture-model convolutions on graphs and manifolds","summary":"Defines pseudo-coordinate patch operators with learned Gaussian-mixture kernels, unifying several spatial graph/manifold convolution constructions.","boundary":"First two authors share contribution. Inherits graph/manifold convolution precursors; performance and transfer depend on chosen pseudo-coordinates and tasks, not arbitrary topology/geometry invariance or universal cross-domain accuracy. Generic vision/graph architecture only.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-monet","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b522e9c5-a5e6-48f5-a329-86133b08298b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:368052d5b95d287cb2656c01a406cb43cc9f850ce60ea97b607fa21329d6553d"},"humans":["Federico Monti","Davide Boscaini","Jonathan Masci","Emanuele Rodolà","Michael M. Bronstein"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1611-08402v1-primary","title":"Geometric deep learning on graphs and manifolds using mixture model CNNs","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.08402v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-monet","entry_id":"ai-oct-monet","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b522e9c5-a5e6-48f5-a329-86133b08298b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:368052d5b95d287cb2656c01a406cb43cc9f850ce60ea97b607fa21329d6553d"},"what_changed":"Defines pseudo-coordinate patch operators with learned Gaussian-mixture kernels, unifying several spatial graph/manifold convolution constructions.","scope":"Defines pseudo-coordinate patch operators with learned Gaussian-mixture kernels, unifying several spatial graph/manifold convolution constructions. First two authors share contribution. Inherits graph/manifold convolution precursors; performance and transfer depend on chosen pseudo-coordinates and tasks, not arbitrary topology/geometry invariance or universal cross-domain accuracy. Generic vision/graph architecture only.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b522e9c5-a5e6-48f5-a329-86133b08298b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:368052d5b95d287cb2656c01a406cb43cc9f850ce60ea97b607fa21329d6553d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-line-embedding","title":"LINE first- and second-order network embeddings","summary":"Learns direct-edge and neighborhood-context embeddings using negative sampling and weight-proportional edge sampling, then combines separately trained proximity representations.","boundary":"Six source authors; internship mark not shared-lead mark. First-order objective applies to undirected graphs; second-order supports directed graphs. Practical method concatenates separately trained embeddings rather than solving a claimed joint objective. Empirical near-linear work is not a universal convergence/runtime theorem; isolated unseen vertices need extra information.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-line-embedding","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0b4d5376-609e-4d0c-ab1b-c21dfba53b4d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd3a32b02378cb34afc3e39c6b33cf6ca304d4b04627e5912b3a034c63da96a2"},"humans":["Jian Tang","Meng Qu","Mingzhe Wang","Ming Zhang","Jun Yan","Qiaozhu Mei"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1503-03578v1-primary","title":"LINE: Large-scale Information Network Embedding","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.03578v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-line-embedding","entry_id":"ai-oct-line-embedding","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0b4d5376-609e-4d0c-ab1b-c21dfba53b4d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd3a32b02378cb34afc3e39c6b33cf6ca304d4b04627e5912b3a034c63da96a2"},"what_changed":"Learns direct-edge and neighborhood-context embeddings using negative sampling and weight-proportional edge sampling, then combines separately trained proximity representations.","scope":"Learns direct-edge and neighborhood-context embeddings using negative sampling and weight-proportional edge sampling, then combines separately trained proximity representations. Six source authors; internship mark not shared-lead mark. First-order objective applies to undirected graphs; second-order supports directed graphs. Practical method concatenates separately trained embeddings rather than solving a claimed joint objective. 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Finite samples, low-rank embeddings and nonconvex training are not literally identical to the population optimum. NetMF truncates/clips its matrix and approximates large windows; general method only, bio application results omitted.","area":"Graph and geometric machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-netmf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:687e7764-7fd2-458c-a3db-581f634f74fc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a7c5551208b285af2f51db1e8434ada81ab05a2175f20d37cc45244b5f6a6fe8"},"humans":["Jiezhong Qiu","Yuxiao Dong","Hao Ma","Jian Li","Kuansan Wang","Jie Tang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1710-02971v1-primary","title":"Network Embedding as Matrix Factorization: UnifyingDeepWalk, LINE, PTE, and node2vec","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.02971v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-netmf","entry_id":"ai-oct-netmf","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:687e7764-7fd2-458c-a3db-581f634f74fc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a7c5551208b285af2f51db1e8434ada81ab05a2175f20d37cc45244b5f6a6fe8"},"what_changed":"Relates random-walk/negative-sampling embedding objectives to graph matrix factorizations and computes clipped log co-occurrence embeddings directly or with spectral approximation.","scope":"Relates random-walk/negative-sampling embedding objectives to graph matrix factorizations and computes clipped log co-occurrence embeddings directly or with spectral approximation. Original derivation assumes connected undirected non-bipartite graphs and stationary starts or a long-walk limit, together with inherited idealized SGNS factorization. Finite samples, low-rank embeddings and nonconvex training are not literally identical to the population optimum. 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Differential limits require smooth inputs, regular-grid scaling and kernel constraints; integral layers need suitable quadrature and discretization. Inherits stencils, group convolutions and DISCO; benchmark gains are not certified arbitrary-grid/PDE accuracy or exact finite-discretization equivariance.","area":"Scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-local-neural-operator-kernels","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:685cee4d-5f9a-44db-a8e0-57c9dd836836","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d00b99f71bd5346cf6082224c4e265e9c4edcbfb0ac74f74e8ec0bc9f94b35b"},"humans":["Miguel Liu-Schiaffini","Julius Berner","Boris Bonev","Thorsten Kurth","Kamyar Azizzadenesheli","Anima Anandkumar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2402-16845v1-primary","title":"Neural Operators with Localized Integral and Differential Kernels","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.16845v1"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-local-neural-operator-kernels","entry_id":"ai-oct-local-neural-operator-kernels","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:685cee4d-5f9a-44db-a8e0-57c9dd836836","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d00b99f71bd5346cf6082224c4e265e9c4edcbfb0ac74f74e8ec0bc9f94b35b"},"what_changed":"Adds resolution-scaled differential stencil layers and compact-support integral kernels using discrete–continuous convolution bases to neural operators, capturing local detail alongside global spectral layers.","scope":"Adds resolution-scaled differential stencil layers and compact-support integral kernels using discrete–continuous convolution bases to neural operators, capturing local detail alongside global spectral layers. First three authors explicitly share contribution. Differential limits require smooth inputs, regular-grid scaling and kernel constraints; integral layers need suitable quadrature and discretization. Inherits stencils, group convolutions and DISCO; benchmark gains are not certified arbitrary-grid/PDE accuracy or exact finite-discretization equivariance.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:685cee4d-5f9a-44db-a8e0-57c9dd836836","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d00b99f71bd5346cf6082224c4e265e9c4edcbfb0ac74f74e8ec0bc9f94b35b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-mg-tfno","title":"Multi-grid tensorized Fourier neural operators","summary":"Jointly parameterizes spectral operator weights through low-rank tensor factorizations and predicts local domains with hierarchical coarse-to-fine global context, reducing parameter and memory costs in reported PDE tasks.","boundary":"2023 preprint source, four authors. Inherits Tucker/CP/TT decompositions and domain decomposition; low-rank restrictions and empirical compression do not preserve all operators at fixed rank or establish global convergence. Multi-grid context is not a classical V-cycle; source's heuristic heat-kernel localization illustration is not imported as a mathematical certificate.","area":"Scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-mg-tfno","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d18c1a41-12d1-4a0a-a5a0-a020b96ef739","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e93e0f94e6fb7c0a6d81453e3da610e22adc62742a911fff86d412dcb9f70f4e"},"humans":["Jean Kossaifi","Nikola Kovachki","Kamyar Azizzadenesheli","Anima Anandkumar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2310-00120v1-primary","title":"Multi-Grid Tensorized Fourier Neural Operator for High-Resolution PDEs","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.00120v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-mg-tfno","entry_id":"ai-oct-mg-tfno","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d18c1a41-12d1-4a0a-a5a0-a020b96ef739","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e93e0f94e6fb7c0a6d81453e3da610e22adc62742a911fff86d412dcb9f70f4e"},"what_changed":"Jointly parameterizes spectral operator weights through low-rank tensor factorizations and predicts local domains with hierarchical coarse-to-fine global context, reducing parameter and memory costs in reported PDE tasks.","scope":"Jointly parameterizes spectral operator weights through low-rank tensor factorizations and predicts local domains with hierarchical coarse-to-fine global context, reducing parameter and memory costs in reported PDE tasks. 2023 preprint source, four authors. Inherits Tucker/CP/TT decompositions and domain decomposition; low-rank restrictions and empirical compression do not preserve all operators at fixed rank or establish global convergence. 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Discretization behavior remains architecture-, grid- and implementation-dependent; CI claims not independently tested.","area":"Scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-neuraloperator-library","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:384ef8a0-2b50-44a4-a050-445dc5bac5ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd8b19716820affa71437fc7e6920fbae36eed6e0eaea9498ffabce127974c40"},"humans":["Jean Kossaifi","Nikola Kovachki","Zongyi Li","Davit Pitt","Miguel Liu-Schiaffini","Robert Joseph George","Boris Bonev","Kamyar Azizzadenesheli","Julius Berner","Anima Anandkumar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2412-10354v1-primary","title":"A Library for Learning Neural Operators","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.10354v1"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-neuraloperator-library","entry_id":"ai-oct-neuraloperator-library","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:384ef8a0-2b50-44a4-a050-445dc5bac5ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fd8b19716820affa71437fc7e6920fbae36eed6e0eaea9498ffabce127974c40"},"what_changed":"Packages neural-operator architectures, spectral/integral layers, data processing, training, losses and memory-efficient tensorized/distributed workflows in a PyTorch-compatible library.","scope":"Packages neural-operator architectures, spectral/integral layers, data processing, training, losses and memory-efficient tensorized/distributed workflows in a PyTorch-compatible library. Software contribution is distinct from implemented GKN/FNO/SFNO/TFNO algorithms and receives no invention credit for them. 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SO(3) equivariance pertains to the specified linear spherical layer/continuous construction; discrete nonlinearities are only approximate and the proposed nonlinear frequency variant is not equivariant. Position embeddings and valid transforms constrain grid transfer. Year-long plausible rollouts do not establish climate fidelity or long-horizon trajectory accuracy.","area":"Scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-sfno","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae90a10c-7f3d-47ed-a559-c17474aeed67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9fcad232ea8753deb1dd76fe4e448f16e0726648ab6d9d52941416417b8346f"},"humans":["Boris Bonev","Thorsten Kurth","Christian Hundt","Jaideep Pathak","Maximilian Baust","Karthik Kashinath","Anima Anandkumar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2306-03838v1-primary","title":"Spherical Fourier Neural Operators: Learning Stable Dynamics on the Sphere","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.03838v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-sfno","entry_id":"ai-oct-sfno","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae90a10c-7f3d-47ed-a559-c17474aeed67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9fcad232ea8753deb1dd76fe4e448f16e0726648ab6d9d52941416417b8346f"},"what_changed":"Uses spherical-harmonic convolutions rather than planar FFTs for operator learning on spherical geometry, with a differentiable spherical-harmonic implementation and reported stable atmospheric rollouts.","scope":"Uses spherical-harmonic convolutions rather than planar FFTs for operator learning on spherical geometry, with a differentiable spherical-harmonic implementation and reported stable atmospheric rollouts. Seven original authors. SO(3) equivariance pertains to the specified linear spherical layer/continuous construction; discrete nonlinearities are only approximate and the proposed nonlinear frequency variant is not equivariant. Position embeddings and valid transforms constrain grid transfer. Year-long plausible rollouts do not establish climate fidelity or long-horizon trajectory accuracy.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae90a10c-7f3d-47ed-a559-c17474aeed67","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9fcad232ea8753deb1dd76fe4e448f16e0726648ab6d9d52941416417b8346f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-afno","title":"Adaptive Fourier neural operators for efficient token mixing","summary":"Adapts Fourier neural operators into a vision token mixer using block-diagonal channel mixing, shared Fourier-domain MLPs and soft-thresholded frequency features.","boundary":"Guibas and Mardani share first authorship, second leads project. Quasi-linear sequence-length cost assumes fixed channel/block dimensions and is not exact attention-output equivalence, arbitrary-resolution accuracy or a blanket end-to-end speed guarantee.","area":"Scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-afno","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed10c166-1ec7-45ae-ab1d-94715ec4771d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5e7510f1ec9b64e9ec17fdc265951047b4962a97772ceea3be9f08ac63da87a2"},"humans":["John Guibas","Morteza Mardani","Zongyi Li","Andrew Tao","Anima Anandkumar","Bryan Catanzaro"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2111-13587v1-primary","title":"Adaptive Fourier Neural Operators: Efficient Token Mixers for Transformers","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.13587v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-afno","entry_id":"ai-oct-afno","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed10c166-1ec7-45ae-ab1d-94715ec4771d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5e7510f1ec9b64e9ec17fdc265951047b4962a97772ceea3be9f08ac63da87a2"},"what_changed":"Adapts Fourier neural operators into a vision token mixer using block-diagonal channel mixing, shared Fourier-domain MLPs and soft-thresholded frequency features.","scope":"Adapts Fourier neural operators into a vision token mixer using block-diagonal channel mixing, shared Fourier-domain MLPs and soft-thresholded frequency features. 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Quasi-linear sequence-length cost assumes fixed channel/block dimensions and is not exact attention-output equivalence, arbitrary-resolution accuracy or a blanket end-to-end speed guarantee.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed10c166-1ec7-45ae-ab1d-94715ec4771d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5e7510f1ec9b64e9ec17fdc265951047b4962a97772ceea3be9f08ac63da87a2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-fourcastnet-family","title":"FourCastNet high-resolution weather forecasting and distributed training","summary":"Applies AFNO to autoregressive high-resolution global weather fields and develops feature/data-parallel GPU training with optimized spectral operations, I/O and launch overhead.","boundary":"Two 2022 sources bundled with separate 13/9-person bylines; SC account shares contribution among Subramanian/Harrington/Pathak, not automatically first author. Forecast speed is inference-only on specific hardware/variables; ERA5 reanalysis/training cost and fewer vertical variables matter. Distributed timings include exposed I/O/validation but exclude setup/warm-up/capture and extrapolate some 80-epoch costs from five epochs. No general climate or exact physical-simulation certificate.","area":"AI weather forecasting","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-fourcastnet-family","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:befd9005-314c-4b08-a85f-c07c9fa7688b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:98d7b6be8cc51ff2b821a5c64f46f662478b4ae4e698842551f0e75c277a7ea1"},"humans":["Jaideep Pathak","Shashank Subramanian","Peter Harrington","Sanjeev Raja","Ashesh Chattopadhyay","Morteza Mardani","Thorsten Kurth","David Hall","Zongyi Li","Kamyar Azizzadenesheli","Pedram Hassanzadeh","Karthik Kashinath","Animashree Anandkumar","Andrea Miele"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2202-11214v1-primary","title":"FourCastNet: A Global Data-driven High-resolution Weather Model using Adaptive Fourier Neural Operators","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.11214v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-2208-05419v1-primary","title":"FourCastNet: Accelerating Global High-Resolution Weather Forecasting using Adaptive Fourier Neural Operators","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.05419v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-fourcastnet-family","entry_id":"ai-oct-fourcastnet-family","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:befd9005-314c-4b08-a85f-c07c9fa7688b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:98d7b6be8cc51ff2b821a5c64f46f662478b4ae4e698842551f0e75c277a7ea1"},"what_changed":"Applies AFNO to autoregressive high-resolution global weather fields and develops feature/data-parallel GPU training with optimized spectral operations, I/O and launch overhead.","scope":"Applies AFNO to autoregressive high-resolution global weather fields and develops feature/data-parallel GPU training with optimized spectral operations, I/O and launch overhead. Two 2022 sources bundled with separate 13/9-person bylines; SC account shares contribution among Subramanian/Harrington/Pathak, not automatically first author. Forecast speed is inference-only on specific hardware/variables; ERA5 reanalysis/training cost and fewer vertical variables matter. Distributed timings include exposed I/O/validation but exclude setup/warm-up/capture and extrapolate some 80-epoch costs from five epochs. No general climate or exact physical-simulation certificate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:befd9005-314c-4b08-a85f-c07c9fa7688b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:98d7b6be8cc51ff2b821a5c64f46f662478b4ae4e698842551f0e75c277a7ea1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-aurora-earth-system","title":"Aurora transferable Earth-system foundation model","summary":"Pretrains a 3D Swin/Perceiver weather model on diverse forecast, analysis, reanalysis and climate data, then fine-tunes for weather, ocean waves and cyclone-track tasks in the expanded source version.","boundary":"Requires data-assimilated initial conditions and expensive pretraining; reported task wins do not imply all-target dominance or learned physical conservation. Only non-biological weather/wave/cyclone contributions curated, not public-health/agricultural applications.","area":"AI weather forecasting","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-aurora-earth-system","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6dd42701-9894-40b0-ac90-0c503995042d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d31250f45c9db7bd2f90f0c35d50e215967623a8289112faf87a8f63c1bcd770"},"humans":["Cristian Bodnar","Wessel P. Bruinsma","Ana Lucic","Megan Stanley","Johannes Brandstetter","Patrick Garvan","Maik Riechert","Jonathan Weyn","Haiyu Dong","Anna Vaughan","Jayesh K. Gupta","Kit Tambiratnam","Alex Archibald","Elizabeth Heider","Max Welling","Richard E. Turner","Paris Perdikaris","Jonathan A. Weyn","Kit Thambiratnam","Alexander T. Archibald","Chun-Chieh Wu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2405-13063v1-primary","title":"Aurora: A Foundation Model of the Atmosphere","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.13063v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-2405-13063v3-primary","title":"A Foundation Model for the Earth System","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.13063v3"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-aurora-earth-system","entry_id":"ai-oct-aurora-earth-system","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6dd42701-9894-40b0-ac90-0c503995042d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d31250f45c9db7bd2f90f0c35d50e215967623a8289112faf87a8f63c1bcd770"},"what_changed":"Pretrains a 3D Swin/Perceiver weather model on diverse forecast, analysis, reanalysis and climate data, then fine-tunes for weather, ocean waves and cyclone-track tasks in the expanded source version.","scope":"Pretrains a 3D Swin/Perceiver weather model on diverse forecast, analysis, reanalysis and climate data, then fine-tunes for weather, ocean waves and cyclone-track tasks in the expanded source version. Requires data-assimilated initial conditions and expensive pretraining; reported task wins do not imply all-target dominance or learned physical conservation. Only non-biological weather/wave/cyclone contributions curated, not public-health/agricultural applications.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6dd42701-9894-40b0-ac90-0c503995042d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d31250f45c9db7bd2f90f0c35d50e215967623a8289112faf87a8f63c1bcd770"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-aardvark-weather","title":"Aardvark end-to-end observation-to-weather forecasting","summary":"Maps heterogeneous weather observations through learned state estimation, autoregressive forecasting and local prediction modules, permitting end-to-end adaptation without numerical-model initial states at inference.","boundary":"V1 ten-author UNet account differs from expanded v3 eleven-author ViT account; first two equal marks are explicit in v3. Independence from NWP at inference does not remove reanalysis dependence during pretraining. V1 abstract says one-degree while body reports1.41-degree grid; no unsupported exact resolution selected. Skill and baseline wins vary by variable/lead; spectral blurring and weak upper-level/short-range skill remain. No agricultural/public-health application claims.","area":"AI weather forecasting","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-aardvark-weather","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:701c480b-4eb0-4be5-ad27-7510ac75b671","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1348a9abd511253ef336758492c3b18b7d83cfd05a4ef112488b0bf882bc0d82"},"humans":["Anna Vaughan","Stratis Markou","Will Tebbutt","James Requeima","Wessel P. Bruinsma","Tom R. Andersson","Michael Herzog","Nicholas D. Lane","J. Scott Hosking","Richard E. Turner","Matthew Chantry"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2404-00411v1-primary","title":"Aardvark Weather: end-to-end data-driven weather forecasting","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.00411v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-2404-00411v3-primary","title":"End-to-end data-driven weather prediction","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.00411v3"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-aardvark-weather","entry_id":"ai-oct-aardvark-weather","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:701c480b-4eb0-4be5-ad27-7510ac75b671","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1348a9abd511253ef336758492c3b18b7d83cfd05a4ef112488b0bf882bc0d82"},"what_changed":"Maps heterogeneous weather observations through learned state estimation, autoregressive forecasting and local prediction modules, permitting end-to-end adaptation without numerical-model initial states at inference.","scope":"Maps heterogeneous weather observations through learned state estimation, autoregressive forecasting and local prediction modules, permitting end-to-end adaptation without numerical-model initial states at inference. V1 ten-author UNet account differs from expanded v3 eleven-author ViT account; first two equal marks are explicit in v3. Independence from NWP at inference does not remove reanalysis dependence during pretraining. V1 abstract says one-degree while body reports1.41-degree grid; no unsupported exact resolution selected. Skill and baseline wins vary by variable/lead; spectral blurring and weak upper-level/short-range skill remain. No agricultural/public-health application claims.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:701c480b-4eb0-4be5-ad27-7510ac75b671","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1348a9abd511253ef336758492c3b18b7d83cfd05a4ef112488b0bf882bc0d82"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-fengwu","title":"FengWu multimodal multitask weather forecasting with replay-buffer training","summary":"Uses variable-specific encoders/decoders and cross-variable fusion, learns uncertainty-weighted weather losses, and reuses predicted intermediate states from a replay buffer to train long-lead autoregressive forecasts.","boundary":"First four authors share contribution, Lei Bai project lead. Forecast variables treated as modalities, not an image/text multimodal system. Gaussian independent-target loss and replay training do not certify calibrated ensemble uncertainty or eliminate error accumulation. Skill threshold is source-specific, not every variable reliable beyond ten days; ERA5 costs remain.","area":"AI weather forecasting","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-fengwu","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13f567e1-90e3-46c9-a61f-1e0bf95fa9d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3245e5e404982a7255d5438e5113ee958ad975e10800116d0b99c1af216aa85"},"humans":["Kang Chen","Tao Han","Junchao Gong","Lei Bai","Fenghua Ling","Jing-Jia Luo","Xi Chen","Leiming Ma","Tianning Zhang","Rui Su","Yuanzheng Ci","Bin Li","Xiaokang Yang","Wanli Ouyang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2304-02948v1-primary","title":"FengWu: Pushing the Skillful Global Medium-range Weather Forecast beyond 10 Days Lead","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.02948v1"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-fengwu","entry_id":"ai-oct-fengwu","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13f567e1-90e3-46c9-a61f-1e0bf95fa9d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3245e5e404982a7255d5438e5113ee958ad975e10800116d0b99c1af216aa85"},"what_changed":"Uses variable-specific encoders/decoders and cross-variable fusion, learns uncertainty-weighted weather losses, and reuses predicted intermediate states from a replay buffer to train long-lead autoregressive forecasts.","scope":"Uses variable-specific encoders/decoders and cross-variable fusion, learns uncertainty-weighted weather losses, and reuses predicted intermediate states from a replay buffer to train long-lead autoregressive forecasts. First four authors share contribution, Lei Bai project lead. Forecast variables treated as modalities, not an image/text multimodal system. Gaussian independent-target loss and replay training do not certify calibrated ensemble uncertainty or eliminate error accumulation. Skill threshold is source-specific, not every variable reliable beyond ten days; ERA5 costs remain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13f567e1-90e3-46c9-a61f-1e0bf95fa9d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3245e5e404982a7255d5438e5113ee958ad975e10800116d0b99c1af216aa85"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-fuxi-cascade","title":"FuXi cascaded short-to-long-range weather prediction","summary":"Cascades separately fine-tuned forecast models for0–5,5–10 and10–15-day windows, using joint space-time embedding and a U-Transformer to reduce long-range autoregressive errors.","boundary":"First two authors equal, final two correspondence. Original deterministic cascade is not the later FuXi ensemble/probabilistic system. Comparability with ECMWF ensemble mean concerns selected evaluation metrics, not equivalent calibrated uncertainty or every field. Error accumulation persists; reference datasets and ERA5 split constrain comparisons.","area":"AI weather forecasting","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-fuxi-cascade","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:781e0eea-4718-457e-a2b7-92512c3316e0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec340ecfee5b235fed20802d746790099c66c66304dc0ad5fd29fd78a4bc85ed"},"humans":["Lei Chen","Xiaohui Zhong","Feng Zhang","Yuan Cheng","Yinghui Xu","Yuan Qi","Hao Li"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2306-12873v1-primary","title":"FuXi: A cascade machine learning forecasting system for 15-day global weather forecast","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.12873v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-fuxi-cascade","entry_id":"ai-oct-fuxi-cascade","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:781e0eea-4718-457e-a2b7-92512c3316e0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec340ecfee5b235fed20802d746790099c66c66304dc0ad5fd29fd78a4bc85ed"},"what_changed":"Cascades separately fine-tuned forecast models for0–5,5–10 and10–15-day windows, using joint space-time embedding and a U-Transformer to reduce long-range autoregressive errors.","scope":"Cascades separately fine-tuned forecast models for0–5,5–10 and10–15-day windows, using joint space-time embedding and a U-Transformer to reduce long-range autoregressive errors. First two authors equal, final two correspondence. Original deterministic cascade is not the later FuXi ensemble/probabilistic system. Comparability with ECMWF ensemble mean concerns selected evaluation metrics, not equivalent calibrated uncertainty or every field. Error accumulation persists; reference datasets and ERA5 split constrain comparisons.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:781e0eea-4718-457e-a2b7-92512c3316e0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec340ecfee5b235fed20802d746790099c66c66304dc0ad5fd29fd78a4bc85ed"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-hamiltonian-neural-networks","title":"Hamiltonian neural networks for structured learned dynamics","summary":"Learns a scalar Hamiltonian-like function and obtains state dynamics through its symplectic gradient, fitting observed derivatives while preserving the learned quantity in the ideal continuous flow.","boundary":"Requires suitable canonical coordinates and well-defined flow. Exact conservation concerns learned Hamiltonian, not automatically true physical energy; numerical Runge–Kutta integration adds error. Derivative-target training is not label-free recovery of arbitrary laws, and conservation alone does not establish physical time-reversal symmetry or arbitrary dissipative-system validity.","area":"Scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-hamiltonian-neural-networks","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b27c07a-e40a-4fb1-aa52-083314b09981","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99f2bd3e549d7b9f1a1b8a404a53d68f5ba0e8cc8e9cc05b69c3ea6268c36a84"},"humans":["Sam Greydanus","Misko Dzamba","Jason Yosinski"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1906-01563v1-primary","title":"Hamiltonian Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.01563v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-hamiltonian-neural-networks","entry_id":"ai-oct-hamiltonian-neural-networks","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b27c07a-e40a-4fb1-aa52-083314b09981","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99f2bd3e549d7b9f1a1b8a404a53d68f5ba0e8cc8e9cc05b69c3ea6268c36a84"},"what_changed":"Learns a scalar Hamiltonian-like function and obtains state dynamics through its symplectic gradient, fitting observed derivatives while preserving the learned quantity in the ideal continuous flow.","scope":"Learns a scalar Hamiltonian-like function and obtains state dynamics through its symplectic gradient, fitting observed derivatives while preserving the learned quantity in the ideal continuous flow. Requires suitable canonical coordinates and well-defined flow. Exact conservation concerns learned Hamiltonian, not automatically true physical energy; numerical Runge–Kutta integration adds error. Derivative-target training is not label-free recovery of arbitrary laws, and conservation alone does not establish physical time-reversal symmetry or arbitrary dissipative-system validity.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b27c07a-e40a-4fb1-aa52-083314b09981","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99f2bd3e549d7b9f1a1b8a404a53d68f5ba0e8cc8e9cc05b69c3ea6268c36a84"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-lagrangian-neural-networks","title":"Lagrangian neural networks using differentiated Euler–Lagrange dynamics","summary":"Parameterizes a Lagrangian with a neural network and uses automatic derivatives and a velocity-Hessian inverse to predict accelerations from generalized coordinates.","boundary":"Six original authors; affiliation stars are not shared-lead marks. Inherits Euler–Lagrange mechanics and earlier restricted DeLaN; not first neural Lagrangian method. Invertibility/regularity are needed for unambiguous dynamics; pseudoinverse is a practical response to singularity, not proof of a regular physical system. Cubic Hessian inversion and integration error remain; learned conservation is not universal true-energy accuracy.","area":"Scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-lagrangian-neural-networks","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e9bbf85-5054-4505-ac77-9d343c493b58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da03b5c0aedc0c6d5c78ed7d1764d2774a09a8d5311c1d5cc479800e696c9e0f"},"humans":["Miles Cranmer","Sam Greydanus","Stephan Hoyer","Peter Battaglia","David Spergel","Shirley Ho"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-2003-04630v1-primary","title":"Lagrangian Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.04630v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-lagrangian-neural-networks","entry_id":"ai-oct-lagrangian-neural-networks","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e9bbf85-5054-4505-ac77-9d343c493b58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da03b5c0aedc0c6d5c78ed7d1764d2774a09a8d5311c1d5cc479800e696c9e0f"},"what_changed":"Parameterizes a Lagrangian with a neural network and uses automatic derivatives and a velocity-Hessian inverse to predict accelerations from generalized coordinates.","scope":"Parameterizes a Lagrangian with a neural network and uses automatic derivatives and a velocity-Hessian inverse to predict accelerations from generalized coordinates. Six original authors; affiliation stars are not shared-lead marks. Inherits Euler–Lagrange mechanics and earlier restricted DeLaN; not first neural Lagrangian method. Invertibility/regularity are needed for unambiguous dynamics; pseudoinverse is a practical response to singularity, not proof of a regular physical system. Cubic Hessian inversion and integration error remain; learned conservation is not universal true-energy accuracy.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e9bbf85-5054-4505-ac77-9d343c493b58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da03b5c0aedc0c6d5c78ed7d1764d2774a09a8d5311c1d5cc479800e696c9e0f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-sindy","title":"SINDy sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics","summary":"Regresses measured state derivatives onto a candidate nonlinear-function library using sparsity, including sequential thresholded least squares, to identify compact dynamical models.","boundary":"Sparsity is relative to chosen library/coordinates; adequate measurements, derivative quality and identifiability matter. No recovery of arbitrary governing laws, invention of LASSO or universal noise robustness.","area":"Scientific machine learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-sindy","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ebfdcba-ab65-4b23-a81c-9e36789d2075","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:04aefc35c702c5dbb2db0f654d0fcf4ddbaff843bc09615b9130fe50944830dd"},"humans":["Steven L. Brunton","Joshua L. Proctor","J. Nathan Kutz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-1509-03580v1-primary","title":"Discovering governing equations from data: Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.03580v1"}],"points":"270000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-sindy","entry_id":"ai-oct-sindy","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ebfdcba-ab65-4b23-a81c-9e36789d2075","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:04aefc35c702c5dbb2db0f654d0fcf4ddbaff843bc09615b9130fe50944830dd"},"what_changed":"Regresses measured state derivatives onto a candidate nonlinear-function library using sparsity, including sequential thresholded least squares, to identify compact dynamical models.","scope":"Regresses measured state derivatives onto a candidate nonlinear-function library using sparsity, including sequential thresholded least squares, to identify compact dynamical models. Sparsity is relative to chosen library/coordinates; adequate measurements, derivative quality and identifiability matter. No recovery of arbitrary governing laws, invention of LASSO or universal noise robustness.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ebfdcba-ab65-4b23-a81c-9e36789d2075","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:04aefc35c702c5dbb2db0f654d0fcf4ddbaff843bc09615b9130fe50944830dd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-deepxde","title":"DeepXDE neural differential-equation software with adaptive residual refinement","summary":"Implements PINN problem specification, geometry/boundary handling and training workflows, with residual-based adaptive refinement that adds training points at high sampled residuals.","boundary":"Four original authors; stars are institutional affiliations, not equal-contribution marks. 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It builds on Ape-X, DQN, recurrent networks and prioritized replay. Burn-in and stored states mitigate staleness empirically; they do not guarantee convergence or recovery of an arbitrary complete history.","area":"Distributed recurrent reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kapturowski-et-al-r2d2-original-access","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9e893a9b-2a04-4dfc-a989-f0d6dbbda7f7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b13654c71430e1cef65284e0993cf163f9c636140c817c7fa1ec54d1596ef2de"},"humans":["Steven Kapturowski","Georg Ostrovski","John Quan","Rémi Munos","Will Dabney"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Units matching absent concepts can be missed. First two authors explicitly equal.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-network-dissection","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:61fac75f-f190-4909-a540-c4429ae4cb46","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:389ee166ce9ff256f286f48e6a9319572d4a434d3f881112cc84c6e680fdddd3"},"humans":["David Bau","Bolei Zhou","Aditya Khosla","Aude Oliva","Antonio Torralba"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-network-dissection-1704-05796v1","title":"Network Dissection: Quantifying Interpretability of Deep Visual Representations","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.05796v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-network-dissection","entry_id":"ai-oct-network-dissection","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:61fac75f-f190-4909-a540-c4429ae4cb46","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:389ee166ce9ff256f286f48e6a9319572d4a434d3f881112cc84c6e680fdddd3"},"what_changed":"Thresholds and upsamples convolutional unit activations and compares them with densely annotated concepts through intersection-over-union, enabling representation comparisons and rotation tests.","scope":"Thresholds and upsamples convolutional unit activations and compares them with densely annotated concepts through intersection-over-union, enabling representation comparisons and rotation tests. 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First two authors explicitly equal.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:61fac75f-f190-4909-a540-c4429ae4cb46","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:389ee166ce9ff256f286f48e6a9319572d4a434d3f881112cc84c6e680fdddd3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-concept-bottleneck","title":"Concept bottleneck models with editable intermediate concepts","summary":"Trains prediction through an explicitly supervised concept bottleneck using independent, sequential or joint losses, allowing predicted concepts to be corrected before the final output.","boundary":"General computing architecture only; medical application is excluded. Requires training-time concept annotations, and modifying a predicted concept inside a model is not intervening on the real-world causal variable. Earlier attribute-based systems are acknowledged, not claimed newly invented. First three authors explicitly equal.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-concept-bottleneck","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1cbfec98-a8cb-4a11-aee6-02adfbaef04e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95a4b2ffcd80249d6c1dd7f47a58c0d2fda21b61737e8160cb811f059ba514a9"},"humans":["Pang Wei Koh","Thao Nguyen","Yew Siang Tang","Stephen Mussmann","Emma Pierson","Been Kim","Percy Liang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-concept-bottleneck-2007-04612v1","title":"Concept Bottleneck Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.04612v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-concept-bottleneck","entry_id":"ai-oct-concept-bottleneck","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1cbfec98-a8cb-4a11-aee6-02adfbaef04e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95a4b2ffcd80249d6c1dd7f47a58c0d2fda21b61737e8160cb811f059ba514a9"},"what_changed":"Trains prediction through an explicitly supervised concept bottleneck using independent, sequential or joint losses, allowing predicted concepts to be corrected before the final output.","scope":"Trains prediction through an explicitly supervised concept bottleneck using independent, sequential or joint losses, allowing predicted concepts to be corrected before the final output. General computing architecture only; medical application is excluded. Requires training-time concept annotations, and modifying a predicted concept inside a model is not intervening on the real-world causal variable. Earlier attribute-based systems are acknowledged, not claimed newly invented. 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Rank-one associative-memory algebra inherits earlier work; single-edit success does not guarantee long-run consistency or zero collateral changes.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-rome","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8484df98-7bca-4d61-a756-73723459c315","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14ec41fe6bb96d735961ce384298fb71656c454290d5dab9ffc077d7fd79821c"},"humans":["Kevin Meng","David Bau","Alex Andonian","Yonatan Belinkov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-rome-2202-05262v1","title":"Locating and Editing Factual Knowledge in GPT","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.05262v1"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-rome","entry_id":"ai-oct-rome","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8484df98-7bca-4d61-a756-73723459c315","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14ec41fe6bb96d735961ce384298fb71656c454290d5dab9ffc077d7fd79821c"},"what_changed":"Uses corruption and restoration of internal activations to locate factual-recall pathways, then applies a constrained rank-one MLP update; CounterFact tests edited facts, paraphrases and nearby associations.","scope":"Uses corruption and restoration of internal activations to locate factual-recall pathways, then applies a constrained rank-one MLP update; CounterFact tests edited facts, paraphrases and nearby associations. The localized-memory picture is a tested hypothesis for the studied GPT models, not a universal theorem. Rank-one associative-memory algebra inherits earlier work; single-edit success does not guarantee long-run consistency or zero collateral changes.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8484df98-7bca-4d61-a756-73723459c315","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14ec41fe6bb96d735961ce384298fb71656c454290d5dab9ffc077d7fd79821c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-memit","title":"MEMIT: batched associative-memory edits spread across MLP layers","summary":"Extends weight editing to many associations by solving covariance-regularized batch updates and distributing desired hidden-state residuals across mediating transformer MLP layers.","boundary":"Single-layer least-squares derivation assumes the old memory optimum; practical covariance estimation and multi-layer residual spreading are approximations. Thousands-of-edit evaluations do not imply arbitrary sequential editing or preservation of all knowledge.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-memit","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35a30b44-e979-4ca7-a57c-8667b80b7473","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6068dea026ff36ebb6eb7d6c7064a5f7912c7f3c8d829aa5523069639842b83a"},"humans":["Kevin Meng","Arnab Sen Sharma","Alex Andonian","Yonatan Belinkov","David Bau"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-memit-2210-07229v1","title":"Mass-Editing Memory in a Transformer","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.07229v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-memit","entry_id":"ai-oct-memit","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35a30b44-e979-4ca7-a57c-8667b80b7473","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6068dea026ff36ebb6eb7d6c7064a5f7912c7f3c8d829aa5523069639842b83a"},"what_changed":"Extends weight editing to many associations by solving covariance-regularized batch updates and distributing desired hidden-state residuals across mediating transformer MLP layers.","scope":"Extends weight editing to many associations by solving covariance-regularized batch updates and distributing desired hidden-state residuals across mediating transformer MLP layers. Single-layer least-squares derivation assumes the old memory optimum; practical covariance estimation and multi-layer residual spreading are approximations. Thousands-of-edit evaluations do not imply arbitrary sequential editing or preservation of all knowledge.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35a30b44-e979-4ca7-a57c-8667b80b7473","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6068dea026ff36ebb6eb7d6c7064a5f7912c7f3c8d829aa5523069639842b83a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-mend","title":"MEND: low-rank gradient-transform networks for local model editing","summary":"Learns small shared editor networks on factorized per-example gradients, producing targeted weight changes while training against edit-neighborhood and locality losses without modifying the base model before an edit.","boundary":"Requires editor training and chosen editable layers, edit/locality distributions and objectives. Locality is measured on sampled unrelated inputs, not guaranteed everywhere. O(d) editor parameterization is not an all-resource constant-cost claim.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-mend","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1fff6a0-463e-469c-aad5-1c8ec952d86f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:814a08f58022cdd34521d4890bdce1e8651d82036d24e4e0fef0611ff658af1f"},"humans":["Eric Mitchell","Charles Lin","Antoine Bosselut","Chelsea Finn","Christopher D. Manning"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-mend-2110-11309v1","title":"Fast Model Editing at Scale","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.11309v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-mend","entry_id":"ai-oct-mend","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1fff6a0-463e-469c-aad5-1c8ec952d86f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:814a08f58022cdd34521d4890bdce1e8651d82036d24e4e0fef0611ff658af1f"},"what_changed":"Learns small shared editor networks on factorized per-example gradients, producing targeted weight changes while training against edit-neighborhood and locality losses without modifying the base model before an edit.","scope":"Learns small shared editor networks on factorized per-example gradients, producing targeted weight changes while training against edit-neighborhood and locality losses without modifying the base model before an edit. Requires editor training and chosen editable layers, edit/locality distributions and objectives. Locality is measured on sampled unrelated inputs, not guaranteed everywhere. O(d) editor parameterization is not an all-resource constant-cost claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1fff6a0-463e-469c-aad5-1c8ec952d86f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:814a08f58022cdd34521d4890bdce1e8651d82036d24e4e0fef0611ff658af1f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-knowledge-neurons","title":"Knowledge Neurons: activation attribution and prompt-consistency refinement","summary":"Adapts integrated gradients to intermediate FFN neurons, filters candidate neurons across diverse factual prompts, and investigates activation changes and targeted factual edits in a pretrained transformer.","boundary":"Inherits integrated gradients and FFN-memory hypotheses. Evidence is primarily BERT-base-cased with chosen prompt and attribution thresholds; correlated or intervenable neurons are not a unique complete physical store of every fact. First-author star denotes Microsoft internship, not equal contribution.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-knowledge-neurons","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eae2be90-eeb3-4ad3-ac09-3032488d556a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ab920ccff86409ca86494519271c92237e517553341180b6e504a5f8e5aebd1"},"humans":["Damai Dai","Li Dong","Yaru Hao","Zhifang Sui","Furu Wei"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-knowledge-neurons-2104-08696v1","title":"Knowledge Neurons in Pretrained Transformers","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.08696v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-knowledge-neurons","entry_id":"ai-oct-knowledge-neurons","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eae2be90-eeb3-4ad3-ac09-3032488d556a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ab920ccff86409ca86494519271c92237e517553341180b6e504a5f8e5aebd1"},"what_changed":"Adapts integrated gradients to intermediate FFN neurons, filters candidate neurons across diverse factual prompts, and investigates activation changes and targeted factual edits in a pretrained transformer.","scope":"Adapts integrated gradients to intermediate FFN neurons, filters candidate neurons across diverse factual prompts, and investigates activation changes and targeted factual edits in a pretrained transformer. Inherits integrated gradients and FFN-memory hypotheses. Evidence is primarily BERT-base-cased with chosen prompt and attribution thresholds; correlated or intervenable neurons are not a unique complete physical store of every fact. 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Invariance findings are scoped to tested methods, metrics and architectures; signed and absolute visualizations can behave differently. Star denotes Google residency, not equal contribution.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ai-oct-saliency-sanity","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4fbfc835-6867-4990-acde-75777fb59e20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9292c39c45a4015e19a261e1914b7f4b3a0a49dbdc61e57daaa3a528181967e"},"humans":["Julius Adebayo","Justin Gilmer","Michael Muelly","Ian Goodfellow","Moritz Hardt","Been Kim"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-saliency-sanity-1810-03292v1","title":"Sanity Checks for Saliency Maps","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.03292v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-saliency-sanity","entry_id":"ai-oct-saliency-sanity","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4fbfc835-6867-4990-acde-75777fb59e20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9292c39c45a4015e19a261e1914b7f4b3a0a49dbdc61e57daaa3a528181967e"},"what_changed":"Introduces model-parameter and data-label randomization tests for explanation methods, revealing that some visually persuasive saliency procedures can ignore learned model or label structure.","scope":"Introduces model-parameter and data-label randomization tests for explanation methods, revealing that some visually persuasive saliency procedures can ignore learned model or label structure. Sensitivity to these tests is a necessary task-dependent diagnostic, not sufficient proof of explanation correctness. Invariance findings are scoped to tested methods, metrics and architectures; signed and absolute visualizations can behave differently. Star denotes Google residency, not equal contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4fbfc835-6867-4990-acde-75777fb59e20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9292c39c45a4015e19a261e1914b7f4b3a0a49dbdc61e57daaa3a528181967e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-attention-stress","title":"Attention explanation stress tests with counterfactual weights","summary":"Tests correlations with gradient/erasure importance and searches permuted or adversarial attention distributions that preserve predictions in selected text classification, QA and inference models.","boundary":"Per-instance attention is detached while encoded states remain fixed. Results do not prove that all attention or transformer circuits are unexplainable; later controlled-model diagnostics raise a different experimental question. Only non-medical text tasks and general methods are curated.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ai-oct-attention-stress","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7340b878-bce9-4d4f-a80d-1308192c2856","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fff49ae0b02ae7ac3bb3a0f7c3a26bc8f2cae13ce43b8283881472e1de5975c7"},"humans":["Sarthak Jain","Byron C. Wallace"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-attention-stress-1902-10186v1","title":"Attention is not Explanation","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.10186v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-attention-stress","entry_id":"ai-oct-attention-stress","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7340b878-bce9-4d4f-a80d-1308192c2856","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fff49ae0b02ae7ac3bb3a0f7c3a26bc8f2cae13ce43b8283881472e1de5975c7"},"what_changed":"Tests correlations with gradient/erasure importance and searches permuted or adversarial attention distributions that preserve predictions in selected text classification, QA and inference models.","scope":"Tests correlations with gradient/erasure importance and searches permuted or adversarial attention distributions that preserve predictions in selected text classification, QA and inference models. Per-instance attention is detached while encoded states remain fixed. Results do not prove that all attention or transformer circuits are unexplainable; later controlled-model diagnostics raise a different experimental question. Only non-medical text tasks and general methods are curated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7340b878-bce9-4d4f-a80d-1308192c2856","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fff49ae0b02ae7ac3bb3a0f7c3a26bc8f2cae13ce43b8283881472e1de5975c7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-attention-controls","title":"Controlled attention diagnostics with uniform, seed and trained-adversary baselines","summary":"Adds uniform-attention baselines, random-seed calibration, guided non-contextual diagnostics and coherently trained adversarial attention models to assess the explanatory utility of attention.","boundary":"A methodological response, not a proof that attention is generally faithful or a refutation of every counterfactual finding. Tested single-layer BiLSTM classification setting differs from arbitrary per-instance reweighting and from modern transformer-wide claims. Only non-medical NLP scope retained; both authors explicitly equal.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ai-oct-attention-controls","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:47f96b6a-c68b-4ca5-a7b3-e3bd8ec9d02a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6d70567b27378d4b70d971ff56556bb73d2948c2b2ce0f02e0ec8c719b2e65d"},"humans":["Sarah Wiegreffe","Yuval Pinter"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-attention-controls-1908-04626v1","title":"Attention is not not Explanation","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.04626v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-attention-controls","entry_id":"ai-oct-attention-controls","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:47f96b6a-c68b-4ca5-a7b3-e3bd8ec9d02a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d6d70567b27378d4b70d971ff56556bb73d2948c2b2ce0f02e0ec8c719b2e65d"},"what_changed":"Adds uniform-attention baselines, random-seed calibration, guided non-contextual diagnostics and coherently trained adversarial attention models to assess the explanatory utility of attention.","scope":"Adds uniform-attention baselines, random-seed calibration, guided non-contextual diagnostics and coherently trained adversarial attention models to assess the explanatory utility of attention. A methodological response, not a proof that attention is generally faithful or a refutation of every counterfactual finding. Tested single-layer BiLSTM classification setting differs from arbitrary per-instance reweighting and from modern transformer-wide claims. 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Formal local derivation needs differentiability and positive-definite Hessian; nonconvex/nonsmooth applications use approximations, not exact leave-one-out retraining. No universal reliability claim.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-influence-functions","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9c2a54f7-437e-4a44-aea6-e287f7a28fa4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d1da18de7645a5a9120b540279f460bf600bff2406ea8413ea11a79ea1c9d00"},"humans":["Pang Wei Koh","Percy Liang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-influence-functions-1703-04730v1","title":"Understanding Black-box Predictions via Influence Functions","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.04730v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-influence-functions","entry_id":"ai-oct-influence-functions","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9c2a54f7-437e-4a44-aea6-e287f7a28fa4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d1da18de7645a5a9120b540279f460bf600bff2406ea8413ea11a79ea1c9d00"},"what_changed":"Uses implicit Hessian-vector products and inverse-Hessian approximations to estimate how training-point reweighting or perturbations affect model predictions, with selected data-debugging experiments.","scope":"Uses implicit Hessian-vector products and inverse-Hessian approximations to estimate how training-point reweighting or perturbations affect model predictions, with selected data-debugging experiments. 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No universal reliability claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9c2a54f7-437e-4a44-aea6-e287f7a28fa4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d1da18de7645a5a9120b540279f460bf600bff2406ea8413ea11a79ea1c9d00"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-representer-points","title":"Representer points: signed training-feature contributions to network logits","summary":"Derives a representer decomposition of pre-activation outputs into signed training-feature similarities at stationary points with positively weighted L2 regularization of the final linear layer.","boundary":"The theorem is conditional on its final-layer regularization and stationarity assumptions, not arbitrary unregularized checkpoints. Signed logit contributions are not identical to loss influence or deletion counterfactuals. First two authors explicitly equal; proof source read, not independently certified.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-representer-points","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2c7b3c93-e54b-43aa-af88-682ff4743ac1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7c0228fb52917492905244fd765a28b38b1409121359a2d69fc482f6dad8b0a9"},"humans":["Chih-Kuan Yeh","Joon Sik Kim","Ian E. H. Yen","Pradeep Ravikumar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-representer-points-1811-09720v1","title":"Representer Point Selection for Explaining Deep Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.09720v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-representer-points","entry_id":"ai-oct-representer-points","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2c7b3c93-e54b-43aa-af88-682ff4743ac1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7c0228fb52917492905244fd765a28b38b1409121359a2d69fc482f6dad8b0a9"},"what_changed":"Derives a representer decomposition of pre-activation outputs into signed training-feature similarities at stationary points with positively weighted L2 regularization of the final linear layer.","scope":"Derives a representer decomposition of pre-activation outputs into signed training-feature similarities at stationary points with positively weighted L2 regularization of the final linear layer. The theorem is conditional on its final-layer regularization and stationarity assumptions, not arbitrary unregularized checkpoints. Signed logit contributions are not identical to loss influence or deletion counterfactuals. First two authors explicitly equal; proof source read, not independently certified.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2c7b3c93-e54b-43aa-af88-682ff4743ac1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7c0228fb52917492905244fd765a28b38b1409121359a2d69fc482f6dad8b0a9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-tracin","title":"TracIn: checkpoint-gradient estimates of training-example influence","summary":"Accumulates gradient agreement to approximate a training point’s effect on test loss along optimization, with practical checkpoint and selected-layer variants for scalable inspection.","boundary":"First-order gradient approximations and checkpoint heuristics estimate training-example influence along an optimization trajectory. They are not exact deletion-and-retraining effects; extending the method to another optimizer requires its actual update rule.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-tracin","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4770efb1-8070-4d3c-a711-18370842b128","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e866180f23eee47ba4725e991de80976f9d2c6a92705dfb094623ab4d07a923"},"humans":["Garima","Frederick Liu","Satyen Kale","Mukund Sundararajan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-tracin-2002-08484v1","title":"Estimating Training Data Influence by Tracking Gradient Descent","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.08484v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-tracin-2002-08484v3","title":"Estimating Training Data Influence by Tracing Gradient Descent","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.08484v3"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-tracin","entry_id":"ai-oct-tracin","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4770efb1-8070-4d3c-a711-18370842b128","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e866180f23eee47ba4725e991de80976f9d2c6a92705dfb094623ab4d07a923"},"what_changed":"Accumulates gradient agreement to approximate a training point’s effect on test loss along optimization, with practical checkpoint and selected-layer variants for scalable inspection.","scope":"Accumulates gradient agreement to approximate a training point’s effect on test loss along optimization, with practical checkpoint and selected-layer variants for scalable inspection. First-order gradient approximations and checkpoint heuristics estimate training-example influence along an optimization trajectory. They are not exact deletion-and-retraining effects; extending the method to another optimizer requires its actual update rule.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4770efb1-8070-4d3c-a711-18370842b128","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e866180f23eee47ba4725e991de80976f9d2c6a92705dfb094623ab4d07a923"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-data-shapley","title":"Data Shapley: learner-dependent data valuation and practical estimators","summary":"Applies cooperative-game marginal contribution valuation to training data for a fixed learner and utility, with Monte Carlo, truncation and gradient-based approximation strategies.","boundary":"Inherits the Shapley uniqueness result rather than inventing it; values depend on dataset, learner and utility, not universal monetary value. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-data-shapley-1904-02868v1","title":"Data Shapley: Equitable Valuation of Data for Machine Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.02868v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-data-shapley","entry_id":"ai-oct-data-shapley","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:02201d46-415c-4028-a9f8-539b191e0ca0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8e19f0991406f96200a1ef8595e6e3e1b0da5edc27d26a973b1fd06c5c25bd6c"},"what_changed":"Applies cooperative-game marginal contribution valuation to training data for a fixed learner and utility, with Monte Carlo, truncation and gradient-based approximation strategies.","scope":"Applies cooperative-game marginal contribution valuation to training data for a fixed learner and utility, with Monte Carlo, truncation and gradient-based approximation strategies. Inherits the Shapley uniqueness result rather than inventing it; values depend on dataset, learner and utility, not universal monetary value. Exact computation is exponential; truncation and gradient shortcuts are not exact unbiased Shapley values. 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Linear/L1 surrogates and subset distributions are choices, with substantial retraining cost; empirical correlations do not certify all out-of-distribution subsets. First three authors explicitly equal.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-datamodels","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:242e962d-fa26-49eb-aecf-c09de1e0599a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5b9a079a165ff213fb02b477e5cc98a1d4b483bde66cbf8c9fda4dc08216ea60"},"humans":["Andrew Ilyas","Sung Min Park","Logan Engstrom","Guillaume Leclerc","Aleksander Mądry"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-datamodels-2202-00622v1","title":"Datamodels: Predicting Predictions from Training Data","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.00622v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-datamodels","entry_id":"ai-oct-datamodels","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:242e962d-fa26-49eb-aecf-c09de1e0599a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5b9a079a165ff213fb02b477e5cc98a1d4b483bde66cbf8c9fda4dc08216ea60"},"what_changed":"Fits example-specific surrogate functions to outcomes of models retrained on sampled training subsets, supporting prediction-counterfactual analysis, data relationships and leakage inspection.","scope":"Fits example-specific surrogate functions to outcomes of models retrained on sampled training subsets, supporting prediction-counterfactual analysis, data relationships and leakage inspection. 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Speed/quality findings are source-specific empirical comparisons; fixed-projection preservation does not guarantee full attribution correctness. First three authors explicitly equal.","area":"AI interpretability, model editing and data attribution","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-trak","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e18c3829-baec-4a0b-aca8-9d88814c6709","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1bef894d29b3a8c26432a3c048ace8a602c7060578c1d07036e9f267722fe7b"},"humans":["Sung Min Park","Kristian Georgiev","Andrew Ilyas","Guillaume Leclerc","Aleksander Mądry"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-trak-2303-14186v1","title":"TRAK: Attributing Model Behavior at Scale","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.14186v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-trak","entry_id":"ai-oct-trak","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e18c3829-baec-4a0b-aca8-9d88814c6709","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1bef894d29b3a8c26432a3c048ace8a602c7060578c1d07036e9f267722fe7b"},"what_changed":"Combines model-output linearization, random-projected gradient features, approximate logistic influence and model ensembling to estimate data attribution, evaluating subset counterfactual predictions with a rank-correlation score.","scope":"Combines model-output linearization, random-projected gradient features, approximate logistic influence and model ensembling to estimate data attribution, evaluating subset counterfactual predictions with a rank-correlation score. 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Original contribution section separates exposition, preconditioning, diversity and implementation roles.","area":"AI representation visualization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-feature-visualization","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88ea1777-82ba-46c9-a111-b75d371e9c61","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eec1327e029d173556a48f9eb4073c84e0df51d3b0cb81647c771d48d8fa0c2c"},"humans":["Chris Olah","Alexander Mordvintsev","Ludwig Schubert"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-feature-visualization","title":"Feature Visualization","url":"https://distill.pub/2017/feature-visualization/"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-feature-visualization","entry_id":"ai-oct-feature-visualization","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88ea1777-82ba-46c9-a111-b75d371e9c61","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eec1327e029d173556a48f9eb4073c84e0df51d3b0cb81647c771d48d8fa0c2c"},"what_changed":"Combines diverse activation-maximizing examples with decorrelated image parameterization and regularization, making neuron and feature interactions easier to inspect.","scope":"Combines diverse activation-maximizing examples with decorrelated image parameterization and regularization, making neuron and feature interactions easier to inspect. 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The map is not an exhaustive atlas of possible states or a causal circuit proof; UMAP and feature inversion are inherited.","area":"AI representation visualization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-activation-atlas","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:584c676d-ff86-48de-aa3d-9c5fac870fb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dfabf06c50ba28c4f560beb0e153d0488c8ac7e1f2fc5fbdcf11a29e1ece2ce0"},"humans":["Shan Carter","Zan Armstrong","Ludwig Schubert","Ian Johnson","Chris Olah"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-activation-atlas","title":"Activation Atlas","url":"https://distill.pub/2019/activation-atlas/"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-activation-atlas","entry_id":"ai-oct-activation-atlas","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:584c676d-ff86-48de-aa3d-9c5fac870fb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dfabf06c50ba28c4f560beb0e153d0488c8ac7e1f2fc5fbdcf11a29e1ece2ce0"},"what_changed":"Projects sampled feature activations into a two-dimensional layout, averages them in cells and visualizes those averages to explore recurring representation patterns.","scope":"Projects sampled feature activations into a two-dimensional layout, averages them in cells and visualizes those averages to explore recurring representation patterns. 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The approximation depends on model, likelihood, regularization and dropout choices; T forward passes still incur T-sample compute despite possible parallel latency. No universal uncertainty-calibration guarantee.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-mc-dropout","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c506b431-3d18-4b91-a3ff-dbe0b739a47e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e066923994a0edc5de6e21936339fcc631e617903ebf9e14c1794f5e890577e"},"humans":["Yarin Gal","Zoubin Ghahramani"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Reported calibration/OOD behavior is empirical, not exact Bayesian sampling or a universal coverage certificate. Ensemble compute and storage remain.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-deep-ensembles","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5dfa0853-d7af-44c4-a1ba-ad11b7f154e9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:79e02e679f28f7822d8db714f8cbfe0c564abc44e36139e8f0ce112f9c821cf1"},"humans":["Balaji Lakshminarayanan","Alexander Pritzel","Charles Blundell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Original DeepMind uncertainty recipe, not invention of ensembles, proper scoring rules or Gaussian variance prediction. Reported calibration/OOD behavior is empirical, not exact Bayesian sampling or a universal coverage certificate. 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Assumes representative same-distribution calibration/test data; binned ECE is an empirical measure, not universal or conditional calibration. Architecture correlations are not causal identifications. First three authors explicitly equal in alphabetical order.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-temperature-calibration","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6977b3a1-a216-4b83-a85f-e32250c4c707","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:133aac7d4b0a8b92f9bc9d003cce00518da0a38db810c7cc2495ac6be4edd7d8"},"humans":["Chuan Guo","Geoff Pleiss","Yu Sun","Kilian Q. Weinberger"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-temperature-calibration-1706-04599v1","title":"On Calibration of Modern Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.04599v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-temperature-calibration","entry_id":"ai-oct-temperature-calibration","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6977b3a1-a216-4b83-a85f-e32250c4c707","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:133aac7d4b0a8b92f9bc9d003cce00518da0a38db810c7cc2495ac6be4edd7d8"},"what_changed":"Studies mismatch between neural confidence and correctness, and fits a held-out scalar logit temperature as a practical multiclass calibration procedure without changing class argmax.","scope":"Studies mismatch between neural confidence and correctness, and fits a held-out scalar logit temperature as a practical multiclass calibration procedure without changing class argmax. 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Precision-recall depends on class prevalence; the source explicitly documents high-confidence errors and anomalies. Star marks prior affiliation, not equal contribution.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-msp-ood","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:808cd046-4306-40bc-a8d0-fe8b6f05c5df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5adddaaaf29ed84f531bbb988e2a05304d4a4723a1f9023c630abe5486925e17"},"humans":["Dan Hendrycks","Kevin Gimpel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-msp-ood-1610-02136v1","title":"A Baseline for Detecting Misclassified and Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1610.02136v1"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-msp-ood","entry_id":"ai-oct-msp-ood","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:808cd046-4306-40bc-a8d0-fe8b6f05c5df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5adddaaaf29ed84f531bbb988e2a05304d4a4723a1f9023c630abe5486925e17"},"what_changed":"Uses maximum softmax probability to rank prediction errors and anomalous inputs, establishing cross-domain detection baselines with explicit ROC and precision-recall evaluation.","scope":"Uses maximum softmax probability to rank prediction errors and anomalous inputs, establishing cross-domain detection baselines with explicit ROC and precision-recall evaluation. A simple empirical baseline, not a calibrated probability of correctness or universal OOD detector. Precision-recall depends on class prevalence; the source explicitly documents high-confidence errors and anomalies. 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Theory uses additional score/distribution conditions, not arbitrary future-anomaly guarantees. Reported FPR uses in-distribution positives, unlike some later conventions.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-odin-ood","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e005cba-06e9-4408-a407-df8b1feda1de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce5cf736d6963559eb3f0ec267253fb3b16e41484d047f509b04141b3d49eef4"},"humans":["Shiyu Liang","Yixuan Li","R. Srikant"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-odin-ood-1706-02690v1","title":"Principled Detection of Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.02690v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-odin-ood","entry_id":"ai-oct-odin-ood","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e005cba-06e9-4408-a407-df8b1feda1de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce5cf736d6963559eb3f0ec267253fb3b16e41484d047f509b04141b3d49eef4"},"what_changed":"Combines high-temperature softmax scores with small input-gradient perturbations to separate known and anomalous images while leaving the underlying classifier weights unchanged.","scope":"Combines high-temperature softmax scores with small input-gradient perturbations to separate known and anomalous images while leaving the underlying classifier weights unchanged. 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Layer ensemble weights and preprocessing use validation data; empirical detection is not certified resistance to adaptive attacks. Mahalanobis distance itself is inherited.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-mahalanobis-ood","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd7e2c83-edf8-4d9c-ae2b-0458e18901d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:56d2553ff88576827d8645e2debd9ea9df5d3c04787e4036ecffa51717cd3411"},"humans":["Kimin Lee","Kibok Lee","Honglak Lee","Jinwoo Shin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-mahalanobis-ood-1807-03888v1","title":"A Simple Unified Framework for Detecting Out-of-Distribution Samples and Adversarial Attacks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.03888v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-mahalanobis-ood","entry_id":"ai-oct-mahalanobis-ood","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd7e2c83-edf8-4d9c-ae2b-0458e18901d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:56d2553ff88576827d8645e2debd9ea9df5d3c04787e4036ecffa51717cd3411"},"what_changed":"Fits class means and a tied feature covariance, then combines layer-wise Mahalanobis scores with input preprocessing to detect anomalous or adversarial examples from pretrained representations.","scope":"Fits class means and a tied feature covariance, then combines layer-wise Mahalanobis scores with input preprocessing to detect anomalous or adversarial examples from pretrained representations. 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Fine-tuning requires auxiliary outliers; source benchmark gains do not certify deployment safety. General computing contribution only.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-energy-ood","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2c7fb4e5-611a-4f8d-ae6b-2aad3cabedb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3875b3b7bb3e65e86b6aa4b16d7760c362278474d2beb6cedbe557c40f551003"},"humans":["Weitang Liu","Xiaoyun Wang","John D. Owens","Yixuan Li"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-energy-ood-2010-03759v1","title":"Energy-based Out-of-distribution Detection","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.03759v1"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-energy-ood","entry_id":"ai-oct-energy-ood","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2c7fb4e5-611a-4f8d-ae6b-2aad3cabedb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3875b3b7bb3e65e86b6aa4b16d7760c362278474d2beb6cedbe557c40f551003"},"what_changed":"Uses negative log-sum-exp of classifier logits as a non-probabilistic anomaly score and proposes margin-based fine-tuning to separate in-distribution and auxiliary-outlier energies.","scope":"Uses negative log-sum-exp of classifier logits as a non-probabilistic anomaly score and proposes margin-based fine-tuning to separate in-distribution and auxiliary-outlier energies. 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Choice and overlap of auxiliary data matter; original methodology differs from methods tuned to each tested OOD source and results are not automatically comparable.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-outlier-exposure","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64f6dc52-92fb-4e65-a35d-d6867bd9bbf1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c217e4d11def6a0ebf2a87185f29c2e5e4df42e1978f4552530fe31bdebdba3c"},"humans":["Dan Hendrycks","Mantas Mazeika","Thomas G. Dietterich"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-outlier-exposure-1812-04606v1","title":"Deep Anomaly Detection with Outlier Exposure","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.04606v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-outlier-exposure","entry_id":"ai-oct-outlier-exposure","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:64f6dc52-92fb-4e65-a35d-d6867bd9bbf1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c217e4d11def6a0ebf2a87185f29c2e5e4df42e1978f4552530fe31bdebdba3c"},"what_changed":"Trains a representation or detector with a complementary outlier loss on a diverse auxiliary dataset disjoint from the test anomalies, improving selected image and text anomaly detection.","scope":"Trains a representation or detector with a complementary outlier loss on a diverse auxiliary dataset disjoint from the test anomalies, improving selected image and text anomaly detection. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-trust-score-1805-11783v2","title":"To Trust Or Not To Trust A Classifier","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.11783v2"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-trust-score","entry_id":"ai-oct-trust-score","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e4afbb10-49de-4958-a308-eec69867faf9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1c28e1d64f0367b574084bfd00d511bcdd073c8ce466826a39c2bb1dccc0a54a"},"what_changed":"Computes a ratio of distances to the predicted and nearest alternative class high-density sets, providing a model-agnostic confidence ranking with conditional density-estimation analysis.","scope":"Computes a ratio of distances to the predicted and nearest alternative class high-density sets, providing a model-agnostic confidence ranking with conditional density-estimation analysis. 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Source risk guarantee depends on its i.i.d./calibration and fixed-model/confidence/search setup, not arbitrary reuse or shift; no independent proof certification.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-selective-risk","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9edcb64a-bf3f-481f-a416-668884db2dca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:39c1db2166c16a305d71ac0aa9f07bd277bf6d2c1fe0d1307abdd5807e4c5083"},"humans":["Yonatan Geifman","Ran El-Yaniv"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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General image/regression architecture only; no clinical application result or universal safe-rejection guarantee.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-selectivenet","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ecc067b8-bcaf-4529-a4ec-8ce48acb5362","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:872aabbc0d44f1fe9df5d5c754c43a0d393e112cb7f625629f04744be725b65e"},"humans":["Yonatan Geifman","Ran El-Yaniv"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Coverage penalty is not an exact population coverage/risk constraint; source discusses held-out threshold calibration and measured violations. General image/regression architecture only; no clinical application result or universal safe-rejection guarantee.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ecc067b8-bcaf-4529-a4ec-8ce48acb5362","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:872aabbc0d44f1fe9df5d5c754c43a0d393e112cb7f625629f04744be725b65e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-raps-conformal","title":"RAPS: regularized adaptive prediction sets for image classifiers","summary":"Penalizes cumulative ranked class probabilities beyond a chosen rank and calibrates the resulting nested randomized sets on held-out data to control marginal label coverage.","boundary":"Inherits conformal validity and APS cumulative scores; new rank-tail regularization is distinct. Finite-sample theorem assumes i.i.d. calibration/test triples and nested sets, with positivity for near-tight upper coverage. Marginal coverage is not per-input conditional coverage or guaranteed minimal set size.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-raps-conformal","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:79dea661-edab-4403-ae3f-bf71af1456bb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d17eafde11bd1bec23f0a7f4bb1f2e348c4eec63f4a8d73cd17189df43f8a566"},"humans":["Anastasios N. Angelopoulos","Stephen Bates","Jitendra Malik","Michael I. Jordan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-raps-conformal-2009-14193v1","title":"Uncertainty Sets for Image Classifiers using Conformal Prediction","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.14193v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-raps-conformal","entry_id":"ai-oct-raps-conformal","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:79dea661-edab-4403-ae3f-bf71af1456bb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d17eafde11bd1bec23f0a7f4bb1f2e348c4eec63f4a8d73cd17189df43f8a566"},"what_changed":"Penalizes cumulative ranked class probabilities beyond a chosen rank and calibrates the resulting nested randomized sets on held-out data to control marginal label coverage.","scope":"Penalizes cumulative ranked class probabilities beyond a chosen rank and calibrates the resulting nested randomized sets on held-out data to control marginal label coverage. Inherits conformal validity and APS cumulative scores; new rank-tail regularization is distinct. Finite-sample theorem assumes i.i.d. calibration/test triples and nested sets, with positivity for near-tight upper coverage. 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Oracle conditional optimality is not unconditional finite-sample conditional coverage. First two authors explicitly equal.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-aps-conformal","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4dc6faa8-5009-4349-ad05-973d935843ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bd212ed13b95d5905e45662f0c898f48a5cd95976f728b97b9ec4c701931544f"},"humans":["Yaniv Romano","Matteo Sesia","Emmanuel J. Candès"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-aps-conformal-2006-02544v1","title":"Classification with Valid and Adaptive Coverage","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02544v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-aps-conformal","entry_id":"ai-oct-aps-conformal","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4dc6faa8-5009-4349-ad05-973d935843ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bd212ed13b95d5905e45662f0c898f48a5cd95976f728b97b9ec4c701931544f"},"what_changed":"Constructs randomized cumulative-probability conformity scores and calibrates them with split, cross-validation+ or jackknife+ techniques to adapt categorical prediction sets to model uncertainty.","scope":"Constructs randomized cumulative-probability conformity scores and calibrates them with split, cross-validation+ or jackknife+ techniques to adapt categorical prediction sets to model uncertainty. 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First two authors explicitly equal.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4dc6faa8-5009-4349-ad05-973d935843ba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bd212ed13b95d5905e45662f0c898f48a5cd95976f728b97b9ec4c701931544f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-cqr","title":"Conformalized Quantile Regression for adaptive prediction intervals","summary":"Fits lower and upper conditional quantiles on proper training data, then uses held-out signed interval errors to conformalize variable-width regression intervals.","boundary":"Finite-sample guarantee is marginal under exchangeability, not exact coverage at each covariate or arbitrary distribution drift. Quantile regression and conformal prediction are inherited; interval efficiency depends on the fitted quantiles and sample split.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-cqr","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39a1fa1e-9f9a-4ea0-ae2b-4f45b28fa821","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf2bf9b70f582556bc53938af3e16ec61d65e2aad93b2c1ad4683062e816f132"},"humans":["Yaniv Romano","Evan Patterson","Emmanuel J. Candès"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-cqr-1905-03222v1","title":"Conformalized Quantile Regression","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.03222v1"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-cqr","entry_id":"ai-oct-cqr","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39a1fa1e-9f9a-4ea0-ae2b-4f45b28fa821","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf2bf9b70f582556bc53938af3e16ec61d65e2aad93b2c1ad4683062e816f132"},"what_changed":"Fits lower and upper conditional quantiles on proper training data, then uses held-out signed interval errors to conformalize variable-width regression intervals.","scope":"Fits lower and upper conditional quantiles on proper training data, then uses held-out signed interval errors to conformalize variable-width regression intervals. Finite-sample guarantee is marginal under exchangeability, not exact coverage at each covariate or arbitrary distribution drift. Quantile regression and conformal prediction are inherited; interval efficiency depends on the fitted quantiles and sample split.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39a1fa1e-9f9a-4ea0-ae2b-4f45b28fa821","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf2bf9b70f582556bc53938af3e16ec61d65e2aad93b2c1ad4683062e816f132"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-jackknife-plus","title":"Jackknife+ intervals from leave-one-out predictions and residuals","summary":"Forms prediction-interval endpoints from leave-one-out predictions at the new input paired with their held-out residuals, obtaining a distribution-free coverage guarantee for symmetric learning algorithms.","boundary":"Under exchangeable data and permutation-invariant fitting, the worst-case coverage guarantee is 1−2α for a target of 1−α. Near-nominal theoretical coverage requires additional stability conditions; empirical near-nominal behavior is not a universal guarantee.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-jackknife-plus","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a0c743b-a0cf-41d6-a645-b81c600e0107","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43cb29ea8294147708efd64a4de5b926f6604b76f752a97036a5fd3b507137b1"},"humans":["Rina Foygel Barber","Emmanuel J. Candès","Aaditya Ramdas","Ryan J. Tibshirani"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-jackknife-plus-1905-02928v1","title":"Predictive inference with the jackknife+","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.02928v1"}],"points":"185000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-jackknife-plus","entry_id":"ai-oct-jackknife-plus","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a0c743b-a0cf-41d6-a645-b81c600e0107","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43cb29ea8294147708efd64a4de5b926f6604b76f752a97036a5fd3b507137b1"},"what_changed":"Forms prediction-interval endpoints from leave-one-out predictions at the new input paired with their held-out residuals, obtaining a distribution-free coverage guarantee for symmetric learning algorithms.","scope":"Forms prediction-interval endpoints from leave-one-out predictions at the new input paired with their held-out residuals, obtaining a distribution-free coverage guarantee for symmetric learning algorithms. Under exchangeable data and permutation-invariant fitting, the worst-case coverage guarantee is 1−2α for a target of 1−α. 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Not arbitrary concept/label shift or pointwise conditional coverage. Existing conformal and importance weighting are inherited.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-weighted-conformal","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8def736a-48bd-450d-ae5f-95749c22f6e0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b95af62d6753d4aa0bcc250818efbb86b363464ad4e4993fb0d490edf10297eb"},"humans":["Rina Foygel Barber","Emmanuel J. Candès","Aaditya Ramdas","Ryan J. Tibshirani"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-weighted-conformal-1904-06019v1","title":"Conformal Prediction Under Covariate Shift","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.06019v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-weighted-conformal","entry_id":"ai-oct-weighted-conformal","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8def736a-48bd-450d-ae5f-95749c22f6e0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b95af62d6753d4aa0bcc250818efbb86b363464ad4e4993fb0d490edf10297eb"},"what_changed":"Weights conformity-score quantiles by test-to-training covariate likelihood ratios, extending prediction coverage to a covariate-shift and weighted-exchangeability setting.","scope":"Weights conformity-score quantiles by test-to-training covariate likelihood ratios, extending prediction coverage to a covariate-shift and weighted-exchangeability setting. 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Stronger local tracking needs further distributional assumptions; step size trades responsiveness for volatility. V1 notation conventions were not independently implemented or certified.","area":"AI uncertainty, reliability and selective prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-adaptive-conformal","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f750a14-2263-427a-a397-22652a5d09bd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:50e027799c60634730a7a015c00bbe67c272fae1b172773a8aa38432d0cc93bb"},"humans":["Isaac Gibbs","Emmanuel J. Candès"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-adaptive-conformal-2106-00170v1","title":"Adaptive Conformal Inference Under Distribution Shift","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.00170v1"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-adaptive-conformal","entry_id":"ai-oct-adaptive-conformal","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f750a14-2263-427a-a397-22652a5d09bd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:50e027799c60634730a7a015c00bbe67c272fae1b172773a8aa38432d0cc93bb"},"what_changed":"Updates a single miscoverage parameter from observed errors to adapt prediction sets online, with long-run realized coverage-frequency analysis and finite-horizon discrepancy bounds.","scope":"Updates a single miscoverage parameter from observed errors to adapt prediction sets online, with long-run realized coverage-frequency analysis and finite-horizon discrepancy bounds. 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Biological/medical applications excluded.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80b0bb6b-68b0-48d6-a73e-2b543bfb864d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:89484f85b1bb660f94f265b3d42a4c48e04f0ba036e28957f8fe54971fbc4613"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-confidence-transduction-foundations","title":"Early confidence-bearing transduction and rank-based credibility","summary":"Develops support-vector transductive predictions with confidence/possibility measures, followed by rank-based p-values and separate confidence/credibility in an improved transductive classifier.","boundary":"The record combines the 1998 UAI and 1999 IJCAI lineage, rather than the entire later conformal-prediction theory. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-ai-oct-conformal-uai1998","title":"Learning by Transduction","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.7375v1"},{"id":"src-ai-oct-conformal-ijcai1999","title":"Transduction with Confidence and Credibility","url":"https://www.ijcai.org/Proceedings/99-2/Papers/010.pdf"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-confidence-transduction-foundations","entry_id":"ai-oct-confidence-transduction-foundations","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4e450b04-a386-415b-a845-e7f9b8b4e7e5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5de095cd4ee747b3a90cf5ef5aef160a13837bd794947e6f88b42bab574d8a9d"},"what_changed":"Develops support-vector transductive predictions with confidence/possibility measures, followed by rank-based p-values and separate confidence/credibility in an improved transductive classifier.","scope":"Develops support-vector transductive predictions with confidence/possibility measures, followed by rank-based p-values and separate confidence/credibility in an improved transductive classifier. 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P(IK) finetunes the whole model plus head; out-of-distribution calibration remains weak. Stars mark correspondence, not equal contribution.","area":"LLM factuality and grounded generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ai-oct-lm-know-what-they-know","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:53635240-89fc-439b-a43a-f162af1034bd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18c7683bc94c5838792dc67c84c4da079e7a9b199bff6a6e3683d9476910d751"},"humans":["Saurav Kadavath","Tom Conerly","Amanda Askell","Tom Henighan","Dawn Drain","Ethan Perez","Nicholas Schiefer","Zac Hatfield Dodds","Nova DasSarma","Eli Tran-Johnson","Scott Johnston","Sheer El-Showk","Andy Jones","Nelson Elhage","Tristan Hume","Anna Chen","Yuntao Bai","Sam Bowman","Stanislav Fort","Deep Ganguli","Danny Hernandez","Josh Jacobson","Jackson Kernion","Shauna Kravec","Liane Lovitt","Kamal Ndousse","Catherine Olsson","Sam Ringer","Dario Amodei","Tom Brown","Jack Clark","Nicholas Joseph","Ben Mann","Sam McCandlish","Chris Olah","Jared Kaplan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. 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Detects variable confabulations, not systematic falsehoods, lies or all reasoning errors. Finite samples, approximate entailment/greedy clustering and length-normalization choices matter; no certified factuality or independently checked convergence theorem. No biological application contribution claimed.","area":"LLM factuality and grounded generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-semantic-entropy-family","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:21ec559f-65d8-444b-a6c0-eb8bfe61e459","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a3dfcd7fb90f0850812d265fba5df9da369d14bf5799cb15e45956ce99142af3"},"humans":["Lorenz Kuhn","Yarin Gal","Sebastian Farquhar","Jannik Kossen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-semantic-entropy-family","title":"Semantic Uncertainty: Linguistic Invariances for Uncertainty Estimation in Natural Language Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.09664v1"},{"id":"ai-oct-src-semantic-entropy-nature","title":"Detecting hallucinations in large language models using semantic entropy","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07421-0.pdf"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-semantic-entropy-family","entry_id":"ai-oct-semantic-entropy-family","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:21ec559f-65d8-444b-a6c0-eb8bfe61e459","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a3dfcd7fb90f0850812d265fba5df9da369d14bf5799cb15e45956ce99142af3"},"what_changed":"Groups sampled answers by context-dependent mutual entailment and estimates uncertainty over meanings; the later journal treatment includes discrete frequency and normalized cluster-probability estimators.","scope":"Groups sampled answers by context-dependent mutual entailment and estimates uncertainty over meanings; the later journal treatment includes discrete frequency and normalized cluster-probability estimators. 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No biological application contribution claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:21ec559f-65d8-444b-a6c0-eb8bfe61e459","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a3dfcd7fb90f0850812d265fba5df9da369d14bf5799cb15e45956ce99142af3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-semantic-entropy-probes","title":"Semantic Entropy Probes: Robust and Cheap Hallucination Detection in LLMs","summary":"Trains linear hidden-state classifiers against binarized semantic-entropy targets, estimating uncertainty from one generation instead of repeated test-time sampling.","boundary":"Requires hidden-state access and sampling-based training targets; low test-time overhead does not remove training cost. Before-generation and end-of-generation locations differ. 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No universal truth guarantee or biological application claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7f6fbf90-4264-4f3c-a6c8-b3918319d982","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a0db61e3ddedd50fa5443f016b4bf0ad06b3584b3422b5348668e669bdb4d1b3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-selfcheckgpt","title":"SelfCheckGPT: Zero-Resource Black-Box Hallucination Detection for Generative Large Language Models","summary":"Uses consistency across stochastic samples to flag potentially hallucinated sentences, with original BERTScore and MQAG variants for black-box language models.","boundary":"Zero-resource means no external factual database, not zero compute or no auxiliary models. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-selfcheckgpt","title":"SelfCheckGPT: Zero-Resource Black-Box Hallucination Detection for Generative Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.08896v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-selfcheckgpt","entry_id":"ai-oct-selfcheckgpt","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8e242c39-c52a-4397-a1ad-9e1c655eea3b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d8bdb18d9d8eace8ef31fd59de156cda04b3fb5c6b98391269d4cb84926fb34f"},"what_changed":"Uses consistency across stochastic samples to flag potentially hallucinated sentences, with original BERTScore and MQAG variants for black-box language models.","scope":"Uses consistency across stochastic samples to flag potentially hallucinated sentences, with original BERTScore and MQAG variants for black-box language models. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-chain-of-verification","title":"Chain-of-Verification Reduces Hallucination in Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.11495v1"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-chain-of-verification","entry_id":"ai-oct-chain-of-verification","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc92a0be-e759-4da8-ae15-137dcdfa9453","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a03c4196c277d9d20e8b43805b9cfedc94042c7ed0d0f22f877e37a49e00a2a"},"what_changed":"Plans verification questions from an initial answer, answers them in separate contexts and revises the response; factored variants reduce direct copying of initial errors.","scope":"Plans verification questions from an initial answer, answers them in separate contexts and revises the response; factored variants reduce direct copying of initial errors. 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Uses fine-tuned T5-large, query rewriting, search and generator resources; quality depends on evaluator thresholds and retrieved sources.","area":"LLM factuality and grounded generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-corrective-rag","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9111db14-33e5-4ea4-a30e-8687ada8f34f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7dfa141cf92d7a1cc0b12749b713aab87b6642cbe0b6a23f8b7f52f822e05de0"},"humans":["Shi-Qi Yan","Jia-Chen Gu","Yun Zhu","Zhen-Hua Ling"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Critic training uses GPT-4 labels before generator training; no claim of training-free self-verification or guaranteed faithful answers. Multi-passage generation and ranking incur resources.","area":"LLM factuality and grounded generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-self-rag","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6fa4aa7a-4a5f-4942-a668-9c90c4ed35f5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:46e6a0c70b15c06c329e926e98b51108d136ee1f86aec072613b717ca834a213"},"humans":["Akari Asai","Zeqiu Wu","Yizhong Wang","Avirup Sil","Hannaneh Hajishirzi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. 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Uses multiple queries, search snippets, a relevance model and prompted editing; source omissions and erroneous evidence remain. Lead-contributor stars are retained as source roles, not inferred equal shares.","area":"LLM factuality and grounded generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-rarr","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b8fa958-8883-439f-a406-0794e5b7913e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:931914eaa54259494f5f8056e5fb518cd4d94c4cb0b906cb62c1512d3a043fdb"},"humans":["Luyu Gao","Zhuyun Dai","Panupong Pasupat","Anthony Chen","Arun Tejasvi Chaganty","Yicheng Fan","Vincent Y. Zhao","Ni Lao","Hongrae Lee","Da-Cheng Juan","Kelvin Guu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-rarr","title":"Attributed Text Generation via Post-hoc Research and Revision","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.08726v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-rarr","entry_id":"ai-oct-rarr","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4b8fa958-8883-439f-a406-0794e5b7913e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:931914eaa54259494f5f8056e5fb518cd4d94c4cb0b906cb62c1512d3a043fdb"},"what_changed":"Post-hoc research-and-revision system generates verification queries, retrieves evidence, edits disagreements while limiting text changes and returns an attribution report.","scope":"Post-hoc research-and-revision system generates verification queries, retrieves evidence, edits disagreements while limiting text changes and returns an attribution report. Attribution and edit preservation are distinct from universal factual correctness. Uses multiple queries, search snippets, a relevance model and prompted editing; source omissions and erroneous evidence remain. 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Assumes sufficiently consistent/covering knowledge sources and clear support judgments; decomposition, retrieval and judges may err. Person-biography evaluation is not biology.","area":"LLM factuality and grounded generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"ai-oct-factscore","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ddc51052-5b60-4f35-a994-57b3795fbd7f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:781f08a732c67227cf860c09a141d2085a4ec5dbd3c898d5cb5639a663d5ab1f"},"humans":["Sewon Min","Kalpesh Krishna","Xinxi Lyu","Mike Lewis","Wen-tau Yih","Pang Wei Koh","Mohit Iyyer","Luke Zettlemoyer","Hannaneh Hajishirzi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-factscore","title":"FActScore: Fine-grained Atomic Evaluation of Factual Precision in Long Form Text Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.14251v1"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-factscore","entry_id":"ai-oct-factscore","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ddc51052-5b60-4f35-a994-57b3795fbd7f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:781f08a732c67227cf860c09a141d2085a4ec5dbd3c898d5cb5639a663d5ab1f"},"what_changed":"Defines source-relative factual precision by decomposing long-form responses into atomic facts and estimates supported fractions with retrieval and language-model checking.","scope":"Defines source-relative factual precision by decomposing long-form responses into atomic facts and estimates supported fractions with retrieval and language-model checking. Measures precision conditional on responding, not recall, completeness or absolute truth. Assumes sufficiently consistent/covering knowledge sources and clear support judgments; decomposition, retrieval and judges may err. 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Existing NLI datasets/models are inherited, not new inventions. No domain-specific biological or medical contribution claimed.","area":"LLM factuality and grounded generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ai-oct-minicheck","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:113b1c31-9002-426c-adf5-bd23896edcdc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a9033f8d46f10dd98b752a96127a7f5ff242fc7d6b6366d8d8d5faebd9f151b0"},"humans":["Liyan Tang","Philippe Laban","Greg Durrett"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-minicheck","title":"MiniCheck: Efficient Fact-Checking of LLMs on Grounding Documents","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.10774v1"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-minicheck","entry_id":"ai-oct-minicheck","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:113b1c31-9002-426c-adf5-bd23896edcdc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a9033f8d46f10dd98b752a96127a7f5ff242fc7d6b6366d8d8d5faebd9f151b0"},"what_changed":"Constructs claim-to-document and document-to-claim synthetic training pairs to train compact grounding checkers and assembles LLM-AggreFact evaluation data.","scope":"Constructs claim-to-document and document-to-claim synthetic training pairs to train compact grounding checkers and assembles LLM-AggreFact evaluation data. Checks support by supplied documents, not unrestricted real-world truth. Cost/performance comparisons are specific experiments; synthetic labels and cross-document evidence coverage can fail. Existing NLI datasets/models are inherited, not new inventions. No domain-specific biological or medical contribution claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:113b1c31-9002-426c-adf5-bd23896edcdc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a9033f8d46f10dd98b752a96127a7f5ff242fc7d6b6366d8d8d5faebd9f151b0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-alce","title":"Enabling Large Language Models to Generate Text with Citations","summary":"Provides reproducible retrieve-and-cite generation evaluation across fluency, answer correctness and citation quality using fixed corpora and NLI-based citation support checks.","boundary":"Citation support is source-relative and classifier-dependent, not universal truth. Correctness proxies differ by dataset; citation precision permits redundant complete supports and can penalize overlapping partial supports. No invention of all citation-augmented generation.","area":"LLM factuality and grounded generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"ai-oct-alce","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a300bb0-6584-4520-a01b-5b633cb8450f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c51dd9478b421aceb49693e359a7cd5afacf9a3b66b93c0d574018159945aa1"},"humans":["Tianyu Gao","Howard Yen","Jiatong Yu","Danqi Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors or explicitly credited technical contributors for the cited versions. Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-alce","title":"Enabling Large Language Models to Generate Text with Citations","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.14627v1"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-alce","entry_id":"ai-oct-alce","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a300bb0-6584-4520-a01b-5b633cb8450f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c51dd9478b421aceb49693e359a7cd5afacf9a3b66b93c0d574018159945aa1"},"what_changed":"Provides reproducible retrieve-and-cite generation evaluation across fluency, answer correctness and citation quality using fixed corpora and NLI-based citation support checks.","scope":"Provides reproducible retrieve-and-cite generation evaluation across fluency, answer correctness and citation quality using fixed corpora and NLI-based citation support checks. Citation support is source-relative and classifier-dependent, not universal truth. Correctness proxies differ by dataset; citation precision permits redundant complete supports and can penalize overlapping partial supports. No invention of all citation-augmented generation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a300bb0-6584-4520-a01b-5b633cb8450f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c51dd9478b421aceb49693e359a7cd5afacf9a3b66b93c0d574018159945aa1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ai-oct-safe-longfact","title":"Long-form factuality in large language models","summary":"Combines LongFact long-form prompts, search-augmented atomic-fact evaluation and F1-at-K using a preferred supported-fact count as a recall surrogate.","boundary":"The method builds on earlier atomic-claim decomposition. Search results and judge outputs remain fallible; the preferred-length parameter is not exhaustive factual recall. 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Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-safe-longfact","title":"Long-form factuality in large language models","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.18802v1"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-safe-longfact","entry_id":"ai-oct-safe-longfact","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c42a5df7-d6eb-44fc-ab3c-b035e93de780","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eb7d17c61ba9f0de926640c1db2a712c7507172fe9f8c3305a033da6bbaed375"},"what_changed":"Combines LongFact long-form prompts, search-augmented atomic-fact evaluation and F1-at-K using a preferred supported-fact count as a recall surrogate.","scope":"Combines LongFact long-form prompts, search-augmented atomic-fact evaluation and F1-at-K using a preferred supported-fact count as a recall surrogate. 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Family entries retain source-specific attribution; a combined list is not one original-paper byline or equal individual work. Names alone do not establish resolved identities.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ai-oct-src-simpleqa-family","title":"Measuring short-form factuality in large language models","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.04368v1"},{"id":"ai-oct-src-simpleqa-verified","title":"SimpleQA Verified: A Reliable Factuality Benchmark to Measure Parametric Knowledge","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.07968v1"},{"id":"ai-oct-src-simpleqa-official","title":"Introducing SimpleQA","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-simpleqa/"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"ai-oct-simpleqa-family","entry_id":"ai-oct-simpleqa-family","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5908ea05-781a-4547-a19e-2760f6991453","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9070a2b40d937491f921072dc913aa3c7d4f2d58a55a90ab176c6853373d526"},"what_changed":"Short-form factuality benchmark with independently checked answers and explicit correct/incorrect/not-attempted judgments; later SimpleQA Verified filters redundancy, balances topics and reconciles sources.","scope":"Short-form factuality benchmark with independently checked answers and explicit correct/incorrect/not-attempted judgments; later SimpleQA Verified filters redundancy, balances topics and reconciles sources. 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Source grounding is not all-world truth, and benchmarks do not certify safety or universal reliability. 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Claude Science orchestrated the workflow; the gap-filling model is statistical regression, not an image generator.","area":"AI-assisted astronomical data products","topic":"Astronomy & space","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"menard-claude-science-ultraviolet-map-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a9221f4-1c41-4cfe-a5d1-75e28008a499","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3001f93df123d4e398a9f0dc5ea45df1ebaf79fbc8921aa8fa2f627acb30be31"},"humans":["Brice Ménard"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Named source authors and agent execution are recorded separately; individual effort shares are unknown.","agents":[{"provider":"Anthropic","product":"Claude Science","model":"UNKNOWN","role":"Source-reported data acquisition, calibration, coding and computation under human scientific guidance; the exact underlying model identifier is unknown","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"cur20261017-anthropic-uvmap"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-menard-uvmap","title":"The full sky in the ultraviolet: author project and technical description","url":"https://menard.pha.jhu.edu/uvmap/","date":"2026-10-14","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_ACCOUNT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"},{"id":"cur20261017-anthropic-uvmap","title":"The missing map of the sky","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/research/the-missing-map-of-the-sky","date":"2026-10-08","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_ACCOUNT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a9221f4-1c41-4cfe-a5d1-75e28008a499","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3001f93df123d4e398a9f0dc5ea45df1ebaf79fbc8921aa8fa2f627acb30be31"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"menard-claude-science-ultraviolet-map-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a9221f4-1c41-4cfe-a5d1-75e28008a499","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3001f93df123d4e398a9f0dc5ea45df1ebaf79fbc8921aa8fa2f627acb30be31"},"band":"B","modifier":null,"points":"20000","range":{"lower":"7000","upper":"50000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"Full sky does not mean fully observed: filled regions are predictions, not discoveries of new objects or an independent dust tracer. The author project page reports held-out checks but no human peer review. Claude Science orchestrated the workflow; the gap-filling model is statistical regression, not an image generator."}},{"id":"lange-et-al-robust-kernel-discovery-2025","title":"Lange and colleagues with LLMs: robustly evaluated GPU-kernel search","summary":"Combined language-model translation, evolutionary kernel search, model-based pre-screening and GPU profiling with a benchmark varying initialization and input settings, reporting optimized forward and backward kernels while exposing inflated gains from benchmark loopholes. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Model-based soft verification is a fallible filter, not formal proof; hardware comparisons still test finite inputs and tolerances. Speedups depend on baseline, shape and GPU, and backward kernels remain harder. 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Capability checks cover selected tasks, the human baseline cannot iterate, and post-hoc cheating detection is imperfect. Persistence after extensive subsequent training and effects on unmeasured capabilities remain untested."}},{"id":"wen-et-al-claude-weak-to-strong-research-2026","title":"Wen and colleagues with Claude: automated weak-to-strong supervision research","summary":"Ran parallel research agents on weak-to-strong supervision, obtaining and testing combinations of representation-based confidence filtering, evolutionary adapter refinement and posterior-label noise modeling, with selected method transfer to new math and coding datasets. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Repeated access makes the principal evaluation set effectively validation, and agents found shortcuts and evaluation exploits. Independent-domain transfer varies, and a production-scale posterior-label trial showed only a noise-floor improvement. Recovery on selected binary tasks is not a general solution to weak-to-strong alignment or superiority over unrestricted human research.","area":"AI-assisted learning-method discovery","topic":"Computing & AI","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wen-et-al-claude-weak-to-strong-research-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7f3afda-8145-45ba-a732-8f46ddbfc04c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf9f8ec666ce173932df1d6f5bb7158810ba9fbcf50c0bcc2b6fca0e3dffa70f"},"humans":["Jiaxin Wen","Liang Qiu","Joe Benton","Jan Hendrik Kirchner","Jan Leike"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"Jiaxin Wen","person_id":"jiaxin-wen-anthropic","display_name":"Jiaxin Wen","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Automated Researchers Can Mitigate Well-Characterized Alignment Failures","url":"https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/automated-alignment-researchers/"},{"title":"Automated Weak-to-Strong Researcher","url":"https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/automated-w2s-researcher/"}]},{"author_position":3,"source_name":"Jan Hendrik Kirchner","person_id":"jan-hendrik-kirchner","display_name":"Jan Hendrik Kirchner","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Automated Researchers Can Mitigate Well-Characterized Alignment Failures","url":"https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/automated-alignment-researchers/"},{"title":"Automated Weak-to-Strong Researcher","url":"https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/automated-w2s-researcher/"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Named source authors and agent execution are recorded separately; individual effort shares are unknown.","agents":[{"provider":"Anthropic","product":"Claude","model":"Claude Opus 4.6","role":"Source-reported autonomous research agents proposing, implementing and testing weak-to-strong learning methods in human-designed sandboxes and evaluation testbeds","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"cur20261017-alignment-w2s"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-alignment-w2s","title":"Automated Weak-to-Strong Researcher","url":"https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/automated-w2s-researcher/","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_ACCOUNT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7f3afda-8145-45ba-a732-8f46ddbfc04c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf9f8ec666ce173932df1d6f5bb7158810ba9fbcf50c0bcc2b6fca0e3dffa70f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"wen-et-al-claude-weak-to-strong-research-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e7f3afda-8145-45ba-a732-8f46ddbfc04c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf9f8ec666ce173932df1d6f5bb7158810ba9fbcf50c0bcc2b6fca0e3dffa70f"},"band":"B","modifier":null,"points":"20000","range":{"lower":"7000","upper":"60000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"Repeated access makes the principal evaluation set effectively validation, and agents found shortcuts and evaluation exploits. Independent-domain transfer varies, and a production-scale posterior-label trial showed only a noise-floor improvement. Recovery on selected binary tasks is not a general solution to weak-to-strong alignment or superiority over unrestricted human research."}},{"id":"hyra-claimed-beurling-ahlfors-bellman-bound-2026","title":"Hyra: claimed uniform Beurling–Ahlfors bound via explicit Bellman profiles","summary":"Presented a heat-extension/Bellman-function argument claiming ||B||p ≤ 1.523958(p*−1) for every 1<p<∞, using a two-sided drift constraint, two explicit generalized-polynomial profiles and exact rational endpoint comparisons. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Source-claimed proof, not independently verified by WRS. The coefficient is not the conjectured sharp value 1. The complete analytic argument and any formal coverage have not been independently reconstructed by WRS.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"hyra-claimed-beurling-ahlfors-bellman-bound-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:48e037da-84e4-4d3f-ae15-09cfb52ba1af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54ac63e8accade703e811920c7438e59872c3b4f034f80361bcd3e632d637a8e"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"HYRA","agents":[{"provider":"Tencent","product":"Hyra","model":"UNKNOWN","role":"Source-reported proof search and manuscript result generation; original printed agent byline, not independently attested execution; the exact underlying model identifier is unknown","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"cur20261017-hyra-pinned-results"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-hyra-beurling-ahlfors","title":"claimed uniform Beurling–Ahlfors bound via explicit Bellman profiles","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/AI4Science/beurling_ahlfors_bellman/manuscript.pdf","date":"2026-08-18","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_MANUSCRIPT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"},{"id":"cur20261017-hyra-pinned-results","title":"Hyra Results: original artifact index and source-reported agent provenance","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/README.md","date":"2026-08-19","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_ACCOUNT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:48e037da-84e4-4d3f-ae15-09cfb52ba1af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54ac63e8accade703e811920c7438e59872c3b4f034f80361bcd3e632d637a8e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"hyra-claimed-beurling-ahlfors-bellman-bound-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:48e037da-84e4-4d3f-ae15-09cfb52ba1af","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:54ac63e8accade703e811920c7438e59872c3b4f034f80361bcd3e632d637a8e"},"band":"A","modifier":"+","points":"180000","range":{"lower":"90000","upper":"350000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"Source-claimed proof, not independently verified by WRS. The coefficient is not the conjectured sharp value 1. The complete analytic argument and any formal coverage have not been independently reconstructed by WRS."}},{"id":"lin-hyra-claimed-near-quadratic-hadamard-count-2026","title":"Lin with Hyra: claimed corrected partial-Hadamard asymptotics above the quadratic scale","summary":"Claimed a uniform asymptotic count of n-by-m sign matrices with orthogonal rows when m is divisible by four and m/[n² log(2πm)]→∞, retaining the essential exp[−n(n−1)(2n−1)/(24m)] correction to the standard main term. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Source-claimed proof, not independently verified by WRS. The result covers each fixed power-law regime m/n^(2+η)→∞ with η>0, not the endpoint m/n²→∞. The supplied Lean counting assembly assumes the unformalized analytic row estimate hstep; the exponent module proves a sufficient-regime bridge, not impossibility of the counting formula at smaller exponents.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"lin-hyra-claimed-near-quadratic-hadamard-count-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc82a534-8d46-46bf-aa7f-3cf431b61043","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d5a78d94801c302587c1a9a972cff4c350eecad29ad277743f001efdcc449196"},"humans":["Haowei Lin"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"Haowei Lin","person_id":"haowei-lin-pku-tencent","display_name":"Haowei Lin","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"claimed corrected partial-Hadamard asymptotics above the quadratic scale","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/AI4Science/partial_hadamard_counting/manuscript.pdf"},{"title":"Settling the Optimal Exponent Relating Sumsets and Difference Sets","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/linhaowei1/sum-diff-proof/f53f84223b48457ac922836b661227309d9340c3/paper/settling-the-optimal-exponent.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Named source authors and agent execution are recorded separately; individual effort shares are unknown.","agents":[{"provider":"Tencent","product":"Hyra","model":"UNKNOWN","role":"Source-reported proof-strategy development and initial detailed mathematical draft; subsequent human audit and repairs; the exact underlying model identifier is unknown","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"cur20261017-hyra-partial-hadamard"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-hyra-partial-hadamard","title":"claimed corrected partial-Hadamard asymptotics above the quadratic scale","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/AI4Science/partial_hadamard_counting/manuscript.pdf","date":"2026","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_MANUSCRIPT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"},{"id":"cur20261017-hyra-pinned-results","title":"Hyra Results: original artifact index and source-reported agent provenance","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/README.md","date":"2026-08-19","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_ACCOUNT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc82a534-8d46-46bf-aa7f-3cf431b61043","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d5a78d94801c302587c1a9a972cff4c350eecad29ad277743f001efdcc449196"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"lin-hyra-claimed-near-quadratic-hadamard-count-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc82a534-8d46-46bf-aa7f-3cf431b61043","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d5a78d94801c302587c1a9a972cff4c350eecad29ad277743f001efdcc449196"},"band":"A","modifier":"+","points":"220000","range":{"lower":"120000","upper":"400000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"Source-claimed proof, not independently verified by WRS. The result covers each fixed power-law regime m/n^(2+η)→∞ with η>0, not the endpoint m/n²→∞. The supplied Lean counting assembly assumes the unformalized analytic row estimate hstep; the exponent module proves a sufficient-regime bridge, not impossibility of the counting formula at smaller exponents."}},{"id":"hyra-claimed-cubic-log-commutator-bound-2026","title":"Hyra: claimed cubic-logarithmic cost for bounded commutators approaching the identity","summary":"Retained Tao's operator-matrix construction and used endpoint-forcing supersolutions with controlled discrete concavity to claim, for any infinite-dimensional complex Hilbert space and 0<ε≤1/2, operators with ||[D,X]−I||≤ε and ||D||||X||≤5.3×10⁶ log³(1/ε). Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Source-claimed proof, not independently verified by WRS. Arbitrary infinite dimension includes nonseparable spaces; finite dimensions have an obstruction at error below 1. The logarithmic lower bound remains separated from this cubic upper bound. Lean scope excludes the surrounding B(H) right inverse and Banach fixed-point existence argument; no compilation was run.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"hyra-claimed-cubic-log-commutator-bound-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13e6694e-a270-4833-a366-a580d61054a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cddc853e0611c0caeaa625860256c91356b397b717db34101979d5a829fe65fd"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"HYRA","agents":[{"provider":"Tencent","product":"Hyra","model":"UNKNOWN","role":"Source-reported proof search and manuscript result generation; original printed agent byline, not independently attested execution; the exact underlying model identifier is unknown","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"cur20261017-hyra-pinned-results"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-hyra-commutator","title":"claimed cubic-logarithmic cost for bounded commutators approaching the identity","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/AI4Science/commutator_log_cubed/manuscript.pdf","date":"2026","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_MANUSCRIPT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"},{"id":"cur20261017-hyra-pinned-results","title":"Hyra Results: original artifact index and source-reported agent provenance","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/README.md","date":"2026-08-19","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_ACCOUNT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13e6694e-a270-4833-a366-a580d61054a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cddc853e0611c0caeaa625860256c91356b397b717db34101979d5a829fe65fd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"hyra-claimed-cubic-log-commutator-bound-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13e6694e-a270-4833-a366-a580d61054a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cddc853e0611c0caeaa625860256c91356b397b717db34101979d5a829fe65fd"},"band":"A","modifier":"-","points":"110000","range":{"lower":"50000","upper":"220000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"Source-claimed proof, not independently verified by WRS. Arbitrary infinite dimension includes nonseparable spaces; finite dimensions have an obstruction at error below 1. The logarithmic lower bound remains separated from this cubic upper bound. Lean scope excludes the surrounding B(H) right inverse and Banach fixed-point existence argument; no compilation was run."}},{"id":"hyra-claimed-constant-width-volume-lower-bound-2026","title":"Hyra: claimed improved volume lower bound for constant-width bodies in three dimensions","summary":"Combined circumball contact geometry, opposite-point identities, a radial divergence bound and eight spherical-cap deficit estimates to claim Vol(K) ≥ (130838246407123π/10¹⁵)w³ >0.411040473721188w³ for every constant-width convex body K in R³ with width w>0. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Source-claimed computer-assisted proof, not independently verified by WRS. Rational certificate scripts have not been replayed by WRS. The analytic-only bound is about 0.4041207788w^3; neither result proves the Meissner minimizer conjecture. A subsequent preprint by Yunjiang Jiang reports 0.41275w^3 using part of this mechanism, so the original bound is a historical advance rather than the current strongest reported bound.","area":"Mathematics","topic":"Mathematics","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"CANDIDATE_PROOF","package_id":"hyra-claimed-constant-width-volume-lower-bound-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2381202f-8e04-41c9-a760-eef806d4bccb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1bc4072eae70bdb38d457812d763dcf9139c31566e1cf47706ef46bebbd31c6"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"HYRA","agents":[{"provider":"Tencent","product":"Hyra","model":"UNKNOWN","role":"Source-reported proof search and manuscript result generation; original printed agent byline, not independently attested execution; the exact underlying model identifier is unknown","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"cur20261017-hyra-pinned-results"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-hyra-blaschke-lebesgue","title":"claimed improved volume lower bound for constant-width bodies in three dimensions","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/AI4Science/3d_blaschke_lebesgue/3d_Blaschke_Lebesgue.pdf","date":"2026-08-15","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_MANUSCRIPT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"},{"id":"cur20261017-hyra-pinned-results","title":"Hyra Results: original artifact index and source-reported agent provenance","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hyra-results/09b2d2e3c362c67a78f544c836bd8e4b54a05527/README.md","date":"2026-08-19","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_ACCOUNT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"},{"id":"controller20261022-jiang-constant-width-followup","title":"Jiang: A 0.41275 lower bound for the three-dimensional Blaschke-Lebesgue problem","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.13964v1","date":"2026","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_MANUSCRIPT","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-22"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2381202f-8e04-41c9-a760-eef806d4bccb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1bc4072eae70bdb38d457812d763dcf9139c31566e1cf47706ef46bebbd31c6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"hyra-claimed-constant-width-volume-lower-bound-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2381202f-8e04-41c9-a760-eef806d4bccb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1bc4072eae70bdb38d457812d763dcf9139c31566e1cf47706ef46bebbd31c6"},"band":"A","modifier":"+","points":"240000","range":{"lower":"120000","upper":"420000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"Source-claimed computer-assisted proof, not independently verified by WRS. Rational certificate scripts have not been replayed by WRS. The analytic-only bound is about 0.4041207788w^3; neither result proves the Meissner minimizer conjecture. A subsequent preprint by Yunjiang Jiang reports 0.41275w^3 using part of this mechanism, so the original bound is a historical advance rather than the current strongest reported bound."}},{"id":"qwen-team-omni-agent-dialect-adaptation-2026","title":"Qwen Team with Qwen3.8-Omni: agent-generated dialect-ASR adaptation experiment","summary":"Reported a twelve-hour multimodal-agent experiment that listened to dialect samples, diagnosed recognition errors, generated targeted examples and iteratively trained a smaller speech model. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Single source-reported four-round experiment; no WRS replay. The agent selected the evaluation set and reused its feedback, so the reported same-set improvement is not an untouched held-out generalization estimate. No general autonomous-scientist capability or new finetuning algorithm follows.","area":"AI-assisted speech-model adaptation","topic":"Computing & AI","year":2026,"lane":"AI","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"qwen-team-omni-agent-dialect-adaptation-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1eb9143a-1c01-431b-a5ca-6f91253005e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6b02cfe9835093f25ec71f041beb925ba1339f8579f5a96fea743072b79032e"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Qwen Team","agents":[{"provider":"Alibaba","product":"Qwen","model":"Qwen3.8-Omni-Flash","role":"Source-reported multimodal error diagnosis, targeted training-data construction and iterative small-model adaptation","assurance":"SOURCE_REPORTED","source":"cur20261017-arxiv-2609-25611v1"}],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2609-25611v1","title":"Qwen3.8-Omni: Towards Native Omni-Modal Agents","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25611v1","date":"2026-09-22","kind":"PRIMARY_RESEARCH_PAPER","access":"WEB_READ","checked_on":"2026-10-17"}],"geography":null,"points":null,"published_grade":null,"assessment_disposition":{"status":"CLAIM_UNVERIFIED","label":"Reported result · unverified","reason":"Provisional grade and reference score included in rankings; scientific correctness has not been independently established.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1eb9143a-1c01-431b-a5ca-6f91253005e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6b02cfe9835093f25ec71f041beb925ba1339f8579f5a96fea743072b79032e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"},"conditional_rating":{"id":"qwen-team-omni-agent-dialect-adaptation-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1eb9143a-1c01-431b-a5ca-6f91253005e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6b02cfe9835093f25ec71f041beb925ba1339f8579f5a96fea743072b79032e"},"band":"C","modifier":"+","points":"4000","range":{"lower":"1500","upper":"10000"},"status":"CONDITIONAL_IF_VERIFIED","counts_as_achieved":false,"scientific_correctness_certified":false,"scope":"Single source-reported four-round experiment; no WRS replay. The agent selected the evaluation set and reused its feedback, so the reported same-set improvement is not an untouched held-out generalization estimate. No general autonomous-scientist capability or new finetuning algorithm follows."}},{"id":"lin-li-hyra-claimed-sharp-sum-difference-exponent-2026","title":"Lin and Li with Hyra: claimed sharp unattained exponent for sumset-versus-difference growth","summary":"Constructed finite integer sets whose C(A)=log(|A+A|/|A|)/log(|A−A|/|A|) approaches 2, claiming that the universal sum-versus-difference exponent is exactly 2. The paper gives C(A_K)>2K/(K+3) for every positive even K. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"Source-claimed proof, not independently verified by WRS. Strict C(A)<2 for each finite integer set with |A|≥2 is inherited; the new claim is a family approaching the unattained supremum. 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Broad aggregate results depend on unreleased code and have not been independently reconstructed by WRS. Fixed-workload tolerance, shape and synchronization assumptions do not establish all-input or multi-stream correctness."}},{"id":"hyra-team-qubit-routing-circuit-artifacts-2026","title":"Hyra Team: source-reported low-overhead qubit-routing circuit artifacts","summary":"Released 61 routed OpenQASM circuits and initial mappings for RevLib, QFT and Ising cases on 20-, 105- and 156-qubit device graphs. The accompanying account reports 258,369 added CNOTs in total versus 269,037 for the specified SimpleTES comparison, counting one SWAP as three CNOTs. Reported result; not independently verified by WRS. Ranked using a provisional grade and reference estimate for the exact claimed result.","boundary":"A fixed finite artifact comparison, not a generally optimal routing algorithm, hardware experiment or independently reproduced benchmark. 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Performance depends on taxonomy, training examples and deployment distribution; a classifier label is not a guarantee that all harmful content is blocked or benign content retained.","area":"Language-model safeguards","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"inan-et-al-llama-guard-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa314b72-530a-43a2-a226-c91b90dda56c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9cd9a1e727af06f25557bc819c43a4176c68870843745ba860c5de2e3ea7eaef"},"humans":["Hakan Inan","Kartikeya Upasani","Jianfeng Chi","Rashi Rungta","Krithika Iyer","Yuning Mao","Michael Tontchev","Qing Hu","Brian Fuller","Davide Testuggine","Madian Khabsa"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2312-06674v1","title":"Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06674v1","date":"2023-12-07"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"inan-et-al-llama-guard-2023","entry_id":"inan-et-al-llama-guard-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa314b72-530a-43a2-a226-c91b90dda56c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9cd9a1e727af06f25557bc819c43a4176c68870843745ba860c5de2e3ea7eaef"},"what_changed":"Trained a language-model classifier to label user prompts and assistant responses against a configurable safety taxonomy, providing an input/output safeguard with text explanations and task-specific adaptation.","scope":"Trained a language-model classifier to label user prompts and assistant responses against a configurable safety taxonomy, providing an input/output safeguard with text explanations and task-specific adaptation. Prompt risk and response risk are separate classification tasks. Performance depends on taxonomy, training examples and deployment distribution; a classifier label is not a guarantee that all harmful content is blocked or benign content retained.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa314b72-530a-43a2-a226-c91b90dda56c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9cd9a1e727af06f25557bc819c43a4176c68870843745ba860c5de2e3ea7eaef"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"han-et-al-wildguard-2024","title":"Han and colleagues: WildGuard moderation and refusal classification","summary":"Developed a multi-task moderation model and associated training/evaluation resources that distinguish prompt harmfulness, response harmfulness and whether a response refuses the request, including adversarially phrased inputs.","boundary":"A refusal can be appropriate or excessive and is not itself a harmfulness label. Reported comparisons are benchmark- and model-specific; synthetic data and human judgments remain fallible.","area":"Language-model safeguards","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"han-et-al-wildguard-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b66955f8-fee2-430e-a236-11cbfca98648","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44805f89de3c2fe760f1be425ee2e168b619cf71991023c813ba5577cf05f7dd"},"humans":["Seungju Han","Kavel Rao","Allyson Ettinger","Liwei Jiang","Bill Yuchen Lin","Nathan Lambert","Yejin Choi","Nouha Dziri"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2406-18495v1","title":"WildGuard: Open One-Stop Moderation Tools for Safety Risks, Jailbreaks, and Refusals of LLMs","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.18495v1","date":"2024-06-26"}],"points":"40000","published_grade":{"id":"han-et-al-wildguard-2024","entry_id":"han-et-al-wildguard-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b66955f8-fee2-430e-a236-11cbfca98648","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44805f89de3c2fe760f1be425ee2e168b619cf71991023c813ba5577cf05f7dd"},"what_changed":"Developed a multi-task moderation model and associated training/evaluation resources that distinguish prompt harmfulness, response harmfulness and whether a response refuses the request, including adversarially phrased inputs.","scope":"Developed a multi-task moderation model and associated training/evaluation resources that distinguish prompt harmfulness, response harmfulness and whether a response refuses the request, including adversarially phrased inputs. A refusal can be appropriate or excessive and is not itself a harmfulness label. Reported comparisons are benchmark- and model-specific; synthetic data and human judgments remain fallible.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b66955f8-fee2-430e-a236-11cbfca98648","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44805f89de3c2fe760f1be425ee2e168b619cf71991023c813ba5577cf05f7dd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"arditi-et-al-refusal-direction-2024","title":"Arditi and colleagues: a low-dimensional representation mediating model refusal","summary":"Identified a direction in residual-stream activations whose controlled intervention substantially changes refusal behavior in the tested instruction-tuned language models, linking an activation measurement to a causal behavioral effect.","boundary":"The result concerns selected prompts, intervention choices and thirteen tested models, not a theorem that every refusal in every model has one-dimensional cause. Refusal detection and harmful-response detection measure different outcomes.","area":"Language-model interpretability","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"arditi-et-al-refusal-direction-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2524c4f3-37d5-4bb2-a8ad-caced5406f5d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a11f3fba00d034ea8863fa404627642961755473f7cc7a375297f8c5fb7417f6"},"humans":["Andy Arditi","Oscar Obeso","Aaquib Syed","Daniel Paleka","Nina Rimsky","Wes Gurnee","Neel Nanda"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2406-11717v1","title":"Refusal in Language Models Is Mediated by a Single Direction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.11717v1","date":"2024-06-17"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"arditi-et-al-refusal-direction-2024","entry_id":"arditi-et-al-refusal-direction-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2524c4f3-37d5-4bb2-a8ad-caced5406f5d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a11f3fba00d034ea8863fa404627642961755473f7cc7a375297f8c5fb7417f6"},"what_changed":"Identified a direction in residual-stream activations whose controlled intervention substantially changes refusal behavior in the tested instruction-tuned language models, linking an activation measurement to a causal behavioral effect.","scope":"Identified a direction in residual-stream activations whose controlled intervention substantially changes refusal behavior in the tested instruction-tuned language models, linking an activation measurement to a causal behavioral effect. The result concerns selected prompts, intervention choices and thirteen tested models, not a theorem that every refusal in every model has one-dimensional cause. 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Reported evaluation resolves the binary label orientation using labels; an unlabeled orientation proposal is not the same as a demonstrated label-free truth oracle.","area":"Language-model representation analysis","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"burns-et-al-contrast-consistent-search-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ffd1041b-78ed-41b3-acde-e38ca04d6b3c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c81119cb906cc54a0e7f0f9622fc852b818bfa9ac455b9d0b9d191d41637636"},"humans":["Collin Burns","Haotian Ye","Dan Klein","Jacob Steinhardt"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2212-03827v1","title":"Discovering Latent Knowledge in Language Models Without Supervision","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.03827v1","date":"2022-12-07"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"burns-et-al-contrast-consistent-search-2022","entry_id":"burns-et-al-contrast-consistent-search-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ffd1041b-78ed-41b3-acde-e38ca04d6b3c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9c81119cb906cc54a0e7f0f9622fc852b818bfa9ac455b9d0b9d191d41637636"},"what_changed":"Learned probes from internal model representations using consistency constraints between contrasting statements rather than truth labels, investigating whether latent answer information can be recovered when prompted outputs are unreliable.","scope":"Learned probes from internal model representations using consistency constraints between contrasting statements rather than truth labels, investigating whether latent answer information can be recovered when prompted outputs are unreliable. The representation may contain useful predictive information without encoding a universal truth variable. 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Behavioral intervention and representation measurement need separate validation; demonstrated tasks do not establish comprehensive monitoring of model intentions.","area":"Language-model representation analysis","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zou-et-al-representation-engineering-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e3a9f210-95fa-4a8d-aef8-e7fc46a8bfb5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7561f90acc227e7e755d891a68c2d7b7dbdec536e7adc3294546682495a809e1"},"humans":["Andy Zou","Long Phan","Sarah Chen","James Campbell","Phillip Guo","Richard Ren","Alexander Pan","Xuwang Yin","Mantas Mazeika","Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski","Shashwat Goel","Nathaniel Li","Michael J. Byun","Zifan Wang","Alex Mallen","Steven Basart","Sanmi Koyejo","Dawn Song","Matt Fredrikson","Zico Kolter","Dan Hendrycks"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2310-01405v1","title":"Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.01405v1","date":"2023-10-02"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"zou-et-al-representation-engineering-2023","entry_id":"zou-et-al-representation-engineering-2023","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e3a9f210-95fa-4a8d-aef8-e7fc46a8bfb5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7561f90acc227e7e755d891a68c2d7b7dbdec536e7adc3294546682495a809e1"},"what_changed":"Organized population-level representation reading and control into a top-down transparency framework, testing contrast-based activation directions, intervention and representation-adaptation methods on selected model behaviors.","scope":"Organized population-level representation reading and control into a top-down transparency framework, testing contrast-based activation directions, intervention and representation-adaptation methods on selected model behaviors. A useful probe direction is not automatically a uniquely identified concept or a causal explanation. Behavioral intervention and representation measurement need separate validation; demonstrated tasks do not establish comprehensive monitoring of model intentions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e3a9f210-95fa-4a8d-aef8-e7fc46a8bfb5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7561f90acc227e7e755d891a68c2d7b7dbdec536e7adc3294546682495a809e1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"turner-et-al-activation-addition-2023","title":"Turner and colleagues: prompt-pair activation addition","summary":"Used activation differences elicited by contrasting prompts as inference-time steering vectors, showing selected changes to generated text without gradient-based fitting of the steering direction.","boundary":"No optimization of the vector does not mean no parameter selection or computational cost: layer and strength choices still matter and internal activation access is required. The demonstrated controls are not universal concept disentanglement.","area":"Language-model representation control","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"turner-et-al-activation-addition-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:898c8062-a12e-41eb-a0da-65e3d577b272","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e095fb8bbe2be20d4e3e8def7b842c519e50e630dcfc6929118a1217e47df10d"},"humans":["Alex Turner","Lisa Thiergart","David Udell","Gavin Leech","Ulisse Mini","Monte MacDiarmid"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"Alex Turner","person_id":"alexander-matt-turner-actadd-caa","display_name":"Alexander Matt Turner","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Author explicit name identification","url":"https://turntrout.com/about"},{"title":"Author research and publication list","url":"https://turntrout.com/research"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. 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Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2308-10248v1","title":"Activation Addition: Steering Language Models Without Optimization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.10248v1","date":"2023-08-20"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"turner-et-al-activation-addition-2023","entry_id":"turner-et-al-activation-addition-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:898c8062-a12e-41eb-a0da-65e3d577b272","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e095fb8bbe2be20d4e3e8def7b842c519e50e630dcfc6929118a1217e47df10d"},"what_changed":"Used activation differences elicited by contrasting prompts as inference-time steering vectors, showing selected changes to generated text without gradient-based fitting of the steering direction.","scope":"Used activation differences elicited by contrasting prompts as inference-time steering vectors, showing selected changes to generated text without gradient-based fitting of the steering direction. 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The demonstrated controls are not universal concept disentanglement.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:898c8062-a12e-41eb-a0da-65e3d577b272","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e095fb8bbe2be20d4e3e8def7b842c519e50e630dcfc6929118a1217e47df10d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rimsky-et-al-contrastive-activation-addition-2023","title":"Rimsky and colleagues: contrastive activation addition for model steering","summary":"Constructed steering directions by averaging activation differences from contrasting response pairs and applied them during inference to shift selected behaviors of Llama 2 models without updating the base model's weights.","boundary":"This uses contrastive examples, activation access and selected intervention parameters. 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Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2312-06681v1","title":"Steering Llama 2 via Contrastive Activation Addition","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06681v1","date":"2023-12-09"}],"points":"35000","published_grade":{"id":"rimsky-et-al-contrastive-activation-addition-2023","entry_id":"rimsky-et-al-contrastive-activation-addition-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f35adca-bdc0-4e5c-a752-be97a4cc2eb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:41490337080b2337c760fdc702b761656e6e25a64debe9a093f0edce0f125c7b"},"what_changed":"Constructed steering directions by averaging activation differences from contrasting response pairs and applied them during inference to shift selected behaviors of Llama 2 models without updating the base model's weights.","scope":"Constructed steering directions by averaging activation differences from contrasting response pairs and applied them during inference to shift selected behaviors of Llama 2 models without updating the base model's weights. 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Behavioral changes and side effects depend on the model, task and steering strength; pair-averaged construction is distinct from a single-prompt activation difference.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3f35adca-bdc0-4e5c-a752-be97a4cc2eb6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:41490337080b2337c760fdc702b761656e6e25a64debe9a093f0edce0f125c7b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"li-et-al-inference-time-intervention-2023","title":"Li and colleagues: inference-time activation intervention for truthful answers","summary":"Identified attention-head activation directions using truth-labeled examples and intervened during generation to improve measured truthfulness on TruthfulQA without retraining the base model.","boundary":"Direction and head selection use supervision and access to internal activations. Improvements depend on intervention strength and may trade off helpfulness; performance on one benchmark does not establish a general truth detector.","area":"Language-model representation control","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"li-et-al-inference-time-intervention-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e69eb77c-8695-48ce-a50a-41513f6f4413","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d6f18442257ee794212ac767a5f3387c44ac0170bd6cddb03401f9e7c7cddd4"},"humans":["Kenneth Li","Oam Patel","Fernanda Viégas","Hanspeter Pfister","Martin Wattenberg"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2306-03341v1","title":"Inference-Time Intervention: Eliciting Truthful Answers from a Language Model","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.03341v1","date":"2023-06-06"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"li-et-al-inference-time-intervention-2023","entry_id":"li-et-al-inference-time-intervention-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e69eb77c-8695-48ce-a50a-41513f6f4413","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d6f18442257ee794212ac767a5f3387c44ac0170bd6cddb03401f9e7c7cddd4"},"what_changed":"Identified attention-head activation directions using truth-labeled examples and intervened during generation to improve measured truthfulness on TruthfulQA without retraining the base model.","scope":"Identified attention-head activation directions using truth-labeled examples and intervened during generation to improve measured truthfulness on TruthfulQA without retraining the base model. Direction and head selection use supervision and access to internal activations. Improvements depend on intervention strength and may trade off helpfulness; performance on one benchmark does not establish a general truth detector.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e69eb77c-8695-48ce-a50a-41513f6f4413","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8d6f18442257ee794212ac767a5f3387c44ac0170bd6cddb03401f9e7c7cddd4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"marcus-spielman-srivastava-kadison-singer-2013","title":"Marcus, Spielman and Srivastava: interlacing-polynomial solution of the Kadison–Singer problem","summary":"Mixed characteristic polynomials and interlacing families yield a finite-dimensional random-vector norm bound. A two-part vector partition consequence establishes Weaver's KS2 conjecture and hence the Kadison–Singer problem through the previously known equivalences.","boundary":"The main random vectors are independent and finitely supported, with an identity covariance sum and bounded expected squared norms. The paper proves existence; its conclusion asks separately for efficient partition-finding algorithms.","area":"Operator algebras and spectral discrepancy","topic":"Mathematics","year":2013,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"marcus-spielman-srivastava-kadison-singer-2013","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ed6790e-bbc5-4066-adf5-a0eac477a654","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e36c010fc03d188c23c650f1d0883490f61debfb9c89d7271a5ec720b8233c22"},"humans":["Adam Marcus","Daniel A. Spielman","Nikhil Srivastava"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-1306-3969v1","title":"Interlacing Families II: Mixed Characteristic Polynomials and the Kadison-Singer Problem","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.3969v1","date":"2013-06-17"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"marcus-spielman-srivastava-kadison-singer-2013","entry_id":"marcus-spielman-srivastava-kadison-singer-2013","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ed6790e-bbc5-4066-adf5-a0eac477a654","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e36c010fc03d188c23c650f1d0883490f61debfb9c89d7271a5ec720b8233c22"},"what_changed":"Mixed characteristic polynomials and interlacing families yield a finite-dimensional random-vector norm bound. A two-part vector partition consequence establishes Weaver's KS2 conjecture and hence the Kadison–Singer problem through the previously known equivalences.","scope":"Mixed characteristic polynomials and interlacing families yield a finite-dimensional random-vector norm bound. A two-part vector partition consequence establishes Weaver's KS2 conjecture and hence the Kadison–Singer problem through the previously known equivalences. The main random vectors are independent and finitely supported, with an identity covariance sum and bounded expected squared norms. The paper proves existence; its conclusion asks separately for efficient partition-finding algorithms.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ed6790e-bbc5-4066-adf5-a0eac477a654","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e36c010fc03d188c23c650f1d0883490f61debfb9c89d7271a5ec720b8233c22"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ellenberg-gijswijt-cap-set-exponential-bound-2016","title":"Ellenberg and Gijswijt: exponential upper bounds for progression-free finite-field sets","summary":"Extending the Croot–Lev–Pach polynomial method, the paper gives an exponentially smaller-than-q^n bound for three-term-progression-free subsets of finite-field vector spaces in the applicable odd-characteristic setting. In F_3^n it obtains a cap-set bound with exponential base below 2.756.","boundary":"This is an upper bound, not the exact largest cap size, and it does not transfer the same exponential saving to cyclic integer intervals. The joint paper states that the two authors developed essentially identical arguments independently. Predecessor polynomial methods retain their separate credit.","area":"Additive combinatorics","topic":"Mathematics","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"ellenberg-gijswijt-cap-set-exponential-bound-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0df1716c-5262-4cdc-a08e-dd15df5e38a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:05c6f03dc6d5aeed8b795670865efc4539d877e9a0314af9e7bbac42ab09ca3f"},"humans":["Jordan S. Ellenberg","Dion Gijswijt"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["funsearch"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-1605-09223v1","title":"On large subsets of $F_q^n$ with no three-term arithmetic progression","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09223v1","date":"2016-05-30"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"ellenberg-gijswijt-cap-set-exponential-bound-2016","entry_id":"ellenberg-gijswijt-cap-set-exponential-bound-2016","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0df1716c-5262-4cdc-a08e-dd15df5e38a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:05c6f03dc6d5aeed8b795670865efc4539d877e9a0314af9e7bbac42ab09ca3f"},"what_changed":"Extending the Croot–Lev–Pach polynomial method, the paper gives an exponentially smaller-than-q^n bound for three-term-progression-free subsets of finite-field vector spaces in the applicable odd-characteristic setting. In F_3^n it obtains a cap-set bound with exponential base below 2.756.","scope":"Extending the Croot–Lev–Pach polynomial method, the paper gives an exponentially smaller-than-q^n bound for three-term-progression-free subsets of finite-field vector spaces in the applicable odd-characteristic setting. In F_3^n it obtains a cap-set bound with exponential base below 2.756. This is an upper bound, not the exact largest cap size, and it does not transfer the same exponential saving to cyclic integer intervals. The joint paper states that the two authors developed essentially identical arguments independently. Predecessor polynomial methods retain their separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0df1716c-5262-4cdc-a08e-dd15df5e38a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:05c6f03dc6d5aeed8b795670865efc4539d877e9a0314af9e7bbac42ab09ca3f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"huang-hypercube-sensitivity-conjecture-2019","title":"Huang: induced hypercube degree bound and the Sensitivity Conjecture","summary":"A signed adjacency-matrix construction and eigenvalue interlacing give the sharp square-root maximum-degree lower bound for induced hypercube subgraphs with more than half the vertices. Via the known Gotsman–Linial equivalence, this proves polynomial relations between Boolean sensitivity, polynomial degree and block sensitivity.","boundary":"The stated degree bound implies block sensitivity at most twice the fourth power of sensitivity in this version; the paper does not close the remaining quadratic-versus-quartic separation. The graph-size threshold and induced-subgraph condition matter. This is not a claim that all Boolean complexity measures coincide.","area":"Extremal combinatorics and Boolean complexity","topic":"Mathematics","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"huang-hypercube-sensitivity-conjecture-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f40c3e9-a9f0-48bc-a65d-34b9df9d07b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fa2a40e1be853a69d12999817b3de95a86f04e1b098bc98bf2bcbbc529515f54"},"humans":["Hao Huang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-1907-00847v1","title":"Induced subgraphs of hypercubes and a proof of the Sensitivity Conjecture","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.00847v1","date":"2019-07-01"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"huang-hypercube-sensitivity-conjecture-2019","entry_id":"huang-hypercube-sensitivity-conjecture-2019","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f40c3e9-a9f0-48bc-a65d-34b9df9d07b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fa2a40e1be853a69d12999817b3de95a86f04e1b098bc98bf2bcbbc529515f54"},"what_changed":"A signed adjacency-matrix construction and eigenvalue interlacing give the sharp square-root maximum-degree lower bound for induced hypercube subgraphs with more than half the vertices. Via the known Gotsman–Linial equivalence, this proves polynomial relations between Boolean sensitivity, polynomial degree and block sensitivity.","scope":"A signed adjacency-matrix construction and eigenvalue interlacing give the sharp square-root maximum-degree lower bound for induced hypercube subgraphs with more than half the vertices. Via the known Gotsman–Linial equivalence, this proves polynomial relations between Boolean sensitivity, polynomial degree and block sensitivity. The stated degree bound implies block sensitivity at most twice the fourth power of sensitivity in this version; the paper does not close the remaining quadratic-versus-quartic separation. The graph-size threshold and induced-subgraph condition matter. This is not a claim that all Boolean complexity measures coincide.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f40c3e9-a9f0-48bc-a65d-34b9df9d07b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fa2a40e1be853a69d12999817b3de95a86f04e1b098bc98bf2bcbbc529515f54"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"marques-neves-willmore-conjecture-2012","title":"Marques and Neves: min–max proof of the Willmore conjecture","summary":"A canonical five-parameter family and Almgren–Pitts min–max methods prove the 2π² Willmore-energy lower bound for embedded closed positive-genus surfaces in the round three-sphere, with conformal Clifford-torus equality. The source explains how the Euclidean immersed-torus conjecture follows using existing nonembedded-surface bounds.","boundary":"The geometric setting, mean-curvature normalization, genus and embedding assumptions belong to the stated theorem. The immersed extension uses inherited Li–Yau results. This entry records the geometric theorem and its stated inherited implications.","area":"Geometric analysis and minimal surfaces","topic":"Mathematics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"marques-neves-willmore-conjecture-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aab96ae3-138f-49f4-af83-34a87434eafc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c1fe998ee08ed131f8bd81f66d10aec049c86bb91a3ccb2f061779da48e3388"},"humans":["Fernando C. Marques","André Neves"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-1202-6036v1","title":"Min-Max theory and the Willmore conjecture","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6036v1","date":"2012-02-27"}],"points":"330000","published_grade":{"id":"marques-neves-willmore-conjecture-2012","entry_id":"marques-neves-willmore-conjecture-2012","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aab96ae3-138f-49f4-af83-34a87434eafc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c1fe998ee08ed131f8bd81f66d10aec049c86bb91a3ccb2f061779da48e3388"},"what_changed":"A canonical five-parameter family and Almgren–Pitts min–max methods prove the 2π² Willmore-energy lower bound for embedded closed positive-genus surfaces in the round three-sphere, with conformal Clifford-torus equality. The source explains how the Euclidean immersed-torus conjecture follows using existing nonembedded-surface bounds.","scope":"A canonical five-parameter family and Almgren–Pitts min–max methods prove the 2π² Willmore-energy lower bound for embedded closed positive-genus surfaces in the round three-sphere, with conformal Clifford-torus equality. The source explains how the Euclidean immersed-torus conjecture follows using existing nonembedded-surface bounds. The geometric setting, mean-curvature normalization, genus and embedding assumptions belong to the stated theorem. The immersed extension uses inherited Li–Yau results. This entry records the geometric theorem and its stated inherited implications.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aab96ae3-138f-49f4-af83-34a87434eafc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c1fe998ee08ed131f8bd81f66d10aec049c86bb91a3ccb2f061779da48e3388"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chudnovsky-robertson-seymour-thomas-strong-perfect-graph-2002","title":"Chudnovsky, Robertson, Seymour and Thomas: the strong perfect graph theorem","summary":"A finite simple graph is perfect exactly when it has neither an induced odd cycle of length at least five nor the complement of such a cycle. A structural decomposition of Berge graphs, together with exclusions for a minimal imperfect graph, yields the characterization.","boundary":"Perfection concerns every induced subgraph, not only the original graph's chromatic and clique numbers. This contribution is the structural theorem, not automatically a new optimal recognition or coloring algorithm.","area":"Structural graph theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2002,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"chudnovsky-robertson-seymour-thomas-strong-perfect-graph-2002","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:311a327d-b435-4fa6-a7b3-c551531492e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:532f15131c304c4b3160d75136d2969392c9d51825059ee2ba8454c0c58eada6"},"humans":["Maria Chudnovsky","Neil Robertson","Paul Seymour","Robin Thomas"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-math-0212070v1","title":"The strong perfect graph theorem","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0212070v1","date":"2002-12-04"},{"id":"cur20261020-spg-author2004","title":"The Strong Perfect Graph Theorem (author-hosted revised manuscript)","url":"https://web.math.princeton.edu/~pds/papers/perfect/perfect.pdf","date":"2004-06-04"}],"points":"360000","published_grade":{"id":"chudnovsky-robertson-seymour-thomas-strong-perfect-graph-2002","entry_id":"chudnovsky-robertson-seymour-thomas-strong-perfect-graph-2002","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:311a327d-b435-4fa6-a7b3-c551531492e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:532f15131c304c4b3160d75136d2969392c9d51825059ee2ba8454c0c58eada6"},"what_changed":"A finite simple graph is perfect exactly when it has neither an induced odd cycle of length at least five nor the complement of such a cycle. A structural decomposition of Berge graphs, together with exclusions for a minimal imperfect graph, yields the characterization.","scope":"A finite simple graph is perfect exactly when it has neither an induced odd cycle of length at least five nor the complement of such a cycle. A structural decomposition of Berge graphs, together with exclusions for a minimal imperfect graph, yields the characterization. Perfection concerns every induced subgraph, not only the original graph's chromatic and clique numbers. This contribution is the structural theorem, not automatically a new optimal recognition or coloring algorithm.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:311a327d-b435-4fa6-a7b3-c551531492e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:532f15131c304c4b3160d75136d2969392c9d51825059ee2ba8454c0c58eada6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hill-hopkins-ravenel-kervaire-high-dimensional-nonexistence-2009","title":"Hill, Hopkins and Ravenel: high-dimensional Kervaire-invariant-one nonexistence","summary":"An equivariant-bordism construction, detection theorem, 256-fold periodicity and a homotopy gap exclude Kervaire-invariant-one elements in the higher indexed dimensions. Combined with Browder's earlier restriction, the associated framed-manifold dimensions are limited to 2, 6, 14, 30, 62 and possibly 126 in this work.","boundary":"The result does not settle dimension126; that is a boundary of these sources, not a claim that the case remains open today. Existing low-dimensional constructions and Browder's dimensional restriction are inherited.","area":"Equivariant stable homotopy theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2009,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hill-hopkins-ravenel-kervaire-high-dimensional-nonexistence-2009","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b6902614-deaa-4701-ac28-860e719d7d63","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6240322a6a2629d20a33bc4025e68c2ec762d334e2b2afd9e08a8ec0c9d3afb"},"humans":["Michael A. Hill","Michael J. Hopkins","Douglas C. Ravenel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-0908-3724v1","title":"On the non-existence of elements of Kervaire invariant one","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0908.3724v1","date":"2009-08-26"},{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-0908-3724v4","title":"On the non-existence of elements of Kervaire invariant one","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0908.3724v4","date":"2015-05-25"}],"points":"380000","published_grade":{"id":"hill-hopkins-ravenel-kervaire-high-dimensional-nonexistence-2009","entry_id":"hill-hopkins-ravenel-kervaire-high-dimensional-nonexistence-2009","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b6902614-deaa-4701-ac28-860e719d7d63","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6240322a6a2629d20a33bc4025e68c2ec762d334e2b2afd9e08a8ec0c9d3afb"},"what_changed":"An equivariant-bordism construction, detection theorem, 256-fold periodicity and a homotopy gap exclude Kervaire-invariant-one elements in the higher indexed dimensions. Combined with Browder's earlier restriction, the associated framed-manifold dimensions are limited to 2, 6, 14, 30, 62 and possibly 126 in this work.","scope":"An equivariant-bordism construction, detection theorem, 256-fold periodicity and a homotopy gap exclude Kervaire-invariant-one elements in the higher indexed dimensions. Combined with Browder's earlier restriction, the associated framed-manifold dimensions are limited to 2, 6, 14, 30, 62 and possibly 126 in this work. The result does not settle dimension126; that is a boundary of these sources, not a claim that the case remains open today. Existing low-dimensional constructions and Browder's dimensional restriction are inherited.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b6902614-deaa-4701-ac28-860e719d7d63","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a6240322a6a2629d20a33bc4025e68c2ec762d334e2b2afd9e08a8ec0c9d3afb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kelley-meka-integer-three-progression-density-2023","title":"Kelley and Meka: stretched-exponential density bounds for integer three-term progressions","summary":"New analytic structural and density-increment methods give a stretched-exponential-in-logN upper bound on the density of three-term-progression-free subsets of {1,…,N}. The paper develops related finite-field structural results as a route to the integer theorem.","boundary":"This is an upper bound with unspecified absolute constants here, not the exact extremal function or a matching Behrend exponent. The finite-field estimate is explicitly weaker than then-known algebraic bounds; analytic transfer, rather than a new best finite-field cap-set bound, is the relevant distinction.","area":"Additive combinatorics and analytic number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"kelley-meka-integer-three-progression-density-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6286cdc5-5c45-40e3-a2e4-160b2a621e8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a853e21c2868eff231a63634561564dc446ae1e788a93497c2442ed7924c832"},"humans":["Zander Kelley","Raghu Meka"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-2302-05537v1","title":"Strong Bounds for 3-Progressions","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05537v1","date":"2023-02-10"}],"points":"310000","published_grade":{"id":"kelley-meka-integer-three-progression-density-2023","entry_id":"kelley-meka-integer-three-progression-density-2023","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6286cdc5-5c45-40e3-a2e4-160b2a621e8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a853e21c2868eff231a63634561564dc446ae1e788a93497c2442ed7924c832"},"what_changed":"New analytic structural and density-increment methods give a stretched-exponential-in-logN upper bound on the density of three-term-progression-free subsets of {1,…,N}. The paper develops related finite-field structural results as a route to the integer theorem.","scope":"New analytic structural and density-increment methods give a stretched-exponential-in-logN upper bound on the density of three-term-progression-free subsets of {1,…,N}. The paper develops related finite-field structural results as a route to the integer theorem. This is an upper bound with unspecified absolute constants here, not the exact extremal function or a matching Behrend exponent. The finite-field estimate is explicitly weaker than then-known algebraic bounds; analytic transfer, rather than a new best finite-field cap-set bound, is the relevant distinction.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6286cdc5-5c45-40e3-a2e4-160b2a621e8c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1a853e21c2868eff231a63634561564dc446ae1e788a93497c2442ed7924c832"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"stinespring-completely-positive-map-dilation-1955","title":"Stinespring: dilation of completely positive maps","summary":"For a unital C*-algebra and a linear map into bounded operators on a Hilbert space, complete positivity is equivalent to representation as the compression V* pi(A) V of a *-representation on a larger Hilbert space. For a unital map the construction can make V an isometry.","boundary":"Ordinary positivity does not suffice for a noncommutative domain; the paper includes a counterexample. The recorded theorem assumes a unital algebra and bounded-operator codomain, not arbitrary nonlinear maps or an unbounded field operator. It is a representation theorem, not a claim that every finite laboratory process has an experimentally certified unitary realization.","area":"Operator algebras and mathematical quantum theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1955,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"stinespring-completely-positive-map-dilation-1955","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:45560909-a92a-449b-a6ca-51b5a43461e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3601067fbf4089040c59e578cdbd9a36987b3a0ed21fb525b495bd1f7055fd13"},"humans":["W. Forrest Stinespring"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-stinespring-ams1955","title":"Positive Functions on C*-Algebras","url":"https://community.ams.org/journals/proc/1955-006-02/S0002-9939-1955-0069403-4/S0002-9939-1955-0069403-4.pdf","date":"1955"}],"points":"480000","published_grade":{"id":"stinespring-completely-positive-map-dilation-1955","entry_id":"stinespring-completely-positive-map-dilation-1955","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:45560909-a92a-449b-a6ca-51b5a43461e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3601067fbf4089040c59e578cdbd9a36987b3a0ed21fb525b495bd1f7055fd13"},"what_changed":"For a unital C*-algebra and a linear map into bounded operators on a Hilbert space, complete positivity is equivalent to representation as the compression V* pi(A) V of a *-representation on a larger Hilbert space. For a unital map the construction can make V an isometry.","scope":"For a unital C*-algebra and a linear map into bounded operators on a Hilbert space, complete positivity is equivalent to representation as the compression V* pi(A) V of a *-representation on a larger Hilbert space. For a unital map the construction can make V an isometry. Ordinary positivity does not suffice for a noncommutative domain; the paper includes a counterexample. The recorded theorem assumes a unital algebra and bounded-operator codomain, not arbitrary nonlinear maps or an unbounded field operator. It is a representation theorem, not a claim that every finite laboratory process has an experimentally certified unitary realization.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:45560909-a92a-449b-a6ca-51b5a43461e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3601067fbf4089040c59e578cdbd9a36987b3a0ed21fb525b495bd1f7055fd13"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lieb-robinson-finite-group-velocity-quantum-spin-1972","title":"Lieb and Robinson: a finite propagation-velocity bound for quantum spin systems","summary":"For translation-invariant finite-range interactions on a quantum spin lattice with finite-dimensional site spaces, the norm of a commutator between separated local observables becomes exponentially small outside a sufficiently fast space-time cone. The proof bounds dynamical influence independently of the chosen quantum state.","boundary":"This is an exponentially suppressed tail, not exact relativistic causality or a theorem for arbitrary long-range and unbounded interactions. The finite velocity bound need not be sharp. The paper remarks on exponentially decaying extensions, but the core staged claim uses its explicit finite-range hypotheses.","area":"Quantum many-body mathematical physics","topic":"Physics","year":1972,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"lieb-robinson-finite-group-velocity-quantum-spin-1972","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28f294bc-e7d9-4011-a747-d9af2388dbc9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c61bae0ee5d9bc6a0c033b9a5d95c1986dedf759e16271414ba78c57ef92dbb3"},"humans":["Elliott H. Lieb","Derek W. Robinson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-lieb-robinson1972","title":"The Finite Group Velocity of Quantum Spin Systems","url":"https://www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/talks/CMTjournalclub/sources/LR.pdf","date":"1972"}],"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"lieb-robinson-finite-group-velocity-quantum-spin-1972","entry_id":"lieb-robinson-finite-group-velocity-quantum-spin-1972","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28f294bc-e7d9-4011-a747-d9af2388dbc9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c61bae0ee5d9bc6a0c033b9a5d95c1986dedf759e16271414ba78c57ef92dbb3"},"what_changed":"For translation-invariant finite-range interactions on a quantum spin lattice with finite-dimensional site spaces, the norm of a commutator between separated local observables becomes exponentially small outside a sufficiently fast space-time cone. The proof bounds dynamical influence independently of the chosen quantum state.","scope":"For translation-invariant finite-range interactions on a quantum spin lattice with finite-dimensional site spaces, the norm of a commutator between separated local observables becomes exponentially small outside a sufficiently fast space-time cone. The proof bounds dynamical influence independently of the chosen quantum state. This is an exponentially suppressed tail, not exact relativistic causality or a theorem for arbitrary long-range and unbounded interactions. The finite velocity bound need not be sharp. The paper remarks on exponentially decaying extensions, but the core staged claim uses its explicit finite-range hypotheses.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:28f294bc-e7d9-4011-a747-d9af2388dbc9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c61bae0ee5d9bc6a0c033b9a5d95c1986dedf759e16271414ba78c57ef92dbb3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lieb-ruskai-strong-subadditivity-quantum-entropy-1973","title":"Lieb and Ruskai: strong subadditivity of quantum entropy","summary":"For a finite-dimensional tripartite quantum state, the von Neumann entropies satisfy S(ABC)+S(B) <= S(AB)+S(BC). The proof uses operator trace inequalities and is accompanied by convexity of negative conditional entropy; the original text develops extensions through controlled finite-dimensional approximation.","boundary":"The displayed entropy combination is recorded where its terms are well-defined; it is not interpreted by subtracting divergent infinities in arbitrary infinite-dimensional states. This theorem is not a Shannon/Wehrl minimum-entropy conjecture, entropy-power inequality, or an equality/recovery characterization from later work.","area":"Matrix analysis and quantum information","topic":"Mathematics","year":1973,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"lieb-ruskai-strong-subadditivity-quantum-entropy-1973","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b857695e-6e9e-4746-adc9-d927534406cb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7871c4864a38b03c4754c5de493205d3c362631be5c26c39acc8f614650246d6"},"humans":["Elliott H. Lieb","Mary Beth Ruskai"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"Barry Simon","role":"Author of the appendix on entropy convergence used for infinite-dimensional extensions","sources":[{"title":"Proof of the Strong Subadditivity of Quantum-Mechanical Entropy","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/RCP25_1973__19__A5_0.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-lieb-ruskai-numdam1973","title":"Proof of the Strong Subadditivity of Quantum-Mechanical Entropy","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/RCP25_1973__19__A5_0.pdf","date":"1973"}],"points":"650000","published_grade":{"id":"lieb-ruskai-strong-subadditivity-quantum-entropy-1973","entry_id":"lieb-ruskai-strong-subadditivity-quantum-entropy-1973","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b857695e-6e9e-4746-adc9-d927534406cb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7871c4864a38b03c4754c5de493205d3c362631be5c26c39acc8f614650246d6"},"what_changed":"For a finite-dimensional tripartite quantum state, the von Neumann entropies satisfy S(ABC)+S(B) <= S(AB)+S(BC). The proof uses operator trace inequalities and is accompanied by convexity of negative conditional entropy; the original text develops extensions through controlled finite-dimensional approximation.","scope":"For a finite-dimensional tripartite quantum state, the von Neumann entropies satisfy S(ABC)+S(B) <= S(AB)+S(BC). The proof uses operator trace inequalities and is accompanied by convexity of negative conditional entropy; the original text develops extensions through controlled finite-dimensional approximation. The displayed entropy combination is recorded where its terms are well-defined; it is not interpreted by subtracting divergent infinities in arbitrary infinite-dimensional states. This theorem is not a Shannon/Wehrl minimum-entropy conjecture, entropy-power inequality, or an equality/recovery characterization from later work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b857695e-6e9e-4746-adc9-d927534406cb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7871c4864a38b03c4754c5de493205d3c362631be5c26c39acc8f614650246d6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"panteleev-kalachev-good-quantum-ldpc-locally-testable-codes-2021","title":"Panteleev and Kalachev: asymptotically good quantum LDPC codes","summary":"Lifted products over nonabelian groups yield quantum LDPC code families with positive constant rate and minimum distance linear in block length. A related construction also yields classical locally testable LDPC codes with constant rate, relative distance, query complexity and soundness.","boundary":"Quantum local testability is not proved here: the constant-query testability theorem is classical. Linear-time adversarial quantum decoding is a conjecture in this version. Constants depend on the chosen rate and field; no geometrically two-dimensional implementation, practical threshold, or rate-independent distance constant is claimed.","area":"Algebraic coding theory and quantum information","topic":"Mathematics","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"panteleev-kalachev-good-quantum-ldpc-locally-testable-codes-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d94dd150-3b1b-4f0d-ae53-ffa7fee219cf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2acfa374f7e4669965462b75acdf044ded231a670ae791aefc4c4aecb968ff93"},"humans":["Pavel Panteleev","Gleb Kalachev"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-panteleev-kalachev-2111-03654v2","title":"Asymptotically Good Quantum and Locally Testable Classical LDPC Codes","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03654v2","date":"2022-01-21"}],"points":"330000","published_grade":{"id":"panteleev-kalachev-good-quantum-ldpc-locally-testable-codes-2021","entry_id":"panteleev-kalachev-good-quantum-ldpc-locally-testable-codes-2021","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d94dd150-3b1b-4f0d-ae53-ffa7fee219cf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2acfa374f7e4669965462b75acdf044ded231a670ae791aefc4c4aecb968ff93"},"what_changed":"Lifted products over nonabelian groups yield quantum LDPC code families with positive constant rate and minimum distance linear in block length. A related construction also yields classical locally testable LDPC codes with constant rate, relative distance, query complexity and soundness.","scope":"Lifted products over nonabelian groups yield quantum LDPC code families with positive constant rate and minimum distance linear in block length. A related construction also yields classical locally testable LDPC codes with constant rate, relative distance, query complexity and soundness. Quantum local testability is not proved here: the constant-query testability theorem is classical. Linear-time adversarial quantum decoding is a conjecture in this version. Constants depend on the chosen rate and field; no geometrically two-dimensional implementation, practical threshold, or rate-independent distance constant is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d94dd150-3b1b-4f0d-ae53-ffa7fee219cf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2acfa374f7e4669965462b75acdf044ded231a670ae791aefc4c4aecb968ff93"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhang-bounded-prime-gaps-2014","title":"Zhang: bounded gaps between primes via smooth-modulus distribution estimates","summary":"The paper proves unconditionally that the liminf of consecutive-prime gaps is less than seventy million. A refinement of the GPY sieve uses stronger averaged distribution estimates for primes in arithmetic progressions with moduli having only small prime factors.","boundary":"This is an infinitely-often bound, not a bound on every prime gap and not the twin-prime conjecture. The restricted-modulus distribution result is not the unrestricted Elliott-Halberstam conjecture. The explicit bound is this paper's bound, not a claim about the current best constant.","area":"Analytic number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"zhang-bounded-prime-gaps-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44e4e657-7f28-4e8a-a3a4-603f8a8e03e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0572e77c14f1738477f5b4394375a9d901aaa4a87ac87aff606c607a94ffbcc5"},"humans":["Yitang Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-zhang-bounded-prime-gaps-annals2014","title":"Bounded gaps between primes","url":"https://annals.math.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/annals-v179-n3-p07-p.pdf","date":"2014-05-01"},{"id":"cur20261020-zhang-annals-publication-milestones","title":"Bounded gaps between primes: publisher publication milestones","url":"https://annals.math.princeton.edu/2014/179-3/p07","date":"2014-05-01"}],"points":"400000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-bounded-prime-gaps-2014","entry_id":"zhang-bounded-prime-gaps-2014","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44e4e657-7f28-4e8a-a3a4-603f8a8e03e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0572e77c14f1738477f5b4394375a9d901aaa4a87ac87aff606c607a94ffbcc5"},"what_changed":"The paper proves unconditionally that the liminf of consecutive-prime gaps is less than seventy million. A refinement of the GPY sieve uses stronger averaged distribution estimates for primes in arithmetic progressions with moduli having only small prime factors.","scope":"The paper proves unconditionally that the liminf of consecutive-prime gaps is less than seventy million. A refinement of the GPY sieve uses stronger averaged distribution estimates for primes in arithmetic progressions with moduli having only small prime factors. This is an infinitely-often bound, not a bound on every prime gap and not the twin-prime conjecture. The restricted-modulus distribution result is not the unrestricted Elliott-Halberstam conjecture. The explicit bound is this paper's bound, not a claim about the current best constant.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44e4e657-7f28-4e8a-a3a4-603f8a8e03e3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0572e77c14f1738477f5b4394375a9d901aaa4a87ac87aff606c607a94ffbcc5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dvir-finite-field-kakeya-polynomial-method-2008","title":"Dvir: the polynomial method for finite-field Kakeya sets","summary":"For each fixed dimension, a subset of a finite vector space containing a full affine line in every direction has size at least a positive dimension-dependent fraction of the entire space. A low-degree polynomial vanishing on a too-small candidate set would force incompatible vanishing of its homogeneous components.","boundary":"The field is finite and the contained objects are complete affine lines; this does not settle real Euclidean Kakeya dimension or maximal-function conjectures. The dimension-dependent constant is not asserted to be optimal. The revised text distinguishes Dvir's initial exponent improvement from the full-density sharpening credited to subsequent suggestions.","area":"Finite-field incidence geometry","topic":"Mathematics","year":2008,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"dvir-finite-field-kakeya-polynomial-method-2008","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c145737-58e0-4cb4-ae3b-d9ae27380540","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36ddf0a689bcba14a0bbe3c1a2c3023673c4e14d27f0d4764da2bbb5266840b8"},"humans":["Zeev Dvir"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"Noga Alon","role":"Credited in§1.1 with the observation sharpening the initial bound to a dimension-dependent full-density bound","sources":[{"title":"On the size of Kakeya sets in finite fields","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.2336v3"}]},{"name":"Terence Tao","role":"Credited in§1.1 with the full-density sharpening; acknowledgments print an extra-r spelling variant","sources":[{"title":"On the size of Kakeya sets in finite fields","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.2336v3"}]},{"name":"Richard Oberlin","role":"Acknowledged for pointing out improvements to Theorem1","sources":[{"title":"On the size of Kakeya sets in finite fields","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.2336v3"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["openai-math-kakeya-maximal-3d-2026"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-dvir-0803-2336v3","title":"On the size of Kakeya sets in finite fields","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.2336v3","date":"2008-03-20"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"dvir-finite-field-kakeya-polynomial-method-2008","entry_id":"dvir-finite-field-kakeya-polynomial-method-2008","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c145737-58e0-4cb4-ae3b-d9ae27380540","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36ddf0a689bcba14a0bbe3c1a2c3023673c4e14d27f0d4764da2bbb5266840b8"},"what_changed":"For each fixed dimension, a subset of a finite vector space containing a full affine line in every direction has size at least a positive dimension-dependent fraction of the entire space. A low-degree polynomial vanishing on a too-small candidate set would force incompatible vanishing of its homogeneous components.","scope":"For each fixed dimension, a subset of a finite vector space containing a full affine line in every direction has size at least a positive dimension-dependent fraction of the entire space. A low-degree polynomial vanishing on a too-small candidate set would force incompatible vanishing of its homogeneous components. The field is finite and the contained objects are complete affine lines; this does not settle real Euclidean Kakeya dimension or maximal-function conjectures. The dimension-dependent constant is not asserted to be optimal. The revised text distinguishes Dvir's initial exponent improvement from the full-density sharpening credited to subsequent suggestions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c145737-58e0-4cb4-ae3b-d9ae27380540","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:36ddf0a689bcba14a0bbe3c1a2c3023673c4e14d27f0d4764da2bbb5266840b8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"guth-katz-planar-distinct-distances-2010","title":"Guth and Katz: a near-linear lower bound for planar distinct distances","summary":"Every set of N distinct points in the Euclidean plane, for N at least two, determines at least cN/logN distinct nonzero distances for a universal positive constant c. The proof combines the Elekes-Sharir rigid-motion framework with three-dimensional line-incidence bounds, polynomial partitioning and ruled-surface geometry.","boundary":"The result obtains the sharp power exponent but leaves a logarithmic gap from the square-grid order N/sqrt(logN); it is not the exact planar extremal formula. Plane and regulus concentration conditions belong to the intermediate incidence theorem and cannot be omitted in an arbitrary line-arrangement claim.","area":"Discrete and algebraic geometry","topic":"Mathematics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"guth-katz-planar-distinct-distances-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:135ebdb6-b683-4b17-aa37-9f329e839f09","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:940b516f048ef0ca66a25048c88b9e0ab94cb68fccd68d266cb11384a35521b8"},"humans":["Larry Guth","Nets Hawk Katz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-guth-katz-1011-4105v3","title":"On the Erdos distinct distance problem in the plane","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.4105v3","date":"2011-06-28"}],"points":"380000","published_grade":{"id":"guth-katz-planar-distinct-distances-2010","entry_id":"guth-katz-planar-distinct-distances-2010","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:135ebdb6-b683-4b17-aa37-9f329e839f09","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:940b516f048ef0ca66a25048c88b9e0ab94cb68fccd68d266cb11384a35521b8"},"what_changed":"Every set of N distinct points in the Euclidean plane, for N at least two, determines at least cN/logN distinct nonzero distances for a universal positive constant c. The proof combines the Elekes-Sharir rigid-motion framework with three-dimensional line-incidence bounds, polynomial partitioning and ruled-surface geometry.","scope":"Every set of N distinct points in the Euclidean plane, for N at least two, determines at least cN/logN distinct nonzero distances for a universal positive constant c. The proof combines the Elekes-Sharir rigid-motion framework with three-dimensional line-incidence bounds, polynomial partitioning and ruled-surface geometry. The result obtains the sharp power exponent but leaves a logarithmic gap from the square-grid order N/sqrt(logN); it is not the exact planar extremal formula. Plane and regulus concentration conditions belong to the intermediate incidence theorem and cannot be omitted in an arbitrary line-arrangement claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:135ebdb6-b683-4b17-aa37-9f329e839f09","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:940b516f048ef0ca66a25048c88b9e0ab94cb68fccd68d266cb11384a35521b8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"helfgott-ternary-goldbach-with-finite-verification-2013","title":"Helfgott: ternary Goldbach with Helfgott-Platt finite verification","summary":"Every odd integer greater than five is a sum of three primes. Explicit major- and minor-arc estimates and an optimized large sieve cover all sufficiently large integers; a rigorously verified finite range overlaps that analytic threshold and completes the result.","boundary":"This is the three-primes theorem, not binary Goldbach for all even integers. Numerical verification alone is finite; global closure uses analytic estimates and their documented computational inputs. No assumption of the full Riemann or generalized Riemann hypothesis is introduced.","area":"Analytic and computational number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":2013,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"helfgott-ternary-goldbach-with-finite-verification-2013","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66a26e2c-8423-4154-a851-23f0112c2cfc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:630f92a718607d8286b9038fcd32062355ac17272183ee63ce499b4260c9c760"},"humans":["H. A. Helfgott","David J. Platt"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Helfgott authors the analytic proof; Helfgott and Platt coauthor the finite verification. Source-specific roles remain in the native record. This is one theorem package, not a joint byline for both papers.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-helfgott-1312-7748v2","title":"The ternary Goldbach conjecture is true","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.7748v2","date":"2014-01-17"},{"id":"cur20261020-helfgott-platt-1305-3062v2","title":"Numerical Verification of the Ternary Goldbach Conjecture up to8.875e30","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3062v2","date":"2014-04-01"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"helfgott-ternary-goldbach-with-finite-verification-2013","entry_id":"helfgott-ternary-goldbach-with-finite-verification-2013","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66a26e2c-8423-4154-a851-23f0112c2cfc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:630f92a718607d8286b9038fcd32062355ac17272183ee63ce499b4260c9c760"},"what_changed":"Every odd integer greater than five is a sum of three primes. Explicit major- and minor-arc estimates and an optimized large sieve cover all sufficiently large integers; a rigorously verified finite range overlaps that analytic threshold and completes the result.","scope":"Every odd integer greater than five is a sum of three primes. Explicit major- and minor-arc estimates and an optimized large sieve cover all sufficiently large integers; a rigorously verified finite range overlaps that analytic threshold and completes the result. This is the three-primes theorem, not binary Goldbach for all even integers. Numerical verification alone is finite; global closure uses analytic estimates and their documented computational inputs. No assumption of the full Riemann or generalized Riemann hypothesis is introduced.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66a26e2c-8423-4154-a851-23f0112c2cfc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:630f92a718607d8286b9038fcd32062355ac17272183ee63ce499b4260c9c760"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cayley-matrix-algebra-framework-1858","title":"Cayley: systematic square and rectangular matrix algebra","summary":"Cayley developed matrix addition, associative noncommutative composition, identity, inverses for nonzero determinant and transpose rules, and extended compatible composition to rectangular matrices. He stated the characteristic equation for arbitrary square order, explicitly demonstrated the two-by-two identity and reported verification in order three, using it to organize matrix powers and low-order examples.","boundary":"The 1858 memoir explicitly omits a formal proof of the characteristic equation in general order; this entry does not certify that missing proof. Inverses require nonsingularity. Historical claims about all commuting matrices being polynomials in one matrix, and unqualified fractional powers, are not exported as universal valid theorems. No sole-priority claim for all matrix operations or the later Cayley–Hamilton theorem is made.","area":"Linear algebra","topic":"Mathematics","year":1858,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"cayley-matrix-algebra-framework-1858","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8609dfd6-20aa-4ff9-aa44-31c02e5c221a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:67df996c440a18c2c167bccc5588785c3bd1a43eadf8cd01d425e21bd7479808"},"humans":["Arthur Cayley"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-cayley-matrices-1858","title":"A Memoir on the Theory of Matrices","url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/A_Memoir_on_the_Theory_of_Matrices_%28IA_jstor-108649%29.pdf","date":"1858"}],"points":"420000","published_grade":{"id":"cayley-matrix-algebra-framework-1858","entry_id":"cayley-matrix-algebra-framework-1858","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8609dfd6-20aa-4ff9-aa44-31c02e5c221a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:67df996c440a18c2c167bccc5588785c3bd1a43eadf8cd01d425e21bd7479808"},"what_changed":"Cayley developed matrix addition, associative noncommutative composition, identity, inverses for nonzero determinant and transpose rules, and extended compatible composition to rectangular matrices. He stated the characteristic equation for arbitrary square order, explicitly demonstrated the two-by-two identity and reported verification in order three, using it to organize matrix powers and low-order examples.","scope":"Cayley developed matrix addition, associative noncommutative composition, identity, inverses for nonzero determinant and transpose rules, and extended compatible composition to rectangular matrices. He stated the characteristic equation for arbitrary square order, explicitly demonstrated the two-by-two identity and reported verification in order three, using it to organize matrix powers and low-order examples. The 1858 memoir explicitly omits a formal proof of the characteristic equation in general order; this entry does not certify that missing proof. Inverses require nonsingularity. Historical claims about all commuting matrices being polynomials in one matrix, and unqualified fractional powers, are not exported as universal valid theorems. No sole-priority claim for all matrix operations or the later Cayley–Hamilton theorem is made.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8609dfd6-20aa-4ff9-aa44-31c02e5c221a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:67df996c440a18c2c167bccc5588785c3bd1a43eadf8cd01d425e21bd7479808"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hermite-e-transcendence-1873","title":"Hermite’s proof that the number e is transcendental","summary":"Hermite constructed simultaneous rational approximations to exponentials and used their arithmetic structure to show that e satisfies no nonzero polynomial equation with integer, equivalently rational, coefficients. His treatment converts a putative integer-coefficient relation among distinct integral powers of e into integer linear forms that tend to zero. A nonvanishing determinant prevents all such forms from vanishing, yielding a contradiction.","boundary":"The assessed theorem is the transcendence of e, not algebraic independence of e and pi or the later general algebraic-exponent Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem. The offprint presents an asymptotic argument followed by a second determinant argument described as more rigorous; the latter’s factorial decay, integrality and distinct-root determinant conditions are the source of the bounded record. Liouville’s earlier transcendental-number constructions and partial results concerning e are antecedents, not this full result. The discovery year refers to four 1873 Comptes rendus notes; the exact ETH offprint is undated in its printed imprint and institutionally catalogued [1873].","area":"Transcendental number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1873,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hermite-e-transcendence-1873","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44fc770a-4c09-4a25-acb0-1bea8effb99b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c6b67ccb0d275216e54c130d5547934570401e01fb001238327edd9fb9e96d6"},"humans":["Charles Hermite"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["liouville-transcendental-numbers-notes-1844"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hermite-exponential-erara-1873","title":"Sur la fonction exponentielle (ETH Rar22000; attributed undated offprint, catalogued [1873])","url":"https://www.e-rara.ch/download/pdf/27940137.pdf","date":"1873"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"hermite-e-transcendence-1873","entry_id":"hermite-e-transcendence-1873","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44fc770a-4c09-4a25-acb0-1bea8effb99b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c6b67ccb0d275216e54c130d5547934570401e01fb001238327edd9fb9e96d6"},"what_changed":"Hermite constructed simultaneous rational approximations to exponentials and used their arithmetic structure to show that e satisfies no nonzero polynomial equation with integer, equivalently rational, coefficients. His treatment converts a putative integer-coefficient relation among distinct integral powers of e into integer linear forms that tend to zero. A nonvanishing determinant prevents all such forms from vanishing, yielding a contradiction.","scope":"Hermite constructed simultaneous rational approximations to exponentials and used their arithmetic structure to show that e satisfies no nonzero polynomial equation with integer, equivalently rational, coefficients. His treatment converts a putative integer-coefficient relation among distinct integral powers of e into integer linear forms that tend to zero. A nonvanishing determinant prevents all such forms from vanishing, yielding a contradiction. The assessed theorem is the transcendence of e, not algebraic independence of e and pi or the later general algebraic-exponent Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem. The offprint presents an asymptotic argument followed by a second determinant argument described as more rigorous; the latter’s factorial decay, integrality and distinct-root determinant conditions are the source of the bounded record. Liouville’s earlier transcendental-number constructions and partial results concerning e are antecedents, not this full result. The discovery year refers to four 1873 Comptes rendus notes; the exact ETH offprint is undated in its printed imprint and institutionally catalogued [1873].","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44fc770a-4c09-4a25-acb0-1bea8effb99b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3c6b67ccb0d275216e54c130d5547934570401e01fb001238327edd9fb9e96d6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kovalevskaya-analytic-noncharacteristic-pde-local-existence-1875","title":"Kovalevskaya: local analytic solutions of noncharacteristic PDE Cauchy problems","summary":"Kovalevskaya proved convergence of the recursively determined formal power series for analytic PDE Cauchy problems in the paper's normal, noncharacteristic forms. A coefficientwise majorant argument establishes the first-order system result; higher-order algebraic equations and specified coupled systems are reduced to this setting after selecting a simple root for the leading normal derivatives. Analytic initial data then determine a unique local analytic solution on that branch. She also exhibited heat-equation data whose formal time series has zero convergence radius, showing why solving for a lower-order time derivative alone is insufficient.","boundary":"Local analytic existence and uniqueness for the stated nondegenerate normal-derivative conditions, not global solvability, stability in smooth norms or arbitrary C∞data. An algebraic leading equation may have multiple simple branches; uniqueness is after fixing the branch. Characteristic or singular leading-derivative roots are not automatically covered. The heat example concerns a joint analytic solution at the initial surface, not nonexistence of every one-sided smooth heat evolution. The paper credits Weierstrass's ODE framework and other predecessors; no exclusive first-priority claim for the whole later Cauchy–Kovalevskaya lineage is awarded.","area":"Partial differential equations and analytic local existence","topic":"Mathematics","year":1875,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"kovalevskaya-analytic-noncharacteristic-pde-local-existence-1875","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:855b0fe6-039e-400d-aace-3426c224c309","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6144e29d6c9c50e55913bb6686ee963619bf2711d442233be548ecc87ffbe996"},"humans":["Sophie von Kowalevsky"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-kowalevsky-analytic-pde-1875","title":"Zur Theorie der partiellen Differentialgleichungen","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN243919689_0080/LOG_0005.pdf","date":"1875"}],"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"kovalevskaya-analytic-noncharacteristic-pde-local-existence-1875","entry_id":"kovalevskaya-analytic-noncharacteristic-pde-local-existence-1875","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:855b0fe6-039e-400d-aace-3426c224c309","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6144e29d6c9c50e55913bb6686ee963619bf2711d442233be548ecc87ffbe996"},"what_changed":"Kovalevskaya proved convergence of the recursively determined formal power series for analytic PDE Cauchy problems in the paper's normal, noncharacteristic forms. A coefficientwise majorant argument establishes the first-order system result; higher-order algebraic equations and specified coupled systems are reduced to this setting after selecting a simple root for the leading normal derivatives. Analytic initial data then determine a unique local analytic solution on that branch. She also exhibited heat-equation data whose formal time series has zero convergence radius, showing why solving for a lower-order time derivative alone is insufficient.","scope":"Kovalevskaya proved convergence of the recursively determined formal power series for analytic PDE Cauchy problems in the paper's normal, noncharacteristic forms. A coefficientwise majorant argument establishes the first-order system result; higher-order algebraic equations and specified coupled systems are reduced to this setting after selecting a simple root for the leading normal derivatives. Analytic initial data then determine a unique local analytic solution on that branch. She also exhibited heat-equation data whose formal time series has zero convergence radius, showing why solving for a lower-order time derivative alone is insufficient. Local analytic existence and uniqueness for the stated nondegenerate normal-derivative conditions, not global solvability, stability in smooth norms or arbitrary C∞data. An algebraic leading equation may have multiple simple branches; uniqueness is after fixing the branch. Characteristic or singular leading-derivative roots are not automatically covered. The heat example concerns a joint analytic solution at the initial surface, not nonexistence of every one-sided smooth heat evolution. The paper credits Weierstrass's ODE framework and other predecessors; no exclusive first-priority claim for the whole later Cauchy–Kovalevskaya lineage is awarded.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:855b0fe6-039e-400d-aace-3426c224c309","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6144e29d6c9c50e55913bb6686ee963619bf2711d442233be548ecc87ffbe996"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"picard-little-great-omitted-values-1879","title":"Picard's omitted-value theorems for entire functions and isolated essential singularities","summary":"Picard proves that a nonconstant entire holomorphic function can omit at most one finite complex value. The October 1879 note strengthens this: a transcendental entire function assumes every finite value infinitely often, with at most one exception. The 1880 memoir supplies the detailed modular-function/monodromy proof and local extension: near an isolated essential singularity, a holomorphic function assumes every finite value infinitely often except possibly one; the corresponding meromorphic version permits at most two exceptional values on the sphere. These linked results are staged as one contribution family.","boundary":"Constant entire functions and polynomials must be excluded from the appropriate statements. The local assertion concerns an isolated essential singularity and every punctured neighbourhood, not arbitrary boundary singularities or multivalued analytic functions. In the1880 text the no-accumulating-poles case has at most one finite exception; when infinitely many poles approach the singularity, at most two finite exceptions are allowed, while infinity is attained at those poles. Modular/elliptic-function inputs from Hermite,Fuchs,Dedekind and prior Weierstrass theory remain inherited. The 1879 announcement is distinguished from the fuller 1880 treatment used for this record.","area":"Complex analysis and value distribution","topic":"Mathematics","year":1879,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"picard-little-great-omitted-values-1879","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f9e49a2-9732-4507-a531-6bb2e880880a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0eb822838345ca2c816714531a7afbe424e81acc88d8f8780b100925ce6d2bac"},"humans":["Émile Picard"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-picard-entire-may1879","title":"Sur une propriété des fonctions entières","url":"https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Picard/Picard_pdf/CR1879_p1024.pdf","date":"1879"},{"id":"cur20261020-picard-entire-oct1879","title":"Sur les fonctions entières","url":"https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Picard/Picard_pdf/CR1879_p662.pdf","date":"1879"},{"id":"cur20261020-picard-memoire-1880","title":"Mémoire sur les fonctions entières","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/asens.187.pdf","date":"1880"}],"points":"270000","published_grade":{"id":"picard-little-great-omitted-values-1879","entry_id":"picard-little-great-omitted-values-1879","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f9e49a2-9732-4507-a531-6bb2e880880a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0eb822838345ca2c816714531a7afbe424e81acc88d8f8780b100925ce6d2bac"},"what_changed":"Picard proves that a nonconstant entire holomorphic function can omit at most one finite complex value. The October 1879 note strengthens this: a transcendental entire function assumes every finite value infinitely often, with at most one exception. The 1880 memoir supplies the detailed modular-function/monodromy proof and local extension: near an isolated essential singularity, a holomorphic function assumes every finite value infinitely often except possibly one; the corresponding meromorphic version permits at most two exceptional values on the sphere. These linked results are staged as one contribution family.","scope":"Picard proves that a nonconstant entire holomorphic function can omit at most one finite complex value. The October 1879 note strengthens this: a transcendental entire function assumes every finite value infinitely often, with at most one exception. The 1880 memoir supplies the detailed modular-function/monodromy proof and local extension: near an isolated essential singularity, a holomorphic function assumes every finite value infinitely often except possibly one; the corresponding meromorphic version permits at most two exceptional values on the sphere. These linked results are staged as one contribution family. Constant entire functions and polynomials must be excluded from the appropriate statements. The local assertion concerns an isolated essential singularity and every punctured neighbourhood, not arbitrary boundary singularities or multivalued analytic functions. In the1880 text the no-accumulating-poles case has at most one finite exception; when infinitely many poles approach the singularity, at most two finite exceptions are allowed, while infinity is attained at those poles. Modular/elliptic-function inputs from Hermite,Fuchs,Dedekind and prior Weierstrass theory remain inherited. The 1879 announcement is distinguished from the fuller 1880 treatment used for this record.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1f9e49a2-9732-4507-a531-6bb2e880880a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0eb822838345ca2c816714531a7afbe424e81acc88d8f8780b100925ce6d2bac"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lindemann-pi-transcendence-1882","title":"Lindemann: π is transcendental and the classical circle cannot be squared","summary":"Lindemann adapted Hermite's exponential-integral arithmetic to prove that π is not a root of any nonzero polynomial with rational coefficients. The proof uses symmetry among algebraic conjugates, integer or algebraic-integer relations that become too small, and a nonzero determinant; the application combines the exponential relation e^(iπ)=−1 with the algebraic hypothesis. Transcendence excludes exact squaring of a circle by a finite construction using only a compass and unmarked straightedge.","boundary":"The admitted result is transcendence of π and its classical Euclidean constructibility consequence, not simply irrationality, a finite numerical test or an approximation algorithm. Rational coefficients mean the usual rational-number algebraic notion; historical real-or-complex rational wording is not arbitrary complex coefficients. Hermite's e theorem is antecedent, not this new result. Section4states broader exponential-transcendence/linear-independence results with proofs expressly reserved for fuller later treatment; those are not promoted here to a fully proved Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem or a claim of algebraic independence of e and π. Other construction tools and approximate quadratures are not ruled out.","area":"Transcendental number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1882,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"lindemann-pi-transcendence-1882","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfc59d30-5412-4dde-abc9-4cb9845fe1a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f39f922e1e5b3845e8b4f7732e14acec39085c9514f27d1da8ebf0aea8d9260"},"humans":["F. Lindemann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["hermite-e-transcendence-1873"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-lindemann-zahl-pi-1882","title":"Ueber die Zahl π (1882 original MathAnn20,213–225)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0020/LOG_0031.pdf","date":"1882"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"lindemann-pi-transcendence-1882","entry_id":"lindemann-pi-transcendence-1882","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfc59d30-5412-4dde-abc9-4cb9845fe1a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f39f922e1e5b3845e8b4f7732e14acec39085c9514f27d1da8ebf0aea8d9260"},"what_changed":"Lindemann adapted Hermite's exponential-integral arithmetic to prove that π is not a root of any nonzero polynomial with rational coefficients. The proof uses symmetry among algebraic conjugates, integer or algebraic-integer relations that become too small, and a nonzero determinant; the application combines the exponential relation e^(iπ)=−1 with the algebraic hypothesis. Transcendence excludes exact squaring of a circle by a finite construction using only a compass and unmarked straightedge.","scope":"Lindemann adapted Hermite's exponential-integral arithmetic to prove that π is not a root of any nonzero polynomial with rational coefficients. The proof uses symmetry among algebraic conjugates, integer or algebraic-integer relations that become too small, and a nonzero determinant; the application combines the exponential relation e^(iπ)=−1 with the algebraic hypothesis. Transcendence excludes exact squaring of a circle by a finite construction using only a compass and unmarked straightedge. The admitted result is transcendence of π and its classical Euclidean constructibility consequence, not simply irrationality, a finite numerical test or an approximation algorithm. Rational coefficients mean the usual rational-number algebraic notion; historical real-or-complex rational wording is not arbitrary complex coefficients. Hermite's e theorem is antecedent, not this new result. Section4states broader exponential-transcendence/linear-independence results with proofs expressly reserved for fuller later treatment; those are not promoted here to a fully proved Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem or a claim of algebraic independence of e and π. Other construction tools and approximate quadratures are not ruled out.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfc59d30-5412-4dde-abc9-4cb9845fe1a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f39f922e1e5b3845e8b4f7732e14acec39085c9514f27d1da8ebf0aea8d9260"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mittag-leffler-prescribed-principal-parts-1884","title":"Mittag-Leffler: constructing analytic functions with prescribed isolated singular parts","summary":"Mittag-Leffler's1884 memoir constructs a single-valued analytic function with prescribed singular parts at a countable isolated setQ, regular away fromQand its accumulation setQprime. Subtracting suitable finite Taylor/rational correction terms from each prescribed part makes their series locally uniformly convergent. Finite polynomial principal parts give the familiar meromorphic-function construction; entire functions of1/(z−a)allow isolated essential singular parts as well. Section 1also treats the stated connected-domain boundary formulation and describes the remaining freedom by addition of a regular function.","boundary":"Accumulation points ofQare excluded; a set merely countable but not isolated is insufficient, and local-uniform convergence is away from the excluded singular set. A finite singular-part polynomial produces a pole, while a transcendental entire function of1/(z−a)generally produces an essential singularity: these cases are not interchangeable. The meromorphic function is not unique without further normalization; on the whole plane two solutions with the same principal parts differ by an entire function. This record covers Section 1, not all 79 pages, later sheaf-cohomological formulations, interpolation with arbitrary zero controls or every general Riemann surface.","area":"Complex analysis and meromorphic functions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1884,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"mittag-leffler-prescribed-principal-parts-1884","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d8db119f-774c-45a8-a35d-a41347b05f7f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0820c87b702eeebb0532e933431bd8f87a6ab2f3b276dd72c4fc1260e6e1c112"},"humans":["Gösta Mittag-Leffler"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-mittag-leffler-representation-1884","title":"Sur la représentation analytique des fonctions monogènes uniformes d'une variable indépendante (ActaMath4,1–79)","url":"https://archive.ymsc.tsinghua.edu.cn/pacm_download/117/4767-11511_2006_Article_BF02418410.pdf","date":"1884"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"mittag-leffler-prescribed-principal-parts-1884","entry_id":"mittag-leffler-prescribed-principal-parts-1884","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d8db119f-774c-45a8-a35d-a41347b05f7f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0820c87b702eeebb0532e933431bd8f87a6ab2f3b276dd72c4fc1260e6e1c112"},"what_changed":"Mittag-Leffler's1884 memoir constructs a single-valued analytic function with prescribed singular parts at a countable isolated setQ, regular away fromQand its accumulation setQprime. Subtracting suitable finite Taylor/rational correction terms from each prescribed part makes their series locally uniformly convergent. Finite polynomial principal parts give the familiar meromorphic-function construction; entire functions of1/(z−a)allow isolated essential singular parts as well. Section 1also treats the stated connected-domain boundary formulation and describes the remaining freedom by addition of a regular function.","scope":"Mittag-Leffler's1884 memoir constructs a single-valued analytic function with prescribed singular parts at a countable isolated setQ, regular away fromQand its accumulation setQprime. Subtracting suitable finite Taylor/rational correction terms from each prescribed part makes their series locally uniformly convergent. Finite polynomial principal parts give the familiar meromorphic-function construction; entire functions of1/(z−a)allow isolated essential singular parts as well. Section 1also treats the stated connected-domain boundary formulation and describes the remaining freedom by addition of a regular function. Accumulation points ofQare excluded; a set merely countable but not isolated is insufficient, and local-uniform convergence is away from the excluded singular set. A finite singular-part polynomial produces a pole, while a transcendental entire function of1/(z−a)generally produces an essential singularity: these cases are not interchangeable. The meromorphic function is not unique without further normalization; on the whole plane two solutions with the same principal parts differ by an entire function. This record covers Section 1, not all 79 pages, later sheaf-cohomological formulations, interpolation with arbitrary zero controls or every general Riemann surface.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d8db119f-774c-45a8-a35d-a41347b05f7f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0820c87b702eeebb0532e933431bd8f87a6ab2f3b276dd72c4fc1260e6e1c112"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"runge-holomorphic-rational-approximation-1885","title":"Runge: rational approximation of single-valued analytic functions","summary":"Runge constructs rational approximations to a single-valued analytic function on a plane domain, converging uniformly on compact subsets away from its poles. Cauchy integrals on a nested square-grid exhaustion are replaced by finite rational sums; a pole-moving argument then relocates unwanted poles outside the approximation region. In particular, a holomorphic function on a domain can be locally uniformly approximated by rational functions without poles in that domain.","boundary":"This is complex rational approximation, not Runge's 1895numericalODEscheme. The approximation is local-uniform on interior compact sets, not uniform on an arbitrary entire open domain or its boundary, and does not assert polynomial approximation regardless of complementary holes. The source treats meromorphic functions using principal parts, rather than declaring poles regular. Its Section 2 prescribed-domain/prescribed-pole constructions serve as context, not separately counted or attributed solely to Runge: the original editor explicitly notes related prior Mittag-Leffler work. Later Mergelyan and Riemann-surface generalizations remain separate.","area":"Complex analysis and approximation theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1885,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"runge-holomorphic-rational-approximation-1885","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c8b139b-a4e0-4164-a159-75c9f03c9b13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8a5c4ac960c334c4401068759fb4784d1b2ed3088f54585337eccb7d670bb26d"},"humans":["Carl Runge"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["mittag-leffler-prescribed-principal-parts-1884"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-runge-rational-approximation-original-1885","title":"Zur Theorie der eindeutigen analytischen Functionen (ActaMath6,229–244)","url":"https://archive.ymsc.tsinghua.edu.cn/pacm_download/117/4802-11511_2006_Article_BF02400416.pdf","date":"1885"}],"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"runge-holomorphic-rational-approximation-1885","entry_id":"runge-holomorphic-rational-approximation-1885","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c8b139b-a4e0-4164-a159-75c9f03c9b13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8a5c4ac960c334c4401068759fb4784d1b2ed3088f54585337eccb7d670bb26d"},"what_changed":"Runge constructs rational approximations to a single-valued analytic function on a plane domain, converging uniformly on compact subsets away from its poles. Cauchy integrals on a nested square-grid exhaustion are replaced by finite rational sums; a pole-moving argument then relocates unwanted poles outside the approximation region. In particular, a holomorphic function on a domain can be locally uniformly approximated by rational functions without poles in that domain.","scope":"Runge constructs rational approximations to a single-valued analytic function on a plane domain, converging uniformly on compact subsets away from its poles. Cauchy integrals on a nested square-grid exhaustion are replaced by finite rational sums; a pole-moving argument then relocates unwanted poles outside the approximation region. In particular, a holomorphic function on a domain can be locally uniformly approximated by rational functions without poles in that domain. This is complex rational approximation, not Runge's 1895numericalODEscheme. The approximation is local-uniform on interior compact sets, not uniform on an arbitrary entire open domain or its boundary, and does not assert polynomial approximation regardless of complementary holes. The source treats meromorphic functions using principal parts, rather than declaring poles regular. Its Section 2 prescribed-domain/prescribed-pole constructions serve as context, not separately counted or attributed solely to Runge: the original editor explicitly notes related prior Mittag-Leffler work. Later Mergelyan and Riemann-surface generalizations remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c8b139b-a4e0-4164-a159-75c9f03c9b13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8a5c4ac960c334c4401068759fb4784d1b2ed3088f54585337eccb7d670bb26d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"holder-composition-factor-isomorphism-invariance-1889","title":"Hölder: invariant simple factor groups in finite-group composition series","summary":"Hölder proved that any two composition series of a finite group yield the same simple quotient groups up to isomorphism, order and multiplicity. He replaced the earlier invariance of numerical factor orders by invariance of the factor groups themselves, using quotient groups and an induction through intersections of distinct maximal normal subgroups. Applied to algebraic-equation chains, these simple factor groups give unavoidable constituents of the auxiliary equation groups, even when auxiliary irrationalities beyond the original roots are admitted under the paper's rationality-field conventions.","boundary":"Finite groups and finite composition series are the group-theoretic scope. The theorem does not make the subgroup chains unique or determine a group from its multiset of factors: extension problems remain. The algebraic application assumes distinct roots and the explicitly changing rationality fields; this record does not assert a modern inseparable or arbitrary-characteristic extension. The chief-series direct-product statement in Section 11 is expressly given without proof and is not certified here. Jordan's earlier numerical composition-factor invariance, Galois foundations, Dyck's quotient-group precedents and Netto's proof simplifications are retained as antecedents.","area":"Finite groups, quotient groups and Galois theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1889,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"holder-composition-factor-isomorphism-invariance-1889","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b75e6157-7e81-4e1c-a724-3c4efa5157d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:925c394999470292bb9322fd97986db9ce955f878b13be9d07dacc36dd050404"},"humans":["Otto Hölder"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-holder-composition-factors-1889","title":"Zurückführung einer beliebigen algebraischen Gleichung auf eine Kette von Gleichungen","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0034/LOG_0008.pdf","date":"1889"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"holder-composition-factor-isomorphism-invariance-1889","entry_id":"holder-composition-factor-isomorphism-invariance-1889","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b75e6157-7e81-4e1c-a724-3c4efa5157d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:925c394999470292bb9322fd97986db9ce955f878b13be9d07dacc36dd050404"},"what_changed":"Hölder proved that any two composition series of a finite group yield the same simple quotient groups up to isomorphism, order and multiplicity. He replaced the earlier invariance of numerical factor orders by invariance of the factor groups themselves, using quotient groups and an induction through intersections of distinct maximal normal subgroups. Applied to algebraic-equation chains, these simple factor groups give unavoidable constituents of the auxiliary equation groups, even when auxiliary irrationalities beyond the original roots are admitted under the paper's rationality-field conventions.","scope":"Hölder proved that any two composition series of a finite group yield the same simple quotient groups up to isomorphism, order and multiplicity. He replaced the earlier invariance of numerical factor orders by invariance of the factor groups themselves, using quotient groups and an induction through intersections of distinct maximal normal subgroups. Applied to algebraic-equation chains, these simple factor groups give unavoidable constituents of the auxiliary equation groups, even when auxiliary irrationalities beyond the original roots are admitted under the paper's rationality-field conventions. Finite groups and finite composition series are the group-theoretic scope. The theorem does not make the subgroup chains unique or determine a group from its multiset of factors: extension problems remain. The algebraic application assumes distinct roots and the explicitly changing rationality fields; this record does not assert a modern inseparable or arbitrary-characteristic extension. The chief-series direct-product statement in Section 11 is expressly given without proof and is not certified here. Jordan's earlier numerical composition-factor invariance, Galois foundations, Dyck's quotient-group precedents and Netto's proof simplifications are retained as antecedents.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b75e6157-7e81-4e1c-a724-3c4efa5157d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:925c394999470292bb9322fd97986db9ce955f878b13be9d07dacc36dd050404"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hilbert-basis-syzygy-1890","title":"Hilbert: finite polynomial bases, terminating syzygies and finite invariant systems","summary":"Hilbert proved that a system of homogeneous polynomial forms in finitely many variables admits a finite subfamily generating every member by polynomial linear combinations. He supplied a separate integer-coefficient version, proved termination of successive minimal systems of relations in the stated polynomial setting, and applied the finite-basis mechanism together with invariant-producing differential operators to establish finite generation for the classical invariant systems treated in the paper. The argument turned finiteness questions about infinitely many forms into finite algebraic data.","boundary":"The original forms are homogeneous and have coefficients in the stated numerical rationality field; integer coefficients require the separate Theorem II proof. Theorem III uses minimal systems of polynomial relations and its own equation-chain indexing: the number-of-variables bound is not asserted for arbitrary coefficient rings or arbitrary nonminimal free complexes. Section V treats the specified full linear transformations of finite form systems; the paper explicitly warns that finite generation for an arbitrary subgroup does not follow. Its invariant projection divides by nonzero positive numerical factors, so no unrestricted positive-characteristic extension is inferred. No efficient degree-bounded algorithm or arbitrary-subalgebra finiteness theorem is claimed.","area":"Commutative algebra and classical invariant theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1890,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hilbert-basis-syzygy-1890","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fd59b9b-2107-4b5c-ae69-4d3370be2af5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:41172476b4066ed02b6bd2074ad3ef01cb3ec33031083537922672fef23b3df4"},"humans":["David Hilbert"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["noether-ideal-theory-1921"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hilbert-algebraic-forms-1890-gdz","title":"Ueber die Theorie der algebraischen Formen","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0036/LOG_0045.pdf","date":"1890"}],"points":"430000","published_grade":{"id":"hilbert-basis-syzygy-1890","entry_id":"hilbert-basis-syzygy-1890","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fd59b9b-2107-4b5c-ae69-4d3370be2af5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:41172476b4066ed02b6bd2074ad3ef01cb3ec33031083537922672fef23b3df4"},"what_changed":"Hilbert proved that a system of homogeneous polynomial forms in finitely many variables admits a finite subfamily generating every member by polynomial linear combinations. He supplied a separate integer-coefficient version, proved termination of successive minimal systems of relations in the stated polynomial setting, and applied the finite-basis mechanism together with invariant-producing differential operators to establish finite generation for the classical invariant systems treated in the paper. The argument turned finiteness questions about infinitely many forms into finite algebraic data.","scope":"Hilbert proved that a system of homogeneous polynomial forms in finitely many variables admits a finite subfamily generating every member by polynomial linear combinations. He supplied a separate integer-coefficient version, proved termination of successive minimal systems of relations in the stated polynomial setting, and applied the finite-basis mechanism together with invariant-producing differential operators to establish finite generation for the classical invariant systems treated in the paper. The argument turned finiteness questions about infinitely many forms into finite algebraic data. The original forms are homogeneous and have coefficients in the stated numerical rationality field; integer coefficients require the separate Theorem II proof. Theorem III uses minimal systems of polynomial relations and its own equation-chain indexing: the number-of-variables bound is not asserted for arbitrary coefficient rings or arbitrary nonminimal free complexes. Section V treats the specified full linear transformations of finite form systems; the paper explicitly warns that finite generation for an arbitrary subgroup does not follow. Its invariant projection divides by nonzero positive numerical factors, so no unrestricted positive-characteristic extension is inferred. No efficient degree-bounded algorithm or arbitrary-subalgebra finiteness theorem is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fd59b9b-2107-4b5c-ae69-4d3370be2af5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:41172476b4066ed02b6bd2074ad3ef01cb3ec33031083537922672fef23b3df4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hurwitz-sharp-universal-rational-approximation-1891","title":"Hurwitz proves the sharp universal square-root-five rational-approximation bound","summary":"Hurwitz proves that every real irrational alpha has infinitely many rational approximations p/q with |alpha−p/q|<1/(sqrt(5)q²). The constant sqrt(5) in the denominator cannot be uniformly increased: irrationals whose continued fractions are eventually all 1, including the golden ratio and its integral fractional-linear equivalents, obstruct every larger constant.","boundary":"The universal quantifier is every real irrational, not every real including rationals and not a merely almost-everywhere statement. Infinitely many rational approximants have unbounded positive denominators; no finite precision search certifies the theorem. Sharpness is uniform over alpha, not a claim that every individual irrational has the same best approximation constant. Later refinements/Markoff classifications mentioned at the end are credited to Markoff rather than exported as wholly new Hurwitz theorems.","area":"Diophantine approximation and continued fractions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1891,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hurwitz-sharp-universal-rational-approximation-1891","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:201d8341-ed47-4512-a433-c797fad41ff3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9349dfca73f26ba46df1b63e47da03c6b676f81f686ff831b30ac35dc3a619aa"},"humans":["A. Hurwitz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hurwitz-rational-approximation-1891","title":"Ueber die angenäherte Darstellung der Irrationalzahlen durch rationale Brüche (Mathematische Annalen39,279–284)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0039/LOG_0023.pdf","date":"1891"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"hurwitz-sharp-universal-rational-approximation-1891","entry_id":"hurwitz-sharp-universal-rational-approximation-1891","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:201d8341-ed47-4512-a433-c797fad41ff3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9349dfca73f26ba46df1b63e47da03c6b676f81f686ff831b30ac35dc3a619aa"},"what_changed":"Hurwitz proves that every real irrational alpha has infinitely many rational approximations p/q with |alpha−p/q|<1/(sqrt(5)q²). The constant sqrt(5) in the denominator cannot be uniformly increased: irrationals whose continued fractions are eventually all 1, including the golden ratio and its integral fractional-linear equivalents, obstruct every larger constant.","scope":"Hurwitz proves that every real irrational alpha has infinitely many rational approximations p/q with |alpha−p/q|<1/(sqrt(5)q²). The constant sqrt(5) in the denominator cannot be uniformly increased: irrationals whose continued fractions are eventually all 1, including the golden ratio and its integral fractional-linear equivalents, obstruct every larger constant. The universal quantifier is every real irrational, not every real including rationals and not a merely almost-everywhere statement. Infinitely many rational approximants have unbounded positive denominators; no finite precision search certifies the theorem. Sharpness is uniform over alpha, not a claim that every individual irrational has the same best approximation constant. Later refinements/Markoff classifications mentioned at the end are credited to Markoff rather than exported as wholly new Hurwitz theorems.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:201d8341-ed47-4512-a433-c797fad41ff3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9349dfca73f26ba46df1b63e47da03c6b676f81f686ff831b30ac35dc3a619aa"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hilbert-nullstellensatz-invariants-1893","title":"Hilbert: the homogeneous zero-set criterion behind the Nullstellensatz","summary":"Hilbert proved a homogeneous polynomial zero-set criterion: if a family of forms vanishes at every common zero of specified forms, then products of sufficiently many members of the vanishing family belong to the ideal generated by the specified forms. In particular, a sufficiently high power of any such form is a polynomial combination of the defining forms. This provides the central bridge from common zeros to ideal powers that became the Nullstellensatz, and supports his analysis of invariant systems.","boundary":"The cited theorem is Section II, §3 in its original homogeneous complex-form setting, with the finite-basis input handling an infinite vanishing family. Homogeneous/projective zero conventions and positive-degree forms matter; it is not stated here as an unrestricted criterion using only real zeros, arbitrary coefficient rings or a uniform exponent independent of the defining system. The exponent depends on the given forms; no efficient modern effective-degree bound is inferred. The preceding normalization and invariant-field arguments are supporting context. The paper's later constructive invariant algorithms and nullform classification lie outside this record.","area":"Algebraic geometry and polynomial ideals","topic":"Mathematics","year":1893,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hilbert-nullstellensatz-invariants-1893","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b285022-999d-47a4-a4e9-3a1a80454761","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d78bada51358416f7eb857c7b3ce457d6d0fe455d948cd9195f6bb5293f87eb6"},"humans":["David Hilbert"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["alon-combinatorial-nullstellensatz-1999"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hilbert-full-invariants-1893-gdz","title":"Ueber die vollen Invariantensysteme","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0042/LOG_0034.pdf","date":"1893"}],"points":"400000","published_grade":{"id":"hilbert-nullstellensatz-invariants-1893","entry_id":"hilbert-nullstellensatz-invariants-1893","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b285022-999d-47a4-a4e9-3a1a80454761","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d78bada51358416f7eb857c7b3ce457d6d0fe455d948cd9195f6bb5293f87eb6"},"what_changed":"Hilbert proved a homogeneous polynomial zero-set criterion: if a family of forms vanishes at every common zero of specified forms, then products of sufficiently many members of the vanishing family belong to the ideal generated by the specified forms. In particular, a sufficiently high power of any such form is a polynomial combination of the defining forms. This provides the central bridge from common zeros to ideal powers that became the Nullstellensatz, and supports his analysis of invariant systems.","scope":"Hilbert proved a homogeneous polynomial zero-set criterion: if a family of forms vanishes at every common zero of specified forms, then products of sufficiently many members of the vanishing family belong to the ideal generated by the specified forms. In particular, a sufficiently high power of any such form is a polynomial combination of the defining forms. This provides the central bridge from common zeros to ideal powers that became the Nullstellensatz, and supports his analysis of invariant systems. The cited theorem is Section II, §3 in its original homogeneous complex-form setting, with the finite-basis input handling an infinite vanishing family. Homogeneous/projective zero conventions and positive-degree forms matter; it is not stated here as an unrestricted criterion using only real zeros, arbitrary coefficient rings or a uniform exponent independent of the defining system. The exponent depends on the given forms; no efficient modern effective-degree bound is inferred. The preceding normalization and invariant-field arguments are supporting context. The paper's later constructive invariant algorithms and nullform classification lie outside this record.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6b285022-999d-47a4-a4e9-3a1a80454761","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d78bada51358416f7eb857c7b3ce457d6d0fe455d948cd9195f6bb5293f87eb6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"prime-number-theorem-analytic-proofs-1896","title":"Hadamard and de la Vallée Poussin: the prime number theorem","summary":"Independent analytic proofs established the asymptotic density of primes, in the weighted form θ(x)=Σ_{p<x}log p∼x and the familiar equivalent count form π(x)∼x/log x. Hadamard's 1896 paper proves the absence of zeta zeros on Re(s)=1 away from the pole, then obtains the asymptotic by a convergent smoothed contour integral and removes the smoothing. The same paper treats fixed reduced arithmetic progressions, with weighted density1/φ(k); de la Vallée Poussin's own Congress report states the corresponding weighted and counting asymptotics.","boundary":"This is an asymptotic ratio as x tends to infinity, not an exact finite prime count, a uniform explicit remainder, a prime-location algorithm or the Riemann hypothesis. For progression m mod k, k is fixed and gcd(m,k)=1; no uniformity in a growing modulus or nonreduced classes. The linked full proof is Hadamard's 1896 paper; de la Vallée Poussin's supplied source is his own later two-page congress report, rather than his 1896 memoir. The equivalent modern π notation is explanatory rather than a verbatim Hadamard formula. Quadratic-form extensions and later zero-free regions/elementary proofs remain outside the admitted claim.","area":"Analytic number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1896,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"prime-number-theorem-analytic-proofs-1896","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7d58d54b-762c-4122-a603-200a3b3fe023","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a18ec25972f280d44e2e5872859d22f84f2dbc2454982e04e1a0a2df47114d4d"},"humans":["J. Hadamard","Ch. de la Vallée Poussin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Independent Hadamard and de la Vallée Poussin contributions are one result family, not a joint paper byline. The source set distinguishes the original Hadamard proof from the other investigator’s later own report.","agents":[],"related":["chebyshev-quantitative-prime-bounds-1852","dirichlet-primes-arithmetic-progressions-1837"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hadamard-prime-distribution-1896","title":"Sur la distribution des zéros de la fonction ζ(s) et ses conséquences arithmétiques (1896 original)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/bsmf.545.pdf","date":"1896"},{"id":"cur20261020-vallee-poussin-congress-primes-1898","title":"Sur la théorie des nombres premiers (own 1897 Congress report, published1898; printed194–195)","url":"https://www.e-rara.ch/download/pdf/2522595.pdf","date":"1898"}],"points":"500000","published_grade":{"id":"prime-number-theorem-analytic-proofs-1896","entry_id":"prime-number-theorem-analytic-proofs-1896","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7d58d54b-762c-4122-a603-200a3b3fe023","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a18ec25972f280d44e2e5872859d22f84f2dbc2454982e04e1a0a2df47114d4d"},"what_changed":"Independent analytic proofs established the asymptotic density of primes, in the weighted form θ(x)=Σ_{p<x}log p∼x and the familiar equivalent count form π(x)∼x/log x. Hadamard's 1896 paper proves the absence of zeta zeros on Re(s)=1 away from the pole, then obtains the asymptotic by a convergent smoothed contour integral and removes the smoothing. The same paper treats fixed reduced arithmetic progressions, with weighted density1/φ(k); de la Vallée Poussin's own Congress report states the corresponding weighted and counting asymptotics.","scope":"Independent analytic proofs established the asymptotic density of primes, in the weighted form θ(x)=Σ_{p<x}log p∼x and the familiar equivalent count form π(x)∼x/log x. Hadamard's 1896 paper proves the absence of zeta zeros on Re(s)=1 away from the pole, then obtains the asymptotic by a convergent smoothed contour integral and removes the smoothing. The same paper treats fixed reduced arithmetic progressions, with weighted density1/φ(k); de la Vallée Poussin's own Congress report states the corresponding weighted and counting asymptotics. This is an asymptotic ratio as x tends to infinity, not an exact finite prime count, a uniform explicit remainder, a prime-location algorithm or the Riemann hypothesis. For progression m mod k, k is fixed and gcd(m,k)=1; no uniformity in a growing modulus or nonreduced classes. The linked full proof is Hadamard's 1896 paper; de la Vallée Poussin's supplied source is his own later two-page congress report, rather than his 1896 memoir. The equivalent modern π notation is explanatory rather than a verbatim Hadamard formula. Quadratic-form extensions and later zero-free regions/elementary proofs remain outside the admitted claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7d58d54b-762c-4122-a603-200a3b3fe023","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a18ec25972f280d44e2e5872859d22f84f2dbc2454982e04e1a0a2df47114d4d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"minkowski-symmetric-convex-body-lattice-bound-1896","title":"Minkowski: volume forces a nonzero integer lattice point","summary":"Minkowski used translates of a half-scale centrally symmetric convex body to prove M^3 I<=8 for the minimum nonzero integer-lattice gauge M and unit-body volume I in three dimensions. Consequently a centered closed convex body of volume at least8 contains a nonzero integer lattice point. He connected the geometric bound with linear forms and simultaneous rational approximation.","boundary":"The 1896 authorized French translation by L. Laugel presents the argument for Z^3 with a positive finite convex gauge and central symmetry; arbitrary nonsymmetric sets or an open body at equality are not covered. The author states that his book removes the three-variable restriction, but that general-dimensional proof lies outside this cited treatment. Later successive-minima or unrestricted lattice versions are not silently imported.","area":"Geometry of numbers","topic":"Mathematics","year":1896,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"minkowski-symmetric-convex-body-lattice-bound-1896","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b28cb9e9-6b56-4c91-ad6e-5a0f890831c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:63bf37ad30fe7bbe4239cd6fd9eda8d7fece828de6519b3879bc9070dabc3f51"},"humans":["Hermann Minkowski"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-minkowski-geometric-integer-lattice-1896","title":"Sur les proprietes des nombres entiers qui sont derivees de l'intuition de l'espace (authorized French translation)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/NAM_1896_3_15__393_0.pdf","date":"1896-09"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"minkowski-symmetric-convex-body-lattice-bound-1896","entry_id":"minkowski-symmetric-convex-body-lattice-bound-1896","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b28cb9e9-6b56-4c91-ad6e-5a0f890831c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:63bf37ad30fe7bbe4239cd6fd9eda8d7fece828de6519b3879bc9070dabc3f51"},"what_changed":"Minkowski used translates of a half-scale centrally symmetric convex body to prove M^3 I<=8 for the minimum nonzero integer-lattice gauge M and unit-body volume I in three dimensions. Consequently a centered closed convex body of volume at least8 contains a nonzero integer lattice point. He connected the geometric bound with linear forms and simultaneous rational approximation.","scope":"Minkowski used translates of a half-scale centrally symmetric convex body to prove M^3 I<=8 for the minimum nonzero integer-lattice gauge M and unit-body volume I in three dimensions. Consequently a centered closed convex body of volume at least8 contains a nonzero integer lattice point. He connected the geometric bound with linear forms and simultaneous rational approximation. The 1896 authorized French translation by L. Laugel presents the argument for Z^3 with a positive finite convex gauge and central symmetry; arbitrary nonsymmetric sets or an open body at equality are not covered. The author states that his book removes the three-variable restriction, but that general-dimensional proof lies outside this cited treatment. Later successive-minima or unrestricted lattice versions are not silently imported.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b28cb9e9-6b56-4c91-ad6e-5a0f890831c1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:63bf37ad30fe7bbe4239cd6fd9eda8d7fece828de6519b3879bc9070dabc3f51"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hensel-p-adic-number-expansions-1897","title":"Hensel: prime-adic expansions as a new foundation for algebraic numbers","summary":"Hensel proposed replacing aspects of ideal-prime factorization by local prime-power expansions analogous to power-series expansions of algebraic functions. His announcement describes algebraic numbers through expansions with finitely many negative terms, distinguishes unramified and ramified local parameters, and relates the resulting places and orders of zeros or poles to prime-ideal divisibility and ramification. It sets out a prime-adic local viewpoint rather than giving a complete proof of the announced foundation.","boundary":"The six-page note explicitly defers simple proofs to a forthcoming Mathematische Annalen paper. The stated root-count and expansion assertions are historical announcements, not independently validated general congruence-root theorems in this record. Digits may belong to a finite residue-field extension; ramified parameters are not always simply a root of p, and the note separately discusses the exceptional divisibility case. No claim that every algebraic number lies in Q_p, no arbitrary p-adic completeness theorem, full modern local-field classification, Hensel lifting lemma proof or local-global principle is certified here.","area":"Algebraic number theory and local expansions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1897,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"hensel-p-adic-number-expansions-1897","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:20f74546-dd4d-46b5-ad75-c48bc4825235","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:564689499aacb1e1ba8fb46b993fc6efc4c81ad5cb8e996ab3d1a2e5f4932bd3"},"humans":["Kurt Hensel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["scholze-perfectoid-spaces-2012"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hensel-algebraic-number-expansions-1897","title":"Über eine neue Begründung der Theorie der algebraischen Zahlen","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN37721857X_0006/LOG_0018.pdf","date":"1897"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"hensel-p-adic-number-expansions-1897","entry_id":"hensel-p-adic-number-expansions-1897","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:20f74546-dd4d-46b5-ad75-c48bc4825235","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:564689499aacb1e1ba8fb46b993fc6efc4c81ad5cb8e996ab3d1a2e5f4932bd3"},"what_changed":"Hensel proposed replacing aspects of ideal-prime factorization by local prime-power expansions analogous to power-series expansions of algebraic functions. His announcement describes algebraic numbers through expansions with finitely many negative terms, distinguishes unramified and ramified local parameters, and relates the resulting places and orders of zeros or poles to prime-ideal divisibility and ramification. It sets out a prime-adic local viewpoint rather than giving a complete proof of the announced foundation.","scope":"Hensel proposed replacing aspects of ideal-prime factorization by local prime-power expansions analogous to power-series expansions of algebraic functions. His announcement describes algebraic numbers through expansions with finitely many negative terms, distinguishes unramified and ramified local parameters, and relates the resulting places and orders of zeros or poles to prime-ideal divisibility and ramification. It sets out a prime-adic local viewpoint rather than giving a complete proof of the announced foundation. The six-page note explicitly defers simple proofs to a forthcoming Mathematische Annalen paper. The stated root-count and expansion assertions are historical announcements, not independently validated general congruence-root theorems in this record. Digits may belong to a finite residue-field extension; ramified parameters are not always simply a root of p, and the note separately discusses the exceptional divisibility case. No claim that every algebraic number lies in Q_p, no arbitrary p-adic completeness theorem, full modern local-field classification, Hensel lifting lemma proof or local-global principle is certified here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:20f74546-dd4d-46b5-ad75-c48bc4825235","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:564689499aacb1e1ba8fb46b993fc6efc4c81ad5cb8e996ab3d1a2e5f4932bd3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"maschke-finite-complex-representation-complete-reducibility-1899","title":"Maschke: complete reducibility of finite complex linear groups","summary":"Maschke removed an earlier restriction from his criterion that a finite linear substitution group whose matrices have a fixed identically vanishing off-diagonal coefficient is intransitive, meaning transformable into separate blocks of variables. The decisive finite-group step starts with an invariant block and uses a positive invariant Hermitian form to eliminate the cross terms; the resulting unitary relations force the opposite off-diagonal block to vanish. Thus an invariant subspace in this complex finite-dimensional setting has an invariant complementary subspace, giving complete reducibility by iteration.","boundary":"The historical paper treats finite complex linear substitution groups using conjugation and a positive Hermitian form. Its preliminary block-triangular reductions can apply to infinite groups, but the invariant-complement conclusion uses finiteness. The common zero is across every group matrix in a fixed position, not a zero in just one element. This record does not attribute a modern averaging-projection proof, the arbitrary-field characteristic-not-dividing-order extension, uniqueness of irreducible multiplicities or infinite-dimensional compact-group theory to the 1899 body.","area":"Finite-group representations and invariant complements","topic":"Mathematics","year":1899,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"maschke-finite-complex-representation-complete-reducibility-1899","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcd375ae-46a7-4562-a28b-5eab840843ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:534396a49e10f3cfb3c7a70753701ed89720ed6946ff5ef7b45589e507bc256b"},"humans":["Heinrich Maschke"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-maschke-complex-reducibility-1899","title":"Beweis des Satzes, dass diejenigen endlichen linearen Substitutionsgruppen, in welchen einige durchgehends verschwindende Coefficienten auftreten, intransitiv sind","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0052/LOG_0032.pdf","date":"1899"}],"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"maschke-finite-complex-representation-complete-reducibility-1899","entry_id":"maschke-finite-complex-representation-complete-reducibility-1899","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcd375ae-46a7-4562-a28b-5eab840843ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:534396a49e10f3cfb3c7a70753701ed89720ed6946ff5ef7b45589e507bc256b"},"what_changed":"Maschke removed an earlier restriction from his criterion that a finite linear substitution group whose matrices have a fixed identically vanishing off-diagonal coefficient is intransitive, meaning transformable into separate blocks of variables. The decisive finite-group step starts with an invariant block and uses a positive invariant Hermitian form to eliminate the cross terms; the resulting unitary relations force the opposite off-diagonal block to vanish. Thus an invariant subspace in this complex finite-dimensional setting has an invariant complementary subspace, giving complete reducibility by iteration.","scope":"Maschke removed an earlier restriction from his criterion that a finite linear substitution group whose matrices have a fixed identically vanishing off-diagonal coefficient is intransitive, meaning transformable into separate blocks of variables. The decisive finite-group step starts with an invariant block and uses a positive invariant Hermitian form to eliminate the cross terms; the resulting unitary relations force the opposite off-diagonal block to vanish. Thus an invariant subspace in this complex finite-dimensional setting has an invariant complementary subspace, giving complete reducibility by iteration. The historical paper treats finite complex linear substitution groups using conjugation and a positive Hermitian form. Its preliminary block-triangular reductions can apply to infinite groups, but the invariant-complement conclusion uses finiteness. The common zero is across every group matrix in a fixed position, not a zero in just one element. This record does not attribute a modern averaging-projection proof, the arbitrary-field characteristic-not-dividing-order extension, uniqueness of irreducible multiplicities or infinite-dimensional compact-group theory to the 1899 body.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcd375ae-46a7-4562-a28b-5eab840843ea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:534396a49e10f3cfb3c7a70753701ed89720ed6946ff5ef7b45589e507bc256b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fejer-cesaro-fourier-summability-1900","title":"Fejér: arithmetic means restore convergence of Fourier expansions","summary":"Fejér proves that arithmetic means of the Fourier partial sums of a bounded integrable periodic function converge to its value at continuity points and to the average of its finite one-sided limits at a jump. A nonnegative normalized trigonometric kernel controls the nearby and distant parts of the integral. For a continuous periodic function the convergence is uniform, giving constructive trigonometric approximation; the note also explains how a convergent series of finite Fourier polynomials follows by telescoping the means.","boundary":"The averaged partial sums are not the original Fourier partial sums, which may diverge. The 1900 bounded-integrable formulation predates the general Lebesgue-integrable extension; no unrestricted almost-everywhere/LP theorem is backdated. Uniform convergence requires continuity on the relevant compact interval, with the periodic endpoint condition for the whole circle. The displayed cosine-difference kernel handles general Fourier coefficients, not merely even functions. The Weierstrass approximation theorem and Poisson integral are inherited targets/applications, not newly invented here; the final Poisson comment does not constitute a separately complete PDE theory.","area":"Harmonic analysis and approximation theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1900,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"fejer-cesaro-fourier-summability-1900","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:117df962-d9c0-48dc-ad2c-97199730cf5d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e74295d9d0189e54161d98bcadeef7499e28ed7bccbb2c145901f4ae5ce320ef"},"humans":["Lipót Fejér"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-fejer-bounded-integrable-1900","title":"Sur les fonctions bornées et intégrables (CR131,984–987)","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/fej1OCR.pdf","date":"1900"}],"points":"310000","published_grade":{"id":"fejer-cesaro-fourier-summability-1900","entry_id":"fejer-cesaro-fourier-summability-1900","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:117df962-d9c0-48dc-ad2c-97199730cf5d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e74295d9d0189e54161d98bcadeef7499e28ed7bccbb2c145901f4ae5ce320ef"},"what_changed":"Fejér proves that arithmetic means of the Fourier partial sums of a bounded integrable periodic function converge to its value at continuity points and to the average of its finite one-sided limits at a jump. A nonnegative normalized trigonometric kernel controls the nearby and distant parts of the integral. For a continuous periodic function the convergence is uniform, giving constructive trigonometric approximation; the note also explains how a convergent series of finite Fourier polynomials follows by telescoping the means.","scope":"Fejér proves that arithmetic means of the Fourier partial sums of a bounded integrable periodic function converge to its value at continuity points and to the average of its finite one-sided limits at a jump. A nonnegative normalized trigonometric kernel controls the nearby and distant parts of the integral. For a continuous periodic function the convergence is uniform, giving constructive trigonometric approximation; the note also explains how a convergent series of finite Fourier polynomials follows by telescoping the means. The averaged partial sums are not the original Fourier partial sums, which may diverge. The 1900 bounded-integrable formulation predates the general Lebesgue-integrable extension; no unrestricted almost-everywhere/LP theorem is backdated. Uniform convergence requires continuity on the relevant compact interval, with the periodic endpoint condition for the whole circle. The displayed cosine-difference kernel handles general Fourier coefficients, not merely even functions. The Weierstrass approximation theorem and Poisson integral are inherited targets/applications, not newly invented here; the final Poisson comment does not constitute a separately complete PDE theory.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:117df962-d9c0-48dc-ad2c-97199730cf5d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e74295d9d0189e54161d98bcadeef7499e28ed7bccbb2c145901f4ae5ce320ef"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"frechet-abstract-limits-metric-compactness-framework-1906","title":"Frechet: abstract convergence, distance and compactness in functional calculus","summary":"Frechet organized functional calculus on sets of arbitrary objects by first axiomatizing convergence, then adding a symmetric separating distance and the triangle inequality. His framework transfers continuity and compactness arguments beyond Euclidean points. In the distance setting, he characterizes nonempty compact sets through boundedness and attainment of extrema of every real-valued continuous functional, and develops finite-small-cover criteria under his stronger normal-class assumptions.","boundary":"His historical terminology distinguishes compact sets, which can have limit points outside themselves, from closed compact sets called extremal; it must not be silently equated with modern compactness. Normal classes additionally impose his completeness, separability and no-isolated-point conditions. The weakest convergence classes need not even have closed derived sets. This is not the later definition of a locally convex Frechet space or a claim that all topological spaces are metrizable; later curve and analytic-function applications lie outside this record.","area":"Metric spaces and functional analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1906,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"frechet-abstract-limits-metric-compactness-framework-1906","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5467db27-1ef9-487c-a98d-9b6a0298f58e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e396bd000b0beaad9072d00bdf0f876351d15ebc0472423923d41904c015026"},"humans":["Maurice Frechet"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-frechet-abstract-limits-metric-1906","title":"Sur quelques points du calcul fonctionnel (1906journalmemoir)","url":"https://perso.lpsm.paris/~mazliak/Frechet_1906.pdf","date":"1906"}],"points":"380000","published_grade":{"id":"frechet-abstract-limits-metric-compactness-framework-1906","entry_id":"frechet-abstract-limits-metric-compactness-framework-1906","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5467db27-1ef9-487c-a98d-9b6a0298f58e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e396bd000b0beaad9072d00bdf0f876351d15ebc0472423923d41904c015026"},"what_changed":"Frechet organized functional calculus on sets of arbitrary objects by first axiomatizing convergence, then adding a symmetric separating distance and the triangle inequality. His framework transfers continuity and compactness arguments beyond Euclidean points. In the distance setting, he characterizes nonempty compact sets through boundedness and attainment of extrema of every real-valued continuous functional, and develops finite-small-cover criteria under his stronger normal-class assumptions.","scope":"Frechet organized functional calculus on sets of arbitrary objects by first axiomatizing convergence, then adding a symmetric separating distance and the triangle inequality. His framework transfers continuity and compactness arguments beyond Euclidean points. In the distance setting, he characterizes nonempty compact sets through boundedness and attainment of extrema of every real-valued continuous functional, and develops finite-small-cover criteria under his stronger normal-class assumptions. His historical terminology distinguishes compact sets, which can have limit points outside themselves, from closed compact sets called extremal; it must not be silently equated with modern compactness. Normal classes additionally impose his completeness, separability and no-isolated-point conditions. The weakest convergence classes need not even have closed derived sets. This is not the later definition of a locally convex Frechet space or a claim that all topological spaces are metrizable; later curve and analytic-function applications lie outside this record.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5467db27-1ef9-487c-a98d-9b6a0298f58e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4e396bd000b0beaad9072d00bdf0f876351d15ebc0472423923d41904c015026"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"haar-dyadic-orthogonal-system-convergence-1910","title":"Haar's dyadic orthogonal system with localized convergent expansions","summary":"Haar constructs a complete orthonormal system of localized dyadic step functions on [0,1]. In its specified natural order, Fourier-Haar expansions converge uniformly for continuous functions and almost everywhere for Lebesgue-integrable functions. The proof uses localized positive averaging kernels; dense recursive partitions yield related systems.","boundary":"The basis functions are discontinuous step functions: this is not a Schauder basis made of continuous elements of C[0,1], nor a claim that arbitrary reordering preserves convergence. No general wavelet optimality, unconditionality in every space or the paper's later Sturm–Liouville results is included.","area":"Harmonic analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1910,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"haar-dyadic-orthogonal-system-convergence-1910","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f183f01d-7eb8-41e6-a539-7b107c7528ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:63a4ee4cb403c5bca02fc15b365b5145f8ce07a74d09d0683062c8c9df0a9616"},"humans":["Alfred Haar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-haar-orthogonal-system-1910","title":"Zur Theorie der orthogonalen Funktionensysteme, Erste Mitteilung","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/haar1910.pdf","date":"1910"}],"points":"310000","published_grade":{"id":"haar-dyadic-orthogonal-system-convergence-1910","entry_id":"haar-dyadic-orthogonal-system-convergence-1910","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f183f01d-7eb8-41e6-a539-7b107c7528ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:63a4ee4cb403c5bca02fc15b365b5145f8ce07a74d09d0683062c8c9df0a9616"},"what_changed":"Haar constructs a complete orthonormal system of localized dyadic step functions on [0,1]. In its specified natural order, Fourier-Haar expansions converge uniformly for continuous functions and almost everywhere for Lebesgue-integrable functions. The proof uses localized positive averaging kernels; dense recursive partitions yield related systems.","scope":"Haar constructs a complete orthonormal system of localized dyadic step functions on [0,1]. In its specified natural order, Fourier-Haar expansions converge uniformly for continuous functions and almost everywhere for Lebesgue-integrable functions. The proof uses localized positive averaging kernels; dense recursive partitions yield related systems. The basis functions are discontinuous step functions: this is not a Schauder basis made of continuous elements of C[0,1], nor a claim that arbitrary reordering preserves convergence. No general wavelet optimality, unconditionality in every space or the paper's later Sturm–Liouville results is included.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f183f01d-7eb8-41e6-a539-7b107c7528ee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:63a4ee4cb403c5bca02fc15b365b5145f8ce07a74d09d0683062c8c9df0a9616"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schur-entrywise-product-positive-hermitian-forms-1911","title":"Schur proves that entrywise products preserve positive semidefiniteness","summary":"Schur proves that the coefficientwise product of two finite nonnegative Hermitian forms is again nonnegative. The proof factors one coefficient matrix into Gram terms and expresses the product form as a sum of nonnegative forms. He also bounds the product's characteristic roots using the extremal eigenvalues of one form and diagonal entries of the other, and derives a product-closure result for continuous nonnegative Hermitian kernels.","boundary":"The product is entrywise in a common index basis, not ordinary matrix multiplication. Positive semidefinite and strictly positive definite are different: if one factor is positive definite and the other is positive semidefinite with strictly positive diagonal, the product is positive definite; zero rows/diagonal can prevent strictness. The stated kernel application retains the original continuity and finite-interval setting. The finite matrix statement and its continuous-kernel extension retain their distinct hypotheses; they do not assert every later theorem about infinite-dimensional operators or completely positive maps.","area":"Matrix analysis and positive kernels","topic":"Mathematics","year":1911,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"schur-entrywise-product-positive-hermitian-forms-1911","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93b63305-f203-4c73-a29d-d08ed9aabc26","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09563960bf05ec6b9d8b14e84e146db49ee89af0071da217ec5e4fdbda47af38"},"humans":["J. Schur"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-schur-positive-entrywise-product-1911","title":"Bemerkungen zur Theorie der beschränkten Bilinearformen mit unendlich vielen Veränderlichen (JReineAngewMath140,1–28; selectedoriginalscans)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN243919689_0140/LOG_0004.pdf","date":"1911"}],"points":"235000","published_grade":{"id":"schur-entrywise-product-positive-hermitian-forms-1911","entry_id":"schur-entrywise-product-positive-hermitian-forms-1911","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93b63305-f203-4c73-a29d-d08ed9aabc26","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09563960bf05ec6b9d8b14e84e146db49ee89af0071da217ec5e4fdbda47af38"},"what_changed":"Schur proves that the coefficientwise product of two finite nonnegative Hermitian forms is again nonnegative. The proof factors one coefficient matrix into Gram terms and expresses the product form as a sum of nonnegative forms. He also bounds the product's characteristic roots using the extremal eigenvalues of one form and diagonal entries of the other, and derives a product-closure result for continuous nonnegative Hermitian kernels.","scope":"Schur proves that the coefficientwise product of two finite nonnegative Hermitian forms is again nonnegative. The proof factors one coefficient matrix into Gram terms and expresses the product form as a sum of nonnegative forms. He also bounds the product's characteristic roots using the extremal eigenvalues of one form and diagonal entries of the other, and derives a product-closure result for continuous nonnegative Hermitian kernels. The product is entrywise in a common index basis, not ordinary matrix multiplication. Positive semidefinite and strictly positive definite are different: if one factor is positive definite and the other is positive semidefinite with strictly positive diagonal, the product is positive definite; zero rows/diagonal can prevent strictness. The stated kernel application retains the original continuity and finite-interval setting. The finite matrix statement and its continuous-kernel extension retain their distinct hypotheses; they do not assert every later theorem about infinite-dimensional operators or completely positive maps.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93b63305-f203-4c73-a29d-d08ed9aabc26","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09563960bf05ec6b9d8b14e84e146db49ee89af0071da217ec5e4fdbda47af38"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"weyl-planar-dirichlet-spectral-asymptotics-1911","title":"Weyl: area controls the leading Dirichlet eigenvalue count","summary":"Weyl linked high Dirichlet eigenvalues of a planar domain to its area: for eigenvalues λ_n of −Δ ordered with multiplicity, n/λ_n tends to area/(4π). His1911note combines comparison inequalities for symmetric integral kernels with the Green-function singularity, reduction to squares and explicit square eigenvalues. It also states the analogous planar variable-coefficient leading term with effective area ∫k/p for the specified self-adjoint elliptic problem.","boundary":"The original TheoremX is stated in two dimensions for a bounded planar region, with u=0 boundary condition and its Green-function/boundary calculus setting. The short proof uses boundary normal derivatives and integrability of log distance-to-boundary; this reading does not certify arbitrary fractal boundaries from the word beliebig. For ∂x(p∂xu)+∂y(p∂yu)−qu+λku=0, p,q,k are continuous through the boundary and p,k stay positive; lim4πn/λ_n=∫k/p. No Neumann/Robin, general dimension/manifold, rough measurable-coefficient or sign-changing weight extension is asserted. Leading asymptotic does not determine shape uniquely or supply a second boundary term or uniform remainder.","area":"Spectral theory and mathematical physics","topic":"Mathematics","year":1911,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"weyl-planar-dirichlet-spectral-asymptotics-1911","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cdf1fd28-dc4d-4fdf-ab2a-32928774eb80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:becce8a686e10fbcff1a8902948968ab674f50c12b3a22fa466515192219543f"},"humans":["Hermann Weyl"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-weyl-eigenvalue-asymptotics-1911","title":"Ueber die asymptotische Verteilung der Eigenwerte (1911 original scan)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN252457811_1911/LOG_0023.pdf","date":"1911"}],"points":"340000","published_grade":{"id":"weyl-planar-dirichlet-spectral-asymptotics-1911","entry_id":"weyl-planar-dirichlet-spectral-asymptotics-1911","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cdf1fd28-dc4d-4fdf-ab2a-32928774eb80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:becce8a686e10fbcff1a8902948968ab674f50c12b3a22fa466515192219543f"},"what_changed":"Weyl linked high Dirichlet eigenvalues of a planar domain to its area: for eigenvalues λ_n of −Δ ordered with multiplicity, n/λ_n tends to area/(4π). His1911note combines comparison inequalities for symmetric integral kernels with the Green-function singularity, reduction to squares and explicit square eigenvalues. It also states the analogous planar variable-coefficient leading term with effective area ∫k/p for the specified self-adjoint elliptic problem.","scope":"Weyl linked high Dirichlet eigenvalues of a planar domain to its area: for eigenvalues λ_n of −Δ ordered with multiplicity, n/λ_n tends to area/(4π). His1911note combines comparison inequalities for symmetric integral kernels with the Green-function singularity, reduction to squares and explicit square eigenvalues. It also states the analogous planar variable-coefficient leading term with effective area ∫k/p for the specified self-adjoint elliptic problem. The original TheoremX is stated in two dimensions for a bounded planar region, with u=0 boundary condition and its Green-function/boundary calculus setting. The short proof uses boundary normal derivatives and integrability of log distance-to-boundary; this reading does not certify arbitrary fractal boundaries from the word beliebig. For ∂x(p∂xu)+∂y(p∂yu)−qu+λku=0, p,q,k are continuous through the boundary and p,k stay positive; lim4πn/λ_n=∫k/p. No Neumann/Robin, general dimension/manifold, rough measurable-coefficient or sign-changing weight extension is asserted. Leading asymptotic does not determine shape uniquely or supply a second boundary term or uniform remainder.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cdf1fd28-dc4d-4fdf-ab2a-32928774eb80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:becce8a686e10fbcff1a8902948968ab674f50c12b3a22fa466515192219543f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"frobenius-irreducible-nonnegative-matrix-spectrum-1912","title":"Frobenius: irreducible nonnegative matrices and their peripheral spectral cycle","summary":"Frobenius extends positive-matrix spectral theory to finite irreducible nonnegative matrices. The positive spectral radius is a simple eigenvalue with strictly positive left and right eigenvectors, while all eigenvalues on its spectral circle are simple and are the radius times a full cycle of roots of unity. The primitive case is characterized by a positive matrix power; sufficiently high powers are then positive. The same paper develops cyclic block structure and reduction into irreducible parts.","boundary":"Finite real entrywise-nonnegative matrices, not arbitrary signed matrices or infinite-dimensional positive operators. The positive-radius statement concerns nontrivial irreducible matrices, excluding the exceptional1×1zero matrix. Irreducibility alone does not make the positive eigenvalue uniquely largest in modulus: imprimitive matrices have a peripheral cycle. Strictly positive eigenvectors and simplicity cannot be transferred unchanged to arbitrary reducible matrices. This is the 1912 extension, not sole invention of all Perron–Frobenius antecedents or later stochastic-mixing bounds.","area":"Linear algebra and spectral theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1912,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"frobenius-irreducible-nonnegative-matrix-spectrum-1912","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dcc43508-b31d-45f1-a478-c1f982824172","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80930c5d94a0490e508f81f9e86c8a4fe592bbd7b7d9e4eb24ec376073b041f7"},"humans":["G. Frobenius"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-frobenius-nonnegative-matrices-1912","title":"Über Matrizen aus nicht negativen Elementen (original456–477)","url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Ueber_Matrizen_aus_nicht_negativen_Elementen.pdf","date":"1912"}],"points":"330000","published_grade":{"id":"frobenius-irreducible-nonnegative-matrix-spectrum-1912","entry_id":"frobenius-irreducible-nonnegative-matrix-spectrum-1912","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dcc43508-b31d-45f1-a478-c1f982824172","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80930c5d94a0490e508f81f9e86c8a4fe592bbd7b7d9e4eb24ec376073b041f7"},"what_changed":"Frobenius extends positive-matrix spectral theory to finite irreducible nonnegative matrices. The positive spectral radius is a simple eigenvalue with strictly positive left and right eigenvectors, while all eigenvalues on its spectral circle are simple and are the radius times a full cycle of roots of unity. The primitive case is characterized by a positive matrix power; sufficiently high powers are then positive. The same paper develops cyclic block structure and reduction into irreducible parts.","scope":"Frobenius extends positive-matrix spectral theory to finite irreducible nonnegative matrices. The positive spectral radius is a simple eigenvalue with strictly positive left and right eigenvectors, while all eigenvalues on its spectral circle are simple and are the radius times a full cycle of roots of unity. The primitive case is characterized by a positive matrix power; sufficiently high powers are then positive. The same paper develops cyclic block structure and reduction into irreducible parts. Finite real entrywise-nonnegative matrices, not arbitrary signed matrices or infinite-dimensional positive operators. The positive-radius statement concerns nontrivial irreducible matrices, excluding the exceptional1×1zero matrix. Irreducibility alone does not make the positive eigenvalue uniquely largest in modulus: imprimitive matrices have a peripheral cycle. Strictly positive eigenvectors and simplicity cannot be transferred unchanged to arbitrary reducible matrices. This is the 1912 extension, not sole invention of all Perron–Frobenius antecedents or later stochastic-mixing bounds.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dcc43508-b31d-45f1-a478-c1f982824172","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80930c5d94a0490e508f81f9e86c8a4fe592bbd7b7d9e4eb24ec376073b041f7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lusin-large-closed-set-relative-continuity-1912","title":"Lusin: measurable functions are continuous on arbitrarily large closed subsets","summary":"In his French note, Lusin characterizes measurable real functions on [0,1] by continuity on a perfect nowhere-dense subset whose measure can be chosen greater than1−epsilon for every positive epsilon. Continuity is relative to that retained set. Using Egoroff's almost-uniform convergence result, the note shows that this C-property is preserved by pointwise or almost-everywhere limiting constructions and states the measurable-function characterization and converse.","boundary":"The large set depends on epsilon; this does not say the original function is continuous at almost every ambient-domain point, or that one fixed full-measure closed set works for all errors. The source uses a finite real interval and relative continuity, not an unrestricted theorem for arbitrary measure spaces and target topologies. Lusin explicitly says this 1912 note collects results from his 1911 Russian memoir and responds to Borel's 1912 note; it is not claimed as first discovery in 1912. Earlier Borel/Lebesgue formulations and Vitali's 1905 work must retain separate historical credit within this contribution family. The final polynomial-series and a.e.-primitive consequences are announced without full proofs here and are outside the established theorem covered by this record.","area":"Measure theory and real analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1912,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"lusin-large-closed-set-relative-continuity-1912","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e92e1fa4-a7df-46a9-ab7c-76e0330ae325","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1d770dc1fac9a756addf6c59686458d40fa549fa65388f5e8fe261b335ba3bd"},"humans":["N. Lusin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-lusin-measurable-properties-1912","title":"Sur les propriétés des fonctions mesurables (CR154,1688–1690;17June1912 issue container)","url":"https://archive.org/download/comptes-rendus-hebdomadaires-academie-des-sciences_1912-06-17_154_25/comptes-rendus-hebdomadaires-academie-des-sciences_1912-06-17_154_25.pdf","date":"1912-06-17"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"lusin-large-closed-set-relative-continuity-1912","entry_id":"lusin-large-closed-set-relative-continuity-1912","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e92e1fa4-a7df-46a9-ab7c-76e0330ae325","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1d770dc1fac9a756addf6c59686458d40fa549fa65388f5e8fe261b335ba3bd"},"what_changed":"In his French note, Lusin characterizes measurable real functions on [0,1] by continuity on a perfect nowhere-dense subset whose measure can be chosen greater than1−epsilon for every positive epsilon. Continuity is relative to that retained set. Using Egoroff's almost-uniform convergence result, the note shows that this C-property is preserved by pointwise or almost-everywhere limiting constructions and states the measurable-function characterization and converse.","scope":"In his French note, Lusin characterizes measurable real functions on [0,1] by continuity on a perfect nowhere-dense subset whose measure can be chosen greater than1−epsilon for every positive epsilon. Continuity is relative to that retained set. Using Egoroff's almost-uniform convergence result, the note shows that this C-property is preserved by pointwise or almost-everywhere limiting constructions and states the measurable-function characterization and converse. The large set depends on epsilon; this does not say the original function is continuous at almost every ambient-domain point, or that one fixed full-measure closed set works for all errors. The source uses a finite real interval and relative continuity, not an unrestricted theorem for arbitrary measure spaces and target topologies. Lusin explicitly says this 1912 note collects results from his 1911 Russian memoir and responds to Borel's 1912 note; it is not claimed as first discovery in 1912. Earlier Borel/Lebesgue formulations and Vitali's 1905 work must retain separate historical credit within this contribution family. The final polynomial-series and a.e.-primitive consequences are announced without full proofs here and are outside the established theorem covered by this record.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e92e1fa4-a7df-46a9-ab7c-76e0330ae325","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a1d770dc1fac9a756addf6c59686458d40fa549fa65388f5e8fe261b335ba3bd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tietze-bounded-continuous-closed-metric-extension-1915","title":"Tietze extends bounded continuous functions from closed subsets of metric spaces","summary":"Tietze proves that a bounded real-valued continuous function on a closed subset of a Frechet classE—a metric space in the paper's explicit distance axioms—extends continuously to the whole space. The construction uses distance to the closed set and a distance-weighted upper envelope. Related majorization and decreasing continuous approximation results supply the same proof framework.","boundary":"The original displayed extension theorem assumes a bounded real-valued continuous function and a closed subset of a metric space. It is not presented here as the later general equivalence for every normal topological space, an unbounded/vector-valued extension theorem, a unique extension,or automatic preservation of differentiability or Lipschitz constants. No completeness or separability assumption is silently added. Modern textbook generalizations and different explicit extension formulas are not backdated to this source.","area":"Topology and continuous extension","topic":"Mathematics","year":1915,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"tietze-bounded-continuous-closed-metric-extension-1915","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:344452f5-ccb7-415e-a0cc-f35a0a877bab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16e9d57186e68b74b8d52894bfc57faf17d5cbaea004c82f16e4c15fb4ea1f1b"},"humans":["Heinrich Tietze"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-tietze-closed-extension-1915","title":"Über Funktionen, die auf einer abgeschlossenen Menge stetig sind (JReineAngewMath145,9–14; GDZscans)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN243919689_0145/LOG_0006.pdf","date":"1915"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"tietze-bounded-continuous-closed-metric-extension-1915","entry_id":"tietze-bounded-continuous-closed-metric-extension-1915","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:344452f5-ccb7-415e-a0cc-f35a0a877bab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16e9d57186e68b74b8d52894bfc57faf17d5cbaea004c82f16e4c15fb4ea1f1b"},"what_changed":"Tietze proves that a bounded real-valued continuous function on a closed subset of a Frechet classE—a metric space in the paper's explicit distance axioms—extends continuously to the whole space. The construction uses distance to the closed set and a distance-weighted upper envelope. Related majorization and decreasing continuous approximation results supply the same proof framework.","scope":"Tietze proves that a bounded real-valued continuous function on a closed subset of a Frechet classE—a metric space in the paper's explicit distance axioms—extends continuously to the whole space. The construction uses distance to the closed set and a distance-weighted upper envelope. Related majorization and decreasing continuous approximation results supply the same proof framework. The original displayed extension theorem assumes a bounded real-valued continuous function and a closed subset of a metric space. It is not presented here as the later general equivalence for every normal topological space, an unbounded/vector-valued extension theorem, a unique extension,or automatic preservation of differentiability or Lipschitz constants. No completeness or separability assumption is silently added. Modern textbook generalizations and different explicit extension formulas are not backdated to this source.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:344452f5-ccb7-415e-a0cc-f35a0a877bab","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16e9d57186e68b74b8d52894bfc57faf17d5cbaea004c82f16e4c15fb4ea1f1b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rademacher-euclidean-lipschitz-almost-everywhere-differentiability-1919","title":"Rademacher proves almost-everywhere differentiability of Lipschitz functions","summary":"Rademacher proves that a finite-dimensional Lipschitz function is totally differentiable outside a Lebesgue-null set. His original stronger sufficient condition uses a finite integrable upper local slope, and the paper connects almost-everywhere linearization to Jacobians and a change-of-variables formula for one-to-one transformations under its stated hypotheses.","boundary":"The displayed proof is written for two variables, with extension to any finite number stated explicitly; finite-dimensional vector outputs follow componentwise, not arbitrary infinite-dimensional Banach targets. The derivative is a total linear approximation almost everywhere, not everywhere and not merely the separate existence of partial derivatives. The upper-local-slope variant requires its original finiteness/integrability conditions. The associated integral transformation is one-to-one and satisfies the original regularity/measurability assumptions, not a general noninjective multiplicity formula.","area":"Real analysis and geometric measure theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1919,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"rademacher-euclidean-lipschitz-almost-everywhere-differentiability-1919","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ec4e460-7368-45f6-a44c-51c842beacea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a6542b01cd261005ef23a5f31bf0d66e48f970661d81ab972462b6e11fbe6dc"},"humans":["Hans Rademacher"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-rademacher-differenzierbarkeit-1919","title":"Über partielle und totale Differenzierbarkeit von Funktionen mehrerer Variabeln und über die Transformation der Doppelintegrale (Mathematische Annalen 79, 340–359)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0079/LOG_0039.pdf","date":"1919"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"rademacher-euclidean-lipschitz-almost-everywhere-differentiability-1919","entry_id":"rademacher-euclidean-lipschitz-almost-everywhere-differentiability-1919","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ec4e460-7368-45f6-a44c-51c842beacea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a6542b01cd261005ef23a5f31bf0d66e48f970661d81ab972462b6e11fbe6dc"},"what_changed":"Rademacher proves that a finite-dimensional Lipschitz function is totally differentiable outside a Lebesgue-null set. His original stronger sufficient condition uses a finite integrable upper local slope, and the paper connects almost-everywhere linearization to Jacobians and a change-of-variables formula for one-to-one transformations under its stated hypotheses.","scope":"Rademacher proves that a finite-dimensional Lipschitz function is totally differentiable outside a Lebesgue-null set. His original stronger sufficient condition uses a finite integrable upper local slope, and the paper connects almost-everywhere linearization to Jacobians and a change-of-variables formula for one-to-one transformations under its stated hypotheses. The displayed proof is written for two variables, with extension to any finite number stated explicitly; finite-dimensional vector outputs follow componentwise, not arbitrary infinite-dimensional Banach targets. The derivative is a total linear approximation almost everywhere, not everywhere and not merely the separate existence of partial derivatives. The upper-local-slope variant requires its original finiteness/integrability conditions. The associated integral transformation is one-to-one and satisfies the original regularity/measurability assumptions, not a general noninjective multiplicity formula.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4ec4e460-7368-45f6-a44c-51c842beacea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a6542b01cd261005ef23a5f31bf0d66e48f970661d81ab972462b6e11fbe6dc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mordell-rational-elliptic-points-finite-generation-1922","title":"Mordell: finite generation of rational points on genus-one curves","summary":"Mordell proved that rational solutions of the nonsingular genus-one cubic/quartic equations treated in his 1922 paper can all be generated from finitely many rational points by the classical chord/tangent and corresponding quartic constructions. For an elliptic curve over the rationals this gives finite generation of its rational-point group; infinite rational points can therefore have a finite generating set.","boundary":"Finite generation is not finiteness of the set of points and is not a computable complete generating algorithm for every input curve. The paper is over the rationals; Weil's later number-field/abelian-variety generalization is not included. A genus-one curve needs a rational base point to be viewed as an elliptic-curve group. The concluding genus>1 finiteness assertion is explicitly a conjecture here, not a 1922 proof of the theorem later established by Faltings.","area":"Arithmetic geometry","topic":"Mathematics","year":1922,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"mordell-rational-elliptic-points-finite-generation-1922","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:db0340ff-6fb7-4efa-a026-cfad5cbe8139","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:659ea099b8e5cad6bdbf00efc7756e4910f9af623ba857e35e0fc60b1abb7d33"},"humans":["Louis Joel Mordell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-mordell-rational-solutions-1922","title":"On the Rational Solutions of the Indeterminate Equations of the Third and Fourth Degrees","url":"https://www.ellipticcurve.info/images/e/ef/Proceedingscambr21camb-193-206-pp-179-192.pdf","date":"1922"}],"points":"360000","published_grade":{"id":"mordell-rational-elliptic-points-finite-generation-1922","entry_id":"mordell-rational-elliptic-points-finite-generation-1922","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:db0340ff-6fb7-4efa-a026-cfad5cbe8139","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:659ea099b8e5cad6bdbf00efc7756e4910f9af623ba857e35e0fc60b1abb7d33"},"what_changed":"Mordell proved that rational solutions of the nonsingular genus-one cubic/quartic equations treated in his 1922 paper can all be generated from finitely many rational points by the classical chord/tangent and corresponding quartic constructions. For an elliptic curve over the rationals this gives finite generation of its rational-point group; infinite rational points can therefore have a finite generating set.","scope":"Mordell proved that rational solutions of the nonsingular genus-one cubic/quartic equations treated in his 1922 paper can all be generated from finitely many rational points by the classical chord/tangent and corresponding quartic constructions. For an elliptic curve over the rationals this gives finite generation of its rational-point group; infinite rational points can therefore have a finite generating set. Finite generation is not finiteness of the set of points and is not a computable complete generating algorithm for every input curve. The paper is over the rationals; Weil's later number-field/abelian-variety generalization is not included. A genus-one curve needs a rational base point to be viewed as an elliptic-curve group. The concluding genus>1 finiteness assertion is explicitly a conjecture here, not a 1922 proof of the theorem later established by Faltings.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:db0340ff-6fb7-4efa-a026-cfad5cbe8139","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:659ea099b8e5cad6bdbf00efc7756e4910f9af623ba857e35e0fc60b1abb7d33"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"riesz-bilinear-and-lp-operator-log-convexity-1927","title":"Marcel Riesz: log-convex bilinear bounds and restricted-exponent operator interpolation","summary":"For a fixed finite bilinear form, Riesz proves log-convexity of its norm in reciprocal-exponent coordinates α=1/p and β=1/r on0≤α,β≤1 with α+β≥1, including positive-weight versions. Via duality and Stieltjes–Lebesgue approximation this yields operator-norm log-convexity and endpoint interpolation for a compatible linear operator L^p→L^q in the region1≤p≤q≤∞: intermediate norms are bounded by the geometric interpolation of endpoint bounds.","boundary":"The general 1927 result is restricted to that exponent triangle; it is not the later unrestricted complex Riesz–Thorin theorem. The original also treats complex coefficients/variables, so it should not be described as only a real-valued finite-matrix statement. For real coefficients, existence of real maximizing vectors in the triangular region does not extend generally to the complementary region: the original gives real/complex maximizing distinctions and a real-only convexity counterexample. A special nonnegative-coefficient extension is not a general all-operator extension. The functional formulation uses the paper's fixed Stieltjes–Lebesgue measures and compatible bounded endpoint actions; no nonlinear, arbitrary-vector-valued or endpoint-weak-type theorem is asserted. The specific Fourier applications developed later in the paper are outside this contribution description.","area":"Functional and harmonic analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1927,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"riesz-bilinear-and-lp-operator-log-convexity-1927","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ade953b1-9c66-4c93-ad72-c9fc6fe938e9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8920ec04b7e4e148e8f383b5447bb164ed665eaa9d4aa3bc91b74002633676e8"},"humans":["Marcel Riesz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-riesz-bilinear-convexity-1927","title":"Sur les maxima des formes bilinéaires et sur les fonctionnelles linéaires (original1927)","url":"https://archive.ymsc.tsinghua.edu.cn/pacm_download/117/5399-11511_2007_Article_BF02564121.pdf","date":"1927"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"riesz-bilinear-and-lp-operator-log-convexity-1927","entry_id":"riesz-bilinear-and-lp-operator-log-convexity-1927","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ade953b1-9c66-4c93-ad72-c9fc6fe938e9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8920ec04b7e4e148e8f383b5447bb164ed665eaa9d4aa3bc91b74002633676e8"},"what_changed":"For a fixed finite bilinear form, Riesz proves log-convexity of its norm in reciprocal-exponent coordinates α=1/p and β=1/r on0≤α,β≤1 with α+β≥1, including positive-weight versions. Via duality and Stieltjes–Lebesgue approximation this yields operator-norm log-convexity and endpoint interpolation for a compatible linear operator L^p→L^q in the region1≤p≤q≤∞: intermediate norms are bounded by the geometric interpolation of endpoint bounds.","scope":"For a fixed finite bilinear form, Riesz proves log-convexity of its norm in reciprocal-exponent coordinates α=1/p and β=1/r on0≤α,β≤1 with α+β≥1, including positive-weight versions. Via duality and Stieltjes–Lebesgue approximation this yields operator-norm log-convexity and endpoint interpolation for a compatible linear operator L^p→L^q in the region1≤p≤q≤∞: intermediate norms are bounded by the geometric interpolation of endpoint bounds. The general 1927 result is restricted to that exponent triangle; it is not the later unrestricted complex Riesz–Thorin theorem. The original also treats complex coefficients/variables, so it should not be described as only a real-valued finite-matrix statement. For real coefficients, existence of real maximizing vectors in the triangular region does not extend generally to the complementary region: the original gives real/complex maximizing distinctions and a real-only convexity counterexample. A special nonnegative-coefficient extension is not a general all-operator extension. The functional formulation uses the paper's fixed Stieltjes–Lebesgue measures and compatible bounded endpoint actions; no nonlinear, arbitrary-vector-valued or endpoint-weak-type theorem is asserted. The specific Fourier applications developed later in the paper are outside this contribution description.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ade953b1-9c66-4c93-ad72-c9fc6fe938e9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8920ec04b7e4e148e8f383b5447bb164ed665eaa9d4aa3bc91b74002633676e8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bochner-positive-definite-fourier-representation-1933","title":"Bochner: continuous positive-definite functions on Euclidean space are Fourier transforms of finite positive measures","summary":"For finite-dimensional Euclidean R^k, Bochner proves that a bounded continuous complex function is positive definite exactly when it has a Fourier–Stieltjes representation f(x)=∫exp(i x·α)dV(α) with a nonnegative bounded distribution function. Positive definiteness is the nonnegativity of every finite quadratic form, not strict positivity. His uniqueness theorem identifies the distribution up to the original continuity-interval equivalence, corresponding to a unique finite positive Borel measure; its total mass is f(0).","boundary":"No normalization f(0)=1 is assumed; probability measures are the normalized case. Continuity is part of the original positive-definite function class and is essential in the limit theorem used in the proof. The result concerns R^k, not arbitrary nonabelian groups, vector-valued integration, or a claim that every kernel is a Fourier transform without translation invariance. The introduction explicitly credits Bochner's 1932 book for the one-variable criterion; this 1933 paper develops the multidimensional form and supporting Stieltjes/limit theory. The later sections on generalized Wiener spectra have a distinct scientific scope.","area":"Harmonic analysis and probability","topic":"Mathematics","year":1933,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"bochner-positive-definite-fourier-representation-1933","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7eb7e85e-5ea9-4a53-a117-ce6bb04e83e0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eb817441839f95808fc572c1785c522aa9ea9a1f257511556909a9f1e916390b"},"humans":["S. Bochner"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-bochner-monotone-functions-1933","title":"Monotone Funktionen, Stieltjessche Integrale und harmonische Analyse (MathAnn 108, 378–410; full-volume container)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0108/PPN235181684_0108.pdf","date":"1933"}],"points":"330000","published_grade":{"id":"bochner-positive-definite-fourier-representation-1933","entry_id":"bochner-positive-definite-fourier-representation-1933","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7eb7e85e-5ea9-4a53-a117-ce6bb04e83e0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eb817441839f95808fc572c1785c522aa9ea9a1f257511556909a9f1e916390b"},"what_changed":"For finite-dimensional Euclidean R^k, Bochner proves that a bounded continuous complex function is positive definite exactly when it has a Fourier–Stieltjes representation f(x)=∫exp(i x·α)dV(α) with a nonnegative bounded distribution function. Positive definiteness is the nonnegativity of every finite quadratic form, not strict positivity. His uniqueness theorem identifies the distribution up to the original continuity-interval equivalence, corresponding to a unique finite positive Borel measure; its total mass is f(0).","scope":"For finite-dimensional Euclidean R^k, Bochner proves that a bounded continuous complex function is positive definite exactly when it has a Fourier–Stieltjes representation f(x)=∫exp(i x·α)dV(α) with a nonnegative bounded distribution function. Positive definiteness is the nonnegativity of every finite quadratic form, not strict positivity. His uniqueness theorem identifies the distribution up to the original continuity-interval equivalence, corresponding to a unique finite positive Borel measure; its total mass is f(0). No normalization f(0)=1 is assumed; probability measures are the normalized case. Continuity is part of the original positive-definite function class and is essential in the limit theorem used in the proof. The result concerns R^k, not arbitrary nonabelian groups, vector-valued integration, or a claim that every kernel is a Fourier transform without translation invariance. The introduction explicitly credits Bochner's 1932 book for the one-variable criterion; this 1933 paper develops the multidimensional form and supporting Stieltjes/limit theory. The later sections on generalized Wiener spectra have a distinct scientific scope.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7eb7e85e-5ea9-4a53-a117-ce6bb04e83e0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eb817441839f95808fc572c1785c522aa9ea9a1f257511556909a9f1e916390b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sard-critical-value-nullity-1942","title":"Sard: differentiability thresholds for null critical-value sets","summary":"For a C^q map from a region of R^m to R^n, Sard proves measure-zero results for the images of points where the derivative has less than maximal rank. If m>n, q≥m−n+1 gives zero n-dimensional Lebesgue measure; if m≤n, C^1 suffices for the rank-deficient image to have zero m-dimensional Hausdorff measure.","boundary":"The original defines critical rank as less than min(m,n); for m<n this is not the modern convention rank<n for every point. Retain the distinct measure dimensions and integer differentiability threshold. The proof uses A. P. Morse's decomposition theorem and Whitney's earlier critical-set example; these are inherited, not newly proved here as Sard's sole inventions. No claim that the critical-point set is null or empty, that arbitrary C^1 maps with m>n suffice, or that the result covers arbitrary Sobolev or infinite-dimensional maps.","area":"Differential analysis and geometry","topic":"Mathematics","year":1942,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"sard-critical-value-nullity-1942","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:87f1a882-af2c-4e6f-a04d-3a3ad1a29130","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f194f5a6edeb17ee1dbad3181dc87c462e54e4999086f5aa5f91679fd895841"},"humans":["Arthur Sard"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-sard-critical-values-1942","title":"The measure of the critical values of differentiable maps (original1942)","url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1942-48-12/S0002-9904-1942-07811-6/S0002-9904-1942-07811-6.pdf","date":"1942-12"}],"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"sard-critical-value-nullity-1942","entry_id":"sard-critical-value-nullity-1942","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:87f1a882-af2c-4e6f-a04d-3a3ad1a29130","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f194f5a6edeb17ee1dbad3181dc87c462e54e4999086f5aa5f91679fd895841"},"what_changed":"For a C^q map from a region of R^m to R^n, Sard proves measure-zero results for the images of points where the derivative has less than maximal rank. If m>n, q≥m−n+1 gives zero n-dimensional Lebesgue measure; if m≤n, C^1 suffices for the rank-deficient image to have zero m-dimensional Hausdorff measure.","scope":"For a C^q map from a region of R^m to R^n, Sard proves measure-zero results for the images of points where the derivative has less than maximal rank. If m>n, q≥m−n+1 gives zero n-dimensional Lebesgue measure; if m≤n, C^1 suffices for the rank-deficient image to have zero m-dimensional Hausdorff measure. The original defines critical rank as less than min(m,n); for m<n this is not the modern convention rank<n for every point. Retain the distinct measure dimensions and integer differentiability threshold. The proof uses A. P. Morse's decomposition theorem and Whitney's earlier critical-set example; these are inherited, not newly proved here as Sard's sole inventions. No claim that the critical-point set is null or empty, that arbitrary C^1 maps with m>n suffice, or that the result covers arbitrary Sobolev or infinite-dimensional maps.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:87f1a882-af2c-4e6f-a04d-3a3ad1a29130","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2f194f5a6edeb17ee1dbad3181dc87c462e54e4999086f5aa5f91679fd895841"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"goodstein-hereditary-base-change-termination-1944","title":"Goodstein: termination through hereditary base change and ordinal descent","summary":"Goodstein connected natural-number descent processes to ordinal notation below epsilon zero. Writing numbers hereditarily in a base, replacing that base throughout the nested exponents by the next prescribed nondecreasing base, and subtracting one produces a process that eventually reaches zero. Replacing the finite base by omega assigns a strictly descending ordinal whenever the current number is positive. The paper relates these arithmetical processes to a restricted ordinal well-foundedness principle and develops finitary termination arguments for restricted ordinal heights.","boundary":"The general ordinal-descent proof uses well-foundedness below epsilon zero; the paper's explicit finitary arguments cover restricted heights, not one uniform primitive-recursive termination bound for every starting integer. Arbitrary prescribed base functions and the fixed successive-base first-order PA sentence must be distinguished. The 1982 unprovability theorem is a separate contribution and is not backdated to1944. Change-base-then-subtract and subtract-then-change formulations are related in the paper but are not identical trajectories.","area":"Ordinal analysis and number theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1944,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"goodstein-hereditary-base-change-termination-1944","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6c13004-b650-4ab4-a0dd-8df37f4bd7ae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4a3fc88c104baf84bb7b8beb0411acf0531e85b35ffc6ea86ceca4eff3012fc4"},"humans":["R. L. Goodstein"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-goodstein-restricted-ordinal-1944","title":"On the Restricted Ordinal Theorem (original1944 article with later archive wrapper)","url":"https://fa.ewi.tudelft.nl/~hart/onderwijs/verzamelingenleer/materiaal/goodstein.pdf","date":"1944"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"goodstein-hereditary-base-change-termination-1944","entry_id":"goodstein-hereditary-base-change-termination-1944","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6c13004-b650-4ab4-a0dd-8df37f4bd7ae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4a3fc88c104baf84bb7b8beb0411acf0531e85b35ffc6ea86ceca4eff3012fc4"},"what_changed":"Goodstein connected natural-number descent processes to ordinal notation below epsilon zero. Writing numbers hereditarily in a base, replacing that base throughout the nested exponents by the next prescribed nondecreasing base, and subtracting one produces a process that eventually reaches zero. Replacing the finite base by omega assigns a strictly descending ordinal whenever the current number is positive. The paper relates these arithmetical processes to a restricted ordinal well-foundedness principle and develops finitary termination arguments for restricted ordinal heights.","scope":"Goodstein connected natural-number descent processes to ordinal notation below epsilon zero. Writing numbers hereditarily in a base, replacing that base throughout the nested exponents by the next prescribed nondecreasing base, and subtracting one produces a process that eventually reaches zero. Replacing the finite base by omega assigns a strictly descending ordinal whenever the current number is positive. The paper relates these arithmetical processes to a restricted ordinal well-foundedness principle and develops finitary termination arguments for restricted ordinal heights. The general ordinal-descent proof uses well-foundedness below epsilon zero; the paper's explicit finitary arguments cover restricted heights, not one uniform primitive-recursive termination bound for every starting integer. Arbitrary prescribed base functions and the fixed successive-base first-order PA sentence must be distinguished. The 1982 unprovability theorem is a separate contribution and is not backdated to1944. Change-base-then-subtract and subtract-then-change formulations are related in the paper but are not identical trajectories.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6c13004-b650-4ab4-a0dd-8df37f4bd7ae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4a3fc88c104baf84bb7b8beb0411acf0531e85b35ffc6ea86ceca4eff3012fc4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"polya-finite-permutation-cycle-index-enumeration-1937","title":"Pólya's cycle-index substitution theorem for weighted orbit enumeration","summary":"For a finite permutation group acting on s positions and an inventory series f with finite nonnegative integer coefficients, the generating series of inequivalent configurations is obtained by replacing each cycle-index variable z_j with f(x^j,y^j,...). Fixed colour multiplicities are extracted coefficientwise; the proof counts cycle-constant fixed configurations and averages over the group.","boundary":"Finite permutation action and coefficientwise finite inventories; the series is formal and analytic convergence is not assumed. This record covers the cycle-index theorem, not every tree asymptotic or molecular example in the 110-page paper. Orbit-stabilizer/fixed-point averaging is inherited background. No exclusive priority over Redfield’s 1927 work is claimed.","area":"Enumerative combinatorics and group actions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1937,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"polya-finite-permutation-cycle-index-enumeration-1937","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6cba2eb1-d46d-4528-adcb-dd18796a7da7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd7a15a25d1afa1bd03bc567d489f1aa2191b2a3b0651ab3570d7a409b6f08dd"},"humans":["G. Pólya"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-polya-cycle-index-1937","title":"Kombinatorische Anzahlbestimmungen für Gruppen, Graphen und chemische Verbindungen, Acta Math68(1937)145–254","url":"https://archive.ymsc.tsinghua.edu.cn/pacm_download/117/5571-11511_2006_Article_BF02546665.pdf","date":"1937"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"polya-finite-permutation-cycle-index-enumeration-1937","entry_id":"polya-finite-permutation-cycle-index-enumeration-1937","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6cba2eb1-d46d-4528-adcb-dd18796a7da7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd7a15a25d1afa1bd03bc567d489f1aa2191b2a3b0651ab3570d7a409b6f08dd"},"what_changed":"For a finite permutation group acting on s positions and an inventory series f with finite nonnegative integer coefficients, the generating series of inequivalent configurations is obtained by replacing each cycle-index variable z_j with f(x^j,y^j,...). Fixed colour multiplicities are extracted coefficientwise; the proof counts cycle-constant fixed configurations and averages over the group.","scope":"For a finite permutation group acting on s positions and an inventory series f with finite nonnegative integer coefficients, the generating series of inequivalent configurations is obtained by replacing each cycle-index variable z_j with f(x^j,y^j,...). Fixed colour multiplicities are extracted coefficientwise; the proof counts cycle-constant fixed configurations and averages over the group. Finite permutation action and coefficientwise finite inventories; the series is formal and analytic convergence is not assumed. This record covers the cycle-index theorem, not every tree asymptotic or molecular example in the 110-page paper. Orbit-stabilizer/fixed-point averaging is inherited background. No exclusive priority over Redfield’s 1927 work is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6cba2eb1-d46d-4528-adcb-dd18796a7da7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd7a15a25d1afa1bd03bc567d489f1aa2191b2a3b0651ab3570d7a409b6f08dd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"debruijn-binary-universal-cycle-enumeration-1946","title":"de Bruijn counts binary cycles containing every length-n word once","summary":"The number of cyclic binary sequences of length 2^n containing each binary word of length n exactly once is 2^(2^(n-1)-n). The proof relates these cycles to complete directed walks and shows that doubling a two-in/two-out network with m vertices multiplies its cyclic complete-walk count by 2^(m-1).","boundary":"Cyclic rotations are identified, but reversal is not identified; changing these conventions changes the count. The binary count resolves the conjecture explicitly credited to K. Posthumus. It is not a source-backed claim of first discovery of all universal cycles, nor the general-alphabet formula or full later BEST theorem.","area":"Enumerative combinatorics and directed graphs","topic":"Mathematics","year":1946,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"debruijn-binary-universal-cycle-enumeration-1946","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2fea4931-1092-47c4-aa61-9b7d09e02f61","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bd880bfd163ce4e3d124c74e6a9ec5ef3381add3f484b6b53f812b943f396f7d"},"humans":["N. G. de Bruijn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-debruijn-cycles-1946","title":"A combinatorial problem, Proc KNAW49(1946)758–764","url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/4442708/597473.pdf","date":"1946"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"debruijn-binary-universal-cycle-enumeration-1946","entry_id":"debruijn-binary-universal-cycle-enumeration-1946","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2fea4931-1092-47c4-aa61-9b7d09e02f61","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bd880bfd163ce4e3d124c74e6a9ec5ef3381add3f484b6b53f812b943f396f7d"},"what_changed":"The number of cyclic binary sequences of length 2^n containing each binary word of length n exactly once is 2^(2^(n-1)-n). The proof relates these cycles to complete directed walks and shows that doubling a two-in/two-out network with m vertices multiplies its cyclic complete-walk count by 2^(m-1).","scope":"The number of cyclic binary sequences of length 2^n containing each binary word of length n exactly once is 2^(2^(n-1)-n). The proof relates these cycles to complete directed walks and shows that doubling a two-in/two-out network with m vertices multiplies its cyclic complete-walk count by 2^(m-1). Cyclic rotations are identified, but reversal is not identified; changing these conventions changes the count. The binary count resolves the conjecture explicitly credited to K. Posthumus. It is not a source-backed claim of first discovery of all universal cycles, nor the general-alphabet formula or full later BEST theorem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2fea4931-1092-47c4-aa61-9b7d09e02f61","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bd880bfd163ce4e3d124c74e6a9ec5ef3381add3f484b6b53f812b943f396f7d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tarski-real-closed-field-quantifier-elimination-1948","title":"Tarski: quantifier elimination and decidability of elementary real algebra","summary":"Tarski gave an effective procedure converting first-order real-algebra formulas built from polynomial equations, inequalities and logical quantifiers into equivalent quantifier-free formulas. For closed sentences this yields a terminating truth-decision method; coordinate translation gives a corresponding decision method for elementary Euclidean geometry.","boundary":"The language ranges over real numbers with ordered-ring operations and encodable constants, not arbitrary sets/functions, unrestricted integer quantifiers or every theorem of mathematics. Parameters can remain free in a quantifier-free output; this is not a decision oracle for arbitrary uncomputably specified real coefficients. Adding an integer predicate or sine is explicitly outside the decidable language. The report does not supply a practical uniform runtime guarantee, an implementation or a resolution of real exponentiation. Fixed-size instances do not prove a variable-size universal conjecture.","area":"Mathematical logic and real algebra","topic":"Mathematics","year":1948,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"tarski-real-closed-field-quantifier-elimination-1948","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e41f4675-2b98-46cb-abf4-a9ffb85872c5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f674e8e5d43f78d6e3fd85c9efdaad295e20ed2ae157a6c2840a62ea692aba2"},"humans":["Alfred Tarski"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-tarski-real-algebra-decision-1948","title":"A Decision Method for Elementary Algebra and Geometry","url":"https://archive.org/download/a-decision-method-for-elementary-algebra-and-geometry-by-tarski-images/A%20decision%20method%20for%20elementary%20algebra%20and%20geometry%20by%20Tarski.pdf","date":"1948-08-01"}],"points":"420000","published_grade":{"id":"tarski-real-closed-field-quantifier-elimination-1948","entry_id":"tarski-real-closed-field-quantifier-elimination-1948","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e41f4675-2b98-46cb-abf4-a9ffb85872c5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f674e8e5d43f78d6e3fd85c9efdaad295e20ed2ae157a6c2840a62ea692aba2"},"what_changed":"Tarski gave an effective procedure converting first-order real-algebra formulas built from polynomial equations, inequalities and logical quantifiers into equivalent quantifier-free formulas. For closed sentences this yields a terminating truth-decision method; coordinate translation gives a corresponding decision method for elementary Euclidean geometry.","scope":"Tarski gave an effective procedure converting first-order real-algebra formulas built from polynomial equations, inequalities and logical quantifiers into equivalent quantifier-free formulas. For closed sentences this yields a terminating truth-decision method; coordinate translation gives a corresponding decision method for elementary Euclidean geometry. The language ranges over real numbers with ordered-ring operations and encodable constants, not arbitrary sets/functions, unrestricted integer quantifiers or every theorem of mathematics. Parameters can remain free in a quantifier-free output; this is not a decision oracle for arbitrary uncomputably specified real coefficients. Adding an integer predicate or sine is explicitly outside the decidable language. The report does not supply a practical uniform runtime guarantee, an implementation or a resolution of real exponentiation. Fixed-size instances do not prove a variable-size universal conjecture.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e41f4675-2b98-46cb-abf4-a9ffb85872c5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f674e8e5d43f78d6e3fd85c9efdaad295e20ed2ae157a6c2840a62ea692aba2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fenchel-finite-dimensional-conjugate-convex-functions-1949","title":"Fenchel establishes symmetric convex conjugacy in finite dimensions","summary":"For a closed proper convex function on finite-dimensional Euclidean space, Fenchel's supremum construction gives a convex conjugate satisfying <x,xi> <= f(x)+f*(xi), with symmetric recovery of the original function by conjugation. Supporting hyperplanes connect equality to conjugate points without requiring differentiability.","boundary":"The original formulates a finite convex function on a convex domain, lower semicontinuity and blow-up at excluded boundary points; the extended-real closed-proper formulation here encodes those domain conditions. The conjugate is finite only on its effective domain, not necessarily on all Euclidean space. Equality need not be attained at every boundary point. The general conjugacy theorem is not an unrestricted smooth Legendre-gradient bijection, an infinite-dimensional theorem, or a strong-duality theorem without qualification.","area":"Convex analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1949,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"fenchel-finite-dimensional-conjugate-convex-functions-1949","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ab08be0-f978-416e-a0ba-f1db6c9f1747","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3953cfa7578248e26daced33c397e22b8b513869ca8218875216112aa73c49fc"},"humans":["Werner Fenchel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-fenchel-conjugate-convex-1949","title":"On Conjugate Convex Functions (Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1, 73–77)","url":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~suvrit/teach/papers/1949_fenchel_conjugate_convex_functions.pdf","date":"1949-02-01"}],"points":"310000","published_grade":{"id":"fenchel-finite-dimensional-conjugate-convex-functions-1949","entry_id":"fenchel-finite-dimensional-conjugate-convex-functions-1949","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ab08be0-f978-416e-a0ba-f1db6c9f1747","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3953cfa7578248e26daced33c397e22b8b513869ca8218875216112aa73c49fc"},"what_changed":"For a closed proper convex function on finite-dimensional Euclidean space, Fenchel's supremum construction gives a convex conjugate satisfying <x,xi> <= f(x)+f*(xi), with symmetric recovery of the original function by conjugation. Supporting hyperplanes connect equality to conjugate points without requiring differentiability.","scope":"For a closed proper convex function on finite-dimensional Euclidean space, Fenchel's supremum construction gives a convex conjugate satisfying <x,xi> <= f(x)+f*(xi), with symmetric recovery of the original function by conjugation. Supporting hyperplanes connect equality to conjugate points without requiring differentiability. The original formulates a finite convex function on a convex domain, lower semicontinuity and blow-up at excluded boundary points; the extended-real closed-proper formulation here encodes those domain conditions. The conjugate is finite only on its effective domain, not necessarily on all Euclidean space. Equality need not be attained at every boundary point. The general conjugacy theorem is not an unrestricted smooth Legendre-gradient bijection, an infinite-dimensional theorem, or a strong-duality theorem without qualification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ab08be0-f978-416e-a0ba-f1db6c9f1747","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3953cfa7578248e26daced33c397e22b8b513869ca8218875216112aa73c49fc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"loomis-whitney-volume-projection-inequality-1949","title":"Loomis–Whitney: volume bounded by coordinate projections","summary":"Loomis and Whitney prove that the volume m of an open subset of R^n satisfies m^(n−1)≤m_1⋯m_n, where m_i is its (n−1)-dimensional coordinate projection measure. Their elementary induction and Hölder argument first establishes the corresponding cube-counting inequality N^(n−1)≤N_1⋯N_n. Axis-parallel boxes attain equality in the volume bound.","boundary":"The original theorem concerns open Euclidean sets and coordinate-hyperplane projections; its discrete step counts cubes in a common cubical subdivision. The derived surface-area inequality lacks the optimal isoperimetric constant. Do not replace this by a reverse projection inequality, claim equality only for a class not classified in the paper, or assign all later functional, entropy, nonorthogonal or nonlinear Brascamp–Lieb generalizations to this note.","area":"Geometric and combinatorial inequalities","topic":"Mathematics","year":1949,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"loomis-whitney-volume-projection-inequality-1949","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:535dc7fe-5067-4d26-af41-317b9b60b2fb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f2f4641dabe9a665958b2375714872598c7b09b8c366073209b5e773e47a5bb1"},"humans":["L. H. Loomis","H. Whitney"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-loomis-whitney-1949","title":"An inequality related to the isoperimetric inequality (original1949)","url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1949-55-10/S0002-9904-1949-09320-5/S0002-9904-1949-09320-5.pdf","date":"1949-10"}],"points":"190000","published_grade":{"id":"loomis-whitney-volume-projection-inequality-1949","entry_id":"loomis-whitney-volume-projection-inequality-1949","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:535dc7fe-5067-4d26-af41-317b9b60b2fb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f2f4641dabe9a665958b2375714872598c7b09b8c366073209b5e773e47a5bb1"},"what_changed":"Loomis and Whitney prove that the volume m of an open subset of R^n satisfies m^(n−1)≤m_1⋯m_n, where m_i is its (n−1)-dimensional coordinate projection measure. Their elementary induction and Hölder argument first establishes the corresponding cube-counting inequality N^(n−1)≤N_1⋯N_n. Axis-parallel boxes attain equality in the volume bound.","scope":"Loomis and Whitney prove that the volume m of an open subset of R^n satisfies m^(n−1)≤m_1⋯m_n, where m_i is its (n−1)-dimensional coordinate projection measure. Their elementary induction and Hölder argument first establishes the corresponding cube-counting inequality N^(n−1)≤N_1⋯N_n. Axis-parallel boxes attain equality in the volume bound. The original theorem concerns open Euclidean sets and coordinate-hyperplane projections; its discrete step counts cubes in a common cubical subdivision. The derived surface-area inequality lacks the optimal isoperimetric constant. Do not replace this by a reverse projection inequality, claim equality only for a class not classified in the paper, or assign all later functional, entropy, nonorthogonal or nonlinear Brascamp–Lieb generalizations to this note.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:535dc7fe-5067-4d26-af41-317b9b60b2fb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f2f4641dabe9a665958b2375714872598c7b09b8c366073209b5e773e47a5bb1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dilworth-finite-width-chain-decomposition-1950","title":"Dilworth: finite-width chain decomposition of partially ordered sets","summary":"A partially ordered set of finite width k—no antichain of size k+1 and an antichain of size k—can be partitioned into k disjoint chains, and fewer chains cannot suffice. Dilworth proves the finite case and extends it to arbitrary finite-width ordered sets using a maximal principle. The paper applies the decomposition to set representatives and finite distributive-lattice embeddings.","boundary":"The infinite-set extension retains a finite integer width and uses the maximal principle; it is not an unrestricted infinite-cardinal chain-cover theorem or a constructive algorithm. The number of chains in a partition is not generally the Dushnik–Miller order dimension; the original distinguishes these representations. Hall/Rado and Kreweras representative theorems are inherited antecedents or consequences, not separately relabelled discoveries. The finite lattice application concerns lattice embeddings into a product of chains, not every non-distributive lattice.","area":"Order theory and combinatorics","topic":"Mathematics","year":1950,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"dilworth-finite-width-chain-decomposition-1950","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:15791703-9a7f-497a-a0b2-65a66b2e2930","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ed9319acf1238bcfee9f33d6248a834a045d4c2ac39fb416251407afb03d418"},"humans":["R. P. Dilworth"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-dilworth-decomposition-1950","title":"A decomposition theorem for partially ordered sets (original1950)","url":"https://daiwz.net/course/disc_math/2023/Dilworth.pdf","date":"1950-01"}],"points":"245000","published_grade":{"id":"dilworth-finite-width-chain-decomposition-1950","entry_id":"dilworth-finite-width-chain-decomposition-1950","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:15791703-9a7f-497a-a0b2-65a66b2e2930","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ed9319acf1238bcfee9f33d6248a834a045d4c2ac39fb416251407afb03d418"},"what_changed":"A partially ordered set of finite width k—no antichain of size k+1 and an antichain of size k—can be partitioned into k disjoint chains, and fewer chains cannot suffice. Dilworth proves the finite case and extends it to arbitrary finite-width ordered sets using a maximal principle. The paper applies the decomposition to set representatives and finite distributive-lattice embeddings.","scope":"A partially ordered set of finite width k—no antichain of size k+1 and an antichain of size k—can be partitioned into k disjoint chains, and fewer chains cannot suffice. Dilworth proves the finite case and extends it to arbitrary finite-width ordered sets using a maximal principle. The paper applies the decomposition to set representatives and finite distributive-lattice embeddings. The infinite-set extension retains a finite integer width and uses the maximal principle; it is not an unrestricted infinite-cardinal chain-cover theorem or a constructive algorithm. The number of chains in a partition is not generally the Dushnik–Miller order dimension; the original distinguishes these representations. Hall/Rado and Kreweras representative theorems are inherited antecedents or consequences, not separately relabelled discoveries. The finite lattice application concerns lattice embeddings into a product of chains, not every non-distributive lattice.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:15791703-9a7f-497a-a0b2-65a66b2e2930","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ed9319acf1238bcfee9f33d6248a834a045d4c2ac39fb416251407afb03d418"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"artin-tate-finite-type-intermediate-ring-1951","title":"Artin–Tate: finite-type intermediate-ring lemma","summary":"For commutative rings R⊂T⊂S with unit and R Noetherian, if S is a finitely generated R-algebra and a finite T-module, then T is a finitely generated R-algebra. Artin and Tate prove this by extracting a finite coefficient subalgebra and using Noetherian module finiteness, and give a short proof of Zariski's field lemma as an application.","boundary":"Finite type as an algebra and finite as a module are different hypotheses; neither means finite cardinality. Zariski's field lemma, the Nullstellensatz and the principal-ideal theorem are acknowledged inherited results or applications, not separately claimed inventions here. Later fraction-field characterizations use the paper's convention that ideals exclude both 0 and R; no modern unrestricted minimal-prime claim is inferred. No noncommutative, non-Noetherian or arbitrary subalgebra finiteness claim.","area":"Commutative algebra","topic":"Mathematics","year":1951,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"artin-tate-finite-type-intermediate-ring-1951","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1313b84-dc43-4231-ab4c-4f4f0bde7528","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f097501b0a3b4c1cef6bd452a38869ee5c0fe422a8a8e1953f7dbd55c6328722"},"humans":["Emil Artin","John T. Tate"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-artin-tate-finiteness-1951","title":"A note on finite ring extensions (original1951)","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmath1948/3/1/3_1_74/_pdf","date":"1951-05"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"artin-tate-finite-type-intermediate-ring-1951","entry_id":"artin-tate-finite-type-intermediate-ring-1951","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1313b84-dc43-4231-ab4c-4f4f0bde7528","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f097501b0a3b4c1cef6bd452a38869ee5c0fe422a8a8e1953f7dbd55c6328722"},"what_changed":"For commutative rings R⊂T⊂S with unit and R Noetherian, if S is a finitely generated R-algebra and a finite T-module, then T is a finitely generated R-algebra. Artin and Tate prove this by extracting a finite coefficient subalgebra and using Noetherian module finiteness, and give a short proof of Zariski's field lemma as an application.","scope":"For commutative rings R⊂T⊂S with unit and R Noetherian, if S is a finitely generated R-algebra and a finite T-module, then T is a finitely generated R-algebra. Artin and Tate prove this by extracting a finite coefficient subalgebra and using Noetherian module finiteness, and give a short proof of Zariski's field lemma as an application. Finite type as an algebra and finite as a module are different hypotheses; neither means finite cardinality. Zariski's field lemma, the Nullstellensatz and the principal-ideal theorem are acknowledged inherited results or applications, not separately claimed inventions here. Later fraction-field characterizations use the paper's convention that ideals exclude both 0 and R; no modern unrestricted minimal-prime claim is inferred. No noncommutative, non-Noetherian or arbitrary subalgebra finiteness claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1313b84-dc43-4231-ab4c-4f4f0bde7528","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f097501b0a3b4c1cef6bd452a38869ee5c0fe422a8a8e1953f7dbd55c6328722"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chernoff-asymptotic-test-efficiency-exponential-tail-1951","title":"Chernoff: exponential tail rates and asymptotic test efficiency","summary":"Chernoff used the optimized exponential moment of a real random variable to bound tails of sums of independent identically distributed observations and identify their exponential decay rate. He then defined an asymptotic efficiency index for threshold tests between two simple hypotheses: the smallest fixed-positive-weight sum of the two error probabilities has a rate independent of that weight. Ratios of the logarithms of these indices compare asymptotic sample requirements.","boundary":"This record refers to Stanford Technical Report 6, dated 9 November 1951; the 1952 Annals article is a separate publication version. The sum observations are independent copies; finite-tail inequalities require the appropriate side of the mean, and an optimized moment value 1 can give no useful exponential decay. Exponential-rate equivalence does not give exact finite-sample probabilities or Gaussian far-tail accuracy. The testing theorem concerns two simple hypotheses and threshold tests with fixed finite positive error weight, not arbitrary composite/adaptive/dependent testing. No claim of inventing the exponential Markov method or all modern concentration inequalities.","area":"Probability and statistical decision theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1951,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"chernoff-asymptotic-test-efficiency-exponential-tail-1951","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18886a9b-a10d-4a66-a91f-961e092c1ee1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21eeca88d2f755dec7a627d7f887543fe847bc906c00e911cf6956523c8bb655"},"humans":["Herman Chernoff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-chernoff-asymptotic-efficiency-report-1951","title":"A measure of asymptotic efficiency for tests of an hypothesis based on the sum of observations (Stanford Technical Report6)","url":"https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:sw496fn0032/sw496fn0032_SOL-ONR-06.pdf","date":"1951-11-09"}],"points":"290000","published_grade":{"id":"chernoff-asymptotic-test-efficiency-exponential-tail-1951","entry_id":"chernoff-asymptotic-test-efficiency-exponential-tail-1951","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18886a9b-a10d-4a66-a91f-961e092c1ee1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21eeca88d2f755dec7a627d7f887543fe847bc906c00e911cf6956523c8bb655"},"what_changed":"Chernoff used the optimized exponential moment of a real random variable to bound tails of sums of independent identically distributed observations and identify their exponential decay rate. He then defined an asymptotic efficiency index for threshold tests between two simple hypotheses: the smallest fixed-positive-weight sum of the two error probabilities has a rate independent of that weight. Ratios of the logarithms of these indices compare asymptotic sample requirements.","scope":"Chernoff used the optimized exponential moment of a real random variable to bound tails of sums of independent identically distributed observations and identify their exponential decay rate. He then defined an asymptotic efficiency index for threshold tests between two simple hypotheses: the smallest fixed-positive-weight sum of the two error probabilities has a rate independent of that weight. Ratios of the logarithms of these indices compare asymptotic sample requirements. This record refers to Stanford Technical Report 6, dated 9 November 1951; the 1952 Annals article is a separate publication version. The sum observations are independent copies; finite-tail inequalities require the appropriate side of the mean, and an optimized moment value 1 can give no useful exponential decay. Exponential-rate equivalence does not give exact finite-sample probabilities or Gaussian far-tail accuracy. The testing theorem concerns two simple hypotheses and threshold tests with fixed finite positive error weight, not arbitrary composite/adaptive/dependent testing. No claim of inventing the exponential Markov method or all modern concentration inequalities.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18886a9b-a10d-4a66-a91f-961e092c1ee1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:21eeca88d2f755dec7a627d7f887543fe847bc906c00e911cf6956523c8bb655"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"horn-majorized-diagonal-realization-rotation-1954","title":"Horn realizes majorized diagonals and characterizes rotation-matrix diagonals","summary":"For finite real vectors x and y, majorization of y by x, including equality of total sums, admits an orthostochastic realization y_i=sum_j U_ij^2 x_j with a real orthogonal matrix U. Consequently these conditions exactly characterize diagonals of Hermitian matrices with prescribed real eigenvalues, with real symmetric realization available. Horn also proves that diagonals of real determinant+1 orthogonal matrices form the convex hull of sign vectors with an even number of negative coordinates, deriving orthogonal and unitary diagonal characterizations.","boundary":"Finite-dimensional statements with their real-vector and determinant conditions, not a classification of arbitrary infinite operators or all complex-vector majorization. Orthostochastic realizability of y from x does not mean every doubly stochastic matrix is orthostochastic; the original gives a counterexample and explicitly shows failure of the analogous complex-vector assertion. The majorization necessity is credited to Schur and the Hardy–Littlewood–Polya/Birkhoff inputs are inherited, not Horn discoveries.","area":"Matrix analysis and majorization","topic":"Mathematics","year":1954,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"horn-majorized-diagonal-realization-rotation-1954","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7ac1979b-7e91-41ac-a83c-e2a1fa420519","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e6fbe8808c6170ddadf3a228c829d55950556698324f29e1a28bb9881e6c5587"},"humans":["Alfred Horn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-horn-diagonal-rotation-1954","title":"Alfred Horn, Doubly Stochastic Matrices and the Diagonal of a Rotation Matrix (AJM76,1954,620–630; facsimile)","url":"https://www.convexoptimization.com/TOOLS/AHorn.pdf","date":"1954-07"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"horn-majorized-diagonal-realization-rotation-1954","entry_id":"horn-majorized-diagonal-realization-rotation-1954","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7ac1979b-7e91-41ac-a83c-e2a1fa420519","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e6fbe8808c6170ddadf3a228c829d55950556698324f29e1a28bb9881e6c5587"},"what_changed":"For finite real vectors x and y, majorization of y by x, including equality of total sums, admits an orthostochastic realization y_i=sum_j U_ij^2 x_j with a real orthogonal matrix U. Consequently these conditions exactly characterize diagonals of Hermitian matrices with prescribed real eigenvalues, with real symmetric realization available. Horn also proves that diagonals of real determinant+1 orthogonal matrices form the convex hull of sign vectors with an even number of negative coordinates, deriving orthogonal and unitary diagonal characterizations.","scope":"For finite real vectors x and y, majorization of y by x, including equality of total sums, admits an orthostochastic realization y_i=sum_j U_ij^2 x_j with a real orthogonal matrix U. Consequently these conditions exactly characterize diagonals of Hermitian matrices with prescribed real eigenvalues, with real symmetric realization available. Horn also proves that diagonals of real determinant+1 orthogonal matrices form the convex hull of sign vectors with an even number of negative coordinates, deriving orthogonal and unitary diagonal characterizations. Finite-dimensional statements with their real-vector and determinant conditions, not a classification of arbitrary infinite operators or all complex-vector majorization. Orthostochastic realizability of y from x does not mean every doubly stochastic matrix is orthostochastic; the original gives a counterexample and explicitly shows failure of the analogous complex-vector assertion. The majorization necessity is credited to Schur and the Hardy–Littlewood–Polya/Birkhoff inputs are inherited, not Horn discoveries.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7ac1979b-7e91-41ac-a83c-e2a1fa420519","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e6fbe8808c6170ddadf3a228c829d55950556698324f29e1a28bb9881e6c5587"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"penrose-four-equation-generalized-inverse-1955","title":"Penrose: a unique generalized inverse defined by four matrix equations","summary":"Penrose characterized a unique generalized inverse X for every finite complex rectangular matrix A by AXA=A, XAX=X, (AX)*=AX and (XA)*=XA, with * the conjugate transpose. He gave an existence and uniqueness proof and used generalized inverses to express solvability and all solutions of AXB=C, as well as matrix projectors and a partial-isometry spectral decomposition.","boundary":"The theorem concerns finite complex matrices, including singular, rectangular and zero matrices; arbitrary rings are explicitly deferred. The AXB=C formula is conditional on its stated compatibility relation and does not imply every right-hand side is exactly solvable. Continuity is asserted at fixed rank, not across rank changes. This record does not assign first priority for generalized inverses or singular-value decomposition, nor include the separate 1956 least-squares paper.","area":"Linear algebra and matrix equations","topic":"Mathematics","year":1955,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"penrose-four-equation-generalized-inverse-1955","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9982b131-664c-4ab0-a7c1-02e8b883b214","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:842694a83d011b87fda6a7741e66f9058c079efe5d7929a3ae94d2e126d2038c"},"humans":["Roger Penrose"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-penrose-generalized-inverse-1955","title":"A generalized inverse for matrices","url":"https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/math/jaafarm/lec-notes/Moore-Pinrose.pdf","date":"1955-07"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"penrose-four-equation-generalized-inverse-1955","entry_id":"penrose-four-equation-generalized-inverse-1955","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9982b131-664c-4ab0-a7c1-02e8b883b214","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:842694a83d011b87fda6a7741e66f9058c079efe5d7929a3ae94d2e126d2038c"},"what_changed":"Penrose characterized a unique generalized inverse X for every finite complex rectangular matrix A by AXA=A, XAX=X, (AX)*=AX and (XA)*=XA, with * the conjugate transpose. He gave an existence and uniqueness proof and used generalized inverses to express solvability and all solutions of AXB=C, as well as matrix projectors and a partial-isometry spectral decomposition.","scope":"Penrose characterized a unique generalized inverse X for every finite complex rectangular matrix A by AXA=A, XAX=X, (AX)*=AX and (XA)*=XA, with * the conjugate transpose. He gave an existence and uniqueness proof and used generalized inverses to express solvability and all solutions of AXB=C, as well as matrix projectors and a partial-isometry spectral decomposition. The theorem concerns finite complex matrices, including singular, rectangular and zero matrices; arbitrary rings are explicitly deferred. The AXB=C formula is conditional on its stated compatibility relation and does not imply every right-hand side is exactly solvable. Continuity is asserted at fixed rank, not across rank changes. This record does not assign first priority for generalized inverses or singular-value decomposition, nor include the separate 1956 least-squares paper.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9982b131-664c-4ab0-a7c1-02e8b883b214","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:842694a83d011b87fda6a7741e66f9058c079efe5d7929a3ae94d2e126d2038c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"corbato-saltzer-clingen-multics-first-seven-years-1972","title":"Corbató, Saltzer and Clingen: Multics—The First Seven Years","summary":"Multics was an attempt to make a computer a dependable shared utility. This paper explains how its designers connected goals such as continuous operation, controlled sharing and expandable capacity to implementation choices and years of experience. It also discusses revisions and incomplete goals. The contribution is an account of a working system and the lessons extracted from building it, rather than a claim that every feature of the original vision had been delivered.","boundary":"The exact three-author 1972 implementation and experience paper. Multics was a collective MIT, Bell Laboratories and GE/Honeywell project; paper authorship does not transfer all project credit. Planned protection hardware and delivered facilities are distinct. Reported system figures describe that installation and period, not a modern performance benchmark.","area":"Operating systems and concurrency","topic":"Computing","year":1972,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"corbato-saltzer-clingen-multics-first-seven-years-1972","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d27563e-c905-4415-a282-dfef8caabcf2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c93c1175d7e01c38153935c51e5edce5d03dfebdde0c28694e07ca76c379f549"},"humans":["Fernando J. Corbató","Jerome H. Saltzer","Charles T. Clingen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["unix-system"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"mit-multics-first-seven-years","title":"MIT author-hosted Multics paper","url":"https://www.mit.edu/~Saltzer/publications/f7y/f7y.html"},{"id":"acm-multics-first-seven-years-1972","title":"ACM record for Multics—The First Seven Years","url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478873.1478880"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"corbato-saltzer-clingen-multics-first-seven-years-1972","entry_id":"corbato-saltzer-clingen-multics-first-seven-years-1972","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d27563e-c905-4415-a282-dfef8caabcf2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c93c1175d7e01c38153935c51e5edce5d03dfebdde0c28694e07ca76c379f549"},"what_changed":"Multics was an attempt to make a computer a dependable shared utility. This paper explains how its designers connected goals such as continuous operation, controlled sharing and expandable capacity to implementation choices and years of experience. It also discusses revisions and incomplete goals. The contribution is an account of a working system and the lessons extracted from building it, rather than a claim that every feature of the original vision had been delivered.","scope":"Multics was an attempt to make a computer a dependable shared utility. This paper explains how its designers connected goals such as continuous operation, controlled sharing and expandable capacity to implementation choices and years of experience. It also discusses revisions and incomplete goals. The contribution is an account of a working system and the lessons extracted from building it, rather than a claim that every feature of the original vision had been delivered. The exact three-author 1972 implementation and experience paper. Multics was a collective MIT, Bell Laboratories and GE/Honeywell project; paper authorship does not transfer all project credit. Planned protection hardware and delivered facilities are distinct. Reported system figures describe that installation and period, not a modern performance benchmark.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d27563e-c905-4415-a282-dfef8caabcf2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c93c1175d7e01c38153935c51e5edce5d03dfebdde0c28694e07ca76c379f549"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lecun-denker-solla-optimal-brain-damage-1990","title":"LeCun, Denker and Solla: Optimal Brain Damage","summary":"A trained neural network may contain weights that contribute little to its predictions. LeCun, Denker and Solla estimate the cost of removing a weight from how sharply the training error bends near the learned solution. They remove low-cost weights and retrain. Their experiments show why curvature can be more useful than simply keeping large weights, while also showing that a local approximation becomes less accurate when too many weights are removed at once.","boundary":"The NIPS contribution indexed by its publisher under 1989. The saliency estimate uses a locally quadratic loss, near-stationary parameters and a diagonal-Hessian approximation. Reported pruning and retraining results are finite experiments; the name does not assert globally optimal pruning. Network redesign and automatic weight deletion are separate sources of compression.","area":"Neural and deep learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":1989,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"lecun-denker-solla-optimal-brain-damage-1990","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b5ca7aa-66a0-4146-a314-3b30c78a11ca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68c0b11d01fb412b9e138cc9b1e71209e1435f2720a0634b301292e763a0af58"},"humans":["Yann LeCun","John S. Denker","Sara A. Solla"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["backprop-representations","lecun-et-al-zip-code-recognition-1989"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"neurips-lecun-optimal-brain-damage-1989","title":"Official NeurIPS record for Optimal Brain Damage","url":"https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/1989/hash/6c9882bbac1c7093bd25041881277658-Abstract.html"},{"id":"lecun-publications-optimal-brain-damage","title":"Yann LeCun publication record for Optimal Brain Damage","url":"https://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/"},{"id":"wrs20261023-obd-publisher-identity","title":"NeurIPS publisher record for the 1989 contribution","url":"https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/1989/hash/6c9882bbac1c7093bd25041881277658-Abstract.html"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"lecun-denker-solla-optimal-brain-damage-1990","entry_id":"lecun-denker-solla-optimal-brain-damage-1990","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b5ca7aa-66a0-4146-a314-3b30c78a11ca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68c0b11d01fb412b9e138cc9b1e71209e1435f2720a0634b301292e763a0af58"},"what_changed":"A trained neural network may contain weights that contribute little to its predictions. LeCun, Denker and Solla estimate the cost of removing a weight from how sharply the training error bends near the learned solution. They remove low-cost weights and retrain. Their experiments show why curvature can be more useful than simply keeping large weights, while also showing that a local approximation becomes less accurate when too many weights are removed at once.","scope":"A trained neural network may contain weights that contribute little to its predictions. LeCun, Denker and Solla estimate the cost of removing a weight from how sharply the training error bends near the learned solution. They remove low-cost weights and retrain. Their experiments show why curvature can be more useful than simply keeping large weights, while also showing that a local approximation becomes less accurate when too many weights are removed at once. The NIPS contribution indexed by its publisher under 1989. The saliency estimate uses a locally quadratic loss, near-stationary parameters and a diagonal-Hessian approximation. Reported pruning and retraining results are finite experiments; the name does not assert globally optimal pruning. Network redesign and automatic weight deletion are separate sources of compression.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b5ca7aa-66a0-4146-a314-3b30c78a11ca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:68c0b11d01fb412b9e138cc9b1e71209e1435f2720a0634b301292e763a0af58"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wolpert-macready-no-free-lunch-1997","title":"Wolpert and Macready: no free lunch theorems for optimization","summary":"Could one search strategy be best for every optimization problem? Wolpert and Macready show why the answer changes when problems are averaged in a particular way. On finite search spaces, averaging uniformly over all objective functions removes the advantage of any strategy when performance depends on the values found after distinct queries. Practical success therefore depends on the structure of the problems encountered. This does not say that a useful optimizer, or a well-chosen benchmark, is impossible.","boundary":"Finite search and cost-value sets, uniform all-function averaging and distinct oracle evaluations. Wall-clock runtime and arbitrary structured problem distributions are outside this equality. The time-dependent result has additional bijectivity restrictions. The 1997 optimization theorem is not a blanket statement that all learning algorithms perform equally in the real world.","area":"Evaluation, safety and interpretability","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":1997,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"wolpert-macready-no-free-lunch-1997","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:728c1977-cbe9-4946-a591-22c9ac45aee6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ab3fed1faf50c3b8842cd5e18f2b607b0401cfc2e1b0dd72f613e594545408c"},"humans":["David H. Wolpert","William G. Macready"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["turing"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs20261023-wolpert-macready-ieee-original-upv","title":"Wolpert and Macready: original IEEE 1997 optimization paper, institutional copy","url":"https://victoryepes.blogs.upv.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/No-free-lunch.pdf"}],"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"wolpert-macready-no-free-lunch-1997","entry_id":"wolpert-macready-no-free-lunch-1997","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:728c1977-cbe9-4946-a591-22c9ac45aee6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ab3fed1faf50c3b8842cd5e18f2b607b0401cfc2e1b0dd72f613e594545408c"},"what_changed":"Could one search strategy be best for every optimization problem? Wolpert and Macready show why the answer changes when problems are averaged in a particular way. On finite search spaces, averaging uniformly over all objective functions removes the advantage of any strategy when performance depends on the values found after distinct queries. Practical success therefore depends on the structure of the problems encountered. This does not say that a useful optimizer, or a well-chosen benchmark, is impossible.","scope":"Could one search strategy be best for every optimization problem? Wolpert and Macready show why the answer changes when problems are averaged in a particular way. On finite search spaces, averaging uniformly over all objective functions removes the advantage of any strategy when performance depends on the values found after distinct queries. Practical success therefore depends on the structure of the problems encountered. This does not say that a useful optimizer, or a well-chosen benchmark, is impossible. Finite search and cost-value sets, uniform all-function averaging and distinct oracle evaluations. Wall-clock runtime and arbitrary structured problem distributions are outside this equality. The time-dependent result has additional bijectivity restrictions. The 1997 optimization theorem is not a blanket statement that all learning algorithms perform equally in the real world.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:728c1977-cbe9-4946-a591-22c9ac45aee6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ab3fed1faf50c3b8842cd5e18f2b607b0401cfc2e1b0dd72f613e594545408c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"andrieu-doucet-holenstein-pmcmc-2010","title":"Andrieu, Doucet and Holenstein: particle Markov chain Monte Carlo methods","summary":"Particle filters approximate hidden states using a finite collection of simulated possibilities. MCMC methods instead build a chain designed to preserve a target distribution. Particle MCMC connects the two by treating the random choices inside a particle filter as part of a larger mathematical state. This allows particle-based proposals to preserve the intended posterior exactly under stated assumptions, even with finitely many particles. Exactness of the stationary target still leaves a practical question: how quickly does the chain explore it?","boundary":"The three-author 2010 framework, including particle independent Metropolis-Hastings, particle marginal Metropolis-Hastings and particle Gibbs. Target invariance and convergence require their separate support, resampling and ideal-chain assumptions. Particle-Gibbs invariance at N>=1 is not ergodicity at N=1; the convergence theorem requires N>=2. Existing SMC and pseudo-marginal results retain their own credit; no universal fast-mixing guarantee.","area":"Probabilistic AI","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"andrieu-doucet-holenstein-pmcmc-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfbe1a3b-3aa9-4826-a69e-f9f7d16e4630","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b571f611bb57dd2a5f3ee8ca5752c0dc0ce58b4ee5d9cd46d27e1e4d050de7c9"},"humans":["Christophe Andrieu","Arnaud Doucet","Roman Holenstein"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["metropolis-sampling","hastings-sampling"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wiley-andrieu-pmcmc-2010","title":"Wiley full text for particle Markov chain Monte Carlo methods","url":"https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2009.00736.x"},{"id":"oxford-doucet-pmcmc-fulltext","title":"Oxford author-hosted particle MCMC manuscript","url":"https://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~doucet/andrieu_doucet_holenstein_PMCMC.pdf"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"andrieu-doucet-holenstein-pmcmc-2010","entry_id":"andrieu-doucet-holenstein-pmcmc-2010","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfbe1a3b-3aa9-4826-a69e-f9f7d16e4630","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b571f611bb57dd2a5f3ee8ca5752c0dc0ce58b4ee5d9cd46d27e1e4d050de7c9"},"what_changed":"Particle filters approximate hidden states using a finite collection of simulated possibilities. MCMC methods instead build a chain designed to preserve a target distribution. Particle MCMC connects the two by treating the random choices inside a particle filter as part of a larger mathematical state. This allows particle-based proposals to preserve the intended posterior exactly under stated assumptions, even with finitely many particles. Exactness of the stationary target still leaves a practical question: how quickly does the chain explore it?","scope":"Particle filters approximate hidden states using a finite collection of simulated possibilities. MCMC methods instead build a chain designed to preserve a target distribution. Particle MCMC connects the two by treating the random choices inside a particle filter as part of a larger mathematical state. This allows particle-based proposals to preserve the intended posterior exactly under stated assumptions, even with finitely many particles. Exactness of the stationary target still leaves a practical question: how quickly does the chain explore it? The three-author 2010 framework, including particle independent Metropolis-Hastings, particle marginal Metropolis-Hastings and particle Gibbs. Target invariance and convergence require their separate support, resampling and ideal-chain assumptions. Particle-Gibbs invariance at N>=1 is not ergodicity at N=1; the convergence theorem requires N>=2. Existing SMC and pseudo-marginal results retain their own credit; no universal fast-mixing guarantee.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfbe1a3b-3aa9-4826-a69e-f9f7d16e4630","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b571f611bb57dd2a5f3ee8ca5752c0dc0ce58b4ee5d9cd46d27e1e4d050de7c9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dewey-classification-subject-index-1876","title":"Dewey: A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging Books and Pamphlets of a Library","summary":"A growing library becomes hard to use if a book is identified mainly by the shelf where it happens to sit. Dewey links books to subjects using numbers that can be extended with extra digits. A subject index helps readers find the right number, while relative location lets a collection grow without renumbering every shelf. The first edition explains both the practical benefits and compromises of its hierarchy. The achievement is a reusable organization and retrieval method, not a neutral map of all knowledge.","boundary":"The 1876 first-edition method, read through a transcription of its later facsimile with national-library identity support. Later classification editions and institutional maintenance are separate. The author acknowledges earlier systems and advice, including Battezzati, Cutter and Fiske. Modern adoption totals and neutrality claims are not inferred from the preface.","area":"Databases and information retrieval","topic":"Computing","year":1876,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"dewey-classification-subject-index-1876","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d79830cb-4f7e-441a-a3eb-abe97c46cfd1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b93bf0dbd6731d64606758d47b82efaf7534092056c44f01c93ab5277f15ad7"},"humans":["Melvil Dewey"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs20261023-dewey1876-facsimile-transcription","title":"Dewey 1876 classification: transcription of the centennial facsimile","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12513/pg12513-images.html"},{"id":"bnf-dewey-classification-1876","title":"BnF record for Dewey first-edition classification","url":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb30339059b"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"dewey-classification-subject-index-1876","entry_id":"dewey-classification-subject-index-1876","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d79830cb-4f7e-441a-a3eb-abe97c46cfd1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b93bf0dbd6731d64606758d47b82efaf7534092056c44f01c93ab5277f15ad7"},"what_changed":"A growing library becomes hard to use if a book is identified mainly by the shelf where it happens to sit. Dewey links books to subjects using numbers that can be extended with extra digits. A subject index helps readers find the right number, while relative location lets a collection grow without renumbering every shelf. The first edition explains both the practical benefits and compromises of its hierarchy. The achievement is a reusable organization and retrieval method, not a neutral map of all knowledge.","scope":"A growing library becomes hard to use if a book is identified mainly by the shelf where it happens to sit. Dewey links books to subjects using numbers that can be extended with extra digits. A subject index helps readers find the right number, while relative location lets a collection grow without renumbering every shelf. The first edition explains both the practical benefits and compromises of its hierarchy. The achievement is a reusable organization and retrieval method, not a neutral map of all knowledge. The 1876 first-edition method, read through a transcription of its later facsimile with national-library identity support. Later classification editions and institutional maintenance are separate. The author acknowledges earlier systems and advice, including Battezzati, Cutter and Fiske. Modern adoption totals and neutrality claims are not inferred from the preface.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d79830cb-4f7e-441a-a3eb-abe97c46cfd1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b93bf0dbd6731d64606758d47b82efaf7534092056c44f01c93ab5277f15ad7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cavendish-density-earth-1798","title":"Cavendish: experiments to determine the density of the Earth","summary":"The gravitational pull between ordinary laboratory objects is tiny. Cavendish made it measurable by suspending a light arm from a thin wire and observing how nearby heavy masses changed its position. Timing the arm’s oscillations helped connect the deflection to force. The experiment led to an estimate of Earth’s mean density, about 5.48 times that of water. The paper also examines air currents, temperature changes and other errors that could disturb such a delicate measurement.","boundary":"The 1798 density experiment. Cavendish explicitly credits John Michell with the apparatus and method, and Wollaston with transferring it. The source reports a density ratio; a modern value of G is a later conversion, not the directly printed measurement. Historical uncertainty discussion is not a modern calibrated error bar or independent WRS repetition.","area":"Precision measurement and instruments","topic":"Physics","year":1798,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"cavendish-density-earth-1798","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0193cde2-7ca5-4c83-a5d9-98c5179a10a7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3abb9f95040ef42d9c48e17d382c30fa9bfe9a8c3a95dbc28bc0071a5e96646"},"humans":["Henry Cavendish"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"John Michell","role":"Devised the apparatus and experimental method acknowledged in the original.","sources":[{"title":"Royal Society archive record for Cavendish 1798","url":"https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/l-and-p_11_68/paper-experiments-to-determine-the-density-of-the-earth-by-henry-cavendish"}]},{"name":"Francis John Hyde Wollaston","role":"Transferred Michell’s apparatus to Cavendish, as acknowledged in the original.","sources":[{"title":"Royal Society archive record for Cavendish 1798","url":"https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/l-and-p_11_68/paper-experiments-to-determine-the-density-of-the-earth-by-henry-cavendish"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["newton"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"royalsociety-cavendish-density-earth-1798","title":"Royal Society archive record for Cavendish 1798","url":"https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/l-and-p_11_68/paper-experiments-to-determine-the-density-of-the-earth-by-henry-cavendish"},{"id":"mcgill-cavendish-density-earth-fulltext","title":"McGill-hosted Cavendish 1798 full text","url":"https://jhanley.biostat.mcgill.ca/bios601/Mean-Quantile/Cavendish1798.pdf"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"cavendish-density-earth-1798","entry_id":"cavendish-density-earth-1798","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0193cde2-7ca5-4c83-a5d9-98c5179a10a7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3abb9f95040ef42d9c48e17d382c30fa9bfe9a8c3a95dbc28bc0071a5e96646"},"what_changed":"The gravitational pull between ordinary laboratory objects is tiny. Cavendish made it measurable by suspending a light arm from a thin wire and observing how nearby heavy masses changed its position. Timing the arm’s oscillations helped connect the deflection to force. The experiment led to an estimate of Earth’s mean density, about 5.48 times that of water. The paper also examines air currents, temperature changes and other errors that could disturb such a delicate measurement.","scope":"The gravitational pull between ordinary laboratory objects is tiny. Cavendish made it measurable by suspending a light arm from a thin wire and observing how nearby heavy masses changed its position. Timing the arm’s oscillations helped connect the deflection to force. The experiment led to an estimate of Earth’s mean density, about 5.48 times that of water. The paper also examines air currents, temperature changes and other errors that could disturb such a delicate measurement. The 1798 density experiment. Cavendish explicitly credits John Michell with the apparatus and method, and Wollaston with transferring it. The source reports a density ratio; a modern value of G is a later conversion, not the directly printed measurement. Historical uncertainty discussion is not a modern calibrated error bar or independent WRS repetition.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0193cde2-7ca5-4c83-a5d9-98c5179a10a7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d3abb9f95040ef42d9c48e17d382c30fa9bfe9a8c3a95dbc28bc0071a5e96646"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cohen-computer-viruses-theory-experiments-1987","title":"Cohen: computer viruses, theory and experiments","summary":"Security is not only about whether a user can read a file. A program that a user trusts can alter another program, which can then spread the change further. Cohen develops this computer-virus model, relates spreading to information sharing and integrity policies, and reports controlled experiments on contemporary systems. The work helps explain why ordinary access controls can leave a different problem unsolved: deciding which information and programs should be allowed to change what.","boundary":"The 1987 theory-and-experiments paper, with earlier experiments and ideas distinguished from the journal date. Formal limitations concern the stated program and information-flow models. Finite historical experiments do not establish the behaviour of every current system, and generic undecidability does not make practical detection useless. No source program was executed by WRS.","area":"Security and cryptography","topic":"Computing","year":1987,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"FORMALIZATION","package_id":"cohen-computer-viruses-theory-experiments-1987","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fe2dc75f-8a28-4c1d-a109-6f6c120494d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:353d984bba46601a707aad7f75c6d83d053c6b64ab6af5c8151f6d65e263abf0"},"humans":["Fred Cohen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["turing"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"elsevier-cohen-computer-viruses-1987","title":"Publisher record for Computer Viruses: Theory and Experiments","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(87)90122-2"},{"id":"virginia-tech-cohen-computer-viruses-fulltext","title":"Virginia Tech-hosted full text of Cohen computer-virus paper","url":"https://www.cnsr.ictas.vt.edu/QEpaper/cohen.pdf"}],"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"cohen-computer-viruses-theory-experiments-1987","entry_id":"cohen-computer-viruses-theory-experiments-1987","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fe2dc75f-8a28-4c1d-a109-6f6c120494d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:353d984bba46601a707aad7f75c6d83d053c6b64ab6af5c8151f6d65e263abf0"},"what_changed":"Security is not only about whether a user can read a file. A program that a user trusts can alter another program, which can then spread the change further. Cohen develops this computer-virus model, relates spreading to information sharing and integrity policies, and reports controlled experiments on contemporary systems. The work helps explain why ordinary access controls can leave a different problem unsolved: deciding which information and programs should be allowed to change what.","scope":"Security is not only about whether a user can read a file. A program that a user trusts can alter another program, which can then spread the change further. Cohen develops this computer-virus model, relates spreading to information sharing and integrity policies, and reports controlled experiments on contemporary systems. The work helps explain why ordinary access controls can leave a different problem unsolved: deciding which information and programs should be allowed to change what. The 1987 theory-and-experiments paper, with earlier experiments and ideas distinguished from the journal date. Formal limitations concern the stated program and information-flow models. Finite historical experiments do not establish the behaviour of every current system, and generic undecidability does not make practical detection useless. No source program was executed by WRS.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fe2dc75f-8a28-4c1d-a109-6f6c120494d5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:353d984bba46601a707aad7f75c6d83d053c6b64ab6af5c8151f6d65e263abf0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"azuma-weighted-dependent-sums-1967","title":"Azuma: weighted dependent sums and asymptotic fluctuation control","summary":"Independent errors are easier to average than errors that depend on the past. Azuma studies sequences whose next increment has zero conditional mean, together with boundedness or conditional exponential-moment assumptions. These conditions control weighted sums and how their fluctuations grow. The paper gives convergence and iterated-logarithm upper bounds under explicit restrictions on the weights. This adds a route for studying dependent data without pretending that every dependent sequence behaves like independent noise.","boundary":"The 1967 weighted-sum and asymptotic contribution. The exponential estimates do not erase the martingale extension already noted in the 1963 Hoeffding record. Theorem2 uses D_n^2=sum a_i^2, a_n^2/D_n^2->0 and D_n^2->infinity; Theorem3 uses positive increasing weights with a_n/A_n=o(1/log log A_n). These are upper/convergence conclusions, not an unconditional sharp two-sided LIL. Tsuchikura supplied a separating weight example.","area":"Mathematics and statistics","topic":"Martingale concentration","year":1967,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"azuma-weighted-dependent-sums-1967","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86342705-378e-4940-a43a-a731fea39dbf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca5e4d4d310f13b0d21565ca78e45566d99017ac987cef292e6f621c8849a968"},"humans":["Kazuoki Azuma"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"T. Tsuchikura","role":"Supplied the separating weight-sequence example explicitly credited in the source; not a coauthor or claimant of all martingale results.","sources":[{"title":"Azuma: exponential control of bounded dependent weighted sums — original scientific article","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmj1949/19/3/19_3_357/_pdf/-char/en"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["hoeffding-bounded-sum-inequalities-1963"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs24-azuma-weighted-dependent-sums-1967-original","title":"Azuma: exponential control of bounded dependent weighted sums — original scientific article","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmj1949/19/3/19_3_357/_pdf/-char/en"},{"id":"wrs24-azuma-weighted-dependent-sums-1967-publisher","title":"Azuma: exponential control of bounded dependent weighted sums — publisher deposit","url":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.2748%2Ftmj%2F1178243286"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["JP"],"location_basis":"Sole author’s affiliation printed on the original final page: Mathematical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. This is a paper-affiliation association, not nationality or allocation of individual effort.","source_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmj1949/19/3/19_3_357/_pdf/-char/en","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86342705-378e-4940-a43a-a731fea39dbf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca5e4d4d310f13b0d21565ca78e45566d99017ac987cef292e6f621c8849a968"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Original sole-author paper affiliation, final page367","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmj1949/19/3/19_3_357/_pdf/-char/en"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"JP":"Japan"}},"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"azuma-weighted-dependent-sums-1967","entry_id":"azuma-weighted-dependent-sums-1967","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86342705-378e-4940-a43a-a731fea39dbf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca5e4d4d310f13b0d21565ca78e45566d99017ac987cef292e6f621c8849a968"},"what_changed":"Independent errors are easier to average than errors that depend on the past. Azuma studies sequences whose next increment has zero conditional mean, together with boundedness or conditional exponential-moment assumptions. These conditions control weighted sums and how their fluctuations grow. The paper gives convergence and iterated-logarithm upper bounds under explicit restrictions on the weights. This adds a route for studying dependent data without pretending that every dependent sequence behaves like independent noise.","scope":"Independent errors are easier to average than errors that depend on the past. Azuma studies sequences whose next increment has zero conditional mean, together with boundedness or conditional exponential-moment assumptions. These conditions control weighted sums and how their fluctuations grow. The paper gives convergence and iterated-logarithm upper bounds under explicit restrictions on the weights. This adds a route for studying dependent data without pretending that every dependent sequence behaves like independent noise. The 1967 weighted-sum and asymptotic contribution. The exponential estimates do not erase the martingale extension already noted in the 1963 Hoeffding record. Theorem2 uses D_n^2=sum a_i^2, a_n^2/D_n^2->0 and D_n^2->infinity; Theorem3 uses positive increasing weights with a_n/A_n=o(1/log log A_n). These are upper/convergence conclusions, not an unconditional sharp two-sided LIL. Tsuchikura supplied a separating weight example.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86342705-378e-4940-a43a-a731fea39dbf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ca5e4d4d310f13b0d21565ca78e45566d99017ac987cef292e6f621c8849a968"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895","title":"Curie: magnetic properties of bodies at different temperatures","summary":"Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses.","boundary":"Pierre Curie’s 1895 experimental thesis, with earlier 1892-1894 reports acknowledged. The inverse-temperature relation is approximate and material/regime dependent; the original notes palladium and a diamagnetic offset. Historical transformation temperatures are not silently replaced by modern values. No later Curie-Weiss theory, universal exact law, quantum explanation or radioactivity contribution is assigned to this work.","area":"Condensed matter","topic":"Physics","year":1895,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105"},"humans":["Pierre Curie"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["radium-discovery","curie-polonium-report-1898"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wrs20261023-curie-thesis-original-scans","title":"Pierre Curie 1895 thesis: original digitized pages","url":"https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yxyc23yn"},{"id":"wikisource-curie-scientific-notice-1902","title":"Pierre Curie notice on his scientific work","url":"https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Notice_sur_les_travaux_scientifiques_de_Pierre_Curie"}],"points":"330000","published_grade":{"id":"curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895","entry_id":"curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105"},"what_changed":"Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses.","scope":"Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses. Pierre Curie’s 1895 experimental thesis, with earlier 1892-1894 reports acknowledged. The inverse-temperature relation is approximate and material/regime dependent; the original notes palladium and a diamagnetic offset. Historical transformation temperatures are not silently replaced by modern values. No later Curie-Weiss theory, universal exact law, quantum explanation or radioactivity contribution is assigned to this work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chao-et-al-pair-2023","title":"Chao and colleagues: iterative black-box model red-teaming with PAIR","summary":"Introduced an automated red-teaming workflow in which an attacker language model revises candidate requests using feedback from a target model and an evaluation model, enabling query-based stress testing without target-weight access.","boundary":"The title describes reported efficiency, not a guarantee of success within twenty queries. Parallel streams add to the total budget. Outcomes depend on attacker, judge, target and settings; automated judgments can mistake nominal compliance for useful or correct output.","area":"Adversarial evaluation of language models","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chao-et-al-pair-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8c525b0e-c15e-4958-aa81-4852a69dffd6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b92a5d54b5bf4b8eea0c1305f5954f3750be1d31cec1e5c7ab5fb9f563076972"},"humans":["Patrick Chao","Alexander Robey","Edgar Dobriban","Hamed Hassani","George J. Pappas","Eric Wong"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["perez-et-al-model-redteaming-2022","mehrotra-et-al-tree-of-attacks-2023"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2310-08419v1","title":"Jailbreaking Black Box Large Language Models in Twenty Queries","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08419v1","date":"2023-10-12"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"chao-et-al-pair-2023","entry_id":"chao-et-al-pair-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8c525b0e-c15e-4958-aa81-4852a69dffd6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b92a5d54b5bf4b8eea0c1305f5954f3750be1d31cec1e5c7ab5fb9f563076972"},"what_changed":"Introduced an automated red-teaming workflow in which an attacker language model revises candidate requests using feedback from a target model and an evaluation model, enabling query-based stress testing without target-weight access.","scope":"Introduced an automated red-teaming workflow in which an attacker language model revises candidate requests using feedback from a target model and an evaluation model, enabling query-based stress testing without target-weight access. The title describes reported efficiency, not a guarantee of success within twenty queries. Parallel streams add to the total budget. Outcomes depend on attacker, judge, target and settings; automated judgments can mistake nominal compliance for useful or correct output.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8c525b0e-c15e-4958-aa81-4852a69dffd6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b92a5d54b5bf4b8eea0c1305f5954f3750be1d31cec1e5c7ab5fb9f563076972"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liu-et-al-jailjudge-2024","title":"Liu and colleagues: JAILJUDGE multi-agent red-team evaluation","summary":"Combined a jailbreak-response judgment benchmark with multi-agent explanation and aggregation, and distilled judgment behavior into an open evaluation model for comparing model safeguards.","boundary":"The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. Related models can make correlated judgment errors; majority agreement and evidence aggregation do not create independent ground truth. Counts and categories vary within the original version. Removing API calls does not remove local inference costs. Judge accuracy is not universal scientific or factual correctness.","area":"Language-model evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"liu-et-al-jailjudge-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0feff921-462e-4597-ad8a-e91378b238a6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1594b830a6add9f0ceae5255e4f2d3add2542b3fd387e10925c7a0323cc10a6e"},"humans":["Fan Liu","Yue Feng","Zhao Xu","Lixin Su","Xinyu Ma","Dawei Yin","Hao Liu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2410-12855v1","title":"JAILJUDGE: A Comprehensive Jailbreak Judge Benchmark with Multi-Agent Enhanced Explanation Evaluation Framework","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.12855v1","date":"2024-10-11"}],"points":"35000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-et-al-jailjudge-2024","entry_id":"liu-et-al-jailjudge-2024","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0feff921-462e-4597-ad8a-e91378b238a6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1594b830a6add9f0ceae5255e4f2d3add2542b3fd387e10925c7a0323cc10a6e"},"what_changed":"Combined a jailbreak-response judgment benchmark with multi-agent explanation and aggregation, and distilled judgment behavior into an open evaluation model for comparing model safeguards.","scope":"Combined a jailbreak-response judgment benchmark with multi-agent explanation and aggregation, and distilled judgment behavior into an open evaluation model for comparing model safeguards. The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. Related models can make correlated judgment errors; majority agreement and evidence aggregation do not create independent ground truth. Counts and categories vary within the original version. Removing API calls does not remove local inference costs. Judge accuracy is not universal scientific or factual correctness.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0feff921-462e-4597-ad8a-e91378b238a6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1594b830a6add9f0ceae5255e4f2d3add2542b3fd387e10925c7a0323cc10a6e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zou-et-al-gcg-redteam-2023","title":"Zou and colleagues: transferable adversarial stress tests for aligned language models","summary":"Studied discrete optimization of adversarial input suffixes across prompts and models, reporting that inputs optimized against accessible models can transfer to some other aligned language models and expose safeguard weaknesses.","boundary":"This extends earlier discrete prompt-optimization work. Transferability is an empirical result over selected systems and objectives, not universality over all models, inputs or defenses; optimization requires resources and access assumptions.","area":"Adversarial evaluation of language models","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zou-et-al-gcg-redteam-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0cb40f95-de09-49ef-abd5-f4ad8c68e2ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:314897cb92fb01a2998a21615592e9d67f50f7528b54b824428250b945513be8"},"humans":["Andy Zou","Zifan Wang","J. Zico Kolter","Matt Fredrikson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2307-15043v1","title":"Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.15043v1","date":"2023-07-27"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"zou-et-al-gcg-redteam-2023","entry_id":"zou-et-al-gcg-redteam-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0cb40f95-de09-49ef-abd5-f4ad8c68e2ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:314897cb92fb01a2998a21615592e9d67f50f7528b54b824428250b945513be8"},"what_changed":"Studied discrete optimization of adversarial input suffixes across prompts and models, reporting that inputs optimized against accessible models can transfer to some other aligned language models and expose safeguard weaknesses.","scope":"Studied discrete optimization of adversarial input suffixes across prompts and models, reporting that inputs optimized against accessible models can transfer to some other aligned language models and expose safeguard weaknesses. This extends earlier discrete prompt-optimization work. Transferability is an empirical result over selected systems and objectives, not universality over all models, inputs or defenses; optimization requires resources and access assumptions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0cb40f95-de09-49ef-abd5-f4ad8c68e2ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:314897cb92fb01a2998a21615592e9d67f50f7528b54b824428250b945513be8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ganguli-et-al-human-redteaming-2022","title":"Ganguli and colleagues: human red-teaming methods and scaling observations","summary":"Collected human adversarial conversations with language models and compared model size and training approaches, documenting how red-teaming outcomes, participant behavior and observed harms depend on the evaluation process.","boundary":"A participant-generated dataset is not an unbiased estimate of real-world harm prevalence. Safety findings depend on recruitment, incentives, model access and rating procedures; human red-teaming complements rather than certifies deployment safety.","area":"Language-model safety evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ganguli-et-al-human-redteaming-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9bec4cdd-159e-4cac-a81b-60e17b10324d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bcc4ee0d960eca9d89b815feec3c549412269fd976aeb9aaf53e914756c56d1"},"humans":["Deep Ganguli","Liane Lovitt","Jackson Kernion","Amanda Askell","Yuntao Bai","Saurav Kadavath","Ben Mann","Ethan Perez","Nicholas Schiefer","Kamal Ndousse","Andy Jones","Sam Bowman","Anna Chen","Tom Conerly","Nova DasSarma","Dawn Drain","Nelson Elhage","Sheer El-Showk","Stanislav Fort","Zac Hatfield Dodds","Tom Henighan","Danny Hernandez","Tristan Hume","Josh Jacobson","Scott Johnston","Shauna Kravec","Catherine Olsson","Sam Ringer","Eli Tran-Johnson","Dario Amodei","Tom Brown","Nicholas Joseph","Sam McCandlish","Chris Olah","Jared Kaplan","Jack Clark"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2209-07858v1","title":"Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07858v1","date":"2022-08-23"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"ganguli-et-al-human-redteaming-2022","entry_id":"ganguli-et-al-human-redteaming-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9bec4cdd-159e-4cac-a81b-60e17b10324d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bcc4ee0d960eca9d89b815feec3c549412269fd976aeb9aaf53e914756c56d1"},"what_changed":"Collected human adversarial conversations with language models and compared model size and training approaches, documenting how red-teaming outcomes, participant behavior and observed harms depend on the evaluation process.","scope":"Collected human adversarial conversations with language models and compared model size and training approaches, documenting how red-teaming outcomes, participant behavior and observed harms depend on the evaluation process. A participant-generated dataset is not an unbiased estimate of real-world harm prevalence. Safety findings depend on recruitment, incentives, model access and rating procedures; human red-teaming complements rather than certifies deployment safety.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9bec4cdd-159e-4cac-a81b-60e17b10324d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bcc4ee0d960eca9d89b815feec3c549412269fd976aeb9aaf53e914756c56d1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mazeika-et-al-harmbench-2024","title":"Mazeika and colleagues: HarmBench standardized safeguard evaluation","summary":"Built a standardized framework combining curated harmful-behavior test cases, automated red-team method comparisons and response classifiers to evaluate robust refusal across language models under a common evaluation procedure.","boundary":"The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. Results depend on held-out behaviors, classifiers, generated length and attack budgets. For non-copyright cases, the original success criterion includes attempted behavior even when the output is incorrect. It is not exhaustive harm coverage, verified harmful capability or a deployment safety certificate.","area":"Language-model safety evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"mazeika-et-al-harmbench-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd3b59b0-0bb3-4a98-abea-b73b20bbba37","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8e24a297623ee03b3e2db19835dc925cb7c1fe84631ed72e2ac761554227a0e"},"humans":["Mantas Mazeika","Long Phan","Xuwang Yin","Andy Zou","Zifan Wang","Norman Mu","Elham Sakhaee","Nathaniel Li","Steven Basart","Bo Li","David Forsyth","Dan Hendrycks"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["souly-et-al-strongreject-2024"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2402-04249v1","title":"HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusal","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.04249v1","date":"2024-02-06"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"mazeika-et-al-harmbench-2024","entry_id":"mazeika-et-al-harmbench-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd3b59b0-0bb3-4a98-abea-b73b20bbba37","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8e24a297623ee03b3e2db19835dc925cb7c1fe84631ed72e2ac761554227a0e"},"what_changed":"Built a standardized framework combining curated harmful-behavior test cases, automated red-team method comparisons and response classifiers to evaluate robust refusal across language models under a common evaluation procedure.","scope":"Built a standardized framework combining curated harmful-behavior test cases, automated red-team method comparisons and response classifiers to evaluate robust refusal across language models under a common evaluation procedure. The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. Results depend on held-out behaviors, classifiers, generated length and attack budgets. For non-copyright cases, the original success criterion includes attempted behavior even when the output is incorrect. It is not exhaustive harm coverage, verified harmful capability or a deployment safety certificate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd3b59b0-0bb3-4a98-abea-b73b20bbba37","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8e24a297623ee03b3e2db19835dc925cb7c1fe84631ed72e2ac761554227a0e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"perez-et-al-model-written-evaluations-2022","title":"Perez and colleagues: model-written behavioral evaluations","summary":"Generated and filtered language-model evaluation datasets with language models and human relevance checks, using them to identify scaling and training trends in behaviors such as sycophancy and stated preferences.","boundary":"The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. Answers to constructed questions are measured outputs, not proof of a model's private intentions or consciousness. Label agreement and dataset relevance do not guarantee coverage of all behaviors or validity outside the evaluated models.","area":"Language-model evaluation design","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"perez-et-al-model-written-evaluations-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a9a7443-4f4b-427e-a7ac-c098707cddd5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9aad23335e8ee161de7c53ba1cc0edf789978b39d4055a91143ae9bdd501ffd5"},"humans":["Ethan Perez","Sam Ringer","Kamilė Lukošiūtė","Karina Nguyen","Edwin Chen","Scott Heiner","Craig Pettit","Catherine Olsson","Sandipan Kundu","Saurav Kadavath","Andy Jones","Anna Chen","Ben Mann","Brian Israel","Bryan Seethor","Cameron McKinnon","Christopher Olah","Da Yan","Daniela Amodei","Dario Amodei","Dawn Drain","Dustin Li","Eli Tran-Johnson","Guro Khundadze","Jackson Kernion","James Landis","Jamie Kerr","Jared Mueller","Jeeyoon Hyun","Joshua Landau","Kamal Ndousse","Landon Goldberg","Liane Lovitt","Martin Lucas","Michael Sellitto","Miranda Zhang","Neerav Kingsland","Nelson Elhage","Nicholas Joseph","Noemí Mercado","Nova DasSarma","Oliver Rausch","Robin Larson","Sam McCandlish","Scott Johnston","Shauna Kravec","Sheer El Showk","Tamera Lanham","Timothy Telleen-Lawton","Tom Brown","Tom Henighan","Tristan Hume","Yuntao Bai","Zac Hatfield-Dodds","Jack Clark","Samuel R. Bowman","Amanda Askell","Roger Grosse","Danny Hernandez","Deep Ganguli","Evan Hubinger","Nicholas Schiefer","Jared Kaplan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["parrish-et-al-bbq-2021"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2212-09251v1","title":"Discovering Language Model Behaviors with Model-Written Evaluations","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.09251v1","date":"2022-12-19"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"perez-et-al-model-written-evaluations-2022","entry_id":"perez-et-al-model-written-evaluations-2022","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a9a7443-4f4b-427e-a7ac-c098707cddd5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9aad23335e8ee161de7c53ba1cc0edf789978b39d4055a91143ae9bdd501ffd5"},"what_changed":"Generated and filtered language-model evaluation datasets with language models and human relevance checks, using them to identify scaling and training trends in behaviors such as sycophancy and stated preferences.","scope":"Generated and filtered language-model evaluation datasets with language models and human relevance checks, using them to identify scaling and training trends in behaviors such as sycophancy and stated preferences. The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. Answers to constructed questions are measured outputs, not proof of a model's private intentions or consciousness. Label agreement and dataset relevance do not guarantee coverage of all behaviors or validity outside the evaluated models.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a9a7443-4f4b-427e-a7ac-c098707cddd5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9aad23335e8ee161de7c53ba1cc0edf789978b39d4055a91143ae9bdd501ffd5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zou-et-al-short-circuiting-2024","title":"Zou and colleagues: representation rerouting with short circuiting","summary":"Trained representation-level adapters to redirect activations associated with unwanted behavior while retaining representations for benign behavior, testing a safeguard designed to interrupt problematic generation pathways.","boundary":"The method requires model internals, adapter training and harmful/retain datasets. Reported tests focus on selected single-turn harmful-output attacks. Cygnet combines rerouting with other representation controls, so its complete gains cannot be assigned to rerouting alone. No universal robustness or cost-free filter is proved.","area":"Language-model safeguards","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zou-et-al-short-circuiting-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d5391b8-b9ea-4026-a7e1-d525cacaf05b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69cc4f41a88b3cc9aaf8b14b6d3799886151bde0fee0a7d0c5ad9b25ef371da8"},"humans":["Andy Zou","Long Phan","Justin Wang","Derek Duenas","Maxwell Lin","Maksym Andriushchenko","Rowan Wang","Zico Kolter","Matt Fredrikson","Dan Hendrycks"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2406-04313v1","title":"Improving Alignment and Robustness with Short Circuiting","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.04313v1","date":"2024-06-06"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"zou-et-al-short-circuiting-2024","entry_id":"zou-et-al-short-circuiting-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d5391b8-b9ea-4026-a7e1-d525cacaf05b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69cc4f41a88b3cc9aaf8b14b6d3799886151bde0fee0a7d0c5ad9b25ef371da8"},"what_changed":"Trained representation-level adapters to redirect activations associated with unwanted behavior while retaining representations for benign behavior, testing a safeguard designed to interrupt problematic generation pathways.","scope":"Trained representation-level adapters to redirect activations associated with unwanted behavior while retaining representations for benign behavior, testing a safeguard designed to interrupt problematic generation pathways. The method requires model internals, adapter training and harmful/retain datasets. Reported tests focus on selected single-turn harmful-output attacks. Cygnet combines rerouting with other representation controls, so its complete gains cannot be assigned to rerouting alone. No universal robustness or cost-free filter is proved.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5d5391b8-b9ea-4026-a7e1-d525cacaf05b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69cc4f41a88b3cc9aaf8b14b6d3799886151bde0fee0a7d0c5ad9b25ef371da8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"perez-et-al-model-redteaming-2022","title":"Perez and colleagues: language-model-generated red-team tests","summary":"Used language models to generate adversarial test inputs and compared generation and learning strategies for finding undesirable target-model outputs, offering automated discovery as a complement to manual red-teaming.","boundary":"The search inherits biases from its generator and harm classifier, with trade-offs between diversity and judged severity. 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Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2202-03286v1","title":"Red Teaming Language Models with Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.03286v1","date":"2022-02-07"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"perez-et-al-model-redteaming-2022","entry_id":"perez-et-al-model-redteaming-2022","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93810255-d95a-47fe-a65f-d6e6dd6a1dee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cd8ced23483ab5b4c7b691bbca48bfef0baf6ce569abcd73274e38844627ac8"},"what_changed":"Used language models to generate adversarial test inputs and compared generation and learning strategies for finding undesirable target-model outputs, offering automated discovery as a complement to manual red-teaming.","scope":"Used language models to generate adversarial test inputs and compared generation and learning strategies for finding undesirable target-model outputs, offering automated discovery as a complement to manual red-teaming. The search inherits biases from its generator and harm classifier, with trade-offs between diversity and judged severity. Existing supervised and reinforcement-learning methods are components, not all new inventions of this work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93810255-d95a-47fe-a65f-d6e6dd6a1dee","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cd8ced23483ab5b4c7b691bbca48bfef0baf6ce569abcd73274e38844627ac8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"parrish-et-al-bbq-2021","title":"Parrish and colleagues: BBQ contextual social-bias evaluation","summary":"Constructed a question-answering benchmark contrasting ambiguous and disambiguated contexts to measure when model answers rely on social stereotypes rather than supplied information, using controlled templates and balancing.","boundary":"The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. The benchmark focuses on selected social categories in US English. Its measured bias does not establish fairness across languages, cultures, deployments or every form of discrimination.","area":"Language-model social-bias evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"parrish-et-al-bbq-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:51d64ee3-2d1e-468c-a0ab-8dd56b0ee00b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:01fe158755942f5de9a02bf00660120c6ed75bd0492b3ca8d3ae36aefe506a7e"},"humans":["Alicia Parrish","Angelica Chen","Nikita Nangia","Vishakh Padmakumar","Jason Phang","Jana Thompson","Phu Mon Htut","Samuel R. Bowman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2110-08193v1","title":"BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answering","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08193v1","date":"2021-10-15"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"parrish-et-al-bbq-2021","entry_id":"parrish-et-al-bbq-2021","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:51d64ee3-2d1e-468c-a0ab-8dd56b0ee00b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:01fe158755942f5de9a02bf00660120c6ed75bd0492b3ca8d3ae36aefe506a7e"},"what_changed":"Constructed a question-answering benchmark contrasting ambiguous and disambiguated contexts to measure when model answers rely on social stereotypes rather than supplied information, using controlled templates and balancing.","scope":"Constructed a question-answering benchmark contrasting ambiguous and disambiguated contexts to measure when model answers rely on social stereotypes rather than supplied information, using controlled templates and balancing. The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. The benchmark focuses on selected social categories in US English. Its measured bias does not establish fairness across languages, cultures, deployments or every form of discrimination.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:51d64ee3-2d1e-468c-a0ab-8dd56b0ee00b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:01fe158755942f5de9a02bf00660120c6ed75bd0492b3ca8d3ae36aefe506a7e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gehman-et-al-realtoxicityprompts-2020","title":"Gehman and colleagues: RealToxicityPrompts degeneration benchmark","summary":"Built a stratified collection of web-text prompts and evaluated how language-model continuations receive toxicity scores, testing how prompting context and existing mitigation approaches affect toxic generation.","boundary":"The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. The sampling design is not a natural-prevalence estimate. Toxicity scores inherit classifier biases and threshold choices; a low score does not establish absence of all harms or effectiveness for every population.","area":"Language-model safety evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"gehman-et-al-realtoxicityprompts-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:425727d7-affc-4eb9-a53c-6895d64c9aea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:10915472fc6981a69a9a40559ba66f119e4670fe9098b69319c769cc3d247818"},"humans":["Samuel Gehman","Suchin Gururangan","Maarten Sap","Yejin Choi","Noah A. Smith"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2009-11462v1","title":"RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.11462v1","date":"2020-09-24"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"gehman-et-al-realtoxicityprompts-2020","entry_id":"gehman-et-al-realtoxicityprompts-2020","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:425727d7-affc-4eb9-a53c-6895d64c9aea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:10915472fc6981a69a9a40559ba66f119e4670fe9098b69319c769cc3d247818"},"what_changed":"Built a stratified collection of web-text prompts and evaluated how language-model continuations receive toxicity scores, testing how prompting context and existing mitigation approaches affect toxic generation.","scope":"Built a stratified collection of web-text prompts and evaluated how language-model continuations receive toxicity scores, testing how prompting context and existing mitigation approaches affect toxic generation. The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. The sampling design is not a natural-prevalence estimate. Toxicity scores inherit classifier biases and threshold choices; a low score does not establish absence of all harms or effectiveness for every population.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:425727d7-affc-4eb9-a53c-6895d64c9aea","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:10915472fc6981a69a9a40559ba66f119e4670fe9098b69319c769cc3d247818"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mehrotra-et-al-tree-of-attacks-2023","title":"Mehrotra and colleagues: tree-based automated model red-teaming","summary":"Extended iterative model-generated red-teaming with branching candidate exploration and pruning, using evaluation feedback to concentrate black-box target queries on promising test cases.","boundary":"This builds on earlier attacker-model workflows such as PAIR rather than inventing all tree search. Efficiency and success depend on branching, pruning, judge quality and target settings; the results are not worst-case query guarantees.","area":"Adversarial evaluation of language models","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mehrotra-et-al-tree-of-attacks-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cb46c69-46a8-4794-ae61-8c6382e946d4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:70bdb745ccf6d975822a456486004029306962d28001dd7a3fe96ad7043587a1"},"humans":["Anay Mehrotra","Manolis Zampetakis","Paul Kassianik","Blaine Nelson","Hyrum Anderson","Yaron Singer","Amin Karbasi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["chao-et-al-pair-2023"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2312-02119v1","title":"Tree of Attacks: Jailbreaking Black-Box LLMs Automatically","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.02119v1","date":"2023-12-04"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"mehrotra-et-al-tree-of-attacks-2023","entry_id":"mehrotra-et-al-tree-of-attacks-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cb46c69-46a8-4794-ae61-8c6382e946d4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:70bdb745ccf6d975822a456486004029306962d28001dd7a3fe96ad7043587a1"},"what_changed":"Extended iterative model-generated red-teaming with branching candidate exploration and pruning, using evaluation feedback to concentrate black-box target queries on promising test cases.","scope":"Extended iterative model-generated red-teaming with branching candidate exploration and pruning, using evaluation feedback to concentrate black-box target queries on promising test cases. This builds on earlier attacker-model workflows such as PAIR rather than inventing all tree search. Efficiency and success depend on branching, pruning, judge quality and target settings; the results are not worst-case query guarantees.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cb46c69-46a8-4794-ae61-8c6382e946d4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:70bdb745ccf6d975822a456486004029306962d28001dd7a3fe96ad7043587a1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"souly-et-al-strongreject-2024","title":"Souly and colleagues: StrongREJECT response-quality evaluation","summary":"Designed a benchmark and automated rubric that distinguish nominal non-refusal from a response that actually provides specific and convincing information, exposing overestimation in some automated red-team success measures.","boundary":"The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. Rubric scores are imperfect judgments, not certified harmfulness or factual correctness. Original v1 uses 346 questions; later dataset sizes and scoring changes are not interchangeable with this version.","area":"Language-model safety evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"souly-et-al-strongreject-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:87f092e9-b2ae-40f0-a48c-d6ac4113ffca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:030023f52d8afae13843af881975594cd8a0eb7da13ccc6b431a02dbbe0d6efd"},"humans":["Alexandra Souly","Qingyuan Lu","Dillon Bowen","Tu Trinh","Elvis Hsieh","Sana Pandey","Pieter Abbeel","Justin Svegliato","Scott Emmons","Olivia Watkins","Sam Toyer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["mazeika-et-al-harmbench-2024"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2402-10260v1","title":"A StrongREJECT for Empty Jailbreaks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.10260v1","date":"2024-02-15"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"souly-et-al-strongreject-2024","entry_id":"souly-et-al-strongreject-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:87f092e9-b2ae-40f0-a48c-d6ac4113ffca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:030023f52d8afae13843af881975594cd8a0eb7da13ccc6b431a02dbbe0d6efd"},"what_changed":"Designed a benchmark and automated rubric that distinguish nominal non-refusal from a response that actually provides specific and convincing information, exposing overestimation in some automated red-team success measures.","scope":"Designed a benchmark and automated rubric that distinguish nominal non-refusal from a response that actually provides specific and convincing information, exposing overestimation in some automated red-team success measures. The assessed contribution is the evaluation resource and its design, not a model capability score. Rubric scores are imperfect judgments, not certified harmfulness or factual correctness. Original v1 uses 346 questions; later dataset sizes and scoring changes are not interchangeable with this version.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:87f092e9-b2ae-40f0-a48c-d6ac4113ffca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:030023f52d8afae13843af881975594cd8a0eb7da13ccc6b431a02dbbe0d6efd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hales-jewett-monochromatic-combinatorial-lines-1963","title":"Hales–Jewett theorem: monochromatic combinatorial lines","summary":"Colour every word of a fixed length using a fixed finite alphabet. Hales and Jewett prove that, once the length is large enough, some family of words has one colour while the same nonempty positions vary together through the alphabet. This shared pattern is a combinatorial line. The theorem connects Ramsey-type regularity, arithmetic progressions and high-dimensional positional games.","boundary":"A combinatorial line is obtained by replacing a nonempty common set of variable positions with the same alphabet letter while fixing all other positions. This is not a density theorem, an exact formula for minimal Hales–Jewett numbers, every ordinary geometric line, or a claim that all small tic-tac-toe boards lack draws. Finite alphabet/colour and sufficient-dimension quantifiers are retained. Inherited Ramsey/van der Waerden, compactness and Hall tools remain credited.","area":"Ramsey theory and combinatorics","topic":"Mathematics","year":1963,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hales-jewett-monochromatic-combinatorial-lines-1963","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5fd691b2-7c58-4712-a7b9-1018ba31094b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3a0ffd7c0e6eeb8dbb405824b2b4da7b562222037582ba6fa46aedd392ad1a7b"},"humans":["A. W. Hales","R. I. Jewett"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hales-jewett-regularity-1963","title":"Regularity and Positional Games","url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1963-106-02/S0002-9947-1963-0143712-1/S0002-9947-1963-0143712-1.pdf","date":"1963-02"}],"points":"360000","published_grade":{"id":"hales-jewett-monochromatic-combinatorial-lines-1963","entry_id":"hales-jewett-monochromatic-combinatorial-lines-1963","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5fd691b2-7c58-4712-a7b9-1018ba31094b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3a0ffd7c0e6eeb8dbb405824b2b4da7b562222037582ba6fa46aedd392ad1a7b"},"what_changed":"Colour every word of a fixed length using a fixed finite alphabet. Hales and Jewett prove that, once the length is large enough, some family of words has one colour while the same nonempty positions vary together through the alphabet. This shared pattern is a combinatorial line. The theorem connects Ramsey-type regularity, arithmetic progressions and high-dimensional positional games.","scope":"Colour every word of a fixed length using a fixed finite alphabet. Hales and Jewett prove that, once the length is large enough, some family of words has one colour while the same nonempty positions vary together through the alphabet. This shared pattern is a combinatorial line. The theorem connects Ramsey-type regularity, arithmetic progressions and high-dimensional positional games. A combinatorial line is obtained by replacing a nonempty common set of variable positions with the same alphabet letter while fixing all other positions. This is not a density theorem, an exact formula for minimal Hales–Jewett numbers, every ordinary geometric line, or a claim that all small tic-tac-toe boards lack draws. Finite alphabet/colour and sufficient-dimension quantifiers are retained. Inherited Ramsey/van der Waerden, compactness and Hall tools remain credited.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5fd691b2-7c58-4712-a7b9-1018ba31094b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3a0ffd7c0e6eeb8dbb405824b2b4da7b562222037582ba6fa46aedd392ad1a7b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"erdos-szekeres-monotone-subsequence-convex-polygon-1935","title":"Erdős and Szekeres: monotone subsequences and unavoidable convex polygons","summary":"A long enough ordered list of distinct numbers must contain a long increasing or decreasing subsequence, even if that pattern is hidden among other entries. Erdős and Szekeres establish the sharp threshold (r−1)(s−1)+1 for an increasing subsequence of length r or a decreasing one of length s. Their related geometric argument shows that sufficiently many planar points in general position contain a convex n-gon, with the historical upper bound binomial(2n−4,n−2)+1.","boundary":"The strictly convex polygon statement is taken in general position, with no three points collinear; the paper separately discusses allowing collinear boundary vertices. The binomial polygon bound is an upper bound, not the exact minimum, and the proposed 2^(n−2)+1 value is a conjecture in this source. The monotone-subsequence threshold, unlike the polygon estimate, is sharp under the stated distinctness convention. Higher-dimensional extensions and every later quantitative improvement are not assessed.","area":"Combinatorics and discrete geometry","topic":"Mathematics","year":1935,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"erdos-szekeres-monotone-subsequence-convex-polygon-1935","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b9c33def-eb78-49ca-a3b2-b4804f149031","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b70cfdc220fe451717ef0a9ab1558764df2f69001864ec09970eef7831c9da1c"},"humans":["P. Erdős","G. Szekeres"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"P. Erdős","person_id":"wrs-person-2877238e4d2ac172f8db6384","display_name":"Paul Erdős","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Attribution source","url":"https://renyi.hu/en/node/4094"}]}],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"Esther Klein","role":"Posed the convex-polygon problem and supplied the five-point argument reproduced in the introduction.","sources":[{"title":"A combinatorial problem in geometry","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1935__2__463_0.pdf"}]},{"name":"E. Makai","role":"The introduction credits the exact five-gon threshold of nine points.","sources":[{"title":"A combinatorial problem in geometry","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1935__2__463_0.pdf"}]},{"name":"Richard Rado","role":"Independently considered the monotone-subsequence problem, as the original footnote records.","sources":[{"title":"A combinatorial problem in geometry","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1935__2__463_0.pdf"}]},{"name":"D. König","role":"Earlier infinity lemma supplies an alternative existence argument cited by the authors.","sources":[{"title":"A combinatorial problem in geometry","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1935__2__463_0.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-erdos-szekeres-combinatorial-geometry-1935","title":"A combinatorial problem in geometry","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1935__2__463_0.pdf","date":"1935"}],"points":"340000","published_grade":{"id":"erdos-szekeres-monotone-subsequence-convex-polygon-1935","entry_id":"erdos-szekeres-monotone-subsequence-convex-polygon-1935","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b9c33def-eb78-49ca-a3b2-b4804f149031","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b70cfdc220fe451717ef0a9ab1558764df2f69001864ec09970eef7831c9da1c"},"what_changed":"A long enough ordered list of distinct numbers must contain a long increasing or decreasing subsequence, even if that pattern is hidden among other entries. Erdős and Szekeres establish the sharp threshold (r−1)(s−1)+1 for an increasing subsequence of length r or a decreasing one of length s. Their related geometric argument shows that sufficiently many planar points in general position contain a convex n-gon, with the historical upper bound binomial(2n−4,n−2)+1.","scope":"A long enough ordered list of distinct numbers must contain a long increasing or decreasing subsequence, even if that pattern is hidden among other entries. Erdős and Szekeres establish the sharp threshold (r−1)(s−1)+1 for an increasing subsequence of length r or a decreasing one of length s. Their related geometric argument shows that sufficiently many planar points in general position contain a convex n-gon, with the historical upper bound binomial(2n−4,n−2)+1. The strictly convex polygon statement is taken in general position, with no three points collinear; the paper separately discusses allowing collinear boundary vertices. The binomial polygon bound is an upper bound, not the exact minimum, and the proposed 2^(n−2)+1 value is a conjecture in this source. The monotone-subsequence threshold, unlike the polygon estimate, is sharp under the stated distinctness convention. Higher-dimensional extensions and every later quantitative improvement are not assessed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b9c33def-eb78-49ca-a3b2-b4804f149031","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b70cfdc220fe451717ef0a9ab1558764df2f69001864ec09970eef7831c9da1c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"berry-independent-sum-gaussian-error-bound-1941","title":"Berry: explicit error bounds for normal approximation of independent sums","summary":"A bell curve may approximate a sum of independent random errors, but an approximation is more useful when its error is bounded. Berry gives a uniform bound on the difference between the cumulative distribution of a sum and its matching Gaussian distribution. His original estimate uses finite third absolute central moments and a maximum moment ratio; in the identically distributed case it gives an inverse-square-root rate in the number of terms. The work turns a limiting statement into a quantitative comparison.","boundary":"The variates are mutually independent and one-dimensional, with at least one positive variance. The original general bound uses the maximum moment ratio, not the later common sum-of-third-moments expression for nonidentically distributed variables. Uniform distribution-function distance is not density error, relative far-tail accuracy or an assertion that the bound is sharp. The 1.88 constant is the paper's historical upper bound, not the best current constant. Esseen's independent work and later refinements are separate contributions.","area":"Probability and quantitative limit theorems","topic":"Mathematics","year":1941,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"berry-independent-sum-gaussian-error-bound-1941","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2e662dd-2116-4131-a65d-236dec73cc60","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:301a5c874b8dbb6af0dfb5c274d2f796b5f76907b8f8329578df6ef7f1f90517"},"humans":["Andrew C. Berry"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-berry-gaussian-error-1941","title":"The accuracy of the Gaussian approximation to the sum of independent variates","url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1941-049-01/S0002-9947-1941-0003498-3/S0002-9947-1941-0003498-3.pdf","date":"1941-01"}],"points":"270000","published_grade":{"id":"berry-independent-sum-gaussian-error-bound-1941","entry_id":"berry-independent-sum-gaussian-error-bound-1941","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2e662dd-2116-4131-a65d-236dec73cc60","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:301a5c874b8dbb6af0dfb5c274d2f796b5f76907b8f8329578df6ef7f1f90517"},"what_changed":"A bell curve may approximate a sum of independent random errors, but an approximation is more useful when its error is bounded. Berry gives a uniform bound on the difference between the cumulative distribution of a sum and its matching Gaussian distribution. His original estimate uses finite third absolute central moments and a maximum moment ratio; in the identically distributed case it gives an inverse-square-root rate in the number of terms. The work turns a limiting statement into a quantitative comparison.","scope":"A bell curve may approximate a sum of independent random errors, but an approximation is more useful when its error is bounded. Berry gives a uniform bound on the difference between the cumulative distribution of a sum and its matching Gaussian distribution. His original estimate uses finite third absolute central moments and a maximum moment ratio; in the identically distributed case it gives an inverse-square-root rate in the number of terms. The work turns a limiting statement into a quantitative comparison. The variates are mutually independent and one-dimensional, with at least one positive variance. The original general bound uses the maximum moment ratio, not the later common sum-of-third-moments expression for nonidentically distributed variables. Uniform distribution-function distance is not density error, relative far-tail accuracy or an assertion that the bound is sharp. The 1.88 constant is the paper's historical upper bound, not the best current constant. Esseen's independent work and later refinements are separate contributions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2e662dd-2116-4131-a65d-236dec73cc60","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:301a5c874b8dbb6af0dfb5c274d2f796b5f76907b8f8329578df6ef7f1f90517"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"erdos-rado-delta-system-sunflower-lemma-1960","title":"Erdős and Rado: finite sunflower bounds and cardinal Δ-system theorems","summary":"A large collection of small sets cannot remain completely unstructured. Erdős and Rado find a subcollection whose pairwise intersections are all the same common core: a Δ-system, also called a sunflower. Their paper gives finite bounds while distinguishing distinct sets from indexed repetitions, and treats an infinite-cardinal regime separately. The finite argument supplies a reusable tool for extracting regular structure from a complicated family of sets.","boundary":"The original indexed-system bound has an extra factor from allowed repetitions: its Theorem III uses b!a^(b+1) times an explicit correction for a sunflower with more than a indices. This is not the distinct-family bound transcribed without qualification. The factorial-to-exponential improvement is only conjectural in this original; the later ALWZ logarithmic-base improvement is a separate development. Infinite-cardinal claims retain the original cardinal hypotheses and well-ordering/choice framework, not a finite algorithm or an unrestricted uncountable extension.","area":"Extremal set theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1960,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"erdos-rado-delta-system-sunflower-lemma-1960","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a79fd21-52de-406d-a8e2-e1d3901f35d6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d982d5009427fd9b9a2462a5665a090651795ead7b19332d77a384db52fdbb14"},"humans":["P. Erdős","R. Rado"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"P. Erdős","person_id":"wrs-person-2877238e4d2ac172f8db6384","display_name":"Paul Erdős","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Attribution source","url":"https://renyi.hu/en/node/4094"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-erdos-rado-intersection-1960","title":"Intersection theorems for systems of sets (original1960)","url":"https://combinatorica.hu/~p_erdos/1960-04.pdf","date":"1960-01"}],"points":"310000","published_grade":{"id":"erdos-rado-delta-system-sunflower-lemma-1960","entry_id":"erdos-rado-delta-system-sunflower-lemma-1960","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a79fd21-52de-406d-a8e2-e1d3901f35d6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d982d5009427fd9b9a2462a5665a090651795ead7b19332d77a384db52fdbb14"},"what_changed":"A large collection of small sets cannot remain completely unstructured. Erdős and Rado find a subcollection whose pairwise intersections are all the same common core: a Δ-system, also called a sunflower. Their paper gives finite bounds while distinguishing distinct sets from indexed repetitions, and treats an infinite-cardinal regime separately. The finite argument supplies a reusable tool for extracting regular structure from a complicated family of sets.","scope":"A large collection of small sets cannot remain completely unstructured. Erdős and Rado find a subcollection whose pairwise intersections are all the same common core: a Δ-system, also called a sunflower. Their paper gives finite bounds while distinguishing distinct sets from indexed repetitions, and treats an infinite-cardinal regime separately. The finite argument supplies a reusable tool for extracting regular structure from a complicated family of sets. The original indexed-system bound has an extra factor from allowed repetitions: its Theorem III uses b!a^(b+1) times an explicit correction for a sunflower with more than a indices. This is not the distinct-family bound transcribed without qualification. The factorial-to-exponential improvement is only conjectural in this original; the later ALWZ logarithmic-base improvement is a separate development. Infinite-cardinal claims retain the original cardinal hypotheses and well-ordering/choice framework, not a finite algorithm or an unrestricted uncountable extension.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7a79fd21-52de-406d-a8e2-e1d3901f35d6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d982d5009427fd9b9a2462a5665a090651795ead7b19332d77a384db52fdbb14"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schoenberg-hilbert-metric-gaussian-kernel-1938","title":"Schoenberg: Hilbert metrics characterized by positive-definite kernels","summary":"Can a table of distances come from points in a Hilbert space, where lengths and angles behave as in Euclidean geometry? In a separable setting, Schoenberg connects that question to the kernels exp(−s d²), for every positive s. These kernels must be positive semidefinite on every finite selection of points. The result links geometry to algebraic tests on distance tables and explains why suitable fractional powers of distances admit Hilbert-space embeddings.","boundary":"The original target Hilbert space is real separable sequence space. Distance symmetry, nonnegativity and zero diagonal are required; when distinct points have zero distance, identification is needed for an injective metric embedding. Positive definite means positive semidefinite finite forms, not strictly positive matrices. A single arbitrary scale is not the criterion: all positive scales, or a suitable sequence accumulating at zero, are required. For the stated real L^p, l^p and finite-dimensional spaces, 0<p≤2 and distance exponent 0<gamma≤p/2 are the admitted range; 0<p<1 before the power is not a metric. Isometric embedding is not a finite-dimensional efficient feature algorithm. The separate completely-monotone 1938 paper, spherical 1942 theory and general Fourier-measure representation are not included.","area":"Metric geometry and positive-definite functions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1938,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"schoenberg-hilbert-metric-gaussian-kernel-1938","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c2d004e8-9131-4592-aa86-6f9c7d47c7ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d23ad9d57a1f04985db002d8cdf25cc837b6051768d1d92c9c72e7f87402154"},"humans":["I. J. Schoenberg"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-schoenberg-metric-positive-definite-1938","title":"Metric Spaces and Positive Definite Functions (1938 original scan)","url":"https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~saito/data/high-dimensions/schoenberg.pdf","date":"1938-11"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"schoenberg-hilbert-metric-gaussian-kernel-1938","entry_id":"schoenberg-hilbert-metric-gaussian-kernel-1938","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c2d004e8-9131-4592-aa86-6f9c7d47c7ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d23ad9d57a1f04985db002d8cdf25cc837b6051768d1d92c9c72e7f87402154"},"what_changed":"Can a table of distances come from points in a Hilbert space, where lengths and angles behave as in Euclidean geometry? In a separable setting, Schoenberg connects that question to the kernels exp(−s d²), for every positive s. These kernels must be positive semidefinite on every finite selection of points. The result links geometry to algebraic tests on distance tables and explains why suitable fractional powers of distances admit Hilbert-space embeddings.","scope":"Can a table of distances come from points in a Hilbert space, where lengths and angles behave as in Euclidean geometry? In a separable setting, Schoenberg connects that question to the kernels exp(−s d²), for every positive s. These kernels must be positive semidefinite on every finite selection of points. The result links geometry to algebraic tests on distance tables and explains why suitable fractional powers of distances admit Hilbert-space embeddings. The original target Hilbert space is real separable sequence space. Distance symmetry, nonnegativity and zero diagonal are required; when distinct points have zero distance, identification is needed for an injective metric embedding. Positive definite means positive semidefinite finite forms, not strictly positive matrices. A single arbitrary scale is not the criterion: all positive scales, or a suitable sequence accumulating at zero, are required. For the stated real L^p, l^p and finite-dimensional spaces, 0<p≤2 and distance exponent 0<gamma≤p/2 are the admitted range; 0<p<1 before the power is not a metric. Isometric embedding is not a finite-dimensional efficient feature algorithm. The separate completely-monotone 1938 paper, spherical 1942 theory and general Fourier-measure representation are not included.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c2d004e8-9131-4592-aa86-6f9c7d47c7ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d23ad9d57a1f04985db002d8cdf25cc837b6051768d1d92c9c72e7f87402154"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gleason-hilbert-subspace-measures-1957","title":"Gleason: projection measures have trace-operator form","summary":"Suppose probabilities are attached to subspaces of a Hilbert space, with probabilities adding across mutually perpendicular alternatives. Gleason proves that, for the stated real or complex separable spaces of dimension at least three, every finite nonnegative assignment of this kind comes from a positive trace-class operator. For total probability one, that operator is a density operator. The result characterizes a quantum probability rule from precise consistency assumptions; it does not establish the rule without those assumptions.","boundary":"The measure assigns a finite nonnegative real number to each closed subspace and is additive on countable orthogonal decompositions. It is attached to the subspace/projection itself, not an independently context-indexed assignment. Dimension at least three and real/complex separable Hilbert space are the admitted scope; no qubit, arbitrary POVM, nonseparable, infinite-valued measure, or typeII/III factor extension is claimed. Continuity of nonnegative frame functions is derived, not an extra measurement axiom. Unbounded signed frame functions are not all regular.","area":"Operator theory and quantum foundations","topic":"Mathematics","year":1957,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"gleason-hilbert-subspace-measures-1957","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:370c9ed9-086e-427c-a219-174f88f6350a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ab619e4a0bbbedac20d9bf31990aba6e777700c8629c08c72f6bed8c72eb1d7"},"humans":["Andrew M. Gleason"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"R. V. Kadison","role":"Helpful remarks acknowledged in the original; not a byline coauthor.","sources":[{"title":"Measures on the Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space (original 1957 scan)","url":"https://www.iumj.indiana.edu/IUMJ/FTDLOAD/1957/6/56050/pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-gleason-subspace-measures-1957","title":"Measures on the Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space (original 1957 scan)","url":"https://www.iumj.indiana.edu/IUMJ/FTDLOAD/1957/6/56050/pdf","date":"1957"}],"points":"480000","published_grade":{"id":"gleason-hilbert-subspace-measures-1957","entry_id":"gleason-hilbert-subspace-measures-1957","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:370c9ed9-086e-427c-a219-174f88f6350a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ab619e4a0bbbedac20d9bf31990aba6e777700c8629c08c72f6bed8c72eb1d7"},"what_changed":"Suppose probabilities are attached to subspaces of a Hilbert space, with probabilities adding across mutually perpendicular alternatives. Gleason proves that, for the stated real or complex separable spaces of dimension at least three, every finite nonnegative assignment of this kind comes from a positive trace-class operator. For total probability one, that operator is a density operator. The result characterizes a quantum probability rule from precise consistency assumptions; it does not establish the rule without those assumptions.","scope":"Suppose probabilities are attached to subspaces of a Hilbert space, with probabilities adding across mutually perpendicular alternatives. Gleason proves that, for the stated real or complex separable spaces of dimension at least three, every finite nonnegative assignment of this kind comes from a positive trace-class operator. For total probability one, that operator is a density operator. The result characterizes a quantum probability rule from precise consistency assumptions; it does not establish the rule without those assumptions. The measure assigns a finite nonnegative real number to each closed subspace and is additive on countable orthogonal decompositions. It is attached to the subspace/projection itself, not an independently context-indexed assignment. Dimension at least three and real/complex separable Hilbert space are the admitted scope; no qubit, arbitrary POVM, nonseparable, infinite-valued measure, or typeII/III factor extension is claimed. Continuity of nonnegative frame functions is derived, not an extra measurement axiom. Unbounded signed frame functions are not all regular.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:370c9ed9-086e-427c-a219-174f88f6350a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ab619e4a0bbbedac20d9bf31990aba6e777700c8629c08c72f6bed8c72eb1d7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"erdos-renyi-giant-component-evolution-1960","title":"Erdős–Rényi: giant-component phase transition in random graph evolution","summary":"Add edges at random to a graph with n labelled vertices, giving every graph with the same number N of edges equal probability. Erdős and Rényi identify a change as N/n approaches a fixed density c. For fixed 0<c<1/2 the largest connected component has logarithmic order. For fixed c>1/2, one giant component contains a positive fraction of all vertices with probability tending to one. This is an asymptotic transition in a specified random model, rather than a rule for every finite network.","boundary":"This entry concerns the off-critical fixed-density asymptotics of the original uniform fixed-edge model. It is not the earlier 1959 connectivity threshold, a deterministic guarantee for every graph, or a literal finite-n discontinuity. No complete modern critical-window scaling law, exact limiting distribution, universal statement for all random graph models, or independent certification of every printed theorem is claimed.","area":"Probabilistic combinatorics and random graphs","topic":"Mathematics","year":1960,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"erdos-renyi-giant-component-evolution-1960","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:963ff8ff-ef4c-4597-a908-17efb9cf8fc2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44e42696adeac93a02e99348d4caae2ec7ec3f00fb49dcc0d5ab3a670c0c78ad"},"humans":["Paul Erdős","Alfréd Rényi"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"Paul Erdős","person_id":"wrs-person-2877238e4d2ac172f8db6384","display_name":"Paul Erdős","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Attribution source","url":"https://renyi.hu/en/node/4094"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-erdos-renyi-evolution-1960","title":"On the evolution of random graphs (original1960journal scan)","url":"https://static.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1960-10.pdf","date":"1960"}],"points":"500000","published_grade":{"id":"erdos-renyi-giant-component-evolution-1960","entry_id":"erdos-renyi-giant-component-evolution-1960","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:963ff8ff-ef4c-4597-a908-17efb9cf8fc2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44e42696adeac93a02e99348d4caae2ec7ec3f00fb49dcc0d5ab3a670c0c78ad"},"what_changed":"Add edges at random to a graph with n labelled vertices, giving every graph with the same number N of edges equal probability. Erdős and Rényi identify a change as N/n approaches a fixed density c. For fixed 0<c<1/2 the largest connected component has logarithmic order. For fixed c>1/2, one giant component contains a positive fraction of all vertices with probability tending to one. This is an asymptotic transition in a specified random model, rather than a rule for every finite network.","scope":"Add edges at random to a graph with n labelled vertices, giving every graph with the same number N of edges equal probability. Erdős and Rényi identify a change as N/n approaches a fixed density c. For fixed 0<c<1/2 the largest connected component has logarithmic order. For fixed c>1/2, one giant component contains a positive fraction of all vertices with probability tending to one. This is an asymptotic transition in a specified random model, rather than a rule for every finite network. This entry concerns the off-critical fixed-density asymptotics of the original uniform fixed-edge model. It is not the earlier 1959 connectivity threshold, a deterministic guarantee for every graph, or a literal finite-n discontinuity. No complete modern critical-window scaling law, exact limiting distribution, universal statement for all random graph models, or independent certification of every printed theorem is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:963ff8ff-ef4c-4597-a908-17efb9cf8fc2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44e42696adeac93a02e99348d4caae2ec7ec3f00fb49dcc0d5ab3a670c0c78ad"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"roth-algebraic-irrational-rational-approximation-1955","title":"Roth: optimal rational-approximation exponent for algebraic irrationals","summary":"Some irrational numbers can be approximated extraordinarily well by fractions. Roth proves a sharp limit for real algebraic irrationals: for any fixed positive epsilon, only finitely many reduced fractions p/q satisfy |alpha−p/q|<q^(−2−epsilon). At exponent two, every irrational still has infinitely many good approximations. His proof closes the rational-approximation exponent gap left by earlier work without supplying a general computable list of all exceptional fractions.","boundary":"This is a finiteness theorem for approximation of a fixed algebraic irrational by rationals. It is not a uniform computable denominator cutoff, an effective algorithm listing all exceptional approximants, a bound for arbitrary transcendental targets, a statement that the exponent 2 inequality has only finitely many solutions, or the distinct Roth arithmetic-progression theorem. The distinct generalization on page 2 to approximants of arbitrary algebraic degree is outside this rational-approximation record.","area":"Number theory and Diophantine approximation","topic":"Mathematics","year":1955,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"roth-algebraic-irrational-rational-approximation-1955","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7147a06b-2319-4814-a99d-d5582ddc241d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d9bf04709fb61ad01509d967be52a522f2d97deb8a3bef2b0a59456411058c2"},"humans":["K.F.Roth"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"H. Davenport","role":"Encouragement, manuscript rewriting and proof simplifications, including the replacement by Lemma 8, acknowledged by Roth; not a target-paper byline author.","sources":[{"title":"Rational approximations to algebraic numbers (Mathematika2,1–20,1955)","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EFB89E2873019B246F004FAA06E05A7F/S0025579300000644a.pdf/rational-approximations-to-algebraic-numbers.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-roth-approximation-1955","title":"Rational approximations to algebraic numbers (Mathematika2,1–20,1955)","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EFB89E2873019B246F004FAA06E05A7F/S0025579300000644a.pdf/rational-approximations-to-algebraic-numbers.pdf","date":"1955-06"}],"points":"500000","published_grade":{"id":"roth-algebraic-irrational-rational-approximation-1955","entry_id":"roth-algebraic-irrational-rational-approximation-1955","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7147a06b-2319-4814-a99d-d5582ddc241d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d9bf04709fb61ad01509d967be52a522f2d97deb8a3bef2b0a59456411058c2"},"what_changed":"Some irrational numbers can be approximated extraordinarily well by fractions. Roth proves a sharp limit for real algebraic irrationals: for any fixed positive epsilon, only finitely many reduced fractions p/q satisfy |alpha−p/q|<q^(−2−epsilon). At exponent two, every irrational still has infinitely many good approximations. His proof closes the rational-approximation exponent gap left by earlier work without supplying a general computable list of all exceptional fractions.","scope":"Some irrational numbers can be approximated extraordinarily well by fractions. Roth proves a sharp limit for real algebraic irrationals: for any fixed positive epsilon, only finitely many reduced fractions p/q satisfy |alpha−p/q|<q^(−2−epsilon). At exponent two, every irrational still has infinitely many good approximations. His proof closes the rational-approximation exponent gap left by earlier work without supplying a general computable list of all exceptional fractions. This is a finiteness theorem for approximation of a fixed algebraic irrational by rationals. It is not a uniform computable denominator cutoff, an effective algorithm listing all exceptional approximants, a bound for arbitrary transcendental targets, a statement that the exponent 2 inequality has only finitely many solutions, or the distinct Roth arithmetic-progression theorem. The distinct generalization on page 2 to approximants of arbitrary algebraic degree is outside this rational-approximation record.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7147a06b-2319-4814-a99d-d5582ddc241d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7d9bf04709fb61ad01509d967be52a522f2d97deb8a3bef2b0a59456411058c2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wedderburn-finite-division-ring-commutativity-1905","title":"Wedderburn: every finite division ring is commutative","summary":"Multiplication need not commute in every algebra: quaternion multiplication is a familiar counterexample. Wedderburn’s 1905 theorem says that a finite associative division ring cannot have that behaviour. If each nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse and the set is finite, multiplication must commute, making the structure a finite field. The paper presents several arguments and acknowledges Dickson’s alternative proof; it is separate from the later structure theorem for semisimple algebras.","boundary":"Finiteness of the set and associativity are essential; the statement does not apply to infinite skew fields, finite nonassociative semifields, or arbitrary finite rings with zero divisors. This finite-division-ring theorem is not the separate 1907 semisimple-algebra structure theorem. The original itself credits a Dickson proof via canonical forms; no exclusive or unqualified priority claim is made. A generic-polynomial specialization in the first printed argument needs care over finite fields; a nonzero polynomial need not take a nonzero value there. The theorem is not a certification that every printed proof step is valid. The paper’s other arguments and Dickson attribution remain distinct.","area":"Ring theory and finite fields","topic":"Mathematics","year":1905,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"wedderburn-finite-division-ring-commutativity-1905","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1e260475-b03e-4b30-aa2c-45ddffcbce18","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:afca862ebbde594732904903dfe197ad3f100f076d7619b97a29f1965997a3d4"},"humans":["J. H. Maclagan-Wedderburn"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"E. H. Moore","role":"Left/right multiplication representation viewpoint acknowledged on page 352.","sources":[{"title":"A theorem on finite algebras","url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1905-006-03/S0002-9947-1905-1500717-7/S0002-9947-1905-1500717-7.pdf"}]},{"name":"L. E. Dickson","role":"An alternative canonical-form proof of the finite-algebra theorem is explicitly acknowledged on page 352; not a printed coauthor of this paper.","sources":[{"title":"A theorem on finite algebras","url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1905-006-03/S0002-9947-1905-1500717-7/S0002-9947-1905-1500717-7.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-wedderburn-finite-algebras-1905","title":"A theorem on finite algebras","url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1905-006-03/S0002-9947-1905-1500717-7/S0002-9947-1905-1500717-7.pdf","date":"1905-07"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"wedderburn-finite-division-ring-commutativity-1905","entry_id":"wedderburn-finite-division-ring-commutativity-1905","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1e260475-b03e-4b30-aa2c-45ddffcbce18","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:afca862ebbde594732904903dfe197ad3f100f076d7619b97a29f1965997a3d4"},"what_changed":"Multiplication need not commute in every algebra: quaternion multiplication is a familiar counterexample. Wedderburn’s 1905 theorem says that a finite associative division ring cannot have that behaviour. If each nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse and the set is finite, multiplication must commute, making the structure a finite field. The paper presents several arguments and acknowledges Dickson’s alternative proof; it is separate from the later structure theorem for semisimple algebras.","scope":"Multiplication need not commute in every algebra: quaternion multiplication is a familiar counterexample. Wedderburn’s 1905 theorem says that a finite associative division ring cannot have that behaviour. If each nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse and the set is finite, multiplication must commute, making the structure a finite field. The paper presents several arguments and acknowledges Dickson’s alternative proof; it is separate from the later structure theorem for semisimple algebras. Finiteness of the set and associativity are essential; the statement does not apply to infinite skew fields, finite nonassociative semifields, or arbitrary finite rings with zero divisors. This finite-division-ring theorem is not the separate 1907 semisimple-algebra structure theorem. The original itself credits a Dickson proof via canonical forms; no exclusive or unqualified priority claim is made. A generic-polynomial specialization in the first printed argument needs care over finite fields; a nonzero polynomial need not take a nonzero value there. The theorem is not a certification that every printed proof step is valid. The paper’s other arguments and Dickson attribution remain distinct.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1e260475-b03e-4b30-aa2c-45ddffcbce18","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:afca862ebbde594732904903dfe197ad3f100f076d7619b97a29f1965997a3d4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"baire-real-interval-category-theorem-1899","title":"Baire: category and countable nowhere-dense sets in a real interval","summary":"Can a whole interval be assembled from countably many sets that leave a gap inside every smaller interval? Baire proves that it cannot. His 1899 thesis gives a nested-interval argument and introduces first and second category, a way to distinguish topologically small sets from a whole real interval. The framework also describes where suitable discontinuous functions remain continuous. It is a foundational principle about countable exceptional sets, rather than a statement about their total length.","boundary":"The original theorem is stated for real intervals and, in the described extension, relative perfect subsets. It is not attributed here as an original theorem for every abstract complete metric or locally compact Hausdorff space. Historical non-dense means nowhere dense in this argument, not merely failure of density in the whole interval. Topological category is not Lebesgue measure, and a meagre set can be dense and have continuum cardinality. The common-continuity application is explicitly attributed in the original to Volterra in 1881; it is not claimed as Baire’s separate first discovery.","area":"Real analysis and category methods","topic":"Mathematics","year":1899,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"baire-real-interval-category-theorem-1899","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:be5e432f-7df5-449c-a384-198917c7cda7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d74c453134caaf60367c95495f66d01e5cc8dcaa04ddd871a2a1a5a0d03622a"},"humans":["René Baire"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-baire-thesis-1899","title":"Sur les fonctions de variables réelles (original Milan thesis edition,1899)","url":"https://archive.org/download/surlesfonctions00bairgoog/surlesfonctions00bairgoog.pdf","date":"1899"}],"points":"480000","published_grade":{"id":"baire-real-interval-category-theorem-1899","entry_id":"baire-real-interval-category-theorem-1899","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:be5e432f-7df5-449c-a384-198917c7cda7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d74c453134caaf60367c95495f66d01e5cc8dcaa04ddd871a2a1a5a0d03622a"},"what_changed":"Can a whole interval be assembled from countably many sets that leave a gap inside every smaller interval? Baire proves that it cannot. His 1899 thesis gives a nested-interval argument and introduces first and second category, a way to distinguish topologically small sets from a whole real interval. The framework also describes where suitable discontinuous functions remain continuous. It is a foundational principle about countable exceptional sets, rather than a statement about their total length.","scope":"Can a whole interval be assembled from countably many sets that leave a gap inside every smaller interval? Baire proves that it cannot. His 1899 thesis gives a nested-interval argument and introduces first and second category, a way to distinguish topologically small sets from a whole real interval. The framework also describes where suitable discontinuous functions remain continuous. It is a foundational principle about countable exceptional sets, rather than a statement about their total length. The original theorem is stated for real intervals and, in the described extension, relative perfect subsets. It is not attributed here as an original theorem for every abstract complete metric or locally compact Hausdorff space. Historical non-dense means nowhere dense in this argument, not merely failure of density in the whole interval. Topological category is not Lebesgue measure, and a meagre set can be dense and have continuum cardinality. The common-continuity application is explicitly attributed in the original to Volterra in 1881; it is not claimed as Baire’s separate first discovery.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:be5e432f-7df5-449c-a384-198917c7cda7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0d74c453134caaf60367c95495f66d01e5cc8dcaa04ddd871a2a1a5a0d03622a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"baire-pointwise-limit-classes-characterization-1899","title":"Baire: pointwise-limit function classes and the first-class characterization","summary":"A sequence of continuous functions can settle point by point into a discontinuous limit. Baire classified functions by repeated pointwise limits and characterized the first class on a real interval through continuity of the restricted function on every perfect subset. His thesis distinguishes successive classes and gives a rational/irrational class-two example. A 1900 paper supplies a shorter sufficiency proof on a finite-dimensional closed cube, while explicitly acknowledging Lebesgue’s reduction of several variables to one.","boundary":"Pointwise convergence need not be uniform and does not make the limit continuous. Historical punctually discontinuous means having continuity points densely in the relevant domain or perfect subset, not being discontinuous at every point; the condition concerns the restricted function. Exact-class conventions exclude lower classes, unlike the modern cumulative at-most-class convention. The 1899 chapter does not prove nonemptiness or a full characterization of every higher class; printed page 71 explicitly leaves that programme open. The 1900 paper credits Lebesgue’s reduction of 27 March 1899 for the multivariable extension, so its entire extension is not assigned exclusively to Baire. No arbitrary-domain, vector-valued or transfinite-uniform-convergence theorem is inferred.","area":"Real functions and descriptive hierarchy","topic":"Mathematics","year":1899,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"baire-pointwise-limit-classes-characterization-1899","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:17597de6-737b-4a18-ac7d-0c4990db116e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:58064a0ba68b0b878e5ed8fb023527e3bd22334f2f3ae1c846640da7b5509610"},"humans":["René Baire"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-baire-thesis-1899","title":"Sur les fonctions de variables réelles (original Milan thesis edition,1899)","url":"https://archive.org/download/surlesfonctions00bairgoog/surlesfonctions00bairgoog.pdf","date":"1899"},{"id":"cur20261020-baire-new-discontinuous-proof-1900","title":"Nouvelle démonstration d’un théorème sur les fonctions discontinues (BulletinSMF28,173–179)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/bsmf.631.pdf","date":"1900"}],"points":"330000","published_grade":{"id":"baire-pointwise-limit-classes-characterization-1899","entry_id":"baire-pointwise-limit-classes-characterization-1899","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:17597de6-737b-4a18-ac7d-0c4990db116e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:58064a0ba68b0b878e5ed8fb023527e3bd22334f2f3ae1c846640da7b5509610"},"what_changed":"A sequence of continuous functions can settle point by point into a discontinuous limit. Baire classified functions by repeated pointwise limits and characterized the first class on a real interval through continuity of the restricted function on every perfect subset. His thesis distinguishes successive classes and gives a rational/irrational class-two example. A 1900 paper supplies a shorter sufficiency proof on a finite-dimensional closed cube, while explicitly acknowledging Lebesgue’s reduction of several variables to one.","scope":"A sequence of continuous functions can settle point by point into a discontinuous limit. Baire classified functions by repeated pointwise limits and characterized the first class on a real interval through continuity of the restricted function on every perfect subset. His thesis distinguishes successive classes and gives a rational/irrational class-two example. A 1900 paper supplies a shorter sufficiency proof on a finite-dimensional closed cube, while explicitly acknowledging Lebesgue’s reduction of several variables to one. Pointwise convergence need not be uniform and does not make the limit continuous. Historical punctually discontinuous means having continuity points densely in the relevant domain or perfect subset, not being discontinuous at every point; the condition concerns the restricted function. Exact-class conventions exclude lower classes, unlike the modern cumulative at-most-class convention. The 1899 chapter does not prove nonemptiness or a full characterization of every higher class; printed page 71 explicitly leaves that programme open. The 1900 paper credits Lebesgue’s reduction of 27 March 1899 for the multivariable extension, so its entire extension is not assigned exclusively to Baire. No arbitrary-domain, vector-valued or transfinite-uniform-convergence theorem is inferred.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:17597de6-737b-4a18-ac7d-0c4990db116e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:58064a0ba68b0b878e5ed8fb023527e3bd22334f2f3ae1c846640da7b5509610"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"montel-holomorphic-normal-families-1907","title":"Montel: compactness and omitted-value criteria for holomorphic families","summary":"An unruly list of complex differentiable functions can contain a well-behaved subsequence. Montel’s 1907 compactness criterion extracts a locally uniformly convergent subsequence from a locally uniformly bounded holomorphic family. His 1912 work adds a different route: a holomorphic family that omits two shared distinct finite values is normal, allowing a subsequence to diverge uniformly to infinity. These criteria turn questions about many functions into questions about one limiting function.","boundary":"Convergence is local uniform convergence inside a complex domain, not uniform convergence up to every boundary or convergence of the whole original sequence. The omitted values must be shared and distinct; allowing infinity as a subsequential limit is essential. For meromorphic functions the convergence definition must be changed and a three-value condition is different; it is not asserted here from the holomorphic statement. The 1907 bounded proof treats simple connectivity first and then finite-connectivity/covering extension. The 1912 theorem is recorded in its holomorphic setting; modular-function/logarithm lifting must be applied on suitable simply connected subdomains, not assumed globally single-valued on every multiply connected domain. Earlier Arzela/Ascoli, Weierstrass, Stieltjes/Vitali and Picard/Borel/Schottky/Landau inputs remain distinct.","area":"Complex analysis and normal families","topic":"Mathematics","year":1907,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"montel-holomorphic-normal-families-1907","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1d3e4501-5561-4df2-a48d-40a69c20a918","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48b793f449c0e313f9159d304d97b7038f022b7f8f4c92ab105ec819806b11f1"},"humans":["Paul Montel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-montel-sequences-1907-asens580","title":"Sur les suites infinies de fonctions (1907 original)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/asens.580.pdf","date":"1907"},{"id":"cur20261020-montel-normal-families-1912-asens652","title":"Sur les familles de fonctions analytiques qui admettent des valeurs exceptionnelles dans un domaine (1912 original)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/article/ASENS_1912_3_29__487_0.pdf","date":"1912"}],"points":"460000","published_grade":{"id":"montel-holomorphic-normal-families-1907","entry_id":"montel-holomorphic-normal-families-1907","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1d3e4501-5561-4df2-a48d-40a69c20a918","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48b793f449c0e313f9159d304d97b7038f022b7f8f4c92ab105ec819806b11f1"},"what_changed":"An unruly list of complex differentiable functions can contain a well-behaved subsequence. Montel’s 1907 compactness criterion extracts a locally uniformly convergent subsequence from a locally uniformly bounded holomorphic family. His 1912 work adds a different route: a holomorphic family that omits two shared distinct finite values is normal, allowing a subsequence to diverge uniformly to infinity. These criteria turn questions about many functions into questions about one limiting function.","scope":"An unruly list of complex differentiable functions can contain a well-behaved subsequence. Montel’s 1907 compactness criterion extracts a locally uniformly convergent subsequence from a locally uniformly bounded holomorphic family. His 1912 work adds a different route: a holomorphic family that omits two shared distinct finite values is normal, allowing a subsequence to diverge uniformly to infinity. These criteria turn questions about many functions into questions about one limiting function. Convergence is local uniform convergence inside a complex domain, not uniform convergence up to every boundary or convergence of the whole original sequence. The omitted values must be shared and distinct; allowing infinity as a subsequential limit is essential. For meromorphic functions the convergence definition must be changed and a three-value condition is different; it is not asserted here from the holomorphic statement. The 1907 bounded proof treats simple connectivity first and then finite-connectivity/covering extension. The 1912 theorem is recorded in its holomorphic setting; modular-function/logarithm lifting must be applied on suitable simply connected subdomains, not assumed globally single-valued on every multiply connected domain. Earlier Arzela/Ascoli, Weierstrass, Stieltjes/Vitali and Picard/Borel/Schottky/Landau inputs remain distinct.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1d3e4501-5561-4df2-a48d-40a69c20a918","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48b793f449c0e313f9159d304d97b7038f022b7f8f4c92ab105ec819806b11f1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fubini-tonelli-lebesgue-iterated-integrals-1907","title":"Fubini and Tonelli: valid reduction of multiple Lebesgue integrals to iterated integrals","summary":"Adding the rows of a table or its columns gives the same total. Infinite integrals need conditions before the analogous swap is valid. Fubini’s 1907 paper establishes equality between a Lebesgue double integral and either iterated integral for an integrable function, with exceptional sections handled almost everywhere. Tonelli’s 1909 nonnegative criterion can establish integrability from a finite iterated integral. The two papers form one evolving theorem family, not a joint publication.","boundary":"For signed functions, Lebesgue integrability entails absolute integrability; two merely existing conditionally convergent iterated integrals do not authorize interchange. Exceptional null sets of sections are not silently replaced with an every-section assertion. The assessed originals concern Euclidean Lebesgue area/rectangles, not the entire later theorem for arbitrary product measures or non-sigma-finite spaces. Tonelli's stated finite-integral criterion is retained; the familiar unrestricted extended-value formulation is not simply quoted as the original statement. These are separate 1907 and 1909 papers in one evolving theorem family, not one joint paper.","area":"Measure theory and integration","topic":"Mathematics","year":1907,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"fubini-tonelli-lebesgue-iterated-integrals-1907","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e48912cb-4e04-443f-a004-eaf93e3877e5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae48e1b50f367307d709bc9ddd2587dc08d08c759effdea50fe5a826ce483234"},"humans":["G. Fubini","Leonida Tonelli"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-fubini-multiple-integrals-1907","title":"Sugli integrali multipli (RendLincei5,16I,608–614)","url":"https://operedigitali.lincei.it/rendicontiFMN/rol/pdf/S5V16T1A1907P608_614.pdf","date":"1907"},{"id":"cur20261020-tonelli-integration-parts-1909","title":"Sull'integrazione per parti (RendLincei5,18II,246–253)","url":"https://operedigitali.lincei.it/rendicontiFMN/rol/pdf/S5V18T2A1909P246_253.pdf","date":"1909"}],"points":"650000","published_grade":{"id":"fubini-tonelli-lebesgue-iterated-integrals-1907","entry_id":"fubini-tonelli-lebesgue-iterated-integrals-1907","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e48912cb-4e04-443f-a004-eaf93e3877e5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae48e1b50f367307d709bc9ddd2587dc08d08c759effdea50fe5a826ce483234"},"what_changed":"Adding the rows of a table or its columns gives the same total. Infinite integrals need conditions before the analogous swap is valid. Fubini’s 1907 paper establishes equality between a Lebesgue double integral and either iterated integral for an integrable function, with exceptional sections handled almost everywhere. Tonelli’s 1909 nonnegative criterion can establish integrability from a finite iterated integral. The two papers form one evolving theorem family, not a joint publication.","scope":"Adding the rows of a table or its columns gives the same total. Infinite integrals need conditions before the analogous swap is valid. Fubini’s 1907 paper establishes equality between a Lebesgue double integral and either iterated integral for an integrable function, with exceptional sections handled almost everywhere. Tonelli’s 1909 nonnegative criterion can establish integrability from a finite iterated integral. The two papers form one evolving theorem family, not a joint publication. For signed functions, Lebesgue integrability entails absolute integrability; two merely existing conditionally convergent iterated integrals do not authorize interchange. Exceptional null sets of sections are not silently replaced with an every-section assertion. The assessed originals concern Euclidean Lebesgue area/rectangles, not the entire later theorem for arbitrary product measures or non-sigma-finite spaces. Tonelli's stated finite-integral criterion is retained; the familiar unrestricted extended-value formulation is not simply quoted as the original statement. These are separate 1907 and 1909 papers in one evolving theorem family, not one joint paper.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e48912cb-4e04-443f-a004-eaf93e3877e5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae48e1b50f367307d709bc9ddd2587dc08d08c759effdea50fe5a826ce483234"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hilbert-waring-finite-power-sum-basis-1909","title":"Hilbert: a finite number of kth powers suffices for every positive integer","summary":"Every positive integer is a sum of a bounded number of squares, but what happens for cubes, fourth powers or any other fixed exponent? Hilbert proves that each positive integer exponent has its own finite bound on the number of positive-power summands needed for every positive integer. His 1909 proof turns an integral identity into finite rational identities and then integer representations. It establishes existence for all exponents, without finding the least possible bound.","boundary":"An existence theorem with the quantifier order for every k, some s(k), every positive integer; it does not identify the least possible bound g(k), give a common bound independent of k or establish optimal asymptotic Waring constants. Negative bases/signed cancellation are not a replacement for the positive-summand conclusion. The Mathematische Annalen version contains changes and additions relative to the 1909 Göttingen report and credits Hausdorff/Kürschák suggestions and earlier special-exponent proofs. The source says bounds can be obtained from the argument, so this record does not call the result inherently ineffective.","area":"Additive number theory and Waring's problem","topic":"Mathematics","year":1909,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hilbert-waring-finite-power-sum-basis-1909","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24da7700-c35a-4a44-aa0e-b82947305917","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a4de4ae0b48ab0054edcb3c50097c717f3132226f3095c0d34c9890050a65ac"},"humans":["David Hilbert"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"F. Hausdorff","role":"Suggestion helping replace the original 25-fold integral with the five-dimensional identity in the revised Annalen account.","sources":[{"title":"Beweis für die Darstellbarkeit der ganzen Zahlen durch eine feste Anzahl n-ter Potenzen (Waringsches Problem)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0067/LOG_0029.pdf"}]},{"name":"J. Kürschák","role":"Suggestion acknowledged with Hausdorff in the original footnote on page 282.","sources":[{"title":"Beweis für die Darstellbarkeit der ganzen Zahlen durch eine feste Anzahl n-ter Potenzen (Waringsches Problem)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0067/LOG_0029.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hilbert-waring-finite-sums-1909","title":"Beweis für die Darstellbarkeit der ganzen Zahlen durch eine feste Anzahl n-ter Potenzen (Waringsches Problem)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0067/LOG_0029.pdf","date":"1909"}],"points":"340000","published_grade":{"id":"hilbert-waring-finite-power-sum-basis-1909","entry_id":"hilbert-waring-finite-power-sum-basis-1909","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24da7700-c35a-4a44-aa0e-b82947305917","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a4de4ae0b48ab0054edcb3c50097c717f3132226f3095c0d34c9890050a65ac"},"what_changed":"Every positive integer is a sum of a bounded number of squares, but what happens for cubes, fourth powers or any other fixed exponent? Hilbert proves that each positive integer exponent has its own finite bound on the number of positive-power summands needed for every positive integer. His 1909 proof turns an integral identity into finite rational identities and then integer representations. It establishes existence for all exponents, without finding the least possible bound.","scope":"Every positive integer is a sum of a bounded number of squares, but what happens for cubes, fourth powers or any other fixed exponent? Hilbert proves that each positive integer exponent has its own finite bound on the number of positive-power summands needed for every positive integer. His 1909 proof turns an integral identity into finite rational identities and then integer representations. It establishes existence for all exponents, without finding the least possible bound. An existence theorem with the quantifier order for every k, some s(k), every positive integer; it does not identify the least possible bound g(k), give a common bound independent of k or establish optimal asymptotic Waring constants. Negative bases/signed cancellation are not a replacement for the positive-summand conclusion. The Mathematische Annalen version contains changes and additions relative to the 1909 Göttingen report and credits Hausdorff/Kürschák suggestions and earlier special-exponent proofs. The source says bounds can be obtained from the argument, so this record does not call the result inherently ineffective.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:24da7700-c35a-4a44-aa0e-b82947305917","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9a4de4ae0b48ab0054edcb3c50097c717f3132226f3095c0d34c9890050a65ac"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zermelo-choice-well-ordering-proof-1904","title":"Zermelo: well-ordering an arbitrary set using a choice function","summary":"A well-order gives every nonempty subset a first element. Zermelo showed how a simultaneous choice of one element from each nonempty subset can yield such an order on an arbitrary set. His 1904 letter compares compatible partial well-orders and combines them until the whole set is covered. The choice principle is an explicit assumption. Erhard Schmidt is acknowledged for the choice-assignment idea, while Zermelo is the printed author of the proof.","boundary":"The proof explicitly assumes the existence of the required simultaneous selections, an axiom-of-choice principle; it is not a proof of choice from weaker set axioms or a general computable procedure. The 1904 argument precedes the 1908 axiomatization and does not itself provide the full modern ZF/ZFC axiom system. Claims concern sets whose subsets and associated collections are legitimate, not a universal set.","area":"Set theory and foundations","topic":"Mathematics","year":1904,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"zermelo-choice-well-ordering-proof-1904","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b101927-425a-4b1c-a7b6-c05391154b25","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12bcc1af9d0d9c83a33332f8a65c75c8037bd1dc44221b871d7fc04c81f274dc"},"humans":["Ernst Zermelo"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"Erhard Schmidt","role":"Idea of using an arbitrary simultaneous choice assignment; acknowledged in the original on pages 514 and 516.","sources":[{"title":"Beweis, dass jede Menge wohlgeordnet werden kann (letter to Hilbert)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0059/LOG_0040.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-zermelo-well-ordering-1904","title":"Beweis, dass jede Menge wohlgeordnet werden kann (letter to Hilbert)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0059/LOG_0040.pdf","date":"1904"}],"points":"600000","published_grade":{"id":"zermelo-choice-well-ordering-proof-1904","entry_id":"zermelo-choice-well-ordering-proof-1904","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b101927-425a-4b1c-a7b6-c05391154b25","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12bcc1af9d0d9c83a33332f8a65c75c8037bd1dc44221b871d7fc04c81f274dc"},"what_changed":"A well-order gives every nonempty subset a first element. Zermelo showed how a simultaneous choice of one element from each nonempty subset can yield such an order on an arbitrary set. His 1904 letter compares compatible partial well-orders and combines them until the whole set is covered. The choice principle is an explicit assumption. Erhard Schmidt is acknowledged for the choice-assignment idea, while Zermelo is the printed author of the proof.","scope":"A well-order gives every nonempty subset a first element. Zermelo showed how a simultaneous choice of one element from each nonempty subset can yield such an order on an arbitrary set. His 1904 letter compares compatible partial well-orders and combines them until the whole set is covered. The choice principle is an explicit assumption. Erhard Schmidt is acknowledged for the choice-assignment idea, while Zermelo is the printed author of the proof. The proof explicitly assumes the existence of the required simultaneous selections, an axiom-of-choice principle; it is not a proof of choice from weaker set axioms or a general computable procedure. The 1904 argument precedes the 1908 axiomatization and does not itself provide the full modern ZF/ZFC axiom system. Claims concern sets whose subsets and associated collections are legitimate, not a universal set.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b101927-425a-4b1c-a7b6-c05391154b25","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:12bcc1af9d0d9c83a33332f8a65c75c8037bd1dc44221b871d7fc04c81f274dc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"weyl-exponential-sum-equidistribution-and-irrational-polynomials-1916","title":"Weyl: testing equidistribution by exponential sums and applying it to polynomials","summary":"A deterministic sequence can spread around a circle as evenly as interval lengths predict. Weyl’s exponential-sum criterion tests this by asking whether each nonzero integer frequency cancels out on average. His 1916 paper applies the method to polynomial sequences with an irrational nonconstant coefficient and to multidimensional settings under the stated independence conditions. Even distribution is a long-run frequency statement; it does not make the sequence independent, random or perfectly balanced after a fixed number of terms.","boundary":"A qualitative asymptotic theorem for each sequence or fixed polynomial under the stated irrationality conditions, not a uniform numerical discrepancy rate over all irrational coefficients or a finite-sample randomness guarantee. An irrational constant term alone is insufficient. The scalar linear case predates this paper and is credited jointly in the original to Bohl, Sierpiński and Weyl; Hardy–Littlewood's earlier and parallel polynomial work is explicitly retained. Later metric theorems and the geometric appendix lie outside this record.","area":"Analytic number theory and uniform distribution","topic":"Mathematics","year":1916,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"weyl-exponential-sum-equidistribution-and-irrational-polynomials-1916","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:845af5e8-86bf-4b54-a9f4-3bba1bf5fe15","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44dd20024b98f286d142d60ada30f4facb8540903af7f2edcfdfca73df977f14"},"humans":["Hermann Weyl"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-weyl-equidistribution-1916","title":"Über die Gleichverteilung von Zahlen mod. Eins","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0077/LOG_0036.pdf","date":"1916"}],"points":"450000","published_grade":{"id":"weyl-exponential-sum-equidistribution-and-irrational-polynomials-1916","entry_id":"weyl-exponential-sum-equidistribution-and-irrational-polynomials-1916","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:845af5e8-86bf-4b54-a9f4-3bba1bf5fe15","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44dd20024b98f286d142d60ada30f4facb8540903af7f2edcfdfca73df977f14"},"what_changed":"A deterministic sequence can spread around a circle as evenly as interval lengths predict. Weyl’s exponential-sum criterion tests this by asking whether each nonzero integer frequency cancels out on average. His 1916 paper applies the method to polynomial sequences with an irrational nonconstant coefficient and to multidimensional settings under the stated independence conditions. Even distribution is a long-run frequency statement; it does not make the sequence independent, random or perfectly balanced after a fixed number of terms.","scope":"A deterministic sequence can spread around a circle as evenly as interval lengths predict. Weyl’s exponential-sum criterion tests this by asking whether each nonzero integer frequency cancels out on average. His 1916 paper applies the method to polynomial sequences with an irrational nonconstant coefficient and to multidimensional settings under the stated independence conditions. Even distribution is a long-run frequency statement; it does not make the sequence independent, random or perfectly balanced after a fixed number of terms. A qualitative asymptotic theorem for each sequence or fixed polynomial under the stated irrationality conditions, not a uniform numerical discrepancy rate over all irrational coefficients or a finite-sample randomness guarantee. An irrational constant term alone is insufficient. The scalar linear case predates this paper and is credited jointly in the original to Bohl, Sierpiński and Weyl; Hardy–Littlewood's earlier and parallel polynomial work is explicitly retained. Later metric theorems and the geometric appendix lie outside this record.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:845af5e8-86bf-4b54-a9f4-3bba1bf5fe15","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:44dd20024b98f286d142d60ada30f4facb8540903af7f2edcfdfca73df977f14"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bogoliubov-weakly-interacting-bose-quasiparticle-spectrum-1947","title":"Bogoliubov: collective excitations of a weakly interacting Bose condensate","summary":"Weakly interacting atoms can move collectively in a way that individual free particles cannot describe. Bogoliubov’s 1947 approximation replaces the difficult interacting Bose gas near a condensate by elementary quasiparticle excitations. The resulting spectrum is sound-like at small momentum and approaches free-particle behaviour at large momentum under the stated interaction assumptions. The transformation supplies a reusable microscopic framework, while the original explicitly builds on earlier Bose-gas and Landau superfluidity ideas.","boundary":"A controlled-regime physical approximation and mechanism, not an exact finite-N solution or a general rigorous proof of superfluidity in liquid helium. Weak interaction, weak excitation, small condensate depletion and the thermodynamic homogeneous setting are essential. Quasiparticle interactions vanish only at retained quadratic order; higher terms supply relaxation and interactions. Positive ν(0) is used within the small-interaction stable-model analysis, not a universal sufficient condition for arbitrary potentials or observed critical velocities. The hard-core/scattering substitution and extension to real liquids are proposed steps, not a proof that strong-coupling helium is fully solved.","area":"Quantum many-body theory and superfluidity","topic":"Physics","year":1947,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"bogoliubov-weakly-interacting-bose-quasiparticle-spectrum-1947","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:496ab32d-ddc8-4855-a4ba-4817d8777255","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48b4c809cd26d028a579015d717b4c4bf326cbdf34aae421bf7b7675a7ac132a"},"humans":["N. Bogolubov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-bogolubov-superfluidity-1947","title":"On the Theory of Superfluidity","url":"https://ufn.ru/pdf/jphysussr/1947/11_1/3jphysussr19471101.pdf","date":"1947"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"bogoliubov-weakly-interacting-bose-quasiparticle-spectrum-1947","entry_id":"bogoliubov-weakly-interacting-bose-quasiparticle-spectrum-1947","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:496ab32d-ddc8-4855-a4ba-4817d8777255","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48b4c809cd26d028a579015d717b4c4bf326cbdf34aae421bf7b7675a7ac132a"},"what_changed":"Weakly interacting atoms can move collectively in a way that individual free particles cannot describe. Bogoliubov’s 1947 approximation replaces the difficult interacting Bose gas near a condensate by elementary quasiparticle excitations. The resulting spectrum is sound-like at small momentum and approaches free-particle behaviour at large momentum under the stated interaction assumptions. The transformation supplies a reusable microscopic framework, while the original explicitly builds on earlier Bose-gas and Landau superfluidity ideas.","scope":"Weakly interacting atoms can move collectively in a way that individual free particles cannot describe. Bogoliubov’s 1947 approximation replaces the difficult interacting Bose gas near a condensate by elementary quasiparticle excitations. The resulting spectrum is sound-like at small momentum and approaches free-particle behaviour at large momentum under the stated interaction assumptions. The transformation supplies a reusable microscopic framework, while the original explicitly builds on earlier Bose-gas and Landau superfluidity ideas. A controlled-regime physical approximation and mechanism, not an exact finite-N solution or a general rigorous proof of superfluidity in liquid helium. Weak interaction, weak excitation, small condensate depletion and the thermodynamic homogeneous setting are essential. Quasiparticle interactions vanish only at retained quadratic order; higher terms supply relaxation and interactions. Positive ν(0) is used within the small-interaction stable-model analysis, not a universal sufficient condition for arbitrary potentials or observed critical velocities. The hard-core/scattering substitution and extension to real liquids are proposed steps, not a proof that strong-coupling helium is fully solved.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:496ab32d-ddc8-4855-a4ba-4817d8777255","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48b4c809cd26d028a579015d717b4c4bf326cbdf34aae421bf7b7675a7ac132a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lee-huang-yang-dilute-hard-sphere-bose-calculation-1957","title":"Lee–Huang–Yang: dilute hard-sphere Bose energy, excitations and correlations","summary":"Lee, Huang and Yang used a pseudopotential calculation to connect the wave functions, excitations, condensate depletion and pair correlations of a dilute hard-sphere Bose gas. The 1957 paper recovers the beyond-mean-field energy correction, explicitly crediting its earlier Lee–Yang derivation, and calculates low-lying collective excitations at the stated order. Its value is the linked microscopic calculation, not a claim that every density regime of liquid helium has been solved.","boundary":"A dilute-gas, low-temperature physical expansion for the hard-sphere model, not a rigorous all-density many-body theorem or a quantitative solution of strongly interacting liquid helium. The paper uses hbar=1 and 2 m=1, periodic boundary conditions, and a hard-sphere diameter a that equals the scattering length in this model. Small sqrt(rho a^3) and additionally ka<<1 for the excitation approximation are essential. Higher collisions and systematic higher orders remain difficulties, and convergence of the full expansion is not proved. Its discussion of nonuniform superfluid flow is explicitly suggestive rather than mathematically conclusive; existing two-fluid reasoning and Bogoliubov/Bijl/Feynman results remain inherited. The printed Eq. (52) has an inverse-square-root factor inconsistent with Eq. (31) and Eqs. (50)–(51); the excitation claim follows Eq. (31). This textual discrepancy is not silently turned into a verified published erratum.","area":"Quantum many-body theory; dilute Bose gases","topic":"Physics","year":1957,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"lee-huang-yang-dilute-hard-sphere-bose-calculation-1957","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3c306db-6200-41ca-a5e2-5b4b7c52b784","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8a7980db216de5e63d648b9aabe1ae87f1f730dcdca28602c70a71c74e72f07"},"humans":["T. D. Lee","Kerson Huang","C. N. Yang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261022-lhy-hard-sphere-1957","title":"Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of a Bose System of Hard Spheres and Its Low-Temperature Properties (1957 original facsimile)","url":"https://wucj.lab.westlake.edu.cn/teach/CNYang/lee1957.pdf","date":"1957-06-15"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"T. D. Lee: Columbia University, New York; Kerson Huang and C. N. Yang: Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, on the original first page. Publication-location association only; no nationality or effort-share inference.","source_url":"https://wucj.lab.westlake.edu.cn/teach/CNYang/lee1957.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3c306db-6200-41ca-a5e2-5b4b7c52b784","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8a7980db216de5e63d648b9aabe1ae87f1f730dcdca28602c70a71c74e72f07"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of a Bose System of Hard Spheres and Its Low-Temperature Properties (1957 original facsimile)","url":"https://wucj.lab.westlake.edu.cn/teach/CNYang/lee1957.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"lee-huang-yang-dilute-hard-sphere-bose-calculation-1957","entry_id":"lee-huang-yang-dilute-hard-sphere-bose-calculation-1957","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3c306db-6200-41ca-a5e2-5b4b7c52b784","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8a7980db216de5e63d648b9aabe1ae87f1f730dcdca28602c70a71c74e72f07"},"what_changed":"Lee, Huang and Yang used a pseudopotential calculation to connect the wave functions, excitations, condensate depletion and pair correlations of a dilute hard-sphere Bose gas. The 1957 paper recovers the beyond-mean-field energy correction, explicitly crediting its earlier Lee–Yang derivation, and calculates low-lying collective excitations at the stated order. Its value is the linked microscopic calculation, not a claim that every density regime of liquid helium has been solved.","scope":"Lee, Huang and Yang used a pseudopotential calculation to connect the wave functions, excitations, condensate depletion and pair correlations of a dilute hard-sphere Bose gas. The 1957 paper recovers the beyond-mean-field energy correction, explicitly crediting its earlier Lee–Yang derivation, and calculates low-lying collective excitations at the stated order. Its value is the linked microscopic calculation, not a claim that every density regime of liquid helium has been solved. A dilute-gas, low-temperature physical expansion for the hard-sphere model, not a rigorous all-density many-body theorem or a quantitative solution of strongly interacting liquid helium. The paper uses hbar=1 and 2 m=1, periodic boundary conditions, and a hard-sphere diameter a that equals the scattering length in this model. Small sqrt(rho a^3) and additionally ka<<1 for the excitation approximation are essential. Higher collisions and systematic higher orders remain difficulties, and convergence of the full expansion is not proved. Its discussion of nonuniform superfluid flow is explicitly suggestive rather than mathematically conclusive; existing two-fluid reasoning and Bogoliubov/Bijl/Feynman results remain inherited. The printed Eq. (52) has an inverse-square-root factor inconsistent with Eq. (31) and Eqs. (50)–(51); the excitation claim follows Eq. (31). This textual discrepancy is not silently turned into a verified published erratum.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3c306db-6200-41ca-a5e2-5b4b7c52b784","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8a7980db216de5e63d648b9aabe1ae87f1f730dcdca28602c70a71c74e72f07"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"berezinskii-planar-algebraic-order-vortex-superfluidity-1970","title":"Berezinskii: algebraic order and vortex physics in two-dimensional planar systems","summary":"A two-dimensional system can have slowly decaying correlations without settling into conventional long-range order. Berezinskii’s 1970 and 1971 theoretical work, published in English translation in 1971 and 1972, develops this low-temperature picture for planar systems. The follow-up connects vortices to a logarithmically interacting gas and describes stiffness and superfluid response. It also corrects an earlier phase criterion. Later Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, universal-jump results and experiments remain separate contributions.","boundary":"These are historical theoretical calculations and physical arguments under the stated low-temperature, long-wavelength, interaction-range and model assumptions, not experimental observations or an exact solution of every continuous-symmetry system. PartII explicitly corrects PartI's use of infinite susceptibility as a phase criterion. Its formula rho_s(Tc)=0 is preserved as an original historical assertion, not assigned the later universal-jump result. The isotropic Heisenberg extension and arbitrary-group assertions are not promoted here into a rigorous general finite-temperature algebraic-order theorem. This record does not absorb the separate Kosterlitz–Thouless 1973 work, later RG theory, rigorous proofs or measurements.","area":"Low-dimensional statistical physics","topic":"Physics","year":1970,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"berezinskii-planar-algebraic-order-vortex-superfluidity-1970","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c6a496ac-c3c7-4c19-af0b-5cbbcc07ad40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:94785f22d69fb94882a0700ca5c9270341e60c6530bcaeb9302f47a27302c2f1"},"humans":["V. L. Berezinskii"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-berezinskii-classical-1971translation","title":"Destruction of long-range order I: Classical systems (1971English translation of1970original)","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/f55503250f690969aedfda4ceaf9b4f9","date":"1971-03"},{"id":"cur20261020-berezinskii-quantum-1972translation","title":"Destruction of long-range order II: Quantum systems (1972English translation of1971original)","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/0f7b50c47ec26bed99a50ff199960259","date":"1972-03"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"berezinskii-planar-algebraic-order-vortex-superfluidity-1970","entry_id":"berezinskii-planar-algebraic-order-vortex-superfluidity-1970","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c6a496ac-c3c7-4c19-af0b-5cbbcc07ad40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:94785f22d69fb94882a0700ca5c9270341e60c6530bcaeb9302f47a27302c2f1"},"what_changed":"A two-dimensional system can have slowly decaying correlations without settling into conventional long-range order. Berezinskii’s 1970 and 1971 theoretical work, published in English translation in 1971 and 1972, develops this low-temperature picture for planar systems. The follow-up connects vortices to a logarithmically interacting gas and describes stiffness and superfluid response. It also corrects an earlier phase criterion. Later Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, universal-jump results and experiments remain separate contributions.","scope":"A two-dimensional system can have slowly decaying correlations without settling into conventional long-range order. Berezinskii’s 1970 and 1971 theoretical work, published in English translation in 1971 and 1972, develops this low-temperature picture for planar systems. The follow-up connects vortices to a logarithmically interacting gas and describes stiffness and superfluid response. It also corrects an earlier phase criterion. Later Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, universal-jump results and experiments remain separate contributions. These are historical theoretical calculations and physical arguments under the stated low-temperature, long-wavelength, interaction-range and model assumptions, not experimental observations or an exact solution of every continuous-symmetry system. PartII explicitly corrects PartI's use of infinite susceptibility as a phase criterion. Its formula rho_s(Tc)=0 is preserved as an original historical assertion, not assigned the later universal-jump result. The isotropic Heisenberg extension and arbitrary-group assertions are not promoted here into a rigorous general finite-temperature algebraic-order theorem. This record does not absorb the separate Kosterlitz–Thouless 1973 work, later RG theory, rigorous proofs or measurements.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c6a496ac-c3c7-4c19-af0b-5cbbcc07ad40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:94785f22d69fb94882a0700ca5c9270341e60c6530bcaeb9302f47a27302c2f1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"casimir-polder-retarded-atom-atom-and-plane-interactions-1948","title":"Casimir–Polder: retardation changes atomic dispersion interactions","summary":"Electromagnetic influences take time to travel between atoms. Casimir and Polder calculated how that delay changes dispersion interactions: at large separation the two-atom energy falls as the inverse seventh power of distance, rather than the nonretarded inverse sixth power. Their 1948 paper also treats a neutral atom near an ideal conducting plane, with a different distance law. These are quantum-electrodynamic predictions under stated approximations, separate from Casimir’s two-plate calculation and from later measurements.","boundary":"These powers describe interaction energies, not forces. The retarded limits require separation large compared with the relevant transition wavelengths; the nonretarded regime still requires separation large compared with atomic dimensions. The derivation treats unexcited neutral atoms, dipole approximation and, for the wall problem, an ideal conducting plane. It is not a universal law for overlapping atoms, excited-state/resonant interactions, real dispersive surfaces, finite-temperature corrections or many-body pairwise additivity. This is theory, not a reported experimental confirmation.","area":"Quantum electrodynamics and dispersion forces","topic":"Physics","year":1948,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"casimir-polder-retarded-atom-atom-and-plane-interactions-1948","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d1eb73e8-0ad1-4942-a093-b19ff92ceff9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f29d72e1ae793200afb75b49ae5015937f4098ba026a48a95435c1cf229ee63"},"humans":["H. B. G. Casimir","D. Polder"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"J. Th. G. Overbeek","role":"Suggestion about the influence of retardation on dispersion forces, explicitly acknowledged in the original introduction; not a printed coauthor.","sources":[{"title":"The Influence of Retardation on the London-van der Waals Forces — original Physical Review73pp360–372","url":"https://www.mit.edu/~kardar/research/seminars/Casimir/PR-CasimirPolder48.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"casimir-polder-retarded-dispersion-original1948","title":"The Influence of Retardation on the London-van der Waals Forces — original Physical Review73pp360–372","url":"https://www.mit.edu/~kardar/research/seminars/Casimir/PR-CasimirPolder48.pdf","date":"1948-02-15"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["NL"],"location_basis":"Both printed authors: Philips laboratory, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Publication-location association only; no nationality or effort-share inference.","source_url":"https://www.mit.edu/~kardar/research/seminars/Casimir/PR-CasimirPolder48.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d1eb73e8-0ad1-4942-a093-b19ff92ceff9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f29d72e1ae793200afb75b49ae5015937f4098ba026a48a95435c1cf229ee63"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"The Influence of Retardation on the London-van der Waals Forces — original Physical Review73pp360–372","url":"https://www.mit.edu/~kardar/research/seminars/Casimir/PR-CasimirPolder48.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"NL":"Netherlands"}},"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"casimir-polder-retarded-atom-atom-and-plane-interactions-1948","entry_id":"casimir-polder-retarded-atom-atom-and-plane-interactions-1948","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d1eb73e8-0ad1-4942-a093-b19ff92ceff9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f29d72e1ae793200afb75b49ae5015937f4098ba026a48a95435c1cf229ee63"},"what_changed":"Electromagnetic influences take time to travel between atoms. Casimir and Polder calculated how that delay changes dispersion interactions: at large separation the two-atom energy falls as the inverse seventh power of distance, rather than the nonretarded inverse sixth power. Their 1948 paper also treats a neutral atom near an ideal conducting plane, with a different distance law. These are quantum-electrodynamic predictions under stated approximations, separate from Casimir’s two-plate calculation and from later measurements.","scope":"Electromagnetic influences take time to travel between atoms. Casimir and Polder calculated how that delay changes dispersion interactions: at large separation the two-atom energy falls as the inverse seventh power of distance, rather than the nonretarded inverse sixth power. Their 1948 paper also treats a neutral atom near an ideal conducting plane, with a different distance law. These are quantum-electrodynamic predictions under stated approximations, separate from Casimir’s two-plate calculation and from later measurements. These powers describe interaction energies, not forces. The retarded limits require separation large compared with the relevant transition wavelengths; the nonretarded regime still requires separation large compared with atomic dimensions. The derivation treats unexcited neutral atoms, dipole approximation and, for the wall problem, an ideal conducting plane. It is not a universal law for overlapping atoms, excited-state/resonant interactions, real dispersive surfaces, finite-temperature corrections or many-body pairwise additivity. This is theory, not a reported experimental confirmation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d1eb73e8-0ad1-4942-a093-b19ff92ceff9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5f29d72e1ae793200afb75b49ae5015937f4098ba026a48a95435c1cf229ee63"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ernst-anderson-fourier-transform-magnetic-resonance-1966","title":"Pulse-response Fourier-transform magnetic-resonance spectroscopy","summary":"Instead of slowly scanning one resonance frequency at a time, Ernst and Anderson applied short radio-frequency pulses, recorded the combined time response and used a Fourier transform to recover the spectrum. Their 1966 magnetic-resonance paper combines a pulse-response model, coherent accumulation, filtering, numerical processing and an experimental comparison. It demonstrates a practical sensitivity and recording-time advantage under the stated conditions, rather than claiming that a Fourier transform alone improves every noisy measurement.","boundary":"This is a physical spectroscopy-method contribution, not invention of the Fourier transform, the first nuclear resonance, the first echo, arbitrary sample imaging or a biological/medical result. Sensitivity advantage depends on spectral-width/linewidth ratio, relaxation times, pulse spacing, coherent stability, detector-noise and comparison protocol. The 8.5-fold ethylbenzene improvement is the authors' time-normalized comparison, not the raw same-duration signal ratio; the displayed spectra use 25 s pulse acquisition versus 350 s sweep acquisition. Theoretical derivation assumes stationary white noise and states why the advantage can shrink against intermediate-passage sweeps. Finite acquisition, aliasing, pulse perturbation and phase/filter correction matter; interpolating a truncated response does not create unrestricted resolution.","area":"Magnetic-resonance physics / spectroscopy methods","topic":"Physics","year":1966,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ernst-anderson-fourier-transform-magnetic-resonance-1966","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88d93c91-a683-4a13-a6f2-b391919b65eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4101a8e0e7a8e4b83afdbf390cb046b0ffc0ef8414d15593e32c336ab5debc78"},"humans":["R. R. Ernst","W. A. Anderson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ernst-anderson-fourier-transform-nmr-1966","title":"Application of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy to Magnetic Resonance","url":"https://mri-q.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/ernst_and_anderson.pdf","date":"1966"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Both printed authors: Analytical Instrument Division, Varian Associates, Palo Alto, California 94303. Publication-location association only; no nationality or effort-share inference.","source_url":"https://mri-q.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/ernst_and_anderson.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88d93c91-a683-4a13-a6f2-b391919b65eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4101a8e0e7a8e4b83afdbf390cb046b0ffc0ef8414d15593e32c336ab5debc78"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Application of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy to Magnetic Resonance","url":"https://mri-q.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/ernst_and_anderson.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"290000","published_grade":{"id":"ernst-anderson-fourier-transform-magnetic-resonance-1966","entry_id":"ernst-anderson-fourier-transform-magnetic-resonance-1966","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88d93c91-a683-4a13-a6f2-b391919b65eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4101a8e0e7a8e4b83afdbf390cb046b0ffc0ef8414d15593e32c336ab5debc78"},"what_changed":"Instead of slowly scanning one resonance frequency at a time, Ernst and Anderson applied short radio-frequency pulses, recorded the combined time response and used a Fourier transform to recover the spectrum. Their 1966 magnetic-resonance paper combines a pulse-response model, coherent accumulation, filtering, numerical processing and an experimental comparison. It demonstrates a practical sensitivity and recording-time advantage under the stated conditions, rather than claiming that a Fourier transform alone improves every noisy measurement.","scope":"Instead of slowly scanning one resonance frequency at a time, Ernst and Anderson applied short radio-frequency pulses, recorded the combined time response and used a Fourier transform to recover the spectrum. Their 1966 magnetic-resonance paper combines a pulse-response model, coherent accumulation, filtering, numerical processing and an experimental comparison. It demonstrates a practical sensitivity and recording-time advantage under the stated conditions, rather than claiming that a Fourier transform alone improves every noisy measurement. This is a physical spectroscopy-method contribution, not invention of the Fourier transform, the first nuclear resonance, the first echo, arbitrary sample imaging or a biological/medical result. Sensitivity advantage depends on spectral-width/linewidth ratio, relaxation times, pulse spacing, coherent stability, detector-noise and comparison protocol. The 8.5-fold ethylbenzene improvement is the authors' time-normalized comparison, not the raw same-duration signal ratio; the displayed spectra use 25 s pulse acquisition versus 350 s sweep acquisition. Theoretical derivation assumes stationary white noise and states why the advantage can shrink against intermediate-passage sweeps. Finite acquisition, aliasing, pulse perturbation and phase/filter correction matter; interpolating a truncated response does not create unrestricted resolution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88d93c91-a683-4a13-a6f2-b391919b65eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4101a8e0e7a8e4b83afdbf390cb046b0ffc0ef8414d15593e32c336ab5debc78"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"klaers-et-al-photon-bose-einstein-condensation-2010","title":"Klaers and colleagues: photon Bose-Einstein condensation in a microcavity","summary":"Light ordinarily disappears into a cavity’s walls as the system cools, rather than piling into its lowest-energy mode. Klaers and colleagues used repeated absorption and re-emission in a dye-filled microcavity to thermalize an effectively two-dimensional photon gas. They observed a strongly occupied ground mode, thermal spectral wings, a threshold with the expected geometry dependence and condensation away from the pump spot. Together these observations support photon Bose–Einstein condensation in the reported pumped, lossy regime.","boundary":"This is a pumped, lossy steady-state system in a regime where reabsorption thermalizes photons before loss, not unconstrained blackbody photons acquiring a chemical potential or a homogeneous two-dimensional gas. Average photon-number conservation is on the thermalization timescale. The inferred mass is a cavity-dispersion effective mass, not a photon rest mass. Thermalization and condensation are separate source contributions.","area":"Quantum optics and statistical physics","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"klaers-et-al-photon-bose-einstein-condensation-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a189770-4f20-4677-a498-058313656d20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eac0eb09d8127feb52305e098ab1644415def12d61b9086a11400de0c86f9fb9"},"humans":["Jan Klaers","Julian Schmitt","Frank Vewinger","Martin Weitz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-klaers-photon-bec-1007-4088v2","title":"Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1007.4088v2","date":"2010-07-23"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["DE"],"location_basis":"All four authors share the University of Bonn address printed with Germany. Publication-location association only; no nationality or effort-share inference.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1007.4088v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a189770-4f20-4677-a498-058313656d20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eac0eb09d8127feb52305e098ab1644415def12d61b9086a11400de0c86f9fb9"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1007.4088v2"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"DE":"Germany"}},"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"klaers-et-al-photon-bose-einstein-condensation-2010","entry_id":"klaers-et-al-photon-bose-einstein-condensation-2010","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a189770-4f20-4677-a498-058313656d20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eac0eb09d8127feb52305e098ab1644415def12d61b9086a11400de0c86f9fb9"},"what_changed":"Light ordinarily disappears into a cavity’s walls as the system cools, rather than piling into its lowest-energy mode. Klaers and colleagues used repeated absorption and re-emission in a dye-filled microcavity to thermalize an effectively two-dimensional photon gas. They observed a strongly occupied ground mode, thermal spectral wings, a threshold with the expected geometry dependence and condensation away from the pump spot. Together these observations support photon Bose–Einstein condensation in the reported pumped, lossy regime.","scope":"Light ordinarily disappears into a cavity’s walls as the system cools, rather than piling into its lowest-energy mode. Klaers and colleagues used repeated absorption and re-emission in a dye-filled microcavity to thermalize an effectively two-dimensional photon gas. They observed a strongly occupied ground mode, thermal spectral wings, a threshold with the expected geometry dependence and condensation away from the pump spot. Together these observations support photon Bose–Einstein condensation in the reported pumped, lossy regime. This is a pumped, lossy steady-state system in a regime where reabsorption thermalizes photons before loss, not unconstrained blackbody photons acquiring a chemical potential or a homogeneous two-dimensional gas. Average photon-number conservation is on the thermalization timescale. The inferred mass is a cavity-dispersion effective mass, not a photon rest mass. Thermalization and condensation are separate source contributions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8a189770-4f20-4677-a498-058313656d20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:eac0eb09d8127feb52305e098ab1644415def12d61b9086a11400de0c86f9fb9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"atomic-matter-wave-anderson-localization-2008","title":"Two controlled cold-atom routes to spatial matter-wave localization","summary":"Two independent 2008 teams used cold atoms to observe spatial localization of matter waves under controlled conditions. Billy and colleagues released a dilute cloud into a one-dimensional laser-speckle potential and measured stationary exponential density wings. Roati and colleagues used an almost non-interacting potassium condensate in a quasiperiodic optical lattice, testing transport and spatial and momentum profiles. Their different experimental routes probe disorder-related localization; they are one result family here, with two separate source bylines.","boundary":"One contribution family with distinct experimental systems, not a joint paper. Billy's negligible-interaction inference concerns dilute wings and weak disorder; its cut-off-dependent effective mobility edge is not a general three-dimensional Anderson transition. Roati realizes an Aubry–André-type quasi-periodic crossover: actual beta=1.1972 broadens/shifts the ideal golden-ratio Delta/J=2 transition. Not proof of interacting many-body localization or localization for every disorder strength.","area":"Disordered quantum systems and quantum gases","topic":"Physics","year":2008,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"atomic-matter-wave-anderson-localization-2008","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:517ff256-74f7-4538-a7e1-317fe0927514","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7da57303ede2f9bb6fe961bd20f67a46a1317aa37fb4201103215d765198c217"},"humans":["Juliette Billy","Vincent Josse","Zhanchun Zuo","Alain Bernard","Ben Hambrecht","Pierre Lugan","David Clément","Laurent Sanchez-Palencia","Philippe Bouyer","Alain Aspect","G. Roati","C. D’Errico","L. Fallani","M. Fattori","C. Fort","M. Zaccanti","G. Modugno","M. Modugno","M. Inguscio"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-billy-matter-localization-2008-v2","title":"Direct observation of Anderson localization of matter-waves in a controlled disorder, arXiv0804.1621v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.1621v2","date":"2008-04-14"},{"id":"cur20261020-roati-matter-localization-2008-v1","title":"Anderson localization of a non-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate, arXiv0804.2609v1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.2609v1","date":"2008-04-16"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["FR","IT"],"location_basis":"Billy team: Institut d’Optique/CNRS/Paris-Sud, France. Roati team: Florence/LENS and additional Rome/Trento addresses, Italy. Both separate bylines retained. Publication-location association only; no nationality or effort-share inference.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.1621v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:517ff256-74f7-4538-a7e1-317fe0927514","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7da57303ede2f9bb6fe961bd20f67a46a1317aa37fb4201103215d765198c217"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Direct observation of Anderson localization of matter-waves in a controlled disorder, arXiv0804.1621v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.1621v2"},{"title":"Anderson localization of a non-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate, arXiv0804.2609v1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.2609v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"FR":"France","IT":"Italy"}},"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"atomic-matter-wave-anderson-localization-2008","entry_id":"atomic-matter-wave-anderson-localization-2008","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:517ff256-74f7-4538-a7e1-317fe0927514","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7da57303ede2f9bb6fe961bd20f67a46a1317aa37fb4201103215d765198c217"},"what_changed":"Two independent 2008 teams used cold atoms to observe spatial localization of matter waves under controlled conditions. Billy and colleagues released a dilute cloud into a one-dimensional laser-speckle potential and measured stationary exponential density wings. Roati and colleagues used an almost non-interacting potassium condensate in a quasiperiodic optical lattice, testing transport and spatial and momentum profiles. Their different experimental routes probe disorder-related localization; they are one result family here, with two separate source bylines.","scope":"Two independent 2008 teams used cold atoms to observe spatial localization of matter waves under controlled conditions. Billy and colleagues released a dilute cloud into a one-dimensional laser-speckle potential and measured stationary exponential density wings. Roati and colleagues used an almost non-interacting potassium condensate in a quasiperiodic optical lattice, testing transport and spatial and momentum profiles. Their different experimental routes probe disorder-related localization; they are one result family here, with two separate source bylines. One contribution family with distinct experimental systems, not a joint paper. Billy's negligible-interaction inference concerns dilute wings and weak disorder; its cut-off-dependent effective mobility edge is not a general three-dimensional Anderson transition. Roati realizes an Aubry–André-type quasi-periodic crossover: actual beta=1.1972 broadens/shifts the ideal golden-ratio Delta/J=2 transition. Not proof of interacting many-body localization or localization for every disorder strength.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:517ff256-74f7-4538-a7e1-317fe0927514","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7da57303ede2f9bb6fe961bd20f67a46a1317aa37fb4201103215d765198c217"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mazurenko-cold-atom-hubbard-antiferromagnet-2017","title":"Mazurenko and colleagues: finite-size antiferromagnetism in a cold-atom Hubbard simulator","summary":"Mazurenko and colleagues arranged cold fermionic atoms in a square optical lattice and measured antiferromagnetic spin correlations across a finite region of roughly eighty sites. A quantum gas microscope resolved individual sites, while comparisons with numerical models helped estimate temperature and interpret the correlations. The experiment created a useful low-temperature Hubbard-model simulator. It did not establish finite-temperature long-range order in an infinite two-dimensional system or solve the full doped-Hubbard phase diagram.","boundary":"The reported long-range order is finite-size order, not finite-temperature spontaneous breaking of continuous spin symmetry in the infinite two-dimensional system or a violation of Mermin–Wagner. Temperature and hole-doping calibration use theoretical numerical inputs; the 15 percent crossover is not a universal thermodynamic critical doping. No d-wave superconductivity, pseudogap phase, resolved incommensurate order or general solution of the doped Hubbard model is demonstrated. The measured staggered component has zero mean across shots even when its rms fluctuations and correlations are substantial.","area":"Ultracold-atom quantum simulation and strongly correlated matter","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"mazurenko-cold-atom-hubbard-antiferromagnet-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:736ba16a-4170-4d61-a3e7-12fb0aa7705c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:778e4713cb36d7dacb4cdd73b5bdbb79283cfa5def6af39c38b5172305417531"},"humans":["Anton Mazurenko","Christie S. Chiu","Geoffrey Ji","Maxwell F. Parsons","Márton Kanász-Nagy","Richard Schmidt","Fabian Grusdt","Eugene Demler","Daniel Greif","Markus Greiner"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-mazurenko-hubbard-antiferromagnet-2017","title":"A cold-atom Fermi–Hubbard antiferromagnet (Nature545462–466 plusMethods/ExtendedData, NSFpubliccopy)","url":"https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10059594","date":"2017-05-25"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"All ten named authors have the printed Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA affiliation. Publication-location association only; no nationality or effort-share inference.","source_url":"https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10059594","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:736ba16a-4170-4d61-a3e7-12fb0aa7705c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:778e4713cb36d7dacb4cdd73b5bdbb79283cfa5def6af39c38b5172305417531"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"A cold-atom Fermi–Hubbard antiferromagnet (Nature545462–466 plusMethods/ExtendedData, NSFpubliccopy)","url":"https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10059594"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"mazurenko-cold-atom-hubbard-antiferromagnet-2017","entry_id":"mazurenko-cold-atom-hubbard-antiferromagnet-2017","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:736ba16a-4170-4d61-a3e7-12fb0aa7705c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:778e4713cb36d7dacb4cdd73b5bdbb79283cfa5def6af39c38b5172305417531"},"what_changed":"Mazurenko and colleagues arranged cold fermionic atoms in a square optical lattice and measured antiferromagnetic spin correlations across a finite region of roughly eighty sites. A quantum gas microscope resolved individual sites, while comparisons with numerical models helped estimate temperature and interpret the correlations. The experiment created a useful low-temperature Hubbard-model simulator. It did not establish finite-temperature long-range order in an infinite two-dimensional system or solve the full doped-Hubbard phase diagram.","scope":"Mazurenko and colleagues arranged cold fermionic atoms in a square optical lattice and measured antiferromagnetic spin correlations across a finite region of roughly eighty sites. A quantum gas microscope resolved individual sites, while comparisons with numerical models helped estimate temperature and interpret the correlations. The experiment created a useful low-temperature Hubbard-model simulator. It did not establish finite-temperature long-range order in an infinite two-dimensional system or solve the full doped-Hubbard phase diagram. The reported long-range order is finite-size order, not finite-temperature spontaneous breaking of continuous spin symmetry in the infinite two-dimensional system or a violation of Mermin–Wagner. Temperature and hole-doping calibration use theoretical numerical inputs; the 15 percent crossover is not a universal thermodynamic critical doping. No d-wave superconductivity, pseudogap phase, resolved incommensurate order or general solution of the doped Hubbard model is demonstrated. The measured staggered component has zero mean across shots even when its rms fluctuations and correlations are substantial.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:736ba16a-4170-4d61-a3e7-12fb0aa7705c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:778e4713cb36d7dacb4cdd73b5bdbb79283cfa5def6af39c38b5172305417531"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zener-linear-avoided-crossing-transition-probability-1932","title":"Zener: transition law for an ideal linear two-level crossing","summary":"Two interacting quantum energy levels can avoid crossing even when their uncoupled energies would meet. Zener solved an ideal two-state crossing model to show how the rate of change affects the chance of a non-adiabatic transition. With constant coupling V and a linear uncoupled energy difference of slope s, the asymptotic probability is exp(-2*pi*V^2/(hbar*abs(s))). Slow and fast passages can therefore have very different outcomes.","boundary":"The exact formula belongs to the ideal all-time linear crossing with fixed coupling and basis states. Applying it to a molecular collision requires the trajectory to be treated as an external parameter and the transition region to justify those approximations. It is not an unrestricted finite-time, noisy or multilevel result. Landau, Stueckelberg and Majorana retain their separate historical contributions; the conditional comparison with Landau reported through an intermediary in this paper is not independent evidence of an error in Landau original. Fowler communicated the paper and is not a coauthor.","area":"Quantum dynamics and mathematical physics","topic":"Physics","year":1932,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"zener-linear-avoided-crossing-transition-probability-1932","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce4ebbec-fcaa-4b58-af0d-b2f505a9353c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2e2e4a2fb059040217347542aa9fd3edfaf4c10db8b534498677052dbe66272"},"humans":["Clarence Zener"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-zener-nonadiabatic-crossing-1932","title":"Non-adiabatic crossing of energy levels (original1932scan reproduced as Wittig2025AppendixI.4.1)","url":"https://curtwittig.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Notes-Project-CH-I.4-Final-5.13.25.pdf","date":"1932-09-01"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"zener-linear-avoided-crossing-transition-probability-1932","entry_id":"zener-linear-avoided-crossing-transition-probability-1932","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce4ebbec-fcaa-4b58-af0d-b2f505a9353c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2e2e4a2fb059040217347542aa9fd3edfaf4c10db8b534498677052dbe66272"},"what_changed":"Two interacting quantum energy levels can avoid crossing even when their uncoupled energies would meet. Zener solved an ideal two-state crossing model to show how the rate of change affects the chance of a non-adiabatic transition. With constant coupling V and a linear uncoupled energy difference of slope s, the asymptotic probability is exp(-2*pi*V^2/(hbar*abs(s))). Slow and fast passages can therefore have very different outcomes.","scope":"Two interacting quantum energy levels can avoid crossing even when their uncoupled energies would meet. Zener solved an ideal two-state crossing model to show how the rate of change affects the chance of a non-adiabatic transition. With constant coupling V and a linear uncoupled energy difference of slope s, the asymptotic probability is exp(-2*pi*V^2/(hbar*abs(s))). Slow and fast passages can therefore have very different outcomes. The exact formula belongs to the ideal all-time linear crossing with fixed coupling and basis states. Applying it to a molecular collision requires the trajectory to be treated as an external parameter and the transition region to justify those approximations. It is not an unrestricted finite-time, noisy or multilevel result. Landau, Stueckelberg and Majorana retain their separate historical contributions; the conditional comparison with Landau reported through an intermediary in this paper is not independent evidence of an error in Landau original. Fowler communicated the paper and is not a coauthor.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce4ebbec-fcaa-4b58-af0d-b2f505a9353c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2e2e4a2fb059040217347542aa9fd3edfaf4c10db8b534498677052dbe66272"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"clausius-stationary-mechanical-virial-theorem-1870","title":"Clausius: the mechanical virial relation for bounded stationary motion","summary":"Particles can keep moving while obeying a simple long-run energy balance. Clausius related the time-averaged kinetic energy of bounded stationary motion to a force-position quantity he called the virial. His mechanical derivation keeps a time-boundary term before taking a periodic or long-time average. For central pair forces and uniform external pressure, it connects microscopic motion with the pressure-volume term.","boundary":"The stationary setting bounds positions and velocities and requires the relevant averages or periodic averages to be meaningful. A small boundary term alone does not establish existence of every time average or a general ergodic theorem. In the original convention, vis viva is one-half mass times speed squared; the uniform-pressure contribution is 3pV/2. Pair-force and molecular phase-average specializations retain their additional assumptions. This mechanical contribution differs from Clausius entropy theory and later astronomical applications. The source is a contemporary English translation, not a claim of identical German-source bytes.","area":"Classical mechanics and statistical physics","topic":"Physics","year":1870,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"clausius-stationary-mechanical-virial-theorem-1870","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2aaab61f-c408-4eaf-a0de-d96edb88a39a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fefb33d035795fe6d698800ee0cf08d68f787400e45aad7bfeb7c632fcad852"},"humans":["R. Clausius"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-clausius-virial-philmag-1870","title":"On a Mechanical Theorem applicable to Heat (PhilosophicalMagazine,series4,40,122–127)","url":"https://commons.princeton.edu/josephhenry/wp-content/uploads/sites/71/2021/01/1870-Virial-Thm-Classius-The-London-Edinburgh-and-Dublin-Philosophical-Magazine-and-Journal-of-Science.pdf","date":"1870"}],"points":"480000","published_grade":{"id":"clausius-stationary-mechanical-virial-theorem-1870","entry_id":"clausius-stationary-mechanical-virial-theorem-1870","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2aaab61f-c408-4eaf-a0de-d96edb88a39a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fefb33d035795fe6d698800ee0cf08d68f787400e45aad7bfeb7c632fcad852"},"what_changed":"Particles can keep moving while obeying a simple long-run energy balance. Clausius related the time-averaged kinetic energy of bounded stationary motion to a force-position quantity he called the virial. His mechanical derivation keeps a time-boundary term before taking a periodic or long-time average. For central pair forces and uniform external pressure, it connects microscopic motion with the pressure-volume term.","scope":"Particles can keep moving while obeying a simple long-run energy balance. Clausius related the time-averaged kinetic energy of bounded stationary motion to a force-position quantity he called the virial. His mechanical derivation keeps a time-boundary term before taking a periodic or long-time average. For central pair forces and uniform external pressure, it connects microscopic motion with the pressure-volume term. The stationary setting bounds positions and velocities and requires the relevant averages or periodic averages to be meaningful. A small boundary term alone does not establish existence of every time average or a general ergodic theorem. In the original convention, vis viva is one-half mass times speed squared; the uniform-pressure contribution is 3pV/2. Pair-force and molecular phase-average specializations retain their additional assumptions. This mechanical contribution differs from Clausius entropy theory and later astronomical applications. The source is a contemporary English translation, not a claim of identical German-source bytes.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2aaab61f-c408-4eaf-a0de-d96edb88a39a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fefb33d035795fe6d698800ee0cf08d68f787400e45aad7bfeb7c632fcad852"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nernst-low-temperature-heat-theorem-1906","title":"Nernst: a low-temperature heat hypothesis constraining thermodynamic equilibrium","summary":"Measurements of heat do not by themselves determine the maximum work a process can deliver: an integration constant remains. Nernst proposed a low-temperature hypothesis to supply the missing constraint for processes involving pure condensed substances. The work and energy curves approach a common tangent near absolute zero. Combined with thermal measurements and specified approximations, this made equilibrium calculations more constrained and became a foundation of later low-temperature thermodynamics.","boundary":"The original is a physical hypothesis and extrapolation programme, not a mathematical proof that every substance has zero absolute entropy. Pure condensed phases, low-temperature limits and the assumed expansions matter. Equality of limiting derivatives and the further argument that derivatives vanish are distinct steps. The original explicitly says an exact experimental test was not yet possible with the available low-temperature heat data; historical numerical extrapolations are not modern constants. Helmholtz, Boltzmann and other predecessors retain their contributions. Presented in December 1905 and published in 1906 are different dates.","area":"Thermodynamics and low-temperature free-energy limits","topic":"Physics","year":1906,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"nernst-low-temperature-heat-theorem-1906","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c53abb54-5222-45c0-acfb-6700b641b4ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e83c8f6e46802036dd786b931e8d524a261664f059e0428132d20f169aa0fbd6"},"humans":["Walther Nernst"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-nernst-heat-theorem-1906","title":"Ueber die Berechnung chemischer Gleichgewichte aus thermischen Messungen","url":"https://www3.nd.edu/~powers/ame.20231/nernst1906.pdf","date":"1906"}],"points":"450000","published_grade":{"id":"nernst-low-temperature-heat-theorem-1906","entry_id":"nernst-low-temperature-heat-theorem-1906","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c53abb54-5222-45c0-acfb-6700b641b4ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e83c8f6e46802036dd786b931e8d524a261664f059e0428132d20f169aa0fbd6"},"what_changed":"Measurements of heat do not by themselves determine the maximum work a process can deliver: an integration constant remains. Nernst proposed a low-temperature hypothesis to supply the missing constraint for processes involving pure condensed substances. The work and energy curves approach a common tangent near absolute zero. Combined with thermal measurements and specified approximations, this made equilibrium calculations more constrained and became a foundation of later low-temperature thermodynamics.","scope":"Measurements of heat do not by themselves determine the maximum work a process can deliver: an integration constant remains. Nernst proposed a low-temperature hypothesis to supply the missing constraint for processes involving pure condensed substances. The work and energy curves approach a common tangent near absolute zero. Combined with thermal measurements and specified approximations, this made equilibrium calculations more constrained and became a foundation of later low-temperature thermodynamics. The original is a physical hypothesis and extrapolation programme, not a mathematical proof that every substance has zero absolute entropy. Pure condensed phases, low-temperature limits and the assumed expansions matter. Equality of limiting derivatives and the further argument that derivatives vanish are distinct steps. The original explicitly says an exact experimental test was not yet possible with the available low-temperature heat data; historical numerical extrapolations are not modern constants. Helmholtz, Boltzmann and other predecessors retain their contributions. Presented in December 1905 and published in 1906 are different dates.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c53abb54-5222-45c0-acfb-6700b641b4ed","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e83c8f6e46802036dd786b931e8d524a261664f059e0428132d20f169aa0fbd6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"robertson-commutator-standard-deviation-uncertainty-1929","title":"Robertson relates two standard deviations to the mean commutator","summary":"Quantum uncertainty can be expressed as a relation for many pairs of observables. Robertson connected their standard deviations, which measure the spread of repeated outcomes, to the magnitude of the expected commutator: Delta A times Delta B is at least one-half of abs(<AB-BA>). The familiar position-momentum case becomes one example of this general relation, alongside angular-momentum components.","boundary":"The state must have suitable common operator domains and finite moments. The expected commutator can be zero in a particular state, so noncommuting operators do not automatically supply a strictly positive state-independent bound. The original gives a one-particle proof sketch for variables linear in momentum, uses integration by parts and discards surface terms; it is not a complete modern domain theorem for every unbounded operator. Heisenberg physical formulation, the earlier special-case proof cited to Weyl and Condon motivation remain distinct.","area":"Quantum foundations and operator uncertainty","topic":"Physics","year":1929,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"robertson-commutator-standard-deviation-uncertainty-1929","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:837800b7-a35f-46fd-aee2-3d880ec3a30d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ecfe7acc795115d2b45a6c898550e2e71257d836329b5cdba64165cff7ef2c94"},"humans":["H. P. Robertson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-robertson-uncertainty-1929","title":"The Uncertainty Principle (PhysRev34,163–164,1929; original scanned letter)","url":"https://unicamp.br/~chibeni/textosdidaticos/robertson-1929.pdf","date":"1929-07-01"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Printed Palmer Physical Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey. No nationality, ownership or effort share inferred.","source_url":"https://unicamp.br/~chibeni/textosdidaticos/robertson-1929.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:837800b7-a35f-46fd-aee2-3d880ec3a30d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ecfe7acc795115d2b45a6c898550e2e71257d836329b5cdba64165cff7ef2c94"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"The Uncertainty Principle (PhysRev34,163–164,1929; original scanned letter)","url":"https://unicamp.br/~chibeni/textosdidaticos/robertson-1929.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"robertson-commutator-standard-deviation-uncertainty-1929","entry_id":"robertson-commutator-standard-deviation-uncertainty-1929","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:837800b7-a35f-46fd-aee2-3d880ec3a30d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ecfe7acc795115d2b45a6c898550e2e71257d836329b5cdba64165cff7ef2c94"},"what_changed":"Quantum uncertainty can be expressed as a relation for many pairs of observables. Robertson connected their standard deviations, which measure the spread of repeated outcomes, to the magnitude of the expected commutator: Delta A times Delta B is at least one-half of abs(<AB-BA>). The familiar position-momentum case becomes one example of this general relation, alongside angular-momentum components.","scope":"Quantum uncertainty can be expressed as a relation for many pairs of observables. Robertson connected their standard deviations, which measure the spread of repeated outcomes, to the magnitude of the expected commutator: Delta A times Delta B is at least one-half of abs(<AB-BA>). The familiar position-momentum case becomes one example of this general relation, alongside angular-momentum components. The state must have suitable common operator domains and finite moments. The expected commutator can be zero in a particular state, so noncommuting operators do not automatically supply a strictly positive state-independent bound. The original gives a one-particle proof sketch for variables linear in momentum, uses integration by parts and discards surface terms; it is not a complete modern domain theorem for every unbounded operator. Heisenberg physical formulation, the earlier special-case proof cited to Weyl and Condon motivation remain distinct.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:837800b7-a35f-46fd-aee2-3d880ec3a30d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ecfe7acc795115d2b45a6c898550e2e71257d836329b5cdba64165cff7ef2c94"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"balmer-empirical-hydrogen-spectral-formula-1885","title":"Balmer: an empirical integer formula for the hydrogen spectral series","summary":"Four measured lines in the hydrogen spectrum fit a surprisingly compact number pattern. Balmer expressed their wavelengths using a common scale b times m^2/(m^2-4), with integer m=3,4,5,6. He then compared the extension of that pattern with additional violet and ultraviolet observations. This was a useful empirical rule before an atomic theory explained why those numbers appeared.","boundary":"The contribution is the hydrogen-series pattern and its historical comparisons, not new wavelength measurements or a quantum-mechanical derivation. The original scale 3645.6 in 10^-7 mm is a wavelength parameter, not Planck constant; these historical values are not modern vacuum or isotope-corrected wavelengths. A speculative extension to other integer families is not the later general Rydberg law. Angstrom supplied the principal measurements; Hagenbach encouragement and communication and Vogel/Huggins observations keep separate roles.","area":"Atomic spectroscopy and empirical laws","topic":"Physics","year":1885,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"balmer-empirical-hydrogen-spectral-formula-1885","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e5d6c57-840c-4dfd-a5d3-5c2fb4395344","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f8a701ecfecb262b335e556f0c65ccba89f72ecb4c3bdc31170ed7198764493"},"humans":["Johann Jakob Balmer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-balmer-basel-note-1885","title":"Notiz ueber die Spektrallinien des Wasserstoffs (Basel offprint, original pages548–560)","url":"https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/download/pdf/30070386","date":"1885"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"balmer-empirical-hydrogen-spectral-formula-1885","entry_id":"balmer-empirical-hydrogen-spectral-formula-1885","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e5d6c57-840c-4dfd-a5d3-5c2fb4395344","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f8a701ecfecb262b335e556f0c65ccba89f72ecb4c3bdc31170ed7198764493"},"what_changed":"Four measured lines in the hydrogen spectrum fit a surprisingly compact number pattern. Balmer expressed their wavelengths using a common scale b times m^2/(m^2-4), with integer m=3,4,5,6. He then compared the extension of that pattern with additional violet and ultraviolet observations. This was a useful empirical rule before an atomic theory explained why those numbers appeared.","scope":"Four measured lines in the hydrogen spectrum fit a surprisingly compact number pattern. Balmer expressed their wavelengths using a common scale b times m^2/(m^2-4), with integer m=3,4,5,6. He then compared the extension of that pattern with additional violet and ultraviolet observations. This was a useful empirical rule before an atomic theory explained why those numbers appeared. The contribution is the hydrogen-series pattern and its historical comparisons, not new wavelength measurements or a quantum-mechanical derivation. The original scale 3645.6 in 10^-7 mm is a wavelength parameter, not Planck constant; these historical values are not modern vacuum or isotope-corrected wavelengths. A speculative extension to other integer families is not the later general Rydberg law. Angstrom supplied the principal measurements; Hagenbach encouragement and communication and Vogel/Huggins observations keep separate roles.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e5d6c57-840c-4dfd-a5d3-5c2fb4395344","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f8a701ecfecb262b335e556f0c65ccba89f72ecb4c3bdc31170ed7198764493"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kerr-magnetic-polarization-reflection-1877","title":"Kerr: magnetization-dependent polarization in reflected light","summary":"Magnetizing an iron mirror changes the polarization of light reflected from it. Kerr compared light extinction and the effects of reversing magnetization, changing incidence and rotating the polarizing apparatus. His 1877 and 1878 papers established a family of reflection effects, including changes that cannot be described simply as rotation of a still-linear polarization.","boundary":"The target is the finite experimental magneto-optical reflection contribution, not every magnetic material or the separate 1875 electro-optic Kerr effect. Geometry, surface condition and polarization orientation matter. The first paper rejects an initial explanation that rotation occurs before incidence; a later microscopic theory is not supplied by that discarded model. The source is an explicitly abridged 1900 reprint of the two originals. Faraday is an acknowledged precursor, not a coauthor. The experimenter John Kerr is distinct from relativist Roy Kerr.","area":"Magneto-optics","topic":"Physics","year":1877,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"kerr-magnetic-polarization-reflection-1877","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81b63f04-c1b8-4b26-a203-74ade780ac01","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ab8c7c71f2d90c9f399530d555b5312f0376a1d80e5c593af28f44c2f91cbb6"},"humans":["John Kerr"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-kerr-reflection-1877-1878-reprint1900","title":"Kerr: magneto-optical reflection papers1877/1878, abridged1900 anthology reprint","url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/The_Effects_of_A_Magnetic_Field_on_Radiation-_Momoirs_by_Faraday%2C_Kerr_and_Zeeman_%28IA_effectsmagneticf00eple%29.pdf","date":"1900"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["GB"],"location_basis":"Printed John Kerr byline at Free Church Training College, Glasgow; this is the magneto-optical experimenter, not Roy Kerr. No nationality, ownership or effort share inferred.","source_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/The_Effects_of_A_Magnetic_Field_on_Radiation-_Momoirs_by_Faraday%2C_Kerr_and_Zeeman_%28IA_effectsmagneticf00eple%29.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81b63f04-c1b8-4b26-a203-74ade780ac01","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ab8c7c71f2d90c9f399530d555b5312f0376a1d80e5c593af28f44c2f91cbb6"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Kerr: magneto-optical reflection papers1877/1878, abridged1900 anthology reprint","url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/The_Effects_of_A_Magnetic_Field_on_Radiation-_Momoirs_by_Faraday%2C_Kerr_and_Zeeman_%28IA_effectsmagneticf00eple%29.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"GB":"United Kingdom"}},"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"kerr-magnetic-polarization-reflection-1877","entry_id":"kerr-magnetic-polarization-reflection-1877","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81b63f04-c1b8-4b26-a203-74ade780ac01","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ab8c7c71f2d90c9f399530d555b5312f0376a1d80e5c593af28f44c2f91cbb6"},"what_changed":"Magnetizing an iron mirror changes the polarization of light reflected from it. Kerr compared light extinction and the effects of reversing magnetization, changing incidence and rotating the polarizing apparatus. His 1877 and 1878 papers established a family of reflection effects, including changes that cannot be described simply as rotation of a still-linear polarization.","scope":"Magnetizing an iron mirror changes the polarization of light reflected from it. Kerr compared light extinction and the effects of reversing magnetization, changing incidence and rotating the polarizing apparatus. His 1877 and 1878 papers established a family of reflection effects, including changes that cannot be described simply as rotation of a still-linear polarization. The target is the finite experimental magneto-optical reflection contribution, not every magnetic material or the separate 1875 electro-optic Kerr effect. Geometry, surface condition and polarization orientation matter. The first paper rejects an initial explanation that rotation occurs before incidence; a later microscopic theory is not supplied by that discarded model. The source is an explicitly abridged 1900 reprint of the two originals. Faraday is an acknowledged precursor, not a coauthor. The experimenter John Kerr is distinct from relativist Roy Kerr.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:81b63f04-c1b8-4b26-a203-74ade780ac01","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ab8c7c71f2d90c9f399530d555b5312f0376a1d80e5c593af28f44c2f91cbb6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"brewster-polarization-reflection-angle-law-1815","title":"Brewster: connecting the polarizing angle to refractive index","summary":"The angle at which reflected light is most strongly polarized is connected to refractive index. Brewster compared transparent materials and related the tangent of the polarizing angle to their index. He also connected this angle with a right angle between reflected and refracted rays. The work turned a qualitative optical effect into a quantitative relation that can be checked with geometry and material properties.","boundary":"A clean, suitably transparent interface and the chosen wavelength matter; damaged surfaces, absorbing materials and dispersion limit simple applications. The original distinguishes complete polarization from maximum polarization in some high-index materials. Its speculative reflecting-force explanation and all its multiple-reflection rules are not adopted here. Malus earlier reflection-polarization discovery remains separate. Banks received the letter and is not a coauthor. The letter is signed 11 February 1815; the Society read it 16 March 1815.","area":"Physical optics","topic":"Physics","year":1815,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"brewster-polarization-reflection-angle-law-1815","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:987998e2-246f-4b57-a0b3-1e1f5d72340a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1adc04d859d607a2dd830b14283a5dc8a26d7fdb1b23c671db2825e5762a999d"},"humans":["David Brewster"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261022-brewster-polarization-reflection-1815","title":"On the laws which regulate the polarisation of light by reflexion from transparent bodies (original1815,125–159 and plate)","url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/On_the_Laws_Which_Regulate_the_Polarisation_of_Light_by_Reflexion_from_Transparent_Bodies_%28IA_jstor-107362%29.pdf","date":"1815"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["GB"],"location_basis":"Letter signed Edinburgh,11February1815; a paper-associated location, not an exhaustive reconstruction of every experiment. No nationality, ownership or effort share inferred.","source_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/On_the_Laws_Which_Regulate_the_Polarisation_of_Light_by_Reflexion_from_Transparent_Bodies_%28IA_jstor-107362%29.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:987998e2-246f-4b57-a0b3-1e1f5d72340a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1adc04d859d607a2dd830b14283a5dc8a26d7fdb1b23c671db2825e5762a999d"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"On the laws which regulate the polarisation of light by reflexion from transparent bodies (original1815,125–159 and plate)","url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/On_the_Laws_Which_Regulate_the_Polarisation_of_Light_by_Reflexion_from_Transparent_Bodies_%28IA_jstor-107362%29.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"GB":"United Kingdom"}},"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"brewster-polarization-reflection-angle-law-1815","entry_id":"brewster-polarization-reflection-angle-law-1815","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:987998e2-246f-4b57-a0b3-1e1f5d72340a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1adc04d859d607a2dd830b14283a5dc8a26d7fdb1b23c671db2825e5762a999d"},"what_changed":"The angle at which reflected light is most strongly polarized is connected to refractive index. Brewster compared transparent materials and related the tangent of the polarizing angle to their index. He also connected this angle with a right angle between reflected and refracted rays. The work turned a qualitative optical effect into a quantitative relation that can be checked with geometry and material properties.","scope":"The angle at which reflected light is most strongly polarized is connected to refractive index. Brewster compared transparent materials and related the tangent of the polarizing angle to their index. He also connected this angle with a right angle between reflected and refracted rays. The work turned a qualitative optical effect into a quantitative relation that can be checked with geometry and material properties. A clean, suitably transparent interface and the chosen wavelength matter; damaged surfaces, absorbing materials and dispersion limit simple applications. The original distinguishes complete polarization from maximum polarization in some high-index materials. Its speculative reflecting-force explanation and all its multiple-reflection rules are not adopted here. Malus earlier reflection-polarization discovery remains separate. Banks received the letter and is not a coauthor. The letter is signed 11 February 1815; the Society read it 16 March 1815.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:987998e2-246f-4b57-a0b3-1e1f5d72340a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1adc04d859d607a2dd830b14283a5dc8a26d7fdb1b23c671db2825e5762a999d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"johnson-nyquist-equilibrium-electrical-thermal-noise-1928","title":"Johnson–Nyquist electrical thermal noise: measurement and equilibrium theory","summary":"An electrical conductor can produce measurable random voltage even when no signal is being sent through it. Johnson measured this thermal noise and investigated how it depends on resistance, temperature and the measuring circuit. Nyquist gave an equilibrium explanation: in the classical regime, a resistor has voltage mean-square contribution 4kTR per unit ordinary-frequency bandwidth. The two separate papers connect an observed limit of sensitive electronics with thermal statistical physics.","boundary":"This is one observation-and-explanation family with two original bylines, not a joint paper. Equilibrium, dissipative impedance, bandwidth, filtering and one-sided versus angular-frequency conventions matter. The originals exclude unqualified material independence for non-ohmic, thermionic and photoelectric devices. Johnson measured a historical Boltzmann estimate with substantial uncertainty, not the modern exact SI value. Nyquist original quantum correction uses hf/(exp(hf/kT)-1), not a later zero-point/coth convention. Schottky earlier suggestion and acknowledged criticism and measurement assistance remain distinct. No general statement about all noise or every zero-temperature observable follows.","area":"Statistical physics / electrical fluctuations","topic":"Physics","year":1928,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"johnson-nyquist-equilibrium-electrical-thermal-noise-1928","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:91a51689-8643-4ed6-a04f-e078d1da445e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:424a20b10958e6062f0c89d5bb9400a21f2c9854160b431900d30fcf8065a7c9"},"humans":["J. B. Johnson","H. Nyquist"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"johnson-thermal-agitation-1928","title":"Thermal Agitation of Electricity in Conductors","url":"https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~olipan/Johnson.pdf","date":"1928-07-01"},{"id":"nyquist-thermal-agitation-1928","title":"Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors","url":"https://123.physics.ucdavis.edu/johnson_files/nyquist_1928.pdf","date":"1928-07-01"}],"points":"480000","published_grade":{"id":"johnson-nyquist-equilibrium-electrical-thermal-noise-1928","entry_id":"johnson-nyquist-equilibrium-electrical-thermal-noise-1928","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:91a51689-8643-4ed6-a04f-e078d1da445e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:424a20b10958e6062f0c89d5bb9400a21f2c9854160b431900d30fcf8065a7c9"},"what_changed":"An electrical conductor can produce measurable random voltage even when no signal is being sent through it. Johnson measured this thermal noise and investigated how it depends on resistance, temperature and the measuring circuit. Nyquist gave an equilibrium explanation: in the classical regime, a resistor has voltage mean-square contribution 4kTR per unit ordinary-frequency bandwidth. The two separate papers connect an observed limit of sensitive electronics with thermal statistical physics.","scope":"An electrical conductor can produce measurable random voltage even when no signal is being sent through it. Johnson measured this thermal noise and investigated how it depends on resistance, temperature and the measuring circuit. Nyquist gave an equilibrium explanation: in the classical regime, a resistor has voltage mean-square contribution 4kTR per unit ordinary-frequency bandwidth. The two separate papers connect an observed limit of sensitive electronics with thermal statistical physics. This is one observation-and-explanation family with two original bylines, not a joint paper. Equilibrium, dissipative impedance, bandwidth, filtering and one-sided versus angular-frequency conventions matter. The originals exclude unqualified material independence for non-ohmic, thermionic and photoelectric devices. Johnson measured a historical Boltzmann estimate with substantial uncertainty, not the modern exact SI value. Nyquist original quantum correction uses hf/(exp(hf/kT)-1), not a later zero-point/coth convention. Schottky earlier suggestion and acknowledged criticism and measurement assistance remain distinct. No general statement about all noise or every zero-temperature observable follows.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:91a51689-8643-4ed6-a04f-e078d1da445e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:424a20b10958e6062f0c89d5bb9400a21f2c9854160b431900d30fcf8065a7c9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"erdos-littlewood-offord-sharp-real-concentration-1945","title":"Erdős: sharp real sign-sum anti-concentration and Sperner extension","summary":"For real coefficients |x_i|≥1, at most binomial(n,floor(n/2)) of the2^n signed sums fall inside any open interval of length2. Erdős obtains the sharp bound through Sperner's antichain theorem, removes a logarithmic loss for complex-coefficient disk concentration up to an absolute constant, and proves the associated bound by the r largest binomial coefficients for longer intervals and families without an(r+1)-element inclusion chain.","boundary":"Signed sums count sign choices, including repeated equal numerical values; in probabilistic form the signs are independent and equally likely. The real theorem uses the interior of a length2interval, not a closed interval including both endpoints; coefficients have the stated lower magnitude. The complex result is order-sharp with an unspecified absolute constant and integer radius, not the sharp real binomial constant. Hilbert/Banach-space sharp versions and the reverse small-ball assertion are labelled conjectures in this original, not proved here or asserted still open today. Later inverse theorems and arbitrary-sign distributions are not covered. Sperner1928, Littlewood–Offord1943 and Menger disjoint paths are inherited; no new award for those theorems. The original last-page vector and reverse-concentration assertions remain conjectures of that paper, not a claim about current open status.","area":"Probability and extremal set theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1945,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"erdos-littlewood-offord-sharp-real-concentration-1945","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99ce3eb2-ae49-4161-a285-8ceadb2d61f4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a26a63525ec9230774813a61b58eb4e9ea7b2e9f43f5f039c5f10e51802e5d84"},"humans":["P. Erdős"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"P. Erdős","person_id":"wrs-person-2877238e4d2ac172f8db6384","display_name":"Paul Erdős","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Attribution source","url":"https://renyi.hu/en/node/4094"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-erdos-littlewood-offord-1945","title":"On a lemma of Littlewood and Offord (original1945)","url":"https://www.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1945-04.pdf","date":"1945-12"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Printed University of Michigan author address on the original final page. No nationality or individual effort share inferred.","source_url":"https://www.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1945-04.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99ce3eb2-ae49-4161-a285-8ceadb2d61f4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a26a63525ec9230774813a61b58eb4e9ea7b2e9f43f5f039c5f10e51802e5d84"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"On a lemma of Littlewood and Offord (original1945)","url":"https://www.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1945-04.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"erdos-littlewood-offord-sharp-real-concentration-1945","entry_id":"erdos-littlewood-offord-sharp-real-concentration-1945","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99ce3eb2-ae49-4161-a285-8ceadb2d61f4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a26a63525ec9230774813a61b58eb4e9ea7b2e9f43f5f039c5f10e51802e5d84"},"what_changed":"For real coefficients |x_i|≥1, at most binomial(n,floor(n/2)) of the2^n signed sums fall inside any open interval of length2. Erdős obtains the sharp bound through Sperner's antichain theorem, removes a logarithmic loss for complex-coefficient disk concentration up to an absolute constant, and proves the associated bound by the r largest binomial coefficients for longer intervals and families without an(r+1)-element inclusion chain.","scope":"For real coefficients |x_i|≥1, at most binomial(n,floor(n/2)) of the2^n signed sums fall inside any open interval of length2. Erdős obtains the sharp bound through Sperner's antichain theorem, removes a logarithmic loss for complex-coefficient disk concentration up to an absolute constant, and proves the associated bound by the r largest binomial coefficients for longer intervals and families without an(r+1)-element inclusion chain. Signed sums count sign choices, including repeated equal numerical values; in probabilistic form the signs are independent and equally likely. The real theorem uses the interior of a length2interval, not a closed interval including both endpoints; coefficients have the stated lower magnitude. The complex result is order-sharp with an unspecified absolute constant and integer radius, not the sharp real binomial constant. Hilbert/Banach-space sharp versions and the reverse small-ball assertion are labelled conjectures in this original, not proved here or asserted still open today. Later inverse theorems and arbitrary-sign distributions are not covered. Sperner1928, Littlewood–Offord1943 and Menger disjoint paths are inherited; no new award for those theorems. The original last-page vector and reverse-concentration assertions remain conjectures of that paper, not a claim about current open status.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99ce3eb2-ae49-4161-a285-8ceadb2d61f4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a26a63525ec9230774813a61b58eb4e9ea7b2e9f43f5f039c5f10e51802e5d84"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mandelstam-tamm-energy-variance-speed-limit-1945","title":"Energy variance bounds on quantum evolution","summary":"Mandelstam and Tamm related the energy spread of an isolated quantum system to the rate at which an observable changes: ΔH ΔR ≥ (ℏ/2)|d⟨R⟩/dt|. Applying this to the projector onto the initial pure state gives a survival probability of at least cos²(ΔH t/ℏ) up to πℏ/(2ΔH), hence a lower bound on the time to reach an orthogonal state. They also extended the observable inequality to statistical mixtures.","boundary":"The result uses a time-independent Hamiltonian and an observable without explicit time dependence, with finite relevant variances and well-defined derivatives. Time is an evolution parameter, not a universal self-adjoint operator conjugate to energy; no universal minimum energy-measurement duration is asserted. The cosine bound is restricted to its stated time interval. Energy uncertainty is standard deviation, not the mean energy above the ground state. Not a universal time operator, energy-measurement-duration law, mean-energy speed limit, arbitrary driving or a cosine lower bound after its permitted first quarter-period. Robertson inequality is an inherited input. S.Frenkel is the printed translator, not a scientific coauthor.","area":"Quantum foundations and quantum speed limits","topic":"Physics","year":1945,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"mandelstam-tamm-energy-variance-speed-limit-1945","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8be285e4-178c-481a-aee6-8bd87092872d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dde17bb7f138ec2217630899ef4a2b25a69f50db21cd153a7a24c7dfe8f1b283"},"humans":["L. Mandelstam","Ig. Tamm"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-mandelstam-tamm-1945","title":"The uncertainty relation between energy and time in non-relativistic quantum mechanics","url":"https://daarb.narod.ru/mandtamm/mt-eng.pdf","date":"1945"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"mandelstam-tamm-energy-variance-speed-limit-1945","entry_id":"mandelstam-tamm-energy-variance-speed-limit-1945","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8be285e4-178c-481a-aee6-8bd87092872d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dde17bb7f138ec2217630899ef4a2b25a69f50db21cd153a7a24c7dfe8f1b283"},"what_changed":"Mandelstam and Tamm related the energy spread of an isolated quantum system to the rate at which an observable changes: ΔH ΔR ≥ (ℏ/2)|d⟨R⟩/dt|. Applying this to the projector onto the initial pure state gives a survival probability of at least cos²(ΔH t/ℏ) up to πℏ/(2ΔH), hence a lower bound on the time to reach an orthogonal state. They also extended the observable inequality to statistical mixtures.","scope":"Mandelstam and Tamm related the energy spread of an isolated quantum system to the rate at which an observable changes: ΔH ΔR ≥ (ℏ/2)|d⟨R⟩/dt|. Applying this to the projector onto the initial pure state gives a survival probability of at least cos²(ΔH t/ℏ) up to πℏ/(2ΔH), hence a lower bound on the time to reach an orthogonal state. They also extended the observable inequality to statistical mixtures. The result uses a time-independent Hamiltonian and an observable without explicit time dependence, with finite relevant variances and well-defined derivatives. Time is an evolution parameter, not a universal self-adjoint operator conjugate to energy; no universal minimum energy-measurement duration is asserted. The cosine bound is restricted to its stated time interval. Energy uncertainty is standard deviation, not the mean energy above the ground state. Not a universal time operator, energy-measurement-duration law, mean-energy speed limit, arbitrary driving or a cosine lower bound after its permitted first quarter-period. Robertson inequality is an inherited input. S.Frenkel is the printed translator, not a scientific coauthor.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8be285e4-178c-481a-aee6-8bd87092872d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dde17bb7f138ec2217630899ef4a2b25a69f50db21cd153a7a24c7dfe8f1b283"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hahn-nuclear-spin-echo-observation-1950","title":"Hahn: nuclear spin echoes and relaxation measurements","summary":"Hahn observed nuclear induction echoes after separated radiofrequency pulses and explained how pulse-induced rephasing restores a macroscopic signal from an inhomogeneously dephased ensemble. Echo amplitudes provided measurements of spin relaxation, while a third pulse produced stimulated and secondary echoes. Bloch-equation analysis related the observed decay to relaxation and, in liquids, molecular diffusion through field gradients.","boundary":"The refocusing reverses ensemble dephasing from sufficiently persistent frequency offsets; it does not reverse every irreversible spin interaction, restore arbitrary decoherence or violate thermodynamics. Finite pulses, receiver recovery, field distributions and diffusion affect observed signals. The1950 tests were principally proton and fluorine signals in liquids, with qualitative solid observations; this entry does not include later pulse-train refinements, imaging or medical applications. No reversal of arbitrary irreversible decoherence, thermodynamics, all solids or later imaging/pulse-train inventions. Bloch theory, Purcell vector-model suggestion, Bartlett counsel, Slichter discussions and Knoebel apparatus design keep distinct roles. Present Stanford address is separate from Illinois work byline.","area":"Magnetic resonance and coherent spin dynamics","topic":"Physics","year":1950,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"hahn-nuclear-spin-echo-observation-1950","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72f5b6d4-eb47-423a-a5d8-8a714776ebcf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9dfb05b85656b011b6893d715ecb1be74206b34e240c55d5567d22ca20c45efe"},"humans":["E. L. Hahn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hahn-spin-echoes-1950","title":"Spin Echoes","url":"https://122.physics.ucdavis.edu/sites/default/files/files/Pulse%20NMR/Hahn_SpinEchoes_PhysRev.80.580_1950.pdf","date":"1950"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Printed University of Illinois,Urbana,Illinois work byline; separate present Stanford address is also stated. No nationality or individual effort share inferred.","source_url":"https://122.physics.ucdavis.edu/sites/default/files/files/Pulse%20NMR/Hahn_SpinEchoes_PhysRev.80.580_1950.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72f5b6d4-eb47-423a-a5d8-8a714776ebcf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9dfb05b85656b011b6893d715ecb1be74206b34e240c55d5567d22ca20c45efe"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Spin Echoes","url":"https://122.physics.ucdavis.edu/sites/default/files/files/Pulse%20NMR/Hahn_SpinEchoes_PhysRev.80.580_1950.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"420000","published_grade":{"id":"hahn-nuclear-spin-echo-observation-1950","entry_id":"hahn-nuclear-spin-echo-observation-1950","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72f5b6d4-eb47-423a-a5d8-8a714776ebcf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9dfb05b85656b011b6893d715ecb1be74206b34e240c55d5567d22ca20c45efe"},"what_changed":"Hahn observed nuclear induction echoes after separated radiofrequency pulses and explained how pulse-induced rephasing restores a macroscopic signal from an inhomogeneously dephased ensemble. Echo amplitudes provided measurements of spin relaxation, while a third pulse produced stimulated and secondary echoes. Bloch-equation analysis related the observed decay to relaxation and, in liquids, molecular diffusion through field gradients.","scope":"Hahn observed nuclear induction echoes after separated radiofrequency pulses and explained how pulse-induced rephasing restores a macroscopic signal from an inhomogeneously dephased ensemble. Echo amplitudes provided measurements of spin relaxation, while a third pulse produced stimulated and secondary echoes. Bloch-equation analysis related the observed decay to relaxation and, in liquids, molecular diffusion through field gradients. The refocusing reverses ensemble dephasing from sufficiently persistent frequency offsets; it does not reverse every irreversible spin interaction, restore arbitrary decoherence or violate thermodynamics. Finite pulses, receiver recovery, field distributions and diffusion affect observed signals. The1950 tests were principally proton and fluorine signals in liquids, with qualitative solid observations; this entry does not include later pulse-train refinements, imaging or medical applications. No reversal of arbitrary irreversible decoherence, thermodynamics, all solids or later imaging/pulse-train inventions. Bloch theory, Purcell vector-model suggestion, Bartlett counsel, Slichter discussions and Knoebel apparatus design keep distinct roles. Present Stanford address is separate from Illinois work byline.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72f5b6d4-eb47-423a-a5d8-8a714776ebcf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9dfb05b85656b011b6893d715ecb1be74206b34e240c55d5567d22ca20c45efe"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schur-unitary-triangularization-eigenvalue-square-bound-1909","title":"Schur triangularizes every complex matrix by a unitary change of basis","summary":"Schur proves that every finite square complex matrix is unitarily similar to a triangular matrix whose diagonal lists its eigenvalues with algebraic multiplicity. He derives sum |lambda_j|^2 <= sum |a_ij|^2, with equality exactly when a unitary change of basis diagonalizes the matrix, and related bounds on the real and imaginary parts of the eigenvalues.","boundary":"The original displays lower triangular form; transposition of convention gives the usual upper triangular statement. No distinct-eigenvalue or diagonalizability hypothesis is imposed for triangularization. Real orthogonal triangularization is asserted only when both the matrix and all its eigenvalues are real. Equality characterizes unitary diagonalizability, not arbitrary similarity to a diagonal matrix. This record does not claim an infinite-dimensional triangularization theorem, a numerical Schur algorithm, or the paper's later integral-equation results. No infinite-dimensional theorem or numerical algorithm. A real matrix with nonreal eigenvalues need not have a real orthogonal triangularization. Autonne/Stickelberger precedents are cited. Only original PartI pp488–496 selected, not later integral-equation PartII.","area":"Matrix and spectral theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1909,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"schur-unitary-triangularization-eigenvalue-square-bound-1909","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2d361fa-b7d5-4e44-acd5-9aeb93973496","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:00436639efa3673154ae509cec3c0035c77bca8ebb9b993dee463dcbeb8eed8e"},"humans":["Issai Schur"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-schur-unitary-triangularization-1909","title":"Über die charakteristischen Wurzeln einer linearen Substitution mit einer Anwendung auf die Theorie der Integralgleichungen (Mathematische Annalen 66, 488–510)","url":"https://norlx65.nordita.org/~brandenb/print/Schur09.pdf","date":"1909"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["DE"],"location_basis":"Printed I.Schur in Berlin byline,1909; paper-associated research location, not birthplace. No nationality or individual effort share inferred.","source_url":"https://norlx65.nordita.org/~brandenb/print/Schur09.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2d361fa-b7d5-4e44-acd5-9aeb93973496","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:00436639efa3673154ae509cec3c0035c77bca8ebb9b993dee463dcbeb8eed8e"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Über die charakteristischen Wurzeln einer linearen Substitution mit einer Anwendung auf die Theorie der Integralgleichungen (Mathematische Annalen 66, 488–510)","url":"https://norlx65.nordita.org/~brandenb/print/Schur09.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"DE":"Germany"}},"points":"500000","published_grade":{"id":"schur-unitary-triangularization-eigenvalue-square-bound-1909","entry_id":"schur-unitary-triangularization-eigenvalue-square-bound-1909","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2d361fa-b7d5-4e44-acd5-9aeb93973496","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:00436639efa3673154ae509cec3c0035c77bca8ebb9b993dee463dcbeb8eed8e"},"what_changed":"Schur proves that every finite square complex matrix is unitarily similar to a triangular matrix whose diagonal lists its eigenvalues with algebraic multiplicity. He derives sum |lambda_j|^2 <= sum |a_ij|^2, with equality exactly when a unitary change of basis diagonalizes the matrix, and related bounds on the real and imaginary parts of the eigenvalues.","scope":"Schur proves that every finite square complex matrix is unitarily similar to a triangular matrix whose diagonal lists its eigenvalues with algebraic multiplicity. He derives sum |lambda_j|^2 <= sum |a_ij|^2, with equality exactly when a unitary change of basis diagonalizes the matrix, and related bounds on the real and imaginary parts of the eigenvalues. The original displays lower triangular form; transposition of convention gives the usual upper triangular statement. No distinct-eigenvalue or diagonalizability hypothesis is imposed for triangularization. Real orthogonal triangularization is asserted only when both the matrix and all its eigenvalues are real. Equality characterizes unitary diagonalizability, not arbitrary similarity to a diagonal matrix. This record does not claim an infinite-dimensional triangularization theorem, a numerical Schur algorithm, or the paper's later integral-equation results. No infinite-dimensional theorem or numerical algorithm. A real matrix with nonreal eigenvalues need not have a real orthogonal triangularization. Autonne/Stickelberger precedents are cited. Only original PartI pp488–496 selected, not later integral-equation PartII.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2d361fa-b7d5-4e44-acd5-9aeb93973496","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:00436639efa3673154ae509cec3c0035c77bca8ebb9b993dee463dcbeb8eed8e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"copeland-erdos-dense-integer-concatenation-normality-1946","title":"Copeland–Erdős normality of prime and sufficiently dense integer concatenations","summary":"For a strictly increasing positive-integer sequence whose counting function eventually exceeds N^theta for every theta<1, concatenating its base-b representations gives a b-normal real. This proves the prime-concatenation example and the sums-of-two-squares example using the stated counting estimates.","boundary":"Fixed-base normality of the corresponding constructed real, not absolute normality of the same decimal in every base or algorithmic randomness. The polynomial-value and simultaneous-base assertions at the end are conjectures, not proved here. Not absolute normality or algorithmic randomness. Finite leading digits do not alter normality. Besicovitch and Borel counting ingredients and Champernowne earlier construction keep credit; later polynomial and simultaneous-base paragraphs are explicitly conjectural in this source.","area":"Number theory and probability","topic":"Mathematics","year":1946,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"copeland-erdos-dense-integer-concatenation-normality-1946","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f8657db8-e6b7-46ba-a2d3-f692301b950f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c56739ce14db4971b54ab7fe38716c9a63e99bf9cde124c377e36fefa269da0d"},"humans":["Arthur H. Copeland","Paul Erdős"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":1,"source_name":"Paul Erdős","person_id":"wrs-person-2877238e4d2ac172f8db6384","display_name":"Paul Erdős","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Attribution source","url":"https://renyi.hu/en/node/4094"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-copeland-erdos-normal-1946","title":"Note on normal numbers, Bulletin AMS52(1946)857–860","url":"https://users.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1946-01.pdf","date":"1946-10"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Printed University of Michigan common author address on the original final page. No nationality or individual effort share inferred.","source_url":"https://users.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1946-01.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f8657db8-e6b7-46ba-a2d3-f692301b950f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c56739ce14db4971b54ab7fe38716c9a63e99bf9cde124c377e36fefa269da0d"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Note on normal numbers, Bulletin AMS52(1946)857–860","url":"https://users.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1946-01.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"copeland-erdos-dense-integer-concatenation-normality-1946","entry_id":"copeland-erdos-dense-integer-concatenation-normality-1946","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f8657db8-e6b7-46ba-a2d3-f692301b950f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c56739ce14db4971b54ab7fe38716c9a63e99bf9cde124c377e36fefa269da0d"},"what_changed":"For a strictly increasing positive-integer sequence whose counting function eventually exceeds N^theta for every theta<1, concatenating its base-b representations gives a b-normal real. This proves the prime-concatenation example and the sums-of-two-squares example using the stated counting estimates.","scope":"For a strictly increasing positive-integer sequence whose counting function eventually exceeds N^theta for every theta<1, concatenating its base-b representations gives a b-normal real. This proves the prime-concatenation example and the sums-of-two-squares example using the stated counting estimates. Fixed-base normality of the corresponding constructed real, not absolute normality of the same decimal in every base or algorithmic randomness. The polynomial-value and simultaneous-base assertions at the end are conjectures, not proved here. Not absolute normality or algorithmic randomness. Finite leading digits do not alter normality. Besicovitch and Borel counting ingredients and Champernowne earlier construction keep credit; later polynomial and simultaneous-base paragraphs are explicitly conjectural in this source.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f8657db8-e6b7-46ba-a2d3-f692301b950f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c56739ce14db4971b54ab7fe38716c9a63e99bf9cde124c377e36fefa269da0d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bernstein-binomial-polynomial-constructive-approximation-1912","title":"Bernstein's binomial-expectation polynomial approximation method","summary":"For every continuous F on[0,1], the explicit polynomials B_nF(x)=sum_{k=0}^n F(k/n) binom(n,k)x^k(1-x)^(n-k) converge uniformly to F. The original derives this construction as the expected payout from n Bernoulli trials, using continuity and a small tail probability.","boundary":"This is the explicit sampling/positive-polynomial method, not a second discovery of Weierstrass density. No modern optimal convergence rate, all-function interpolation property, arbitrary interval without rescaling or new probabilistic limit theorem is claimed. An explicit method and proof contribution, not rediscovery of the earlier Weierstrass existence theorem. No optimal modern rate is assigned. Archive bibliographic explanation resolves1912 separate issue versus1913 bound-volume heading; neither creates a second achievement.","area":"Approximation theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1912,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"bernstein-binomial-polynomial-constructive-approximation-1912","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de300e43-7f64-4f94-a804-6e9374ef1108","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8e48d7ee28f972217bcd2efa5b2a5154b5c847c371b73983c40a497364b6caf2"},"humans":["S. Bernstein"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-bernstein-polynomials-1912","title":"Démonstration du théorème de Weierstrass fondée sur le calcul des probabilités","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/bern1.pdf","date":"1912"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"bernstein-binomial-polynomial-constructive-approximation-1912","entry_id":"bernstein-binomial-polynomial-constructive-approximation-1912","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de300e43-7f64-4f94-a804-6e9374ef1108","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8e48d7ee28f972217bcd2efa5b2a5154b5c847c371b73983c40a497364b6caf2"},"what_changed":"For every continuous F on[0,1], the explicit polynomials B_nF(x)=sum_{k=0}^n F(k/n) binom(n,k)x^k(1-x)^(n-k) converge uniformly to F. The original derives this construction as the expected payout from n Bernoulli trials, using continuity and a small tail probability.","scope":"For every continuous F on[0,1], the explicit polynomials B_nF(x)=sum_{k=0}^n F(k/n) binom(n,k)x^k(1-x)^(n-k) converge uniformly to F. The original derives this construction as the expected payout from n Bernoulli trials, using continuity and a small tail probability. This is the explicit sampling/positive-polynomial method, not a second discovery of Weierstrass density. No modern optimal convergence rate, all-function interpolation property, arbitrary interval without rescaling or new probabilistic limit theorem is claimed. An explicit method and proof contribution, not rediscovery of the earlier Weierstrass existence theorem. No optimal modern rate is assigned. Archive bibliographic explanation resolves1912 separate issue versus1913 bound-volume heading; neither creates a second achievement.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:de300e43-7f64-4f94-a804-6e9374ef1108","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8e48d7ee28f972217bcd2efa5b2a5154b5c847c371b73983c40a497364b6caf2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"faber-no-universal-lagrange-interpolation-array-1914","title":"Faber's obstruction to universal uniform polynomial interpolation","summary":"For every prescribed triangular array of distinct interpolation nodes in a real compact interval, some continuous function fails to be uniformly approximated by its Lagrange interpolation polynomials. Faber proves the corresponding periodic trigonometric obstruction and derives unbounded interpolation-operator norms, using a constructive continuous-function argument.","boundary":"Uniform-convergence failure is the retained result: no claim of divergence everywhere or unboundedness at a single fixed point for every node array. Nodes are fixed independently of the function. This does not forbid adaptive interpolation, approximation without interpolation, or arbitrary polynomial Schauder systems with unrestricted degrees. The algebraic conclusion is original p208, and the periodic proof conclusion is p199. No assertion of divergence at every point or one fixed point for every array. Adaptive nodes, noninterpolatory approximation and unrestricted-degree polynomial systems are not ruled out. Adjacent Blaschke paper and preceding article excluded.","area":"Approximation theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1914,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"faber-no-universal-lagrange-interpolation-array-1914","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:32881bf6-29c4-4c4d-ae3a-a92a8a4735de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e0ff1e6911ab599be24b07f17fcea74e72b3ebd5244bb182efaea5638b730d6"},"humans":["Georg Faber"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-faber-interpolation-1914","title":"Über die interpolatorische Darstellung stetiger Funktionen","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/fab2.pdf","date":"1914"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"faber-no-universal-lagrange-interpolation-array-1914","entry_id":"faber-no-universal-lagrange-interpolation-array-1914","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:32881bf6-29c4-4c4d-ae3a-a92a8a4735de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e0ff1e6911ab599be24b07f17fcea74e72b3ebd5244bb182efaea5638b730d6"},"what_changed":"For every prescribed triangular array of distinct interpolation nodes in a real compact interval, some continuous function fails to be uniformly approximated by its Lagrange interpolation polynomials. Faber proves the corresponding periodic trigonometric obstruction and derives unbounded interpolation-operator norms, using a constructive continuous-function argument.","scope":"For every prescribed triangular array of distinct interpolation nodes in a real compact interval, some continuous function fails to be uniformly approximated by its Lagrange interpolation polynomials. Faber proves the corresponding periodic trigonometric obstruction and derives unbounded interpolation-operator norms, using a constructive continuous-function argument. Uniform-convergence failure is the retained result: no claim of divergence everywhere or unboundedness at a single fixed point for every node array. Nodes are fixed independently of the function. This does not forbid adaptive interpolation, approximation without interpolation, or arbitrary polynomial Schauder systems with unrestricted degrees. The algebraic conclusion is original p208, and the periodic proof conclusion is p199. No assertion of divergence at every point or one fixed point for every array. Adaptive nodes, noninterpolatory approximation and unrestricted-degree polynomial systems are not ruled out. Adjacent Blaschke paper and preceding article excluded.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:32881bf6-29c4-4c4d-ae3a-a92a8a4735de","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e0ff1e6911ab599be24b07f17fcea74e72b3ebd5244bb182efaea5638b730d6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"remez-sharp-polynomial-measure-subset-inequality-1936","title":"Remez sharp polynomial bound from control on a subset of prescribed measure","summary":"For a real polynomial p of degree at most n, bounded by k on a measurable subset E of an interval S of length l with measure at least lambda=theta*l, 0<theta<1, the interval supremum is at most k*T_n(2/theta-1). Shifted Chebyshev polynomials on an endpoint interval of length lambda attain the bound.","boundary":"One-dimensional real polynomial and Lebesgue-measure control, not a general measurable-function, multivariate or arbitrary-set inequality with the same constant. Degree n>=1 and k>0; n=0 is trivial and not included in an extremizer-uniqueness claim. The source's footnote links earlier approximation algorithms, which are not separately claimed as established by this inequality paper. One-dimensional Lebesgue-measure statement, not arbitrary functions or unchanged multivariate constants. Positive k,0<theta<1; constant-polynomial case does not inherit a uniqueness-of-extremizer assertion. Kiev byline retained without present-day-country guess.","area":"Approximation theory and real analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1936,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"remez-sharp-polynomial-measure-subset-inequality-1936","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18af34c1-208e-43ca-ae48-0be3b82d3083","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cb2a8886aa33519abf6f767151a0e6022c44ed49222b8f5c1c48aca518218a8"},"humans":["Eugène Remes"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-remez-extremal-1936","title":"Sur une propriété extrémale des polynomes de Tchebychef, Kharkoff series4t13fasc1(1936)93–95","url":"https://www.math.auckland.ac.nz/hat/fpapers/remezppr.pdf","date":"1936"}],"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"remez-sharp-polynomial-measure-subset-inequality-1936","entry_id":"remez-sharp-polynomial-measure-subset-inequality-1936","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18af34c1-208e-43ca-ae48-0be3b82d3083","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cb2a8886aa33519abf6f767151a0e6022c44ed49222b8f5c1c48aca518218a8"},"what_changed":"For a real polynomial p of degree at most n, bounded by k on a measurable subset E of an interval S of length l with measure at least lambda=theta*l, 0<theta<1, the interval supremum is at most k*T_n(2/theta-1). Shifted Chebyshev polynomials on an endpoint interval of length lambda attain the bound.","scope":"For a real polynomial p of degree at most n, bounded by k on a measurable subset E of an interval S of length l with measure at least lambda=theta*l, 0<theta<1, the interval supremum is at most k*T_n(2/theta-1). Shifted Chebyshev polynomials on an endpoint interval of length lambda attain the bound. One-dimensional real polynomial and Lebesgue-measure control, not a general measurable-function, multivariate or arbitrary-set inequality with the same constant. Degree n>=1 and k>0; n=0 is trivial and not included in an extremizer-uniqueness claim. The source's footnote links earlier approximation algorithms, which are not separately claimed as established by this inequality paper. One-dimensional Lebesgue-measure statement, not arbitrary functions or unchanged multivariate constants. Positive k,0<theta<1; constant-polynomial case does not inherit a uniqueness-of-extremizer assertion. Kiev byline retained without present-day-country guess.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:18af34c1-208e-43ca-ae48-0be3b82d3083","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cb2a8886aa33519abf6f767151a0e6022c44ed49222b8f5c1c48aca518218a8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kakutani-common-fixed-point-method-generalization-1938","title":"Kakutani's direct common-fixed-point proof and congruent-group generalization","summary":"Kakutani gave a direct averaging proof of Markov's common-fixed-point theorem for a commuting family of continuous affine self-maps of a nonempty compact convex subset of a locally convex topological vector space. He also formulated a common-fixed-point theorem for an affine congruent group preserving such a set, with applications to almost-periodic means and an alternative route to Banach's extension theorem.","boundary":"Compactness, convexity, local convexity and affine action are essential stated hypotheses. The commuting-family theorem does not assume surjectivity; the solvable-group corollary and congruent-group theorem require bijective preservation of the compact set. Congruence means preservation of a common zero-neighborhood system, not arbitrary affine groups. The note contains statements and brief proof summaries, explicitly deferring details. It does not establish uniqueness of the mean under its general hypotheses. The note explicitly supplies statements and brief proof summaries, leaving details elsewhere. Compact convex nonempty set in a locally convex space; commuting self-maps need not be surjective, but the group variants preserve the set bijectively. Congruence is not an arbitrary group property and uniqueness of a mean does not follow. Not the separate1941 set-valued fixed-point theorem.","area":"Fixed-point theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1938,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"kakutani-common-fixed-point-method-generalization-1938","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:738372c4-4883-4ed7-aa08-131107d42143","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a49e8e154b6c3d874e20a008ada45b8ae9d6f13720dc7d8bc2088c78984c0d81"},"humans":["Shizuo Kakutani"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"kakutani-common-fixed-point-original-1938","title":"Two Fixed-point Theorems Concerning Bicompact Convex Sets","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1912/14/7/14_7_242/_pdf/-char/en","date":"1938-08-12"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["JP"],"location_basis":"Printed Mathematical Institute,Osaka Imperial University work affiliation. No nationality or individual effort share inferred.","source_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1912/14/7/14_7_242/_pdf/-char/en","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:738372c4-4883-4ed7-aa08-131107d42143","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a49e8e154b6c3d874e20a008ada45b8ae9d6f13720dc7d8bc2088c78984c0d81"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Two Fixed-point Theorems Concerning Bicompact Convex Sets","url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1912/14/7/14_7_242/_pdf/-char/en"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"JP":"Japan"}},"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"kakutani-common-fixed-point-method-generalization-1938","entry_id":"kakutani-common-fixed-point-method-generalization-1938","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:738372c4-4883-4ed7-aa08-131107d42143","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a49e8e154b6c3d874e20a008ada45b8ae9d6f13720dc7d8bc2088c78984c0d81"},"what_changed":"Kakutani gave a direct averaging proof of Markov's common-fixed-point theorem for a commuting family of continuous affine self-maps of a nonempty compact convex subset of a locally convex topological vector space. He also formulated a common-fixed-point theorem for an affine congruent group preserving such a set, with applications to almost-periodic means and an alternative route to Banach's extension theorem.","scope":"Kakutani gave a direct averaging proof of Markov's common-fixed-point theorem for a commuting family of continuous affine self-maps of a nonempty compact convex subset of a locally convex topological vector space. He also formulated a common-fixed-point theorem for an affine congruent group preserving such a set, with applications to almost-periodic means and an alternative route to Banach's extension theorem. Compactness, convexity, local convexity and affine action are essential stated hypotheses. The commuting-family theorem does not assume surjectivity; the solvable-group corollary and congruent-group theorem require bijective preservation of the compact set. Congruence means preservation of a common zero-neighborhood system, not arbitrary affine groups. The note contains statements and brief proof summaries, explicitly deferring details. It does not establish uniqueness of the mean under its general hypotheses. The note explicitly supplies statements and brief proof summaries, leaving details elsewhere. Compact convex nonempty set in a locally convex space; commuting self-maps need not be surjective, but the group variants preserve the set bijectively. Congruence is not an arbitrary group property and uniqueness of a mean does not follow. Not the separate1941 set-valued fixed-point theorem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:738372c4-4883-4ed7-aa08-131107d42143","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a49e8e154b6c3d874e20a008ada45b8ae9d6f13720dc7d8bc2088c78984c0d81"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kolve-mottaghi-gordon-zhu-gupta-farhadi-ai2thor-2017","title":"AI2-THOR: an interactive indoor simulation interface for visual AI","summary":"An image can show a closed refrigerator, but it cannot reveal what changes when a robot opens it. AI2-THOR connects a simulated indoor world to a Python controller: an agent requests an action, the world applies its rules, and the agent receives a new image and structured information. The 2017 account describes 120 rooms across four household settings, with objects that can be opened, picked up or otherwise manipulated. This makes sequences of perception and action repeatable without requiring a physical robot for every experiment. Its contribution here is the documented simulation resource and interface, separate from the earlier image-target navigation algorithm developed with the platform.","boundary":"The room and object counts describe the cited 2017 version. Camera visibility, distance limits and object-action preconditions restrict what the agent can do; simulator metadata can expose information unavailable in an ordinary image. Reported execution speeds depend on hardware and settings. Simulation realism does not establish reliable transfer to arbitrary real homes. This resource record does not award a second copy of the navigation algorithm, Unity physics or subsequent AI2-THOR extensions.","area":"Embodied-AI simulation infrastructure","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kolve-mottaghi-gordon-zhu-gupta-farhadi-ai2thor-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa08c180-a88c-4798-a344-597f05086ee2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f507f7402630b5a068c150a55dc504a3d749459b5405a90a04a79d129f5312d1"},"humans":["Eric Kolve","Roozbeh Mottaghi","Daniel Gordon","Yuke Zhu","Abhinav Gupta","Ali Farhadi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1712-05474v1","title":"AI2-THOR: An Interactive 3D Environment for Visual AI","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05474v1","date":"2017-12-14"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"kolve-mottaghi-gordon-zhu-gupta-farhadi-ai2thor-2017","entry_id":"kolve-mottaghi-gordon-zhu-gupta-farhadi-ai2thor-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa08c180-a88c-4798-a344-597f05086ee2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f507f7402630b5a068c150a55dc504a3d749459b5405a90a04a79d129f5312d1"},"what_changed":"An image can show a closed refrigerator, but it cannot reveal what changes when a robot opens it. AI2-THOR connects a simulated indoor world to a Python controller: an agent requests an action, the world applies its rules, and the agent receives a new image and structured information. The 2017 account describes 120 rooms across four household settings, with objects that can be opened, picked up or otherwise manipulated. This makes sequences of perception and action repeatable without requiring a physical robot for every experiment. Its contribution here is the documented simulation resource and interface, separate from the earlier image-target navigation algorithm developed with the platform.","scope":"An image can show a closed refrigerator, but it cannot reveal what changes when a robot opens it. AI2-THOR connects a simulated indoor world to a Python controller: an agent requests an action, the world applies its rules, and the agent receives a new image and structured information. The 2017 account describes 120 rooms across four household settings, with objects that can be opened, picked up or otherwise manipulated. This makes sequences of perception and action repeatable without requiring a physical robot for every experiment. Its contribution here is the documented simulation resource and interface, separate from the earlier image-target navigation algorithm developed with the platform. The room and object counts describe the cited 2017 version. Camera visibility, distance limits and object-action preconditions restrict what the agent can do; simulator metadata can expose information unavailable in an ordinary image. Reported execution speeds depend on hardware and settings. Simulation realism does not establish reliable transfer to arbitrary real homes. This resource record does not award a second copy of the navigation algorithm, Unity physics or subsequent AI2-THOR extensions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:aa08c180-a88c-4798-a344-597f05086ee2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f507f7402630b5a068c150a55dc504a3d749459b5405a90a04a79d129f5312d1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhu-mottaghi-et-al-image-target-siamese-navigation-2016","title":"Image-target navigation with shared visual representations","summary":"Instead of naming a destination, a robot can be shown a photograph of the place it should reach. Zhu and colleagues combine that target image with the current camera view in a shared Siamese network, which processes both inputs using related parameters. An actor–critic policy then chooses movement commands. Sharing representations across destinations allows experience from one route to help another. The paper tests target changes, adaptation to new simulated rooms and a small real-room robot experiment. The distinctive contribution is the goal-conditioned navigation method; the simulator resource and inherited actor–critic and visual-recognition components retain their own credit.","boundary":"The main simulated setup uses four movement commands, discretized positions and fixed-size turns. New destinations can still fail, especially far from trained targets. New rooms require training scene-specific layers; the real robot uses real images and fine-tuning. This is not universal zero-shot navigation, an optimal-path guarantee or a system learned without supervised visual pretraining. The small continuous-space example still uses the same four commands.","area":"Goal-conditioned visual reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhu-mottaghi-et-al-image-target-siamese-navigation-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0f14a6c6-2b39-49e7-a0cb-d2c772e5c340","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:26ee72543daa1ed3eab74fec1c8683cae04425a0603446a476e9abfa6ac9c73b"},"humans":["Yuke Zhu","Roozbeh Mottaghi","Eric Kolve","Joseph J. Lim","Abhinav Gupta","Li Fei-Fei","Ali Farhadi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1609-05143v1","title":"Target-driven Visual Navigation in Indoor Scenes using Deep Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05143v1","date":"2016-09-16"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"zhu-mottaghi-et-al-image-target-siamese-navigation-2016","entry_id":"zhu-mottaghi-et-al-image-target-siamese-navigation-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0f14a6c6-2b39-49e7-a0cb-d2c772e5c340","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:26ee72543daa1ed3eab74fec1c8683cae04425a0603446a476e9abfa6ac9c73b"},"what_changed":"Instead of naming a destination, a robot can be shown a photograph of the place it should reach. Zhu and colleagues combine that target image with the current camera view in a shared Siamese network, which processes both inputs using related parameters. An actor–critic policy then chooses movement commands. Sharing representations across destinations allows experience from one route to help another. The paper tests target changes, adaptation to new simulated rooms and a small real-room robot experiment. The distinctive contribution is the goal-conditioned navigation method; the simulator resource and inherited actor–critic and visual-recognition components retain their own credit.","scope":"Instead of naming a destination, a robot can be shown a photograph of the place it should reach. Zhu and colleagues combine that target image with the current camera view in a shared Siamese network, which processes both inputs using related parameters. An actor–critic policy then chooses movement commands. Sharing representations across destinations allows experience from one route to help another. The paper tests target changes, adaptation to new simulated rooms and a small real-room robot experiment. The distinctive contribution is the goal-conditioned navigation method; the simulator resource and inherited actor–critic and visual-recognition components retain their own credit. The main simulated setup uses four movement commands, discretized positions and fixed-size turns. New destinations can still fail, especially far from trained targets. New rooms require training scene-specific layers; the real robot uses real images and fine-tuning. This is not universal zero-shot navigation, an optimal-path guarantee or a system learned without supervised visual pretraining. The small continuous-space example still uses the same four commands.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0f14a6c6-2b39-49e7-a0cb-d2c772e5c340","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:26ee72543daa1ed3eab74fec1c8683cae04425a0603446a476e9abfa6ac9c73b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gordon-kembhavi-et-al-iqa-himn-spatial-memory-2017","title":"IQA: asking questions that require an agent to look and act","summary":"“Is there an apple in the refrigerator?” cannot always be answered from the first camera image. The agent may need to move, open the door and remember what it saw. Gordon and colleagues introduce an interactive question-answering task and a hierarchical system that divides planning, navigation, detection, manipulation and answering. A spatial memory stores observations at locations rather than forcing a single recurrent state to remember everything. Their IQADATA resource supplies automatically generated existence, counting and spatial-relation questions in simulated kitchens. The contribution combines this task design with the specific memory and controller architecture, without separately counting the underlying AI2-THOR engine.","boundary":"The original split uses 25 training kitchens and five test kitchens; questions follow templates rather than unrestricted human conversation. Training uses simulator-provided supervision, and some reported results additionally use ideal detections or navigation. Those results must be distinguished from learned-perception results. The learned system does not outperform simple answer-frequency guessing on every question type. No real-house robot experiment or general language-understanding guarantee is established.","area":"Embodied question answering and hierarchical agents","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gordon-kembhavi-et-al-iqa-himn-spatial-memory-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54b8ec63-83ba-44d0-a802-6bdf5f636ae6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9d2150282c8ee5cfa7c83c081101c494082a4b3ffeb4f620ce81946eebe1ec43"},"humans":["Daniel Gordon","Aniruddha Kembhavi","Mohammad Rastegari","Joseph Redmon","Dieter Fox","Ali Farhadi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1712-03316v1","title":"IQA: Visual Question Answering in Interactive Environments","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03316v1","date":"2017-12-09"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"gordon-kembhavi-et-al-iqa-himn-spatial-memory-2017","entry_id":"gordon-kembhavi-et-al-iqa-himn-spatial-memory-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54b8ec63-83ba-44d0-a802-6bdf5f636ae6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9d2150282c8ee5cfa7c83c081101c494082a4b3ffeb4f620ce81946eebe1ec43"},"what_changed":"“Is there an apple in the refrigerator?” cannot always be answered from the first camera image. The agent may need to move, open the door and remember what it saw. Gordon and colleagues introduce an interactive question-answering task and a hierarchical system that divides planning, navigation, detection, manipulation and answering. A spatial memory stores observations at locations rather than forcing a single recurrent state to remember everything. Their IQADATA resource supplies automatically generated existence, counting and spatial-relation questions in simulated kitchens. The contribution combines this task design with the specific memory and controller architecture, without separately counting the underlying AI2-THOR engine.","scope":"“Is there an apple in the refrigerator?” cannot always be answered from the first camera image. The agent may need to move, open the door and remember what it saw. Gordon and colleagues introduce an interactive question-answering task and a hierarchical system that divides planning, navigation, detection, manipulation and answering. A spatial memory stores observations at locations rather than forcing a single recurrent state to remember everything. Their IQADATA resource supplies automatically generated existence, counting and spatial-relation questions in simulated kitchens. The contribution combines this task design with the specific memory and controller architecture, without separately counting the underlying AI2-THOR engine. The original split uses 25 training kitchens and five test kitchens; questions follow templates rather than unrestricted human conversation. Training uses simulator-provided supervision, and some reported results additionally use ideal detections or navigation. Those results must be distinguished from learned-perception results. The learned system does not outperform simple answer-frequency guessing on every question type. No real-house robot experiment or general language-understanding guarantee is established.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54b8ec63-83ba-44d0-a802-6bdf5f636ae6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9d2150282c8ee5cfa7c83c081101c494082a4b3ffeb4f620ce81946eebe1ec43"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"vasilache-zinenko-et-al-tensor-comprehensions-polyhedral-jit-2018","title":"Tensor Comprehensions: turning tensor formulas into tuned GPU kernels","summary":"A new neural-network operation may be easy to write as a formula yet slow to implement efficiently. Tensor Comprehensions provides a compact language for array calculations and a compiler that rearranges their loops, combines operations and specializes code for tensor shapes. An autotuner tries implementation choices and caches useful results. The work connects a high-level mathematical description to CUDA kernels and integrates with PyTorch and Caffe2 through ATen. Its contribution is this language, compiler and tuning pipeline, building on earlier polyhedral compilation, Halide and numerical libraries rather than replacing their authorship.","boundary":"The cited version targets CUDA and has explicit restrictions on range inference, recurrences and dynamic computation. Benchmark gains depend on tensor shapes, older GPU hardware and library versions; some large matrix multiplications are substantially slower than the vendor library. Autotuning itself consumes time and hardware. Selected kernel speedups are not an equal speedup of an entire training workload, and algebraic reduction semantics do not promise bit-identical floating-point results after reordering.","area":"Machine-learning domain-specific compilation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"vasilache-zinenko-et-al-tensor-comprehensions-polyhedral-jit-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c31442b5-aa74-424b-a139-f7fe78c99355","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7038e319f8d5eb64aa71d01da8cc0652bc5a077c5f74d014f0b1f06a5df1b61f"},"humans":["Nicolas Vasilache","Oleksandr Zinenko","Theodoros Theodoridis","Priya Goyal","Zachary DeVito","William S. Moses","Sven Verdoolaege","Andrew Adams","Albert Cohen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1802-04730v1","title":"Tensor Comprehensions: Framework-Agnostic High-Performance Machine Learning Abstractions","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.04730v1","date":"2018-02-13"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"vasilache-zinenko-et-al-tensor-comprehensions-polyhedral-jit-2018","entry_id":"vasilache-zinenko-et-al-tensor-comprehensions-polyhedral-jit-2018","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c31442b5-aa74-424b-a139-f7fe78c99355","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7038e319f8d5eb64aa71d01da8cc0652bc5a077c5f74d014f0b1f06a5df1b61f"},"what_changed":"A new neural-network operation may be easy to write as a formula yet slow to implement efficiently. Tensor Comprehensions provides a compact language for array calculations and a compiler that rearranges their loops, combines operations and specializes code for tensor shapes. An autotuner tries implementation choices and caches useful results. The work connects a high-level mathematical description to CUDA kernels and integrates with PyTorch and Caffe2 through ATen. Its contribution is this language, compiler and tuning pipeline, building on earlier polyhedral compilation, Halide and numerical libraries rather than replacing their authorship.","scope":"A new neural-network operation may be easy to write as a formula yet slow to implement efficiently. Tensor Comprehensions provides a compact language for array calculations and a compiler that rearranges their loops, combines operations and specializes code for tensor shapes. An autotuner tries implementation choices and caches useful results. The work connects a high-level mathematical description to CUDA kernels and integrates with PyTorch and Caffe2 through ATen. Its contribution is this language, compiler and tuning pipeline, building on earlier polyhedral compilation, Halide and numerical libraries rather than replacing their authorship. The cited version targets CUDA and has explicit restrictions on range inference, recurrences and dynamic computation. Benchmark gains depend on tensor shapes, older GPU hardware and library versions; some large matrix multiplications are substantially slower than the vendor library. Autotuning itself consumes time and hardware. Selected kernel speedups are not an equal speedup of an entire training workload, and algebraic reduction semantics do not promise bit-identical floating-point results after reordering.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c31442b5-aa74-424b-a139-f7fe78c99355","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7038e319f8d5eb64aa71d01da8cc0652bc5a077c5f74d014f0b1f06a5df1b61f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kanter-veeramachaneni-deep-feature-synthesis-data-science-machine-2015","title":"Deep Feature Synthesis: constructing predictors from related tables","summary":"A prediction problem often begins with several connected tables: customers, purchases and individual items, for example. Useful inputs may include a customer’s purchase count or the average price of their items, rather than just one table column. Kanter and Veeramachaneni describe Deep Feature Synthesis, which composes transformations and aggregations along table relationships. Their Data Science Machine combines these generated features with selection, preprocessing, model fitting and tuning. The result is a reusable way to automate part of feature construction; “deep” refers to composed features, not necessarily a deep neural network.","boundary":"The relational schema, prediction target and time-dependent filters still need setup. The reported comparison covers three competitions, including snapshots of competitions still running; outperforming participating teams is not replacing that number of scientists. AUC comparisons are not ordinary accuracy percentages. Feature growth, computation and proper separation of training and validation data remain important. The paper reports manual troubleshooting of a submission mismatch; no universal autonomous data-science or leakage-free evaluation guarantee is implied.","area":"Automated feature engineering","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kanter-veeramachaneni-deep-feature-synthesis-data-science-machine-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7343bf68-bfc3-4eb6-a8d2-82bcf076b777","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9094d76fb6d5d13a3b832103fe03890c996338f2467cfe57910bfb4ba33966df"},"humans":["James Max Kanter","Kalyan Veeramachaneni"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-mit-deep-feature-synthesis-2015","title":"Deep Feature Synthesis: Towards Automating Data Science Endeavors","url":"https://groups.csail.mit.edu/EVO-DesignOpt/groupWebSite/uploads/Site/DSAA_DSM_2015.pdf","date":"2015"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Original CSAIL MIT byline explicitly Cambridge, MA. Work affiliation, not nationality or ownership.","source_url":"https://groups.csail.mit.edu/EVO-DesignOpt/groupWebSite/uploads/Site/DSAA_DSM_2015.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7343bf68-bfc3-4eb6-a8d2-82bcf076b777","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9094d76fb6d5d13a3b832103fe03890c996338f2467cfe57910bfb4ba33966df"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Deep Feature Synthesis: Towards Automating Data Science Endeavors","url":"https://groups.csail.mit.edu/EVO-DesignOpt/groupWebSite/uploads/Site/DSAA_DSM_2015.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"kanter-veeramachaneni-deep-feature-synthesis-data-science-machine-2015","entry_id":"kanter-veeramachaneni-deep-feature-synthesis-data-science-machine-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7343bf68-bfc3-4eb6-a8d2-82bcf076b777","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9094d76fb6d5d13a3b832103fe03890c996338f2467cfe57910bfb4ba33966df"},"what_changed":"A prediction problem often begins with several connected tables: customers, purchases and individual items, for example. Useful inputs may include a customer’s purchase count or the average price of their items, rather than just one table column. Kanter and Veeramachaneni describe Deep Feature Synthesis, which composes transformations and aggregations along table relationships. Their Data Science Machine combines these generated features with selection, preprocessing, model fitting and tuning. The result is a reusable way to automate part of feature construction; “deep” refers to composed features, not necessarily a deep neural network.","scope":"A prediction problem often begins with several connected tables: customers, purchases and individual items, for example. Useful inputs may include a customer’s purchase count or the average price of their items, rather than just one table column. Kanter and Veeramachaneni describe Deep Feature Synthesis, which composes transformations and aggregations along table relationships. Their Data Science Machine combines these generated features with selection, preprocessing, model fitting and tuning. The result is a reusable way to automate part of feature construction; “deep” refers to composed features, not necessarily a deep neural network. The relational schema, prediction target and time-dependent filters still need setup. The reported comparison covers three competitions, including snapshots of competitions still running; outperforming participating teams is not replacing that number of scientists. AUC comparisons are not ordinary accuracy percentages. Feature growth, computation and proper separation of training and validation data remain important. The paper reports manual troubleshooting of a submission mismatch; no universal autonomous data-science or leakage-free evaluation guarantee is implied.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7343bf68-bfc3-4eb6-a8d2-82bcf076b777","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9094d76fb6d5d13a3b832103fe03890c996338f2467cfe57910bfb4ba33966df"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dehghani-et-al-universal-transformer-depth-recurrence-2018","title":"Universal Transformers: repeatedly refining an attention-based state","summary":"A standard Transformer applies a sequence of distinct layers. A Universal Transformer instead reuses a transformation across processing steps, allowing its representation to be refined repeatedly. Self-attention lets positions exchange information during that refinement. An adaptive-computation variant can allocate different numbers of steps to different positions. Dehghani and colleagues investigate this combination on language, reasoning and algorithmic tasks. The contribution is the recurrent-depth architecture and its tested variants, rather than the invention of attention, Transformers or adaptive computation themselves.","boundary":"Theoretical computational universality requires sufficient memory and steps that may grow with the input; it does not make a fixed deployed network a universal solver. Longer-sequence algorithmic tests remain imperfect. Adaptive halting and fixed-depth versions have different results and costs, and the strongest translation result is not evidence that adaptive halting always saves computation. Benchmark selection, pre-existing components and finite training settings remain part of the comparison.","area":"Adaptive-depth sequence architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"dehghani-et-al-universal-transformer-depth-recurrence-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0bb9b83e-813e-4a8f-a28a-fa0913c3cf92","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c9a8f6450edc557201ffefcde324153691c2168efdbc0a1784c05bd066e26528"},"humans":["Mostafa Dehghani","Stephan Gouws","Oriol Vinyals","Jakob Uszkoreit","Łukasz Kaiser"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["transformer-architecture"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1807-03819v1","title":"Universal Transformers","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03819v1","date":"2018-07-10"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"dehghani-et-al-universal-transformer-depth-recurrence-2018","entry_id":"dehghani-et-al-universal-transformer-depth-recurrence-2018","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0bb9b83e-813e-4a8f-a28a-fa0913c3cf92","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c9a8f6450edc557201ffefcde324153691c2168efdbc0a1784c05bd066e26528"},"what_changed":"A standard Transformer applies a sequence of distinct layers. A Universal Transformer instead reuses a transformation across processing steps, allowing its representation to be refined repeatedly. Self-attention lets positions exchange information during that refinement. An adaptive-computation variant can allocate different numbers of steps to different positions. Dehghani and colleagues investigate this combination on language, reasoning and algorithmic tasks. The contribution is the recurrent-depth architecture and its tested variants, rather than the invention of attention, Transformers or adaptive computation themselves.","scope":"A standard Transformer applies a sequence of distinct layers. A Universal Transformer instead reuses a transformation across processing steps, allowing its representation to be refined repeatedly. Self-attention lets positions exchange information during that refinement. An adaptive-computation variant can allocate different numbers of steps to different positions. Dehghani and colleagues investigate this combination on language, reasoning and algorithmic tasks. The contribution is the recurrent-depth architecture and its tested variants, rather than the invention of attention, Transformers or adaptive computation themselves. Theoretical computational universality requires sufficient memory and steps that may grow with the input; it does not make a fixed deployed network a universal solver. Longer-sequence algorithmic tests remain imperfect. Adaptive halting and fixed-depth versions have different results and costs, and the strongest translation result is not evidence that adaptive halting always saves computation. Benchmark selection, pre-existing components and finite training settings remain part of the comparison.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0bb9b83e-813e-4a8f-a28a-fa0913c3cf92","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c9a8f6450edc557201ffefcde324153691c2168efdbc0a1784c05bd066e26528"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"peng-abbeel-levine-van-de-panne-deepmimic-motion-imitation-2018","title":"DeepMimic: learning simulated movement from example clips","summary":"A simulated character can reach a target while moving in an implausible way. DeepMimic combines a task reward with a reward for matching a reference motion, so the policy learns both what to accomplish and how to move. Random starting points within a motion and early termination of unsuccessful attempts help training reach difficult parts of a skill. The work demonstrates dynamic movements and several ways to combine skills. Its contribution is this practical imitation-and-task learning approach, using existing reinforcement-learning machinery rather than introducing PPO itself.","boundary":"The demonstrations are manually prepared short motion clips, with retargeting and control settings. The reported characters are simulated; an Atlas-shaped model is not deployment on a real Atlas robot. Training can take days per skill, and larger motion libraries or arbitrary transitions are not demonstrated. Phase-based motion limits retiming, finite perturbation tests do not guarantee robustness, and normalized rewards are not necessarily success probabilities or physically attainable maxima.","area":"Physics-based character animation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"peng-abbeel-levine-van-de-panne-deepmimic-motion-imitation-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1458a33a-c81f-42fc-af66-3870d573a39f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3f9078b716e9fbd8ec5dfb0ccd822975733d4448fa427945be013ac50046a82a"},"humans":["Xue Bin Peng","Pieter Abbeel","Sergey Levine","Michiel van de Panne"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["ppo-2017"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1804-02717v1","title":"DeepMimic: Example-Guided Deep Reinforcement Learning of Physics-Based Character Skills","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02717v1","date":"2018-04-08"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"peng-abbeel-levine-van-de-panne-deepmimic-motion-imitation-2018","entry_id":"peng-abbeel-levine-van-de-panne-deepmimic-motion-imitation-2018","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1458a33a-c81f-42fc-af66-3870d573a39f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3f9078b716e9fbd8ec5dfb0ccd822975733d4448fa427945be013ac50046a82a"},"what_changed":"A simulated character can reach a target while moving in an implausible way. DeepMimic combines a task reward with a reward for matching a reference motion, so the policy learns both what to accomplish and how to move. Random starting points within a motion and early termination of unsuccessful attempts help training reach difficult parts of a skill. The work demonstrates dynamic movements and several ways to combine skills. Its contribution is this practical imitation-and-task learning approach, using existing reinforcement-learning machinery rather than introducing PPO itself.","scope":"A simulated character can reach a target while moving in an implausible way. DeepMimic combines a task reward with a reward for matching a reference motion, so the policy learns both what to accomplish and how to move. Random starting points within a motion and early termination of unsuccessful attempts help training reach difficult parts of a skill. The work demonstrates dynamic movements and several ways to combine skills. Its contribution is this practical imitation-and-task learning approach, using existing reinforcement-learning machinery rather than introducing PPO itself. The demonstrations are manually prepared short motion clips, with retargeting and control settings. The reported characters are simulated; an Atlas-shaped model is not deployment on a real Atlas robot. Training can take days per skill, and larger motion libraries or arbitrary transitions are not demonstrated. Phase-based motion limits retiming, finite perturbation tests do not guarantee robustness, and normalized rewards are not necessarily success probabilities or physically attainable maxima.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1458a33a-c81f-42fc-af66-3870d573a39f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3f9078b716e9fbd8ec5dfb0ccd822975733d4448fa427945be013ac50046a82a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"openai-dactyl-randomized-sim-to-real-in-hand-reorientation-2018","title":"Dactyl: transferring learned in-hand reorientation to a physical robot","summary":"The same simulated hand can behave differently when friction, object weight or motor delay changes. OpenAI’s Dactyl work trains across deliberately varied simulations so a recurrent control policy can handle more than one idealized set of conditions. A separately trained vision system estimates an object’s pose from three cameras. The researchers deploy the resulting system on a Shadow Dexterous Hand for block and prism reorientation, while documenting drops, mechanical failures and a remaining simulation-to-reality gap. Credit belongs to the original human research and engineering team, its scoped system and the inherited components it uses.","boundary":"Simulation-only policy training still relies on hardware calibration, external fingertip tracking and low-level joint control. Physical results use ten trials per configuration and cap each trial at 50 rotations; the vision configuration has a median of 11.5 consecutive rotations, not universal 50-rotation success. Object changes can need fine-tuning, and sphere attempts fail after only a few rotations. Reported compute uses thousands of CPU cores and multiple GPUs. This is not later GPT-model authorship or unrestricted robotic dexterity.","area":"Dexterous robot manipulation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"openai-dactyl-randomized-sim-to-real-in-hand-reorientation-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:119fdfee-2b9d-43bd-aaae-bd0bcb31762c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae6b02098e384f8f5b4b87ab4ae5c988877d925ccade6aaccb4182926e8c1552"},"humans":["Marcin Andrychowicz","Bowen Baker","Maciek Chociej","Rafał Józefowicz","Bob McGrew","Jakub Pachocki","Arthur Petron","Matthias Plappert","Glenn Powell","Alex Ray","Jonas Schneider","Szymon Sidor","Josh Tobin","Peter Welinder","Lilian Weng","Wojciech Zaremba"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["ppo-2017"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1808-00177v1","title":"Learning Dexterous In-Hand Manipulation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.00177v1","date":"2018-08-01"}],"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"openai-dactyl-randomized-sim-to-real-in-hand-reorientation-2018","entry_id":"openai-dactyl-randomized-sim-to-real-in-hand-reorientation-2018","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:119fdfee-2b9d-43bd-aaae-bd0bcb31762c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae6b02098e384f8f5b4b87ab4ae5c988877d925ccade6aaccb4182926e8c1552"},"what_changed":"The same simulated hand can behave differently when friction, object weight or motor delay changes. OpenAI’s Dactyl work trains across deliberately varied simulations so a recurrent control policy can handle more than one idealized set of conditions. A separately trained vision system estimates an object’s pose from three cameras. The researchers deploy the resulting system on a Shadow Dexterous Hand for block and prism reorientation, while documenting drops, mechanical failures and a remaining simulation-to-reality gap. Credit belongs to the original human research and engineering team, its scoped system and the inherited components it uses.","scope":"The same simulated hand can behave differently when friction, object weight or motor delay changes. OpenAI’s Dactyl work trains across deliberately varied simulations so a recurrent control policy can handle more than one idealized set of conditions. A separately trained vision system estimates an object’s pose from three cameras. The researchers deploy the resulting system on a Shadow Dexterous Hand for block and prism reorientation, while documenting drops, mechanical failures and a remaining simulation-to-reality gap. Credit belongs to the original human research and engineering team, its scoped system and the inherited components it uses. Simulation-only policy training still relies on hardware calibration, external fingertip tracking and low-level joint control. Physical results use ten trials per configuration and cap each trial at 50 rotations; the vision configuration has a median of 11.5 consecutive rotations, not universal 50-rotation success. Object changes can need fine-tuning, and sphere attempts fail after only a few rotations. Reported compute uses thousands of CPU cores and multiple GPUs. This is not later GPT-model authorship or unrestricted robotic dexterity.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:119fdfee-2b9d-43bd-aaae-bd0bcb31762c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ae6b02098e384f8f5b4b87ab4ae5c988877d925ccade6aaccb4182926e8c1552"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"todorov-erez-tassa-mujoco-control-physics-engine-2012","title":"MuJoCo: a physics engine designed for control optimization","summary":"Designing a controller can require evaluating millions of possible movements. MuJoCo makes those repeated physical calculations a central design concern. Todorov, Erez and Tassa combine generalized-coordinate multijoint dynamics, contact-response methods, model compilation and parallel evaluation in an engine aimed at model-based control. The 2012 paper explains both its computational structure and alternative contact formulations. Its contribution is the specific engine and control-oriented approach; prior rigid-body algorithms and later tools built on MuJoCo retain separate credit.","boundary":"Contact formulations involve different approximations and optimization trade-offs. The original authors explicitly leave further contact-accuracy validation for future work. Reported throughput concerns specified models, contacts and hardware, with mixed results against some smooth-dynamics baselines; it is not a universal speed or physical-accuracy guarantee. Later ownership, Python suites, differentiable engines and licensing changes are not attributed retroactively to the original three-author contribution.","area":"Robotics simulation and numerical control tools","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"todorov-erez-tassa-mujoco-control-physics-engine-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ede23fb5-7399-4f83-a1b7-ded4e7e1eab4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5fbefe0c5beb115d5200f0266844381ba15b66f61cfe182d75f79c378660e33"},"humans":["Emanuel Todorov","Tom Erez","Yuval Tassa"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-mujoco-original-2012","title":"MuJoCo: A physics engine for model-based control","url":"https://roboti.us/lab/papers/TodorovIROS12.pdf"},{"id":"cur20261017-todorov-author-bibliography-mujoco","title":"Author publication bibliography: MuJoCo2012 entry","url":"https://roboti.us/lab/papers.html"}],"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"todorov-erez-tassa-mujoco-control-physics-engine-2012","entry_id":"todorov-erez-tassa-mujoco-control-physics-engine-2012","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ede23fb5-7399-4f83-a1b7-ded4e7e1eab4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5fbefe0c5beb115d5200f0266844381ba15b66f61cfe182d75f79c378660e33"},"what_changed":"Designing a controller can require evaluating millions of possible movements. MuJoCo makes those repeated physical calculations a central design concern. Todorov, Erez and Tassa combine generalized-coordinate multijoint dynamics, contact-response methods, model compilation and parallel evaluation in an engine aimed at model-based control. The 2012 paper explains both its computational structure and alternative contact formulations. Its contribution is the specific engine and control-oriented approach; prior rigid-body algorithms and later tools built on MuJoCo retain separate credit.","scope":"Designing a controller can require evaluating millions of possible movements. MuJoCo makes those repeated physical calculations a central design concern. Todorov, Erez and Tassa combine generalized-coordinate multijoint dynamics, contact-response methods, model compilation and parallel evaluation in an engine aimed at model-based control. The 2012 paper explains both its computational structure and alternative contact formulations. Its contribution is the specific engine and control-oriented approach; prior rigid-body algorithms and later tools built on MuJoCo retain separate credit. Contact formulations involve different approximations and optimization trade-offs. The original authors explicitly leave further contact-accuracy validation for future work. Reported throughput concerns specified models, contacts and hardware, with mixed results against some smooth-dynamics baselines; it is not a universal speed or physical-accuracy guarantee. Later ownership, Python suites, differentiable engines and licensing changes are not attributed retroactively to the original three-author contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ede23fb5-7399-4f83-a1b7-ded4e7e1eab4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5fbefe0c5beb115d5200f0266844381ba15b66f61cfe182d75f79c378660e33"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mandlekar-zhu-garg-et-al-roboturk-crowdsourced-teleoperation-2018","title":"RoboTurk: collecting simulated robot demonstrations with a phone","summary":"A person can demonstrate a robot-arm movement by moving a smartphone while watching a video stream. RoboTurk connects that familiar input to cloud-hosted robot simulations through low-latency communication. The 2018 platform collects a pilot set of more than 2,200 successful demonstrations and studies whether those examples help reinforcement learning explore sparse-reward tasks. Its contribution is the teleoperation and collection pipeline with its documented learning use, separate from the earlier ideas of imitation learning, WebRTC and PPO.","boundary":"The 2018 contribution uses simulated robots. A later real-robot extension has different authors and results and is not included in this award. The interface comparison involves eight students; failing to detect a difference from a VR controller does not prove equivalence. Cross-Pacific trials take longer. The paper gives inconsistent 20- versus 22-hour platform totals, so no reconciled exact total is asserted here. Demonstrations come from human workers; aggregate trajectory hours are not elapsed time. Learning returns are not success percentages, and benefits are not monotonic for every demonstration count.","area":"Robot learning and remote demonstration infrastructure","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"mandlekar-zhu-garg-et-al-roboturk-crowdsourced-teleoperation-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0571efe-dedc-4655-add8-1686486b2514","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:502a01958020bf371363ce061d026d434820e0f67ab554370f16ddfd043f7104"},"humans":["Ajay Mandlekar","Yuke Zhu","Animesh Garg","Jonathan Booher","Max Spero","Albert Tung","Julian Gao","John Emmons","Anchit Gupta","Emre Orbay","Silvio Savarese","Li Fei-Fei"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1811-02790v1","title":"RoboTurk: A Crowdsourcing Platform for Robotic Skill Learning through Imitation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.02790v1","date":"2018-11-07"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"mandlekar-zhu-garg-et-al-roboturk-crowdsourced-teleoperation-2018","entry_id":"mandlekar-zhu-garg-et-al-roboturk-crowdsourced-teleoperation-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0571efe-dedc-4655-add8-1686486b2514","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:502a01958020bf371363ce061d026d434820e0f67ab554370f16ddfd043f7104"},"what_changed":"A person can demonstrate a robot-arm movement by moving a smartphone while watching a video stream. RoboTurk connects that familiar input to cloud-hosted robot simulations through low-latency communication. The 2018 platform collects a pilot set of more than 2,200 successful demonstrations and studies whether those examples help reinforcement learning explore sparse-reward tasks. Its contribution is the teleoperation and collection pipeline with its documented learning use, separate from the earlier ideas of imitation learning, WebRTC and PPO.","scope":"A person can demonstrate a robot-arm movement by moving a smartphone while watching a video stream. RoboTurk connects that familiar input to cloud-hosted robot simulations through low-latency communication. The 2018 platform collects a pilot set of more than 2,200 successful demonstrations and studies whether those examples help reinforcement learning explore sparse-reward tasks. Its contribution is the teleoperation and collection pipeline with its documented learning use, separate from the earlier ideas of imitation learning, WebRTC and PPO. The 2018 contribution uses simulated robots. A later real-robot extension has different authors and results and is not included in this award. The interface comparison involves eight students; failing to detect a difference from a VR controller does not prove equivalence. Cross-Pacific trials take longer. The paper gives inconsistent 20- versus 22-hour platform totals, so no reconciled exact total is asserted here. Demonstrations come from human workers; aggregate trajectory hours are not elapsed time. Learning returns are not success percentages, and benefits are not monotonic for every demonstration count.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b0571efe-dedc-4655-add8-1686486b2514","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:502a01958020bf371363ce061d026d434820e0f67ab554370f16ddfd043f7104"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tassa-doron-muldal-et-al-dmcontrol-task-software-2018","title":"DeepMind Control Suite: comparable continuous-control tasks","summary":"A reinforcement-learning result is easier to interpret when the task, observations and reward have a consistent definition. The 2018 DeepMind Control Suite supplies a collection of continuous-control tasks, Python interfaces and baseline evaluations built on MuJoCo. It separates physical domains from task objectives and uses a common reward scale for most benchmark tasks. This makes it easier to compare learning curves and inspect failure cases. The contribution here is the original benchmark resource and interface design, not the invention of MuJoCo or the algorithms evaluated with it.","boundary":"Most default observations are state-derived features, with pixel observations available separately. Fixed 1,000-step returns are evaluation proxies, not proofs about infinite-horizon performance. Baselines use different numbers of seeds and parallel actors; their settings are starting points, not upper bounds for each algorithm. Stability checks are empirical. The later 2020 dm_control account adds software and tasks with a different byline; those additions are not silently included in this 2018 award.","area":"Continuous-control benchmark infrastructure","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"tassa-doron-muldal-et-al-dmcontrol-task-software-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1b7d900-54eb-4b27-a863-fa1f093a6942","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:496c87a73abad1835c64e604700fd1005ad5e0258c7da273f90f9d281de6d360"},"humans":["Yuval Tassa","Yotam Doron","Alistair Muldal","Tom Erez","Yazhe Li","Diego de Las Casas","David Budden","Abbas Abdolmaleki","Josh Merel","Andrew Lefrancq","Timothy Lillicrap","Martin Riedmiller"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1801-00690v1","title":"DeepMind Control Suite","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00690v1","date":"2018-01-02"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"tassa-doron-muldal-et-al-dmcontrol-task-software-2018","entry_id":"tassa-doron-muldal-et-al-dmcontrol-task-software-2018","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1b7d900-54eb-4b27-a863-fa1f093a6942","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:496c87a73abad1835c64e604700fd1005ad5e0258c7da273f90f9d281de6d360"},"what_changed":"A reinforcement-learning result is easier to interpret when the task, observations and reward have a consistent definition. The 2018 DeepMind Control Suite supplies a collection of continuous-control tasks, Python interfaces and baseline evaluations built on MuJoCo. It separates physical domains from task objectives and uses a common reward scale for most benchmark tasks. This makes it easier to compare learning curves and inspect failure cases. The contribution here is the original benchmark resource and interface design, not the invention of MuJoCo or the algorithms evaluated with it.","scope":"A reinforcement-learning result is easier to interpret when the task, observations and reward have a consistent definition. The 2018 DeepMind Control Suite supplies a collection of continuous-control tasks, Python interfaces and baseline evaluations built on MuJoCo. It separates physical domains from task objectives and uses a common reward scale for most benchmark tasks. This makes it easier to compare learning curves and inspect failure cases. The contribution here is the original benchmark resource and interface design, not the invention of MuJoCo or the algorithms evaluated with it. Most default observations are state-derived features, with pixel observations available separately. Fixed 1,000-step returns are evaluation proxies, not proofs about infinite-horizon performance. Baselines use different numbers of seeds and parallel actors; their settings are starting points, not upper bounds for each algorithm. Stability checks are empirical. The later 2020 dm_control account adds software and tasks with a different byline; those additions are not silently included in this 2018 award.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e1b7d900-54eb-4b27-a863-fa1f093a6942","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:496c87a73abad1835c64e604700fd1005ad5e0258c7da273f90f9d281de6d360"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jaderberg-mnih-czarnecki-et-al-unreal-auxiliary-control-2016","title":"UNREAL: auxiliary learning tasks that improve a control representation","summary":"A game-playing agent learns more than a final score when it also practices useful auxiliary tasks. UNREAL adds pixel-change control, reward prediction and replayed value learning to an A3C agent, sharing parts of the visual and recurrent representation. These extra learning signals help the agent use its experience more effectively in the reported Labyrinth and Atari experiments. The contribution is the combined auxiliary-learning architecture and its finite evaluation, building on existing actor–critic, replay and off-policy methods.","boundary":"The base task still uses external rewards; “unsupervised” auxiliary learning is not a reward-free general agent. Reported Labyrinth mean performance rises from 54% to 87% on a human-normalized scale, about 1.61 times rather than more than twice. Step-efficiency estimates depend on a specified A3C target, selected runs and aggregation across tasks; they are not general wall-clock savings. Game scores do not measure general intelligence. Some alternative auxiliary losses hurt final performance, and feature-control results are preliminary.","area":"Reinforcement-learning representation learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"jaderberg-mnih-czarnecki-et-al-unreal-auxiliary-control-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36265b43-c12a-4f5f-a923-1eb6e58a222c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4cf8b67a5d49eba3764b069a422d649152735b7d05ebf608c5540b5af1329da6"},"humans":["Max Jaderberg","Volodymyr Mnih","Wojciech Marian Czarnecki","Tom Schaul","Joel Z Leibo","David Silver","Koray Kavukcuoglu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["deep-q-network"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1611-05397v1","title":"Reinforcement Learning with Unsupervised Auxiliary Tasks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.05397v1","date":"2016-11-16"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["GB"],"location_basis":"Original DeepMind byline explicitly London, UK. Work affiliation, not nationality or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.05397v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36265b43-c12a-4f5f-a923-1eb6e58a222c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4cf8b67a5d49eba3764b069a422d649152735b7d05ebf608c5540b5af1329da6"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Reinforcement Learning with Unsupervised Auxiliary Tasks","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.05397v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"GB":"United Kingdom"}},"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"jaderberg-mnih-czarnecki-et-al-unreal-auxiliary-control-2016","entry_id":"jaderberg-mnih-czarnecki-et-al-unreal-auxiliary-control-2016","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36265b43-c12a-4f5f-a923-1eb6e58a222c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4cf8b67a5d49eba3764b069a422d649152735b7d05ebf608c5540b5af1329da6"},"what_changed":"A game-playing agent learns more than a final score when it also practices useful auxiliary tasks. UNREAL adds pixel-change control, reward prediction and replayed value learning to an A3C agent, sharing parts of the visual and recurrent representation. These extra learning signals help the agent use its experience more effectively in the reported Labyrinth and Atari experiments. The contribution is the combined auxiliary-learning architecture and its finite evaluation, building on existing actor–critic, replay and off-policy methods.","scope":"A game-playing agent learns more than a final score when it also practices useful auxiliary tasks. UNREAL adds pixel-change control, reward prediction and replayed value learning to an A3C agent, sharing parts of the visual and recurrent representation. These extra learning signals help the agent use its experience more effectively in the reported Labyrinth and Atari experiments. The contribution is the combined auxiliary-learning architecture and its finite evaluation, building on existing actor–critic, replay and off-policy methods. The base task still uses external rewards; “unsupervised” auxiliary learning is not a reward-free general agent. Reported Labyrinth mean performance rises from 54% to 87% on a human-normalized scale, about 1.61 times rather than more than twice. Step-efficiency estimates depend on a specified A3C target, selected runs and aggregation across tasks; they are not general wall-clock savings. Game scores do not measure general intelligence. Some alternative auxiliary losses hurt final performance, and feature-control results are preliminary.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36265b43-c12a-4f5f-a923-1eb6e58a222c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4cf8b67a5d49eba3764b069a422d649152735b7d05ebf608c5540b5af1329da6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"silver-van-hasselt-hessel-et-al-predictron-abstract-value-model-2016","title":"Predictron: predicting value through an abstract internal rollout","summary":"A model need not paint every future image to estimate whether a situation is promising. The Predictron learns an internal sequence of abstract states, rewards and discounts, combines predictions at several depths and trains them against return targets. Its internal states need to support useful value predictions rather than reproduce the visible environment exactly. Silver and colleagues test the approach on maze-related predictions and simulated pool. The contribution is this learned value-prediction architecture and its training design.","boundary":"The main formulation predicts values in uncontrolled reward processes, rather than supplying a general action-conditional planner. A limited pool experiment ranks candidate initial settings; pocketing-event counts are not automatically percentages of successful episodes. Internal consistency supplements observed supervision and does not prove the model represents true physical dynamics. Learned depth weights do not themselves show that unused computation was skipped. Existing temporal-difference ideas, recurrent networks and later planning systems retain separate credit.","area":"Model-based value prediction","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"silver-van-hasselt-hessel-et-al-predictron-abstract-value-model-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:346b9cb2-afd2-4b54-accf-50127d6724d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a07e6b03b81efafd5379569095544b594d8d1bb3a9c569adf72a1e50a5f2972"},"humans":["David Silver","Hado van Hasselt","Matteo Hessel","Tom Schaul","Arthur Guez","Tim Harley","Gabriel Dulac-Arnold","David Reichert","Neil Rabinowitz","Andre Barreto","Thomas Degris"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["deep-q-network"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1612-08810v1","title":"The Predictron: End-To-End Learning and Planning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08810v1","date":"2016-12-28"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["GB"],"location_basis":"Original DeepMind byline explicitly London. Work affiliation, not nationality or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08810v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:346b9cb2-afd2-4b54-accf-50127d6724d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a07e6b03b81efafd5379569095544b594d8d1bb3a9c569adf72a1e50a5f2972"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"The Predictron: End-To-End Learning and Planning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08810v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"GB":"United Kingdom"}},"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"silver-van-hasselt-hessel-et-al-predictron-abstract-value-model-2016","entry_id":"silver-van-hasselt-hessel-et-al-predictron-abstract-value-model-2016","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:346b9cb2-afd2-4b54-accf-50127d6724d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a07e6b03b81efafd5379569095544b594d8d1bb3a9c569adf72a1e50a5f2972"},"what_changed":"A model need not paint every future image to estimate whether a situation is promising. The Predictron learns an internal sequence of abstract states, rewards and discounts, combines predictions at several depths and trains them against return targets. Its internal states need to support useful value predictions rather than reproduce the visible environment exactly. Silver and colleagues test the approach on maze-related predictions and simulated pool. The contribution is this learned value-prediction architecture and its training design.","scope":"A model need not paint every future image to estimate whether a situation is promising. The Predictron learns an internal sequence of abstract states, rewards and discounts, combines predictions at several depths and trains them against return targets. Its internal states need to support useful value predictions rather than reproduce the visible environment exactly. Silver and colleagues test the approach on maze-related predictions and simulated pool. The contribution is this learned value-prediction architecture and its training design. The main formulation predicts values in uncontrolled reward processes, rather than supplying a general action-conditional planner. A limited pool experiment ranks candidate initial settings; pocketing-event counts are not automatically percentages of successful episodes. Internal consistency supplements observed supervision and does not prove the model represents true physical dynamics. Learned depth weights do not themselves show that unused computation was skipped. Existing temporal-difference ideas, recurrent networks and later planning systems retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:346b9cb2-afd2-4b54-accf-50127d6724d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5a07e6b03b81efafd5379569095544b594d8d1bb3a9c569adf72a1e50a5f2972"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"oh-singh-lee-value-prediction-network-2017","title":"Value Prediction Networks: planning with abstract rewards and values","summary":"An observation-based planner tries to predict what it will see after an action. A Value Prediction Network instead learns action-option-dependent changes in an abstract state and predicts rewards, discounts and future values. It can expand several possible options and back up their estimated returns without generating future images. Oh, Singh and Lee combine this lookahead with multistep learning and evaluate it in a collection task and selected Atari games. This adds controlled planning to the abstract-value approach, rather than re-awarding the earlier uncontrolled Predictron.","boundary":"The search uses a restricted branching heuristic and hand-designed options. An abstract state is not proved to be an exact representation of every relevant future. Deeper planning beyond the training range is not guaranteed to help. The Atari comparison improves seven of nine games and uses selected top agents, with a frame-skip setting that affects comparisons. These are finite results, not an optimal-policy theorem, universal noise robustness or the later MuZero system.","area":"Model-based reinforcement learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"oh-singh-lee-value-prediction-network-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35d65c1f-22dc-47f9-a9b0-fc3a2c7717f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec352f41ae9f393b61295ab833f609d4d9bac2f9357b9678ddce4a4e9bdb6aab"},"humans":["Junhyuk Oh","Satinder Singh","Honglak Lee"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["deep-q-network"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1707-03497v1","title":"Value Prediction Network","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.03497v1","date":"2017-07-11"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"oh-singh-lee-value-prediction-network-2017","entry_id":"oh-singh-lee-value-prediction-network-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35d65c1f-22dc-47f9-a9b0-fc3a2c7717f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec352f41ae9f393b61295ab833f609d4d9bac2f9357b9678ddce4a4e9bdb6aab"},"what_changed":"An observation-based planner tries to predict what it will see after an action. A Value Prediction Network instead learns action-option-dependent changes in an abstract state and predicts rewards, discounts and future values. It can expand several possible options and back up their estimated returns without generating future images. Oh, Singh and Lee combine this lookahead with multistep learning and evaluate it in a collection task and selected Atari games. This adds controlled planning to the abstract-value approach, rather than re-awarding the earlier uncontrolled Predictron.","scope":"An observation-based planner tries to predict what it will see after an action. A Value Prediction Network instead learns action-option-dependent changes in an abstract state and predicts rewards, discounts and future values. It can expand several possible options and back up their estimated returns without generating future images. Oh, Singh and Lee combine this lookahead with multistep learning and evaluate it in a collection task and selected Atari games. This adds controlled planning to the abstract-value approach, rather than re-awarding the earlier uncontrolled Predictron. The search uses a restricted branching heuristic and hand-designed options. An abstract state is not proved to be an exact representation of every relevant future. Deeper planning beyond the training range is not guaranteed to help. The Atari comparison improves seven of nine games and uses selected top agents, with a frame-skip setting that affects comparisons. These are finite results, not an optimal-policy theorem, universal noise robustness or the later MuZero system.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:35d65c1f-22dc-47f9-a9b0-fc3a2c7717f9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec352f41ae9f393b61295ab833f609d4d9bac2f9357b9678ddce4a4e9bdb6aab"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cobbe-klimov-et-al-coinrun-procgen-generalization-2018","title":"CoinRun: separating training levels from generalization tests","summary":"An agent may master its training game levels yet struggle with a new layout. CoinRun makes this gap measurable by generating many levels and comparing performance on training sets of different sizes with zero-shot test performance. Cobbe and colleagues use the benchmark to study network size, regularization and visual augmentation, and show that substantial overfitting can persist even with many training levels. The contribution is the 2018 evaluation resource and its controlled comparisons; earlier generalization studies and the algorithms being tested retain separate credit.","boundary":"The main tests use harder levels than the mixed-difficulty training distribution, and the CoinRun observations include painted velocity information. Reported comparisons use finite seeds and budgets; dropout receives longer training than the L2 comparison. Combining interventions does not always help. Random level generation is not literally infinite or proof of zero overlap. The 2019 Procgen suite is a later, differently authored extension and is not included in this 2018 score. No model receives scientific-discovery credit merely for being evaluated.","area":"Reinforcement-learning evaluation and generalization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"cobbe-klimov-et-al-coinrun-procgen-generalization-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:60363242-d875-46e8-a926-b0f04ff0fe20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:757e21056e8b145d906a47076f08b0b5193f4a7112b4d41dd35c0f04823537c8"},"humans":["Karl Cobbe","Oleg Klimov","Chris Hesse","Taehoon Kim","John Schulman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["deep-q-network"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-1812-02341v1","title":"Quantifying Generalization in Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02341v1","date":"2018-12-06"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"cobbe-klimov-et-al-coinrun-procgen-generalization-2018","entry_id":"cobbe-klimov-et-al-coinrun-procgen-generalization-2018","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:60363242-d875-46e8-a926-b0f04ff0fe20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:757e21056e8b145d906a47076f08b0b5193f4a7112b4d41dd35c0f04823537c8"},"what_changed":"An agent may master its training game levels yet struggle with a new layout. CoinRun makes this gap measurable by generating many levels and comparing performance on training sets of different sizes with zero-shot test performance. Cobbe and colleagues use the benchmark to study network size, regularization and visual augmentation, and show that substantial overfitting can persist even with many training levels. The contribution is the 2018 evaluation resource and its controlled comparisons; earlier generalization studies and the algorithms being tested retain separate credit.","scope":"An agent may master its training game levels yet struggle with a new layout. CoinRun makes this gap measurable by generating many levels and comparing performance on training sets of different sizes with zero-shot test performance. Cobbe and colleagues use the benchmark to study network size, regularization and visual augmentation, and show that substantial overfitting can persist even with many training levels. The contribution is the 2018 evaluation resource and its controlled comparisons; earlier generalization studies and the algorithms being tested retain separate credit. The main tests use harder levels than the mixed-difficulty training distribution, and the CoinRun observations include painted velocity information. Reported comparisons use finite seeds and budgets; dropout receives longer training than the L2 comparison. Combining interventions does not always help. Random level generation is not literally infinite or proof of zero overlap. The 2019 Procgen suite is a later, differently authored extension and is not included in this 2018 score. No model receives scientific-discovery credit merely for being evaluated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:60363242-d875-46e8-a926-b0f04ff0fe20","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:757e21056e8b145d906a47076f08b0b5193f4a7112b4d41dd35c0f04823537c8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"severini-egoroff-almost-uniform-convergence-1910","title":"Pointwise convergence becomes uniform after a small exceptional set is removed","summary":"Imagine that each point of an interval settles toward its own final value, but different points settle at different speeds. Egoroff shows that, for measurable functions converging almost everywhere on a finite interval, one can remove a set with arbitrarily small positive measure and obtain uniform convergence on what remains. Uniform means that one sufficiently late stage works for every retained point. Severini had developed the small-exceptional-set mechanism in a 1910 study of convergent orthogonal-function expansions. Egoroff's 1911 note gives the general measurable-sequence statement. The two original papers form one historical contribution family, with separate author roles.","boundary":"The removed set can depend on the allowed measure loss. The conclusion does not generally follow by deleting only one null set, does not give a universal convergence rate and does not hold on arbitrary infinite-measure domains. Severini's paper has weighted square-integrable orthogonal-expansion assumptions; it does not prove that all Fourier series converge. Earlier work by Lebesgue, Fischer and others retains its own credit.","area":"Measure theory and convergence","topic":"Mathematics","year":1910,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"severini-egoroff-almost-uniform-convergence-1910","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e32b22e0-3435-4b72-ae37-e8939dcc1480","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cabe80ca9062a4ff7f3f2b1ac2f6beffa174c7d286f8a39a61dc18525f88260"},"humans":["Carlo Severini","D.-Th. Egoroff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-severini-orthogonal-expansions-1910","title":"Sopra gli sviluppi in serie di funzioni ortogonali (1910MemoriaXI,1–7;black-and-white full-volume container)","url":"https://archive.org/download/attidellaccademi5319acca/attidellaccademi5319acca_bw.pdf","date":"1910"},{"id":"cur20261020-egoroff-measurable-sequences-1911","title":"Sur les suites de fonctions mesurables (CR152,244–246;30January1911 issue container)","url":"https://archive.org/download/comptes-rendus-hebdomadaires-academie-des-sciences_1911-01-30_152_5/comptes-rendus-hebdomadaires-academie-des-sciences_1911-01-30_152_5.pdf","date":"1911-01-30"}],"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"severini-egoroff-almost-uniform-convergence-1910","entry_id":"severini-egoroff-almost-uniform-convergence-1910","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e32b22e0-3435-4b72-ae37-e8939dcc1480","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cabe80ca9062a4ff7f3f2b1ac2f6beffa174c7d286f8a39a61dc18525f88260"},"what_changed":"Imagine that each point of an interval settles toward its own final value, but different points settle at different speeds. Egoroff shows that, for measurable functions converging almost everywhere on a finite interval, one can remove a set with arbitrarily small positive measure and obtain uniform convergence on what remains. Uniform means that one sufficiently late stage works for every retained point. Severini had developed the small-exceptional-set mechanism in a 1910 study of convergent orthogonal-function expansions. Egoroff's 1911 note gives the general measurable-sequence statement. The two original papers form one historical contribution family, with separate author roles.","scope":"Imagine that each point of an interval settles toward its own final value, but different points settle at different speeds. Egoroff shows that, for measurable functions converging almost everywhere on a finite interval, one can remove a set with arbitrarily small positive measure and obtain uniform convergence on what remains. Uniform means that one sufficiently late stage works for every retained point. Severini had developed the small-exceptional-set mechanism in a 1910 study of convergent orthogonal-function expansions. Egoroff's 1911 note gives the general measurable-sequence statement. The two original papers form one historical contribution family, with separate author roles. The removed set can depend on the allowed measure loss. The conclusion does not generally follow by deleting only one null set, does not give a universal convergence rate and does not hold on arbitrary infinite-measure domains. Severini's paper has weighted square-integrable orthogonal-expansion assumptions; it does not prove that all Fourier series converge. Earlier work by Lebesgue, Fischer and others retains its own credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e32b22e0-3435-4b72-ae37-e8939dcc1480","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cabe80ca9062a4ff7f3f2b1ac2f6beffa174c7d286f8a39a61dc18525f88260"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"khintchine-metric-rational-approximation-integral-test-1924","title":"Khintchine: an integral decides how often typical numbers have very close fractions","summary":"Fractions approximate irrational numbers, but how often can they meet a chosen accuracy target? Khintchine's 1924 theorem gives a threshold for almost every real number. In the original statement, a positive continuous function f specifies the error bound f(q)/q for denominator q, and x f(x) must decrease. If the improper integral of f diverges, almost every number has infinitely many fractions meeting that bound. If it converges, almost every number has only finitely many. Continued fractions connect the divergent case to earlier estimates of Bernstein. The contribution is this original metric threshold, rather than a claim about every particular irrational.","boundary":"Almost every allows an exceptional set of Lebesgue measure zero, which can depend on f. The original continuity and monotonicity assumptions are retained; later weaker versions are not attributed to this paper. The manuscript is dated September 1923 and the volume was published in 1924. A preliminary geometric-mean bound in the same paper is distinct from the exact constant proved in 1935.","area":"Metric Diophantine approximation","topic":"Mathematics","year":1924,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"khintchine-metric-rational-approximation-integral-test-1924","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14e8b644-82be-42d6-a72e-3ad1d9ff6cd5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:684e455e8e227bf46e041c2408ea22bdc3b5879ca0a5984afc6a858e86cbb6ee"},"humans":["A. Khintchine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-khintchine-kettenbrueche-1924","title":"Einige Sätze über Kettenbrüche, mit Anwendungen auf die Theorie der Diophantischen Approximationen (Mathematische Annalen92,115–125)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0092/LOG_0015.pdf","date":"1924"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["RU"],"location_basis":"Original byline explicitly says Moscow; final manuscript date also identifies Moscow. Present-day location labels follow the retained platform convention; they do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or territorial jurisdiction at the historical date.","source_url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0092/LOG_0015.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14e8b644-82be-42d6-a72e-3ad1d9ff6cd5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:684e455e8e227bf46e041c2408ea22bdc3b5879ca0a5984afc6a858e86cbb6ee"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Einige Sätze über Kettenbrüche, mit Anwendungen auf die Theorie der Diophantischen Approximationen (Mathematische Annalen92,115–125)","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN235181684_0092/LOG_0015.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"RU":"Russia"}},"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"khintchine-metric-rational-approximation-integral-test-1924","entry_id":"khintchine-metric-rational-approximation-integral-test-1924","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14e8b644-82be-42d6-a72e-3ad1d9ff6cd5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:684e455e8e227bf46e041c2408ea22bdc3b5879ca0a5984afc6a858e86cbb6ee"},"what_changed":"Fractions approximate irrational numbers, but how often can they meet a chosen accuracy target? Khintchine's 1924 theorem gives a threshold for almost every real number. In the original statement, a positive continuous function f specifies the error bound f(q)/q for denominator q, and x f(x) must decrease. If the improper integral of f diverges, almost every number has infinitely many fractions meeting that bound. If it converges, almost every number has only finitely many. Continued fractions connect the divergent case to earlier estimates of Bernstein. The contribution is this original metric threshold, rather than a claim about every particular irrational.","scope":"Fractions approximate irrational numbers, but how often can they meet a chosen accuracy target? Khintchine's 1924 theorem gives a threshold for almost every real number. In the original statement, a positive continuous function f specifies the error bound f(q)/q for denominator q, and x f(x) must decrease. If the improper integral of f diverges, almost every number has infinitely many fractions meeting that bound. If it converges, almost every number has only finitely many. Continued fractions connect the divergent case to earlier estimates of Bernstein. The contribution is this original metric threshold, rather than a claim about every particular irrational. Almost every allows an exceptional set of Lebesgue measure zero, which can depend on f. The original continuity and monotonicity assumptions are retained; later weaker versions are not attributed to this paper. The manuscript is dated September 1923 and the volume was published in 1924. A preliminary geometric-mean bound in the same paper is distinct from the exact constant proved in 1935.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:14e8b644-82be-42d6-a72e-3ad1d9ff6cd5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:684e455e8e227bf46e041c2408ea22bdc3b5879ca0a5984afc6a858e86cbb6ee"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"khintchine-almost-everywhere-continued-fraction-geometric-mean-1935","title":"Khintchine: a common geometric mean hidden in almost every continued fraction","summary":"A continued fraction represents a number through successive positive integer partial quotients. Individual quotients can fluctuate greatly, yet Khintchine proves that their geometric mean approaches the same absolute constant for almost every number. A more general theorem handles nonnegative functions of the quotients with a specified growth bound; applying it to their logarithms gives the geometric-mean result. The proof uses quantitative estimates of how widely separated quotients approach independence. This makes a precise long-run regularity visible inside irregular-looking expansions. The result strengthens the author's earlier boundedness estimate rather than repeating it.","boundary":"The statement concerns almost every number under Lebesgue measure, not every irrational or a guaranteed accuracy after a fixed number of terms. The growth assumption on the observable matters. Ordinary arithmetic means of the quotients do not share this finite constant. The article was received in 1934 and published in 1935; Kuzmin's earlier estimates retain their role as an input.","area":"Metric number theory and continued fractions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1935,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"khintchine-almost-everywhere-continued-fraction-geometric-mean-1935","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a6d5e7e-f471-4829-a8a5-07b9223faad8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:78b5ec56a77473527a07d9f333d867f81b455674b174e05f4f0b39ae4d636bc3"},"humans":["A. Khintchine"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-khintchine-metrische-kettenbruchprobleme-1935","title":"Metrische Kettenbruchprobleme (Compositio Mathematica 1, 361–382)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1935__1__361_0.pdf","date":"1935"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["RU"],"location_basis":"Original byline explicitly says Moscow. Present-day location labels follow the retained platform convention; they do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or territorial jurisdiction at the historical date.","source_url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1935__1__361_0.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a6d5e7e-f471-4829-a8a5-07b9223faad8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:78b5ec56a77473527a07d9f333d867f81b455674b174e05f4f0b39ae4d636bc3"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Metrische Kettenbruchprobleme (Compositio Mathematica 1, 361–382)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1935__1__361_0.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"RU":"Russia"}},"points":"200000","published_grade":{"id":"khintchine-almost-everywhere-continued-fraction-geometric-mean-1935","entry_id":"khintchine-almost-everywhere-continued-fraction-geometric-mean-1935","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a6d5e7e-f471-4829-a8a5-07b9223faad8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:78b5ec56a77473527a07d9f333d867f81b455674b174e05f4f0b39ae4d636bc3"},"what_changed":"A continued fraction represents a number through successive positive integer partial quotients. Individual quotients can fluctuate greatly, yet Khintchine proves that their geometric mean approaches the same absolute constant for almost every number. A more general theorem handles nonnegative functions of the quotients with a specified growth bound; applying it to their logarithms gives the geometric-mean result. The proof uses quantitative estimates of how widely separated quotients approach independence. This makes a precise long-run regularity visible inside irregular-looking expansions. The result strengthens the author's earlier boundedness estimate rather than repeating it.","scope":"A continued fraction represents a number through successive positive integer partial quotients. Individual quotients can fluctuate greatly, yet Khintchine proves that their geometric mean approaches the same absolute constant for almost every number. A more general theorem handles nonnegative functions of the quotients with a specified growth bound; applying it to their logarithms gives the geometric-mean result. The proof uses quantitative estimates of how widely separated quotients approach independence. This makes a precise long-run regularity visible inside irregular-looking expansions. The result strengthens the author's earlier boundedness estimate rather than repeating it. The statement concerns almost every number under Lebesgue measure, not every irrational or a guaranteed accuracy after a fixed number of terms. The growth assumption on the observable matters. Ordinary arithmetic means of the quotients do not share this finite constant. The article was received in 1934 and published in 1935; Kuzmin's earlier estimates retain their role as an input.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3a6d5e7e-f471-4829-a8a5-07b9223faad8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:78b5ec56a77473527a07d9f333d867f81b455674b174e05f4f0b39ae4d636bc3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"khintchine-levy-continued-fraction-denominator-growth-1936","title":"Khintchine and Lévy: the typical exponential growth of continued-fraction denominators","summary":"Successive convergents of a continued fraction have denominators q_n. These control both the size of the fractions and their approximation accuracy. Khintchine proves that the nth root of q_n approaches a common absolute constant for almost every number. His argument compares the full denominator ratio with a finite block and controls the truncation error. In a separate paper, Lévy identifies the constant as exp(pi squared divided by 12 log 2). Lévy explicitly credits Khintchine's existence result in a later-added note. This record preserves the existence and evaluation contributions as one result family, rather than inventing a joint paper.","boundary":"The claim is almost everywhere, not a bound for every irrational or a universal finite-term error guarantee. The constant describes denominator growth, not the geometric mean of the partial quotients. Khintchine's article was received in February 1935 and published in 1936; Lévy's added note records receipt in July 1935. Their earlier probability and continued-fraction inputs retain separate credit.","area":"Metric number theory and continued fractions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1936,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"khintchine-levy-continued-fraction-denominator-growth-1936","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ddd05de6-20e4-4729-abe5-53b39808ca38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3d85278a82777b161c6685ef254dbe0ddd7a9aeb29050a981332e43641ea74a2"},"humans":["A. Khintchine","Paul Lévy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-khintchine-metrische-kettenbruchtheorie-1936","title":"Zur metrischen Kettenbruchtheorie (Compositio Mathematica 3, 276–285)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1936__3__276_0.pdf","date":"1936"},{"id":"cur20261020-levy-fraction-continue-1936","title":"Sur le développement en fraction continue d’un nombre choisi au hasard (Compositio Mathematica 3, 286–303)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1936__3__286_0.pdf","date":"1936"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["RU","FR"],"location_basis":"Original Khintchine byline gives Moscow; original Lévy byline gives Paris. Both separate original papers are covered. Present-day location labels follow the retained platform convention; they do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or territorial jurisdiction at the historical date.","source_url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1936__3__276_0.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ddd05de6-20e4-4729-abe5-53b39808ca38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3d85278a82777b161c6685ef254dbe0ddd7a9aeb29050a981332e43641ea74a2"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Zur metrischen Kettenbruchtheorie (Compositio Mathematica 3, 276–285)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1936__3__276_0.pdf"},{"title":"Sur le développement en fraction continue d’un nombre choisi au hasard (Compositio Mathematica 3, 286–303)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1936__3__286_0.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"RU":"Russia","FR":"France"}},"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"khintchine-levy-continued-fraction-denominator-growth-1936","entry_id":"khintchine-levy-continued-fraction-denominator-growth-1936","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ddd05de6-20e4-4729-abe5-53b39808ca38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3d85278a82777b161c6685ef254dbe0ddd7a9aeb29050a981332e43641ea74a2"},"what_changed":"Successive convergents of a continued fraction have denominators q_n. These control both the size of the fractions and their approximation accuracy. Khintchine proves that the nth root of q_n approaches a common absolute constant for almost every number. His argument compares the full denominator ratio with a finite block and controls the truncation error. In a separate paper, Lévy identifies the constant as exp(pi squared divided by 12 log 2). Lévy explicitly credits Khintchine's existence result in a later-added note. This record preserves the existence and evaluation contributions as one result family, rather than inventing a joint paper.","scope":"Successive convergents of a continued fraction have denominators q_n. These control both the size of the fractions and their approximation accuracy. Khintchine proves that the nth root of q_n approaches a common absolute constant for almost every number. His argument compares the full denominator ratio with a finite block and controls the truncation error. In a separate paper, Lévy identifies the constant as exp(pi squared divided by 12 log 2). Lévy explicitly credits Khintchine's existence result in a later-added note. This record preserves the existence and evaluation contributions as one result family, rather than inventing a joint paper. The claim is almost everywhere, not a bound for every irrational or a universal finite-term error guarantee. The constant describes denominator growth, not the geometric mean of the partial quotients. Khintchine's article was received in February 1935 and published in 1936; Lévy's added note records receipt in July 1935. Their earlier probability and continued-fraction inputs retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ddd05de6-20e4-4729-abe5-53b39808ca38","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3d85278a82777b161c6685ef254dbe0ddd7a9aeb29050a981332e43641ea74a2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"muntz-szasz-power-system-density-criterion-1914","title":"Müntz and Szász: when a sparse collection of powers still approximates every curve","summary":"Ordinary polynomials use all whole-number powers. What happens if most powers are unavailable? For increasing positive real exponents p_n, Müntz shows that finite combinations of 1 and x raised to those powers approximate every continuous function on [0,1] exactly when the sum of 1/p_n diverges. Szász later simplifies the proof and extends its scope to complex exponents. When their real parts stay above a fixed positive constant, he obtains an exact corresponding criterion. The contribution identifies a boundary between complete and incomplete approximation systems, building on Weierstrass and Bernstein's question.","boundary":"Density of finite combinations does not mean a unique series expansion or a prescribed approximation speed. The constant 1 is needed for functions nonzero at the origin. Szász's unrestricted positive-real-part complex case has different necessary and sufficient conditions, so it is not presented as a universal equivalence. Later full results for exponents accumulating at zero are outside this original scope.","area":"Approximation theory and completeness of function systems","topic":"Mathematics","year":1914,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"muntz-szasz-power-system-density-criterion-1914","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2aca7e8-aba1-41f7-a625-9586fcddb91a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:00fbf3b23953ef95648cc22f302e79d9c7f5f70c094451fe2708a034686a434b"},"humans":["Ch. H. Müntz","Otto Szász"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-muntz-approximation-1914","title":"Über den Approximationssatz von Weierstraß, Schwarz Festschrift pp303–312","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/muntz.pdf","date":"1914"},{"id":"cur20261020-szasz-power-approximation-1916","title":"Über die Approximation stetiger Funktionen durch lineare Aggregate von Potenzen, Mathematische Annalen77 pp482–496","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/szasz1916.pdf","date":"1916"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["DE"],"location_basis":"Original Müntz byline gives Munich; original Szász byline gives Frankfurt am Main. Both source-specific contributions are covered. Present-day location labels follow the retained platform convention; they do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or territorial jurisdiction at the historical date.","source_url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/muntz.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2aca7e8-aba1-41f7-a625-9586fcddb91a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:00fbf3b23953ef95648cc22f302e79d9c7f5f70c094451fe2708a034686a434b"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Über den Approximationssatz von Weierstraß, Schwarz Festschrift pp303–312","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/muntz.pdf"},{"title":"Über die Approximation stetiger Funktionen durch lineare Aggregate von Potenzen, Mathematische Annalen77 pp482–496","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/szasz1916.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"DE":"Germany"}},"points":"330000","published_grade":{"id":"muntz-szasz-power-system-density-criterion-1914","entry_id":"muntz-szasz-power-system-density-criterion-1914","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2aca7e8-aba1-41f7-a625-9586fcddb91a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:00fbf3b23953ef95648cc22f302e79d9c7f5f70c094451fe2708a034686a434b"},"what_changed":"Ordinary polynomials use all whole-number powers. What happens if most powers are unavailable? For increasing positive real exponents p_n, Müntz shows that finite combinations of 1 and x raised to those powers approximate every continuous function on [0,1] exactly when the sum of 1/p_n diverges. Szász later simplifies the proof and extends its scope to complex exponents. When their real parts stay above a fixed positive constant, he obtains an exact corresponding criterion. The contribution identifies a boundary between complete and incomplete approximation systems, building on Weierstrass and Bernstein's question.","scope":"Ordinary polynomials use all whole-number powers. What happens if most powers are unavailable? For increasing positive real exponents p_n, Müntz shows that finite combinations of 1 and x raised to those powers approximate every continuous function on [0,1] exactly when the sum of 1/p_n diverges. Szász later simplifies the proof and extends its scope to complex exponents. When their real parts stay above a fixed positive constant, he obtains an exact corresponding criterion. The contribution identifies a boundary between complete and incomplete approximation systems, building on Weierstrass and Bernstein's question. Density of finite combinations does not mean a unique series expansion or a prescribed approximation speed. The constant 1 is needed for functions nonzero at the origin. Szász's unrestricted positive-real-part complex case has different necessary and sufficient conditions, so it is not presented as a universal equivalence. Later full results for exponents accumulating at zero are outside this original scope.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a2aca7e8-aba1-41f7-a625-9586fcddb91a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:00fbf3b23953ef95648cc22f302e79d9c7f5f70c094451fe2708a034686a434b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sierpinski-lebesgue-absolutely-normal-number-specification-1917","title":"Sierpiński and Lebesgue: specifying a number with balanced digits in every base","summary":"A normal number has the expected long-run frequencies of digit blocks; absolute normality requires this in every integer base. Borel had already shown that almost every number has this property. Sierpiński supplies an elementary exceptional-interval argument and specifies one such number using the infimum of a carefully defined complement. Lebesgue's companion article explains a complementary selection method using nested decimal intervals and a controllable bound on the lengths excluded. Their papers bridge a bare existence statement and the specification of an individual example. They are separate works in one historical contribution family.","boundary":"Historical effective determination is not automatically an efficient or formally certified computable-digit algorithm. Lebesgue's operational selection needs numerical cover information and control of its remaining length; it is not an algorithm for every abstract measurable set. His normal-tail calculation is a sketch with an explicit error-control qualification. No normality claim for pi, e or the square root of two follows. Borel retains credit for the earlier full-measure theorem.","area":"Metric number theory and constructive specification","topic":"Mathematics","year":1917,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"sierpinski-lebesgue-absolutely-normal-number-specification-1917","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e47c5f5-3f8f-4c81-aa69-db6eaf6e8fc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1d2e242fdf843c510fe9c541f1e953b618ac4c0630fb35cce29ac07cd8be100"},"humans":["W. Sierpinski","H. Lebesgue"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-sierpinski-absolutely-normal-specification-1917","title":"Démonstration élémentaire du théorème de M. Borel sur les nombres absolument normaux et détermination effective d'un tel nombre, BSMF45 pp125–132","url":"https://www.numdam.org/article/BSMF_1917__45__125_1.pdf","date":"1917"},{"id":"cur20261020-lebesgue-existence-normal-specification-1917","title":"Sur certaines démonstrations d'existence, BSMF45 pp132–144","url":"https://www.numdam.org/article/BSMF_1917__45__132_1.pdf","date":"1917"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"sierpinski-lebesgue-absolutely-normal-number-specification-1917","entry_id":"sierpinski-lebesgue-absolutely-normal-number-specification-1917","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e47c5f5-3f8f-4c81-aa69-db6eaf6e8fc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1d2e242fdf843c510fe9c541f1e953b618ac4c0630fb35cce29ac07cd8be100"},"what_changed":"A normal number has the expected long-run frequencies of digit blocks; absolute normality requires this in every integer base. Borel had already shown that almost every number has this property. Sierpiński supplies an elementary exceptional-interval argument and specifies one such number using the infimum of a carefully defined complement. Lebesgue's companion article explains a complementary selection method using nested decimal intervals and a controllable bound on the lengths excluded. Their papers bridge a bare existence statement and the specification of an individual example. They are separate works in one historical contribution family.","scope":"A normal number has the expected long-run frequencies of digit blocks; absolute normality requires this in every integer base. Borel had already shown that almost every number has this property. Sierpiński supplies an elementary exceptional-interval argument and specifies one such number using the infimum of a carefully defined complement. Lebesgue's companion article explains a complementary selection method using nested decimal intervals and a controllable bound on the lengths excluded. Their papers bridge a bare existence statement and the specification of an individual example. They are separate works in one historical contribution family. Historical effective determination is not automatically an efficient or formally certified computable-digit algorithm. Lebesgue's operational selection needs numerical cover information and control of its remaining length; it is not an algorithm for every abstract measurable set. His normal-tail calculation is a sketch with an explicit error-control qualification. No normality claim for pi, e or the square root of two follows. Borel retains credit for the earlier full-measure theorem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5e47c5f5-3f8f-4c81-aa69-db6eaf6e8fc7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e1d2e242fdf843c510fe9c541f1e953b618ac4c0630fb35cce29ac07cd8be100"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jackson-lipschitz-polynomial-approximation-order-1911","title":"Jackson: a quantitative speed for approximating Lipschitz functions by polynomials","summary":"Weierstrass guarantees that a continuous curve can be approximated by polynomials, but does not give one useful speed for all continuous curves. Jackson adds a regularity condition: the change in the function must be bounded by a constant times the change in its input. For such a Lipschitz function on a compact interval, he constructs polynomials of degree at most n whose largest error is bounded by a constant divided by n. His route first smooths the curve with a fourth-power sinc kernel, then replaces that kernel by a polynomial while tracking error and degree. This supplies a quantitative approximation capability.","boundary":"The constant depends on the function and interval; the theorem does not give the same rate for all continuous functions, a sharp best constant or convergence of ordinary Fourier partial sums. The linked archival scan repeats printed page 18 and omits page 19. Its theorem statement is available, but the scan has this gap in the construction. Other dissertation extensions are outside this contribution.","area":"Approximation theory","topic":"Mathematics","year":1911,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"jackson-lipschitz-polynomial-approximation-order-1911","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03d1650a-0d2c-4c91-a070-edabb14e1dae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c0056aa030c9a76fd09562f76646d842f7553533cbed9797c6cec61651013f2"},"humans":["Dunham Jackson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-jackson-approximation-thesis-1911","title":"Über die Genauigkeit der Annäherung stetiger Funktionen durch ganze rationale Funktionen gegebenen Grades und trigonometrische Summen gegebener Ordnung","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/jackson1911.pdf","date":"1911"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["DE"],"location_basis":"The1911dissertation identifies the Georg-August University at Göttingen and its prize/degree context. The author origin Bridgewater,Massachusetts is not substituted for the research location. Present-day location labels follow the retained platform convention; they do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or territorial jurisdiction at the historical date.","source_url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/jackson1911.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03d1650a-0d2c-4c91-a070-edabb14e1dae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c0056aa030c9a76fd09562f76646d842f7553533cbed9797c6cec61651013f2"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Über die Genauigkeit der Annäherung stetiger Funktionen durch ganze rationale Funktionen gegebenen Grades und trigonometrische Summen gegebener Ordnung","url":"https://history-of-approximation-theory.com/fpapers/jackson1911.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"DE":"Germany"}},"points":"340000","published_grade":{"id":"jackson-lipschitz-polynomial-approximation-order-1911","entry_id":"jackson-lipschitz-polynomial-approximation-order-1911","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03d1650a-0d2c-4c91-a070-edabb14e1dae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c0056aa030c9a76fd09562f76646d842f7553533cbed9797c6cec61651013f2"},"what_changed":"Weierstrass guarantees that a continuous curve can be approximated by polynomials, but does not give one useful speed for all continuous curves. Jackson adds a regularity condition: the change in the function must be bounded by a constant times the change in its input. For such a Lipschitz function on a compact interval, he constructs polynomials of degree at most n whose largest error is bounded by a constant divided by n. His route first smooths the curve with a fourth-power sinc kernel, then replaces that kernel by a polynomial while tracking error and degree. This supplies a quantitative approximation capability.","scope":"Weierstrass guarantees that a continuous curve can be approximated by polynomials, but does not give one useful speed for all continuous curves. Jackson adds a regularity condition: the change in the function must be bounded by a constant times the change in its input. For such a Lipschitz function on a compact interval, he constructs polynomials of degree at most n whose largest error is bounded by a constant divided by n. His route first smooths the curve with a fourth-power sinc kernel, then replaces that kernel by a polynomial while tracking error and degree. This supplies a quantitative approximation capability. The constant depends on the function and interval; the theorem does not give the same rate for all continuous functions, a sharp best constant or convergence of ordinary Fourier partial sums. The linked archival scan repeats printed page 18 and omits page 19. Its theorem statement is available, but the scan has this gap in the construction. Other dissertation extensions are outside this contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03d1650a-0d2c-4c91-a070-edabb14e1dae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8c0056aa030c9a76fd09562f76646d842f7553533cbed9797c6cec61651013f2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fabry-sparse-power-series-natural-boundary-1896","title":"Fabry: sparse coefficients can block analytic continuation around an entire circle","summary":"A power series may converge inside a circle while its function can still be continued beyond part of that circle. Fabry develops coefficient and sign-change criteria that can rule this out at every boundary point. His 1896 paper includes explicit quantitative sparsity conditions on the nonzero powers, with the finite positive convergence radius normalized to one. One such condition requires successive exponent gaps, divided by the logarithm of the exponent, to grow without bound. These results enlarge the known families of functions whose convergence circle is a natural boundary, building on Hadamard's earlier work.","boundary":"Infinitely many missing terms alone are not enough. The stated convergence-radius, coefficient and local sparsity assumptions matter; later formulations named Fabry's gap theorem are not all attributed to this original statement. The author's closing discussion of what happens for general arbitrary coefficients is explicitly exploratory, not a probability-one or category theorem. A natural boundary concerns analytic continuation, not necessarily divergence at every boundary point.","area":"Complex analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1896,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"fabry-sparse-power-series-natural-boundary-1896","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2fa08caa-9c58-46ac-a9c9-4feb2b34cce0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02aaa4a99f88d16876d4acdce10b0c027234163de85712fb4dc1a5e68f6b3434"},"humans":["Eugène Fabry"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-fabry-singularities-gap-criteria-1896","title":"Sur les points singuliers d’une fonction donnée par son développement en série (original1896)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/asens.431.pdf","date":"1896-10"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["FR"],"location_basis":"Original byline names the Faculty of Sciences of Montpellier. Present-day location labels follow the retained platform convention; they do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or territorial jurisdiction at the historical date.","source_url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/asens.431.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2fa08caa-9c58-46ac-a9c9-4feb2b34cce0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02aaa4a99f88d16876d4acdce10b0c027234163de85712fb4dc1a5e68f6b3434"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Sur les points singuliers d’une fonction donnée par son développement en série (original1896)","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/asens.431.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"FR":"France"}},"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"fabry-sparse-power-series-natural-boundary-1896","entry_id":"fabry-sparse-power-series-natural-boundary-1896","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2fa08caa-9c58-46ac-a9c9-4feb2b34cce0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02aaa4a99f88d16876d4acdce10b0c027234163de85712fb4dc1a5e68f6b3434"},"what_changed":"A power series may converge inside a circle while its function can still be continued beyond part of that circle. Fabry develops coefficient and sign-change criteria that can rule this out at every boundary point. His 1896 paper includes explicit quantitative sparsity conditions on the nonzero powers, with the finite positive convergence radius normalized to one. One such condition requires successive exponent gaps, divided by the logarithm of the exponent, to grow without bound. These results enlarge the known families of functions whose convergence circle is a natural boundary, building on Hadamard's earlier work.","scope":"A power series may converge inside a circle while its function can still be continued beyond part of that circle. Fabry develops coefficient and sign-change criteria that can rule this out at every boundary point. His 1896 paper includes explicit quantitative sparsity conditions on the nonzero powers, with the finite positive convergence radius normalized to one. One such condition requires successive exponent gaps, divided by the logarithm of the exponent, to grow without bound. These results enlarge the known families of functions whose convergence circle is a natural boundary, building on Hadamard's earlier work. Infinitely many missing terms alone are not enough. The stated convergence-radius, coefficient and local sparsity assumptions matter; later formulations named Fabry's gap theorem are not all attributed to this original statement. The author's closing discussion of what happens for general arbitrary coefficients is explicitly exploratory, not a probability-one or category theorem. A natural boundary concerns analytic continuation, not necessarily divergence at every boundary point.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2fa08caa-9c58-46ac-a9c9-4feb2b34cce0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:02aaa4a99f88d16876d4acdce10b0c027234163de85712fb4dc1a5e68f6b3434"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hardy-littlewood-one-dimensional-maximal-inequalities-1930","title":"Hardy and Littlewood: controlling the largest local averages","summary":"An average can hide a short burst. What if one looks around every point and chooses the interval with the largest average? Hardy and Littlewood show how to control these maximal averages in one dimension. Their rearrangement comparisons lead to an Lp norm bound p/(p−1) for the one-sided average, when p is greater than one. For their two-direction endpoint-interval maximal function, the corresponding integral bound is twice that factor raised to p. A finite-interval endpoint result also explains why an extra logarithmic integrability condition can control the maximal average when ordinary integrability alone cannot.","boundary":"These are the original one-dimensional interval averages, not arbitrary-dimensional or weighted maximal theorems. The sharp factor two in the rearrangement comparison is not asserted to be the optimal strong Lp constant. The L log L endpoint requires a finite interval; there is no general strong L1 bound here. Toeplitz-style rearrangement and prior Hardy, Elliott and Young inputs are distinct. The paper credits T. W. Chaundy for the substance of Lemma6 proof without making him an article coauthor.","area":"Harmonic analysis / maximal operators","topic":"Mathematics","year":1930,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hardy-littlewood-one-dimensional-maximal-inequalities-1930","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d3b306f-2014-409d-aed1-f80977d7f2a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b2d469ec9595fecb15a3a1e4c82f4e59b9231a4bc679e1ac143189c9d28ec8c"},"humans":["G. H. Hardy","J. E. Littlewood"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"T. W. Chaundy","role":"The original p88footnote credits the substance of the proof of Lemma6. This supporting mathematical contribution is distinct from the two article authors; no individual share is measured.","sources":[{"title":"A maximal theorem with function-theoretic applications","url":"https://archive.ymsc.tsinghua.edu.cn/pacm_download/117/5446-11511_2006_Article_BF02547518.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"hardy-littlewood-maximal-theorem-1930","title":"A maximal theorem with function-theoretic applications","url":"https://archive.ymsc.tsinghua.edu.cn/pacm_download/117/5446-11511_2006_Article_BF02547518.pdf","date":"1930"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["GB"],"location_basis":"Original institutional bylines Oxford and Cambridge support both source authors. Present-day place labels do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or historical territorial jurisdiction.","source_url":"https://archive.ymsc.tsinghua.edu.cn/pacm_download/117/5446-11511_2006_Article_BF02547518.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d3b306f-2014-409d-aed1-f80977d7f2a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b2d469ec9595fecb15a3a1e4c82f4e59b9231a4bc679e1ac143189c9d28ec8c"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"A maximal theorem with function-theoretic applications","url":"https://archive.ymsc.tsinghua.edu.cn/pacm_download/117/5446-11511_2006_Article_BF02547518.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"GB":"United Kingdom"}},"points":"380000","published_grade":{"id":"hardy-littlewood-one-dimensional-maximal-inequalities-1930","entry_id":"hardy-littlewood-one-dimensional-maximal-inequalities-1930","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d3b306f-2014-409d-aed1-f80977d7f2a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b2d469ec9595fecb15a3a1e4c82f4e59b9231a4bc679e1ac143189c9d28ec8c"},"what_changed":"An average can hide a short burst. What if one looks around every point and chooses the interval with the largest average? Hardy and Littlewood show how to control these maximal averages in one dimension. Their rearrangement comparisons lead to an Lp norm bound p/(p−1) for the one-sided average, when p is greater than one. For their two-direction endpoint-interval maximal function, the corresponding integral bound is twice that factor raised to p. A finite-interval endpoint result also explains why an extra logarithmic integrability condition can control the maximal average when ordinary integrability alone cannot.","scope":"An average can hide a short burst. What if one looks around every point and chooses the interval with the largest average? Hardy and Littlewood show how to control these maximal averages in one dimension. Their rearrangement comparisons lead to an Lp norm bound p/(p−1) for the one-sided average, when p is greater than one. For their two-direction endpoint-interval maximal function, the corresponding integral bound is twice that factor raised to p. A finite-interval endpoint result also explains why an extra logarithmic integrability condition can control the maximal average when ordinary integrability alone cannot. These are the original one-dimensional interval averages, not arbitrary-dimensional or weighted maximal theorems. The sharp factor two in the rearrangement comparison is not asserted to be the optimal strong Lp constant. The L log L endpoint requires a finite interval; there is no general strong L1 bound here. Toeplitz-style rearrangement and prior Hardy, Elliott and Young inputs are distinct. The paper credits T. W. Chaundy for the substance of Lemma6 proof without making him an article coauthor.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d3b306f-2014-409d-aed1-f80977d7f2a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4b2d469ec9595fecb15a3a1e4c82f4e59b9231a4bc679e1ac143189c9d28ec8c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"khintchine-stationary-correlation-spectral-theory-1934","title":"Khintchine: describing stationary fluctuations through a spectrum of frequencies","summary":"A fluctuating signal may look irregular while its average and its pairwise correlation remain stable over time. Khintchine builds a theory for this second-order stationary setting. For a real normalized process with the required mean-square continuity, the correlation is a cosine average over a probability distribution of frequencies. He also constructs a process for any such correlation. The distribution can contain individual frequency atoms as well as continuous parts. Using this representation, he studies long-run averages and the separation of persistent oscillations from a continuous-spectrum remainder. Bochner's earlier Fourier representation is an explicit mathematical input.","boundary":"Second-order stationarity is weaker than stationarity of the full joint distributions. Mean-square continuity does not mean that individual paths are continuous. A spectral measure need not have a density. The continuous-spectrum remainder has vanishing averaged squared correlation, not necessarily pointwise decay or mixing. Time-average convergence in mean square or probability does not by itself identify the ensemble mean or give an almost-sure ergodic theorem. 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Riesz shows that every square-summable list of coefficients can be realized against an arbitrary normalized orthogonal sequence; Fischer independently obtains this using completeness. Together these results connect functions with infinite lists of coordinates. If the orthogonal system is complete, the correspondence describes the whole function space, with functions differing only on a set of measure zero treated as the same.","boundary":"The original scope is real Lebesgue-square-integrable functions on a finite interval. Mean-square convergence does not imply pointwise or uniform convergence of the entire sequence. For an incomplete orthogonal system, coefficients determine the closed-span representative but leave an orthogonal-complement component undetermined. The authors wrote independent papers; Fischer acknowledges Riesz publication priority. Riesz explicitly gives a proof sketch in places. Earlier Hilbert, Schmidt, Fatou and Lebesgue results retain their own credit.","area":"Functional analysis / orthogonal expansions","topic":"Mathematics","year":1907,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"riesz-fischer-l2-completeness-orthogonal-coefficients-1907","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b86b15ce-4447-4ce3-a55d-3dfaf6f92330","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ca27fd2c75ac6e613a9e1b6c9266a10fd71ce6115a3a5d16193ed61aa4fe6cb"},"humans":["Frigyes Riesz","Ernst Fischer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. 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Together these results connect functions with infinite lists of coordinates. If the orthogonal system is complete, the correspondence describes the whole function space, with functions differing only on a set of measure zero treated as the same. The original scope is real Lebesgue-square-integrable functions on a finite interval. Mean-square convergence does not imply pointwise or uniform convergence of the entire sequence. For an incomplete orthogonal system, coefficients determine the closed-span representative but leave an orthogonal-complement component undetermined. The authors wrote independent papers; Fischer acknowledges Riesz publication priority. Riesz explicitly gives a proof sketch in places. 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He then proves that a positive-type kernel can be expanded into products of normalized eigenfunctions, with absolute and uniform convergence across the entire closed square. In modern notation each product is weighted by an integral-operator eigenvalue. Integrating along the diagonal gives the associated trace sum. This turns positivity into a strong, controlled expansion rather than simply assuming that an expansion converges uniformly.","boundary":"Positive type means positivity of a quadratic form, not merely that every kernel value is nonnegative. Semidefinite kernels and a nontrivial nullspace are allowed; the nonzero-eigenvalue functions need not span the whole ambient L2 space. The original singular values are reciprocals of modern nonzero operator eigenvalues. Continuity, symmetry and the finite closed domain matter. 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The manuscript is signed in1874; the journal volume was published in1875.","area":"Real analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1875,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"darboux-intermediate-value-property-derivatives-1875","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a572a20b-6642-435c-a2d7-747a12e7faa6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:27d669f8f51cd2afe17f69d5b1ff3649dbce8db90c77d8de8422867a62c94de5"},"humans":["Gaston Darboux"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. 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Present-day place labels do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or historical territorial jurisdiction.","source_url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/asens.122.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a572a20b-6642-435c-a2d7-747a12e7faa6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:27d669f8f51cd2afe17f69d5b1ff3649dbce8db90c77d8de8422867a62c94de5"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Mémoire sur les fonctions discontinues — original 1875 journal scan, especially §IX pp.109–112","url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/10.24033/asens.122.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"FR":"France"}},"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"darboux-intermediate-value-property-derivatives-1875","entry_id":"darboux-intermediate-value-property-derivatives-1875","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a572a20b-6642-435c-a2d7-747a12e7faa6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:27d669f8f51cd2afe17f69d5b1ff3649dbce8db90c77d8de8422867a62c94de5"},"what_changed":"A derivative measures slope. It is tempting to assume that slopes must change continuously, but this is false. Darboux proves a different constraint: if a finite derivative exists at every point of an interval, it takes every value between any two of its values. The proof subtracts a line with an intermediate slope. The resulting function has an interior extremum, where its derivative vanishes, so the original derivative takes the desired slope. The same paper gives examples showing why this intermediate-value property can survive even when the derivative is discontinuous.","scope":"A derivative measures slope. It is tempting to assume that slopes must change continuously, but this is false. Darboux proves a different constraint: if a finite derivative exists at every point of an interval, it takes every value between any two of its values. The proof subtracts a line with an intermediate slope. The resulting function has an interior extremum, where its derivative vanishes, so the original derivative takes the desired slope. The same paper gives examples showing why this intermediate-value property can survive even when the derivative is discontinuous. The derivative must exist finitely throughout the interval, not merely almost everywhere. The intermediate-value property does not imply continuity, and a function with that property need not be a derivative. The subsequent primitive-function criterion additionally assumes integrability. This record covers the derivative theorem, not ownership of all discontinuous-function examples, Riemann integration or the mean-value theorem. The manuscript is signed in1874; the journal volume was published in1875.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a572a20b-6642-435c-a2d7-747a12e7faa6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:27d669f8f51cd2afe17f69d5b1ff3649dbce8db90c77d8de8422867a62c94de5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hurwitz-holomorphic-zero-limit-continuity-1888","title":"Hurwitz: why complex zeros survive a locally uniform limit","summary":"Approximating a complex analytic function is useful only if its important features remain controlled. Hurwitz proves that when holomorphic functions converge uniformly near every interior point to a limit that is not identically zero, their zeros track the zeros of the limit locally. Around an isolated zero of multiplicity r, choose a small boundary containing no limit zero. All sufficiently late approximants then have exactly r zeros inside, counted with multiplicity. The original paper develops this general tool before using it for Bessel functions and explicitly includes polynomial partial sums of a power series.","boundary":"Pointwise convergence is not enough. The limit must not be identically zero, and the chosen local boundary must avoid its zeros. The theorem does not assign permanent labels to individual roots or control roots escaping to the domain boundary or infinity. This record covers the finite holomorphic local result; pole remarks and detailed Bessel zero-counting conclusions are outside its scope. The contour-comparison input and earlier Bessel work retain separate credit.","area":"Complex analysis","topic":"Mathematics","year":1888,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hurwitz-holomorphic-zero-limit-continuity-1888","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:27dd3543-c80b-453a-a434-29647347a100","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7291ac6825720ae97dc93c0445b63d2c344ff252040d20d72bff6ee4f39b2da0"},"humans":["A. Hurwitz"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"hurwitz-zero-limit-bessel-paper-original1888","title":"Ueber die Nullstellen der Bessel'schen Function — original §1 zeros under locally uniform limits","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/PPN235181684_0033/PPN235181684_0033___LOG_0024.pdf","date":"1888"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["RU"],"location_basis":"Original byline and closing signature give Königsberg in Prussia,now Kaliningrad. RU is the retained present-day location convention,not Russian sovereignty at the1888date or author nationality. Present-day place labels do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or historical territorial jurisdiction.","source_url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/PPN235181684_0033/PPN235181684_0033___LOG_0024.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:27dd3543-c80b-453a-a434-29647347a100","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7291ac6825720ae97dc93c0445b63d2c344ff252040d20d72bff6ee4f39b2da0"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Ueber die Nullstellen der Bessel'schen Function — original §1 zeros under locally uniform limits","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/PPN235181684_0033/PPN235181684_0033___LOG_0024.pdf"},{"title":"Ueber die Nullstellen der Bessel'schen Function — original §1 zeros under locally uniform limits","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/PPN235181684_0033/PPN235181684_0033___LOG_0024.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"RU":"Russia"}},"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"hurwitz-holomorphic-zero-limit-continuity-1888","entry_id":"hurwitz-holomorphic-zero-limit-continuity-1888","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:27dd3543-c80b-453a-a434-29647347a100","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7291ac6825720ae97dc93c0445b63d2c344ff252040d20d72bff6ee4f39b2da0"},"what_changed":"Approximating a complex analytic function is useful only if its important features remain controlled. Hurwitz proves that when holomorphic functions converge uniformly near every interior point to a limit that is not identically zero, their zeros track the zeros of the limit locally. Around an isolated zero of multiplicity r, choose a small boundary containing no limit zero. All sufficiently late approximants then have exactly r zeros inside, counted with multiplicity. The original paper develops this general tool before using it for Bessel functions and explicitly includes polynomial partial sums of a power series.","scope":"Approximating a complex analytic function is useful only if its important features remain controlled. Hurwitz proves that when holomorphic functions converge uniformly near every interior point to a limit that is not identically zero, their zeros track the zeros of the limit locally. Around an isolated zero of multiplicity r, choose a small boundary containing no limit zero. All sufficiently late approximants then have exactly r zeros inside, counted with multiplicity. The original paper develops this general tool before using it for Bessel functions and explicitly includes polynomial partial sums of a power series. Pointwise convergence is not enough. The limit must not be identically zero, and the chosen local boundary must avoid its zeros. The theorem does not assign permanent labels to individual roots or control roots escaping to the domain boundary or infinity. This record covers the finite holomorphic local result; pole remarks and detailed Bessel zero-counting conclusions are outside its scope. The contour-comparison input and earlier Bessel work retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:27dd3543-c80b-453a-a434-29647347a100","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7291ac6825720ae97dc93c0445b63d2c344ff252040d20d72bff6ee4f39b2da0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schur-weak-to-norm-l1-matrix-transformations-1921","title":"Schur: when testing against every bounded sequence forces norm convergence","summary":"An infinite matrix can turn one sequence of numbers into another. Schur asks when it turns every bounded input into a convergent output. The answer requires the rows to settle coordinate by coordinate and their absolute tails to become uniformly small. Equivalently, the absolute row sums must approach the absolute sum of the limiting row. If the tails remain uncontrolled, his proof builds a bounded test sequence that makes the outputs oscillate. In modern sequence-space language, this gives the Schur property: a weakly convergent sequence of absolutely summable sequences also converges in its norm.","boundary":"Coordinatewise convergence alone is insufficient. The modern l1 formulation comes from pairing the matrix rows with all bounded scalar tests. It concerns sequences, not equality of the weak and norm topologies, arbitrary nets or every Banach space. The entrywise-product and triangularization theorems bearing Schur's name are separate contributions. Toeplitz's regular summability criterion and Steinhaus's no-universal-regular-summation result retain their explicit predecessor credit.","area":"Functional analysis and infinite matrix summability","topic":"Mathematics","year":1921,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"schur-weak-to-norm-l1-matrix-transformations-1921","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8918743-e46c-47ec-a4fe-3af3687e3ef3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:13f0fdd8f63c10cb3ddbccb7dc0a694929193127117407517e255e097f3d53fa"},"humans":["J. Schur"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. 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Present-day place labels do not assert nationality,modern-state ownership or historical territorial jurisdiction.","source_url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/content/PPN243919689_0151/1000/0/00000085.jpg","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8918743-e46c-47ec-a4fe-3af3687e3ef3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:13f0fdd8f63c10cb3ddbccb7dc0a694929193127117407517e255e097f3d53fa"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Schur1921original JRAM151 printedp79","url":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/content/PPN243919689_0151/1000/0/00000085.jpg"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"DE":"Germany"}},"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"schur-weak-to-norm-l1-matrix-transformations-1921","entry_id":"schur-weak-to-norm-l1-matrix-transformations-1921","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8918743-e46c-47ec-a4fe-3af3687e3ef3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:13f0fdd8f63c10cb3ddbccb7dc0a694929193127117407517e255e097f3d53fa"},"what_changed":"An infinite matrix can turn one sequence of numbers into another. Schur asks when it turns every bounded input into a convergent output. The answer requires the rows to settle coordinate by coordinate and their absolute tails to become uniformly small. Equivalently, the absolute row sums must approach the absolute sum of the limiting row. If the tails remain uncontrolled, his proof builds a bounded test sequence that makes the outputs oscillate. In modern sequence-space language, this gives the Schur property: a weakly convergent sequence of absolutely summable sequences also converges in its norm.","scope":"An infinite matrix can turn one sequence of numbers into another. Schur asks when it turns every bounded input into a convergent output. The answer requires the rows to settle coordinate by coordinate and their absolute tails to become uniformly small. Equivalently, the absolute row sums must approach the absolute sum of the limiting row. If the tails remain uncontrolled, his proof builds a bounded test sequence that makes the outputs oscillate. In modern sequence-space language, this gives the Schur property: a weakly convergent sequence of absolutely summable sequences also converges in its norm. Coordinatewise convergence alone is insufficient. The modern l1 formulation comes from pairing the matrix rows with all bounded scalar tests. It concerns sequences, not equality of the weak and norm topologies, arbitrary nets or every Banach space. The entrywise-product and triangularization theorems bearing Schur's name are separate contributions. Toeplitz's regular summability criterion and Steinhaus's no-universal-regular-summation result retain their explicit predecessor credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a8918743-e46c-47ec-a4fe-3af3687e3ef3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:13f0fdd8f63c10cb3ddbccb7dc0a694929193127117407517e255e097f3d53fa"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"banach-saks-strong-cesaro-subsequence-lp-1930","title":"Banach and Saks: choosing a subsequence whose running averages settle in norm","summary":"A bounded sequence of functions need not approach one function, even if none of its terms grows without limit. Banach and Saks show that in Lp(0,1), for a finite exponent p greater than one, one can select a subsequence whose ordinary arithmetic averages do converge in norm. Their argument first uses an earlier compactness result of F. Riesz to obtain a weakly convergent subsequence, then carefully selects later terms to control partial-sum growth after the weak limit is subtracted. A step-function construction transfers the result to the corresponding space of summable numerical sequences.","boundary":"The averages have equal weights along one subsequence; arbitrary convex combinations are not substituted. The result does not apply to every Banach space, L-infinity or every chosen subsequence. The collected reprint explicitly corrects the authors' claim that their L1 counterexample is weakly null: its functions are not uniformly integrable. That false weak-convergence claim is excluded. Failure for general bounded L1 sequences is distinct from the later theorem about weakly convergent L1 sequences. The linked collected scan is currently access-restricted; its first journal edition has not been collated here.","area":"Functional analysis and summability","topic":"Mathematics","year":1930,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"banach-saks-strong-cesaro-subsequence-lp-1930","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66bea50d-ad07-48b6-aee2-42f70033da9b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6d354c943d9868904489570ecb05c7a3c370c785313ce5696dd7258010eb3d64"},"humans":["Stefan Banach","S. Saks"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Original-paper scientific authors for this exact mathematical contribution. Independent papers grouped in one historical family are not a joint byline. Earlier theorems, supporting proof contributions and later generalizations remain separate. Individual effort shares, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"banach-saks-strong-convergence-original1930-collected","title":"Sur la convergence forte dans le champ Lp — Banach OeuvresII reprint pp396–401 with editorial correction","url":"https://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/or/or2/or2111.pdf","date":"1930"}],"points":"260000","published_grade":{"id":"banach-saks-strong-cesaro-subsequence-lp-1930","entry_id":"banach-saks-strong-cesaro-subsequence-lp-1930","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66bea50d-ad07-48b6-aee2-42f70033da9b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6d354c943d9868904489570ecb05c7a3c370c785313ce5696dd7258010eb3d64"},"what_changed":"A bounded sequence of functions need not approach one function, even if none of its terms grows without limit. 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A step-function construction transfers the result to the corresponding space of summable numerical sequences. The averages have equal weights along one subsequence; arbitrary convex combinations are not substituted. The result does not apply to every Banach space, L-infinity or every chosen subsequence. The collected reprint explicitly corrects the authors' claim that their L1 counterexample is weakly null: its functions are not uniformly integrable. That false weak-convergence claim is excluded. Failure for general bounded L1 sequences is distinct from the later theorem about weakly convergent L1 sequences. The linked collected scan is currently access-restricted; its first journal edition has not been collated here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:66bea50d-ad07-48b6-aee2-42f70033da9b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6d354c943d9868904489570ecb05c7a3c370c785313ce5696dd7258010eb3d64"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"behrouz-zhong-mirrokni-titans-testtime-memory-2024","title":"Titans: updating a neural memory while reading","summary":"A language model can keep a long conversation in its prompt, but attending to that growing text becomes costly. Titans explores another route: a small neural memory learns key–value associations while the sequence arrives. Larger prediction errors produce stronger memory updates, while momentum and adaptive decay help balance recent information with older content. Behrouz, Zhong and Mirrokni combine this changing memory with attention in three different architectures. The contribution is the specified test-time memory design and its reported language and long-context experiments, building on fast weights and earlier test-time training.","boundary":"Results concern the cited December 2024 version and its finite training and benchmark settings. Memory updates cost computation, deeper memories can reduce throughput, and parallel training evaluates gradients at chunk boundaries. Long-context benchmark accuracy still declines with length. Fine-tuned and few-shot comparisons are different conditions. This is neither perfect unlimited recall nor a proof that every task improves. Biological experiments and an unexamined expressivity proof are outside this assessed contribution.","area":"Long-context sequence architectures","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"behrouz-zhong-mirrokni-titans-testtime-memory-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebef18e8-a89f-40e7-a164-69b34f82c3bb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32650adf35187ee457bc884b636d31a7d3c46d30ffebd451f0680682fdbae987"},"humans":["Ali Behrouz","Peilin Zhong","Vahab Mirrokni"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2501-00663v1","title":"Titans: Learning to Memorize at Test Time","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.00663v1","date":"2024-12-31"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"behrouz-zhong-mirrokni-titans-testtime-memory-2024","entry_id":"behrouz-zhong-mirrokni-titans-testtime-memory-2024","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebef18e8-a89f-40e7-a164-69b34f82c3bb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32650adf35187ee457bc884b636d31a7d3c46d30ffebd451f0680682fdbae987"},"what_changed":"A language model can keep a long conversation in its prompt, but attending to that growing text becomes costly. Titans explores another route: a small neural memory learns key–value associations while the sequence arrives. Larger prediction errors produce stronger memory updates, while momentum and adaptive decay help balance recent information with older content. Behrouz, Zhong and Mirrokni combine this changing memory with attention in three different architectures. The contribution is the specified test-time memory design and its reported language and long-context experiments, building on fast weights and earlier test-time training.","scope":"A language model can keep a long conversation in its prompt, but attending to that growing text becomes costly. Titans explores another route: a small neural memory learns key–value associations while the sequence arrives. Larger prediction errors produce stronger memory updates, while momentum and adaptive decay help balance recent information with older content. Behrouz, Zhong and Mirrokni combine this changing memory with attention in three different architectures. The contribution is the specified test-time memory design and its reported language and long-context experiments, building on fast weights and earlier test-time training. Results concern the cited December 2024 version and its finite training and benchmark settings. Memory updates cost computation, deeper memories can reduce throughput, and parallel training evaluates gradients at chunk boundaries. Long-context benchmark accuracy still declines with length. Fine-tuned and few-shot comparisons are different conditions. This is neither perfect unlimited recall nor a proof that every task improves. Biological experiments and an unexamined expressivity proof are outside this assessed contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ebef18e8-a89f-40e7-a164-69b34f82c3bb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32650adf35187ee457bc884b636d31a7d3c46d30ffebd451f0680682fdbae987"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"behrouz-et-al-miras-memory-objective-retention-2025","title":"MIRAS: choosing how a neural memory learns and retains information","summary":"Two memory systems can read the same text yet preserve different details. MIRAS makes four design choices explicit: the memory architecture, the objective used to learn associations, the rule for retaining old information and the learning algorithm. The researchers use this perspective to construct Moneta, Yaad and Memora, including variants based on robust losses and different regularizers. Their experiments compare language modeling, recall and other tasks. The contribution is this organizing framework and its demonstrated new variants, rather than invention of associative memory or the optimization tools it combines.","boundary":"The paper reports bounded experiments, with different variants winning different metrics. Its chunkwise parallel updates are not identical to arbitrary tokenwise nonlinear learning. Robust losses do not guarantee immunity to every outlier, and numerical results do not certify every mathematical interpretation in the paper. Existing Titans, fast-weight, Huber-loss and mirror-descent contributions remain separate. The neural model named Memora here is distinct from Xia and colleagues’ later external MEMORA system.","area":"Recurrent sequence-model design","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"behrouz-et-al-miras-memory-objective-retention-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5a595353-ae0f-48d0-aa48-be59f54c8e7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c9e474f2fc8a20e86ea861352d276931b5169cd9e0e3b9bf11e6902cd0131f91"},"humans":["Ali Behrouz","Meisam Razaviyayn","Peilin Zhong","Vahab Mirrokni"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2504-13173v1","title":"It's All Connected: A Journey Through Test-Time Memorization, Attentional Bias, Retention, and Online Optimization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.13173v1","date":"2025-04-17"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"behrouz-et-al-miras-memory-objective-retention-2025","entry_id":"behrouz-et-al-miras-memory-objective-retention-2025","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5a595353-ae0f-48d0-aa48-be59f54c8e7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c9e474f2fc8a20e86ea861352d276931b5169cd9e0e3b9bf11e6902cd0131f91"},"what_changed":"Two memory systems can read the same text yet preserve different details. MIRAS makes four design choices explicit: the memory architecture, the objective used to learn associations, the rule for retaining old information and the learning algorithm. The researchers use this perspective to construct Moneta, Yaad and Memora, including variants based on robust losses and different regularizers. Their experiments compare language modeling, recall and other tasks. The contribution is this organizing framework and its demonstrated new variants, rather than invention of associative memory or the optimization tools it combines.","scope":"Two memory systems can read the same text yet preserve different details. MIRAS makes four design choices explicit: the memory architecture, the objective used to learn associations, the rule for retaining old information and the learning algorithm. The researchers use this perspective to construct Moneta, Yaad and Memora, including variants based on robust losses and different regularizers. Their experiments compare language modeling, recall and other tasks. The contribution is this organizing framework and its demonstrated new variants, rather than invention of associative memory or the optimization tools it combines. The paper reports bounded experiments, with different variants winning different metrics. Its chunkwise parallel updates are not identical to arbitrary tokenwise nonlinear learning. Robust losses do not guarantee immunity to every outlier, and numerical results do not certify every mathematical interpretation in the paper. Existing Titans, fast-weight, Huber-loss and mirror-descent contributions remain separate. The neural model named Memora here is distinct from Xia and colleagues’ later external MEMORA system.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5a595353-ae0f-48d0-aa48-be59f54c8e7b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c9e474f2fc8a20e86ea861352d276931b5169cd9e0e3b9bf11e6902cd0131f91"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"behrouz-et-al-nested-learning-hope-cms-2025","title":"Nested Learning and Hope: memory components that update at different rates","summary":"Some information should change quickly, while other knowledge should persist. Nested Learning organizes a model and its learning procedures as interacting optimization processes with different contexts and update rates. Its Continuum Memory System uses several memory components on different schedules. Hope combines that system with a self-referential extension of Titans, allowing parts of its memory processing to adapt while data arrive. The contribution here is the specified multi-timescale memory and Hope design with its reported computational demonstrations, beyond the earlier Titans and MIRAS families.","boundary":"The authors explicitly do not claim that catastrophic forgetting is solved in general. Continual-learning experiments include substantial additional training; long-context results can require benchmark-specific fine-tuning. Transformers remain stronger on some short-recall tasks, and the multiscale optimizer has additional overhead. More memory levels do not establish unbounded knowledge retention. Biological analogies and clinical benchmarks are not separate discoveries in this record. The exact hosted source revision is retained; its 2025 conference family does not make every later revision identical.","area":"Continual-learning architectures and optimization","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"behrouz-et-al-nested-learning-hope-cms-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6d66616-76f0-4c01-a848-fbf2dc6809bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9f4bc1c7e3d3f85abd717b1a21362f4985b0e1ebefae695303167b8fe0895948"},"humans":["Ali Behrouz","Meisam Razaviyayn","Peilin Zhong","Vahab Mirrokni"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":["behrouz-zhong-mirrokni-titans-testtime-memory-2024","behrouz-et-al-miras-memory-objective-retention-2025"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-nested-learning-original","title":"Nested Learning: The Illusion of Deep Learning Architecture","url":"https://abehrouz.github.io/files/NL.pdf","date":"2025"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"behrouz-et-al-nested-learning-hope-cms-2025","entry_id":"behrouz-et-al-nested-learning-hope-cms-2025","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6d66616-76f0-4c01-a848-fbf2dc6809bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9f4bc1c7e3d3f85abd717b1a21362f4985b0e1ebefae695303167b8fe0895948"},"what_changed":"Some information should change quickly, while other knowledge should persist. Nested Learning organizes a model and its learning procedures as interacting optimization processes with different contexts and update rates. Its Continuum Memory System uses several memory components on different schedules. Hope combines that system with a self-referential extension of Titans, allowing parts of its memory processing to adapt while data arrive. The contribution here is the specified multi-timescale memory and Hope design with its reported computational demonstrations, beyond the earlier Titans and MIRAS families.","scope":"Some information should change quickly, while other knowledge should persist. Nested Learning organizes a model and its learning procedures as interacting optimization processes with different contexts and update rates. Its Continuum Memory System uses several memory components on different schedules. Hope combines that system with a self-referential extension of Titans, allowing parts of its memory processing to adapt while data arrive. The contribution here is the specified multi-timescale memory and Hope design with its reported computational demonstrations, beyond the earlier Titans and MIRAS families. The authors explicitly do not claim that catastrophic forgetting is solved in general. Continual-learning experiments include substantial additional training; long-context results can require benchmark-specific fine-tuning. Transformers remain stronger on some short-recall tasks, and the multiscale optimizer has additional overhead. More memory levels do not establish unbounded knowledge retention. Biological analogies and clinical benchmarks are not separate discoveries in this record. The exact hosted source revision is retained; its 2025 conference family does not make every later revision identical.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6d66616-76f0-4c01-a848-fbf2dc6809bc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9f4bc1c7e3d3f85abd717b1a21362f4985b0e1ebefae695303167b8fe0895948"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yang-et-al-plugmem-knowledge-centric-agent-memory-2026","title":"PlugMem: turning experience into reusable facts and procedures","summary":"An agent that rereads every past action can waste its attention on details that no longer matter. PlugMem extracts two kinds of reusable knowledge: propositions describing facts and prescriptions describing how to accomplish a goal. These connect back to the experience from which they were derived. A retrieval stage selects relevant knowledge, and a reasoning stage condenses it for the agent’s current task. Yang and colleagues test the same basic module on conversational memory, multi-hop questions and web tasks. The contribution is this knowledge-centered memory pipeline and its scoped evaluation.","boundary":"The published experiments primarily test creating and retrieving memory, rather than certifying every update and deletion operation. Reported memory-token savings exclude some preparation and reasoning costs. Some baselines use different models or subsets. Web-task reuse includes added human demonstrations and related task templates. A provenance link helps inspect a statement; it does not make the statement true. The information-density diagnostic is not an independent scientific-value score or a guarantee of universal transfer.","area":"External agent memory","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yang-et-al-plugmem-knowledge-centric-agent-memory-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcf98384-e136-4c27-a7de-abb13ff57109","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:01d5b6edfb485710a1b12a7dcf15811daa56aa1849cf317cd6ae250abfdca966"},"humans":["Ke Yang","Zixi Chen","Xuan He","Jize Jiang","Michel Galley","Chenglong Wang","Jianfeng Gao","Jiawei Han","ChengXiang Zhai"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2603-03296v1","title":"PlugMem: A Task-Agnostic Plugin Memory Module for LLM Agents","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03296v1","date":"2026-02-06"}],"points":"40000","published_grade":{"id":"yang-et-al-plugmem-knowledge-centric-agent-memory-2026","entry_id":"yang-et-al-plugmem-knowledge-centric-agent-memory-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcf98384-e136-4c27-a7de-abb13ff57109","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:01d5b6edfb485710a1b12a7dcf15811daa56aa1849cf317cd6ae250abfdca966"},"what_changed":"An agent that rereads every past action can waste its attention on details that no longer matter. PlugMem extracts two kinds of reusable knowledge: propositions describing facts and prescriptions describing how to accomplish a goal. These connect back to the experience from which they were derived. A retrieval stage selects relevant knowledge, and a reasoning stage condenses it for the agent’s current task. Yang and colleagues test the same basic module on conversational memory, multi-hop questions and web tasks. The contribution is this knowledge-centered memory pipeline and its scoped evaluation.","scope":"An agent that rereads every past action can waste its attention on details that no longer matter. PlugMem extracts two kinds of reusable knowledge: propositions describing facts and prescriptions describing how to accomplish a goal. These connect back to the experience from which they were derived. A retrieval stage selects relevant knowledge, and a reasoning stage condenses it for the agent’s current task. Yang and colleagues test the same basic module on conversational memory, multi-hop questions and web tasks. The contribution is this knowledge-centered memory pipeline and its scoped evaluation. The published experiments primarily test creating and retrieving memory, rather than certifying every update and deletion operation. Reported memory-token savings exclude some preparation and reasoning costs. Some baselines use different models or subsets. Web-task reuse includes added human demonstrations and related task templates. A provenance link helps inspect a statement; it does not make the statement true. The information-density diagnostic is not an independent scientific-value score or a guarantee of universal transfer.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcf98384-e136-4c27-a7de-abb13ff57109","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:01d5b6edfb485710a1b12a7dcf15811daa56aa1849cf317cd6ae250abfdca966"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xia-et-al-memora-abstraction-cue-agent-memory-2026","title":"MEMORA: keeping an overview without losing the details","summary":"A short project summary is easy to search, but may omit the number or exception needed to answer a later question. Xia and colleagues pair a primary abstraction with concrete memory content, then add cue anchors that offer several ways to find the same entry. Their retrieval policy can refine a query, explore connected entries or stop. The work tests whether this combination improves answer quality on conversational-memory benchmarks. Its contribution is the external abstraction-and-cue representation and the specified retrieval methods, distinct from the neural Memora model introduced within MIRAS.","boundary":"The reported averages depend on model-based judging and specific benchmark settings. Some question categories and word-overlap metrics favor other configurations. The policy retriever uses additional model calls and is slower than semantic retrieval in the measured setup. The trained-policy comparison uses a separate held-out split and is not the configuration behind every headline result. Context reduction is not total cost reduction. Automatically consolidating two entries does not establish that two real people or scientific claims are identical.","area":"External agent memory","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"xia-et-al-memora-abstraction-cue-agent-memory-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0b5b18ae-64c4-4e66-af2f-3c738cde0196","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6192a4adbe464bef97c118bda2ca66d28e61b21f616f2e02afc1eb388cb66291"},"humans":["Menglin Xia","Xuchao Zhang","Shantanu Dixit","Paramaguru Harimurugan","Rujia Wang","Victor Rühle","Robert Sim","Chetan Bansal","Saravan Rajmohan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2602-03315v1","title":"Memora: A Harmonic Memory Representation Balancing Abstraction and Specificity","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.03315v1","date":"2026-02-03"}],"points":"40000","published_grade":{"id":"xia-et-al-memora-abstraction-cue-agent-memory-2026","entry_id":"xia-et-al-memora-abstraction-cue-agent-memory-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0b5b18ae-64c4-4e66-af2f-3c738cde0196","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6192a4adbe464bef97c118bda2ca66d28e61b21f616f2e02afc1eb388cb66291"},"what_changed":"A short project summary is easy to search, but may omit the number or exception needed to answer a later question. Xia and colleagues pair a primary abstraction with concrete memory content, then add cue anchors that offer several ways to find the same entry. Their retrieval policy can refine a query, explore connected entries or stop. The work tests whether this combination improves answer quality on conversational-memory benchmarks. Its contribution is the external abstraction-and-cue representation and the specified retrieval methods, distinct from the neural Memora model introduced within MIRAS.","scope":"A short project summary is easy to search, but may omit the number or exception needed to answer a later question. Xia and colleagues pair a primary abstraction with concrete memory content, then add cue anchors that offer several ways to find the same entry. Their retrieval policy can refine a query, explore connected entries or stop. The work tests whether this combination improves answer quality on conversational-memory benchmarks. Its contribution is the external abstraction-and-cue representation and the specified retrieval methods, distinct from the neural Memora model introduced within MIRAS. The reported averages depend on model-based judging and specific benchmark settings. Some question categories and word-overlap metrics favor other configurations. The policy retriever uses additional model calls and is slower than semantic retrieval in the measured setup. The trained-policy comparison uses a separate held-out split and is not the configuration behind every headline result. Context reduction is not total cost reduction. Automatically consolidating two entries does not establish that two real people or scientific claims are identical.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0b5b18ae-64c4-4e66-af2f-3c738cde0196","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6192a4adbe464bef97c118bda2ca66d28e61b21f616f2e02afc1eb388cb66291"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xu-et-al-evolib-evolving-testtime-knowledge-library-2026","title":"EvoLib: retaining useful skills across test-time problems","summary":"Solving a problem can produce a useful procedure or reveal a mistake worth avoiding. EvoLib stores these as modular skills and reflective insights in an evolving library. A new problem retrieves candidate abstractions, the model attempts a solution, and the system updates which abstractions are sampled. Its weighting mechanism considers both immediate usefulness and whether an item helped produce a useful successor. The researchers test this no-weight-update approach on mathematics, coding and interactive tasks. The contribution is the evolving-library algorithm, with its reported comparisons and ablations.","boundary":"The library relies on self-evaluation, synthetic tests or majority judgments during learning; these can be wrong. Static experiments revisit a task pool, while continual experiments use a stream, so their results are not interchangeable. Some results tie a strong baseline. Weighted token counts are a specified cost proxy, not measured current spending. Generalization to open-ended scientific work remains unknown. The library’s internal credit heuristic is not a determination of scientific authorship or a proof that its abstractions are valid.","area":"Nonparametric test-time learning","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"xu-et-al-evolib-evolving-testtime-knowledge-library-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:594f4d99-4af0-43d4-a83b-d47185dfebdd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f25c46fb86a6c84747d944b0790dd41da9d7f75f49ab03592ff53d4bb646f5d"},"humans":["Weijia Xu","Alessandro Sordoni","Chandan Singh","Zelalem Gero","Michel Galley","Xingdi Yuan","Jianfeng Gao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2605-14477v2","title":"Test-Time Learning with an Evolving Library","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14477v2","date":"2026-05-14"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"xu-et-al-evolib-evolving-testtime-knowledge-library-2026","entry_id":"xu-et-al-evolib-evolving-testtime-knowledge-library-2026","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:594f4d99-4af0-43d4-a83b-d47185dfebdd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f25c46fb86a6c84747d944b0790dd41da9d7f75f49ab03592ff53d4bb646f5d"},"what_changed":"Solving a problem can produce a useful procedure or reveal a mistake worth avoiding. EvoLib stores these as modular skills and reflective insights in an evolving library. A new problem retrieves candidate abstractions, the model attempts a solution, and the system updates which abstractions are sampled. Its weighting mechanism considers both immediate usefulness and whether an item helped produce a useful successor. The researchers test this no-weight-update approach on mathematics, coding and interactive tasks. The contribution is the evolving-library algorithm, with its reported comparisons and ablations.","scope":"Solving a problem can produce a useful procedure or reveal a mistake worth avoiding. EvoLib stores these as modular skills and reflective insights in an evolving library. A new problem retrieves candidate abstractions, the model attempts a solution, and the system updates which abstractions are sampled. Its weighting mechanism considers both immediate usefulness and whether an item helped produce a useful successor. The researchers test this no-weight-update approach on mathematics, coding and interactive tasks. The contribution is the evolving-library algorithm, with its reported comparisons and ablations. The library relies on self-evaluation, synthetic tests or majority judgments during learning; these can be wrong. Static experiments revisit a task pool, while continual experiments use a stream, so their results are not interchangeable. Some results tie a strong baseline. Weighted token counts are a specified cost proxy, not measured current spending. Generalization to open-ended scientific work remains unknown. The library’s internal credit heuristic is not a determination of scientific authorship or a proof that its abstractions are valid.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:594f4d99-4af0-43d4-a83b-d47185dfebdd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f25c46fb86a6c84747d944b0790dd41da9d7f75f49ab03592ff53d4bb646f5d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ouyang-et-al-reasoningbank-experience-memory-2025","title":"ReasoningBank: learning reusable strategies from successes and failures","summary":"An agent may repeatedly make the same mistake even when a previous attempt exposed it. ReasoningBank turns self-judged successful and failed trajectories into short strategy records with a title, description and content. Later tasks retrieve relevant records, and new experiences add further lessons. Memory-aware test-time scaling, or MaTTS, compares parallel attempts or uses sequential refinement to obtain richer experience. Ouyang and colleagues test the combined approach on web navigation and software issues. The contribution is the particular strategy-memory and scaling method, not the general idea that failures can teach useful lessons.","boundary":"Success and failure labels come from a model and can be noisy. Reduced interaction steps do not include all memory preparation or token costs. MaTTS spends extra computation, and best-of-several results differ from a single attempt. Some web task success rates remain low despite better step-level metrics. Failure on one attempt does not show that a route is impossible. This is not verified autonomous lifelong learning, an adversarially safe memory service or a separate discovery for each tested model.","area":"Experience-based agent memory","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"ouyang-et-al-reasoningbank-experience-memory-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:47032cf9-4659-47bd-a2db-2f505bd496f4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb8dd523b80e742db23af1c48ecea7c48eda1b61b73afd0865b53a91984e7b99"},"humans":["Siru Ouyang","Jun Yan","I-Hung Hsu","Yanfei Chen","Ke Jiang","Zifeng Wang","Rujun Han","Long T. Le","Samira Daruki","Xiangru Tang","Vishy Tirumalashetty","George Lee","Mahsan Rofouei","Hangfei Lin","Jiawei Han","Chen-Yu Lee","Tomas Pfister"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2509-25140v1","title":"ReasoningBank: Scaling Agent Self-Evolving with Reasoning Memory","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25140v1","date":"2025-09-29"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"ouyang-et-al-reasoningbank-experience-memory-2025","entry_id":"ouyang-et-al-reasoningbank-experience-memory-2025","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:47032cf9-4659-47bd-a2db-2f505bd496f4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb8dd523b80e742db23af1c48ecea7c48eda1b61b73afd0865b53a91984e7b99"},"what_changed":"An agent may repeatedly make the same mistake even when a previous attempt exposed it. ReasoningBank turns self-judged successful and failed trajectories into short strategy records with a title, description and content. Later tasks retrieve relevant records, and new experiences add further lessons. Memory-aware test-time scaling, or MaTTS, compares parallel attempts or uses sequential refinement to obtain richer experience. Ouyang and colleagues test the combined approach on web navigation and software issues. The contribution is the particular strategy-memory and scaling method, not the general idea that failures can teach useful lessons.","scope":"An agent may repeatedly make the same mistake even when a previous attempt exposed it. ReasoningBank turns self-judged successful and failed trajectories into short strategy records with a title, description and content. Later tasks retrieve relevant records, and new experiences add further lessons. Memory-aware test-time scaling, or MaTTS, compares parallel attempts or uses sequential refinement to obtain richer experience. Ouyang and colleagues test the combined approach on web navigation and software issues. The contribution is the particular strategy-memory and scaling method, not the general idea that failures can teach useful lessons. Success and failure labels come from a model and can be noisy. Reduced interaction steps do not include all memory preparation or token costs. MaTTS spends extra computation, and best-of-several results differ from a single attempt. Some web task success rates remain low despite better step-level metrics. Failure on one attempt does not show that a route is impossible. This is not verified autonomous lifelong learning, an adversarially safe memory service or a separate discovery for each tested model.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:47032cf9-4659-47bd-a2db-2f505bd496f4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb8dd523b80e742db23af1c48ecea7c48eda1b61b73afd0865b53a91984e7b99"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"packer-et-al-memgpt-virtual-context-management-2023","title":"MemGPT: managing a conversation beyond the immediate prompt","summary":"A language model has limited room for the text it reads at once. MemGPT treats that room as an actively managed workspace rather than the whole memory. The agent can move information between its working context and external stores, search earlier material, handle capacity warnings and continue through tool calls. Packer and colleagues demonstrate this design on conversations and document tasks. The contribution is the explicit virtual-context management architecture and its tested interactions, inspired by operating-system memory management without claiming to invent external storage or retrieval.","boundary":"The cited 2023 experiments use particular models, prompts and tool behavior. External storage is not unlimited reliable attention. Extra retrieval calls and stored text have costs, and the system sometimes stops searching too early or needs help. Document-question results do not beat the comparison model on every metric. Oracle and ordinary retrieval conditions must remain separate. Later product versions, current prices and additional authors in later revisions are outside the original source-specific contribution.","area":"Language-model context management","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"packer-et-al-memgpt-virtual-context-management-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a08061d2-7ce1-41f2-aeb2-8de171b9c24b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3aac494a5f8bbb31f1762b57d741d996b061942114f70cb2c5e356c1f00a0250"},"humans":["Charles Packer","Vivian Fang","Shishir G. Patil","Kevin Lin","Sarah Wooders","Joseph E. Gonzalez"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2310-08560v1","title":"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560v1","date":"2023-10-12"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Original UC Berkeley institutional byline. Source-bound work locations, not citizenship, sovereignty judgment or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a08061d2-7ce1-41f2-aeb2-8de171b9c24b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3aac494a5f8bbb31f1762b57d741d996b061942114f70cb2c5e356c1f00a0250"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"packer-et-al-memgpt-virtual-context-management-2023","entry_id":"packer-et-al-memgpt-virtual-context-management-2023","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a08061d2-7ce1-41f2-aeb2-8de171b9c24b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3aac494a5f8bbb31f1762b57d741d996b061942114f70cb2c5e356c1f00a0250"},"what_changed":"A language model has limited room for the text it reads at once. MemGPT treats that room as an actively managed workspace rather than the whole memory. The agent can move information between its working context and external stores, search earlier material, handle capacity warnings and continue through tool calls. Packer and colleagues demonstrate this design on conversations and document tasks. The contribution is the explicit virtual-context management architecture and its tested interactions, inspired by operating-system memory management without claiming to invent external storage or retrieval.","scope":"A language model has limited room for the text it reads at once. MemGPT treats that room as an actively managed workspace rather than the whole memory. The agent can move information between its working context and external stores, search earlier material, handle capacity warnings and continue through tool calls. Packer and colleagues demonstrate this design on conversations and document tasks. The contribution is the explicit virtual-context management architecture and its tested interactions, inspired by operating-system memory management without claiming to invent external storage or retrieval. The cited 2023 experiments use particular models, prompts and tool behavior. External storage is not unlimited reliable attention. Extra retrieval calls and stored text have costs, and the system sometimes stops searching too early or needs help. Document-question results do not beat the comparison model on every metric. Oracle and ordinary retrieval conditions must remain separate. Later product versions, current prices and additional authors in later revisions are outside the original source-specific contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a08061d2-7ce1-41f2-aeb2-8de171b9c24b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3aac494a5f8bbb31f1762b57d741d996b061942114f70cb2c5e356c1f00a0250"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"edge-et-al-graphrag-community-summarization-2024","title":"GraphRAG: building community summaries for questions about a whole collection","summary":"Finding one relevant paragraph is different from asking what themes run through thousands of documents. GraphRAG extracts entities and relationships, groups them into communities and prepares summaries at several levels. A question can then draw on these summaries through a map-and-reduce process that combines partial answers. Edge, Trinh and colleagues demonstrate the approach on large text collections. The contribution is this graph-and-community summarization pipeline for collection-wide questions, separate from earlier retrieval, community-detection and language-model methods.","boundary":"The evaluation uses generated global questions and model-judged answer preferences, rather than a complete factual answer key or independent reader study. Gains vary by criterion and hierarchy level. Query-stage context savings exclude graph extraction and summary preparation. Entity links and summaries can be wrong. The original eight-author version is retained; later bylines are not retroactively substituted. This method is not the invention of all graph-based retrieval or a guarantee that a fluent summary preserves every source condition.","area":"Retrieval-augmented generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"edge-et-al-graphrag-community-summarization-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fb584da-e097-42e2-a2bb-5538e53d9045","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c86e0b0aff634e4877637239367bdc47937913aa62fdfea3a9382515f566421a"},"humans":["Darren Edge","Ha Trinh","Newman Cheng","Joshua Bradley","Alex Chao","Apurva Mody","Steven Truitt","Jonathan Larson"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2404-16130v1","title":"From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarization","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16130v1","date":"2024-04-24"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"edge-et-al-graphrag-community-summarization-2024","entry_id":"edge-et-al-graphrag-community-summarization-2024","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fb584da-e097-42e2-a2bb-5538e53d9045","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c86e0b0aff634e4877637239367bdc47937913aa62fdfea3a9382515f566421a"},"what_changed":"Finding one relevant paragraph is different from asking what themes run through thousands of documents. GraphRAG extracts entities and relationships, groups them into communities and prepares summaries at several levels. A question can then draw on these summaries through a map-and-reduce process that combines partial answers. Edge, Trinh and colleagues demonstrate the approach on large text collections. The contribution is this graph-and-community summarization pipeline for collection-wide questions, separate from earlier retrieval, community-detection and language-model methods.","scope":"Finding one relevant paragraph is different from asking what themes run through thousands of documents. GraphRAG extracts entities and relationships, groups them into communities and prepares summaries at several levels. A question can then draw on these summaries through a map-and-reduce process that combines partial answers. Edge, Trinh and colleagues demonstrate the approach on large text collections. The contribution is this graph-and-community summarization pipeline for collection-wide questions, separate from earlier retrieval, community-detection and language-model methods. The evaluation uses generated global questions and model-judged answer preferences, rather than a complete factual answer key or independent reader study. Gains vary by criterion and hierarchy level. Query-stage context savings exclude graph extraction and summary preparation. Entity links and summaries can be wrong. The original eight-author version is retained; later bylines are not retroactively substituted. This method is not the invention of all graph-based retrieval or a guarantee that a fluent summary preserves every source condition.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fb584da-e097-42e2-a2bb-5538e53d9045","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c86e0b0aff634e4877637239367bdc47937913aa62fdfea3a9382515f566421a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chhikara-et-al-mem0-incremental-conversational-memory-2025","title":"Mem0: incrementally selecting and updating conversational memories","summary":"A long-running assistant may need a few relevant facts rather than an entire conversation history. The 2025 Mem0 paper describes extracting candidate memories, finding related stored items and deciding whether to add, update, delete or ignore each candidate. A graph variant also stores relationships. The researchers report conversational-memory results and query-time costs. The contribution is the specified incremental memory pipeline and its source-bound evaluation, rather than a certification of the current commercial product or ownership of the models it uses.","boundary":"These are author/vendor-reported experiments. Full-context inference has a higher overall judge score in the reported table, while Mem0 uses less retrieved context and has lower measured latency. A headline relative gain compares against a particular manual memory proxy, not every current OpenAI system. Extraction and updating are not included in every cost figure. Adversarial questions are excluded from the main comparison, and a quoted competing result has a category-label discrepancy that prevents an unqualified cross-paper ranking.","area":"External conversational memory","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"chhikara-et-al-mem0-incremental-conversational-memory-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bbc2ee92-8d03-4909-a454-135b3b92fcfb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:805ef6c7e55e75ab851f3c157223c96c4be5234d7ea22a0c240750385c7228ae"},"humans":["Prateek Chhikara","Dev Khant","Saket Aryan","Taranjeet Singh","Deshraj Yadav"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2504-19413v1","title":"Mem0: Building Production-Ready AI Agents with Scalable Long-Term Memory","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.19413v1","date":"2025-04-28"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"chhikara-et-al-mem0-incremental-conversational-memory-2025","entry_id":"chhikara-et-al-mem0-incremental-conversational-memory-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bbc2ee92-8d03-4909-a454-135b3b92fcfb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:805ef6c7e55e75ab851f3c157223c96c4be5234d7ea22a0c240750385c7228ae"},"what_changed":"A long-running assistant may need a few relevant facts rather than an entire conversation history. The 2025 Mem0 paper describes extracting candidate memories, finding related stored items and deciding whether to add, update, delete or ignore each candidate. A graph variant also stores relationships. The researchers report conversational-memory results and query-time costs. The contribution is the specified incremental memory pipeline and its source-bound evaluation, rather than a certification of the current commercial product or ownership of the models it uses.","scope":"A long-running assistant may need a few relevant facts rather than an entire conversation history. The 2025 Mem0 paper describes extracting candidate memories, finding related stored items and deciding whether to add, update, delete or ignore each candidate. A graph variant also stores relationships. The researchers report conversational-memory results and query-time costs. The contribution is the specified incremental memory pipeline and its source-bound evaluation, rather than a certification of the current commercial product or ownership of the models it uses. These are author/vendor-reported experiments. Full-context inference has a higher overall judge score in the reported table, while Mem0 uses less retrieved context and has lower measured latency. A headline relative gain compares against a particular manual memory proxy, not every current OpenAI system. Extraction and updating are not included in every cost figure. Adversarial questions are excluded from the main comparison, and a quoted competing result has a category-label discrepancy that prevents an unqualified cross-paper ranking.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bbc2ee92-8d03-4909-a454-135b3b92fcfb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:805ef6c7e55e75ab851f3c157223c96c4be5234d7ea22a0c240750385c7228ae"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xu-et-al-amem-linked-evolving-memory-notes-2025","title":"A-Mem: connecting and revising notes for an agent","summary":"Useful information is not always found by searching for the exact words used when it was stored. A-Mem turns incoming experiences into notes with keywords, tags, contextual descriptions and embeddings. The system finds related notes, creates links and can revise earlier descriptions as new information arrives. Xu and colleagues test this linked-note design across several language models on conversational-memory tasks. The contribution is the specific agent memory construction and evolution method, inspired by human linked-note practices rather than inventing those practices.","boundary":"Generated relationships and descriptions are model outputs, not verified facts or causal links. Defined prompts and retrieval limits remain part of the workflow. Different models and question categories have mixed results, and lower retrieved-token counts exclude all writing and updating costs. Its original table and another paper’s quotation swap two category labels; those cross-paper category comparisons remain unresolved. Original-version authors and affiliations are retained rather than replaced by a later conference revision.","area":"External agent memory","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"xu-et-al-amem-linked-evolving-memory-notes-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:52a6a569-7bd2-462d-a558-b43f6d1cabf7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0548def1521e919c5df3629f31b4ab008bd51330f699626ba6d3f364d19ba645"},"humans":["Wujiang Xu","Zujie Liang","Kai Mei","Hang Gao","Juntao Tan","Yongfeng Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2502-12110v1","title":"A-MEM: Agentic Memory for LLM Agents","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12110v1","date":"2025-02-17"}],"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"xu-et-al-amem-linked-evolving-memory-notes-2025","entry_id":"xu-et-al-amem-linked-evolving-memory-notes-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:52a6a569-7bd2-462d-a558-b43f6d1cabf7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0548def1521e919c5df3629f31b4ab008bd51330f699626ba6d3f364d19ba645"},"what_changed":"Useful information is not always found by searching for the exact words used when it was stored. A-Mem turns incoming experiences into notes with keywords, tags, contextual descriptions and embeddings. The system finds related notes, creates links and can revise earlier descriptions as new information arrives. Xu and colleagues test this linked-note design across several language models on conversational-memory tasks. The contribution is the specific agent memory construction and evolution method, inspired by human linked-note practices rather than inventing those practices.","scope":"Useful information is not always found by searching for the exact words used when it was stored. A-Mem turns incoming experiences into notes with keywords, tags, contextual descriptions and embeddings. The system finds related notes, creates links and can revise earlier descriptions as new information arrives. Xu and colleagues test this linked-note design across several language models on conversational-memory tasks. The contribution is the specific agent memory construction and evolution method, inspired by human linked-note practices rather than inventing those practices. Generated relationships and descriptions are model outputs, not verified facts or causal links. Defined prompts and retrieval limits remain part of the workflow. Different models and question categories have mixed results, and lower retrieved-token counts exclude all writing and updating costs. Its original table and another paper’s quotation swap two category labels; those cross-paper category comparisons remain unresolved. Original-version authors and affiliations are retained rather than replaced by a later conference revision.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:52a6a569-7bd2-462d-a558-b43f6d1cabf7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0548def1521e919c5df3629f31b4ab008bd51330f699626ba6d3f364d19ba645"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sarthi-et-al-raptor-recursive-summary-retrieval-2024","title":"RAPTOR: retrieving both details and summaries from a document tree","summary":"A question may need a precise paragraph or an overview spread across several sections. RAPTOR groups document chunks, summarizes the groups and repeats this process to build a hierarchy. Retrieval can consider text from different levels, rather than relying only on the original chunks. Sarthi and colleagues evaluate the design on several question-answering datasets. The contribution is this recursive clustering-and-summary retrieval method, building on existing embeddings, clustering and language models rather than counting each inherited component as a new discovery.","boundary":"Reported gains depend on the task, reader model and comparison system. A large headline improvement compares whole systems, not an isolated causal effect of the tree. Some word-overlap metrics favor another baseline. Summaries can hallucinate, and a limited annotation study does not guarantee that errors never propagate. The retrieved-context budget excludes offline construction costs. The tree is a useful access structure, not a replacement for checking the original passage when an exact condition matters.","area":"Hierarchical retrieval-augmented generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"sarthi-et-al-raptor-recursive-summary-retrieval-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13d0c8c5-ba86-4467-a9f5-e9722146ffda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9d9fa7be872071356ed4b764c50a825d816c09b75136d987204cd19b5c95bdd"},"humans":["Parth Sarthi","Salman Abdullah","Aditi Tuli","Shubh Khanna","Anna Goldie","Christopher D. Manning"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2401-18059v1","title":"RAPTOR: Recursive Abstractive Processing for Tree-Organized Retrieval","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.18059v1","date":"2024-01-31"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Original Stanford University institutional byline. Source-bound work locations, not citizenship, sovereignty judgment or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.18059v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13d0c8c5-ba86-4467-a9f5-e9722146ffda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9d9fa7be872071356ed4b764c50a825d816c09b75136d987204cd19b5c95bdd"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"RAPTOR: Recursive Abstractive Processing for Tree-Organized Retrieval","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.18059v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"sarthi-et-al-raptor-recursive-summary-retrieval-2024","entry_id":"sarthi-et-al-raptor-recursive-summary-retrieval-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13d0c8c5-ba86-4467-a9f5-e9722146ffda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9d9fa7be872071356ed4b764c50a825d816c09b75136d987204cd19b5c95bdd"},"what_changed":"A question may need a precise paragraph or an overview spread across several sections. RAPTOR groups document chunks, summarizes the groups and repeats this process to build a hierarchy. Retrieval can consider text from different levels, rather than relying only on the original chunks. Sarthi and colleagues evaluate the design on several question-answering datasets. The contribution is this recursive clustering-and-summary retrieval method, building on existing embeddings, clustering and language models rather than counting each inherited component as a new discovery.","scope":"A question may need a precise paragraph or an overview spread across several sections. RAPTOR groups document chunks, summarizes the groups and repeats this process to build a hierarchy. Retrieval can consider text from different levels, rather than relying only on the original chunks. Sarthi and colleagues evaluate the design on several question-answering datasets. The contribution is this recursive clustering-and-summary retrieval method, building on existing embeddings, clustering and language models rather than counting each inherited component as a new discovery. Reported gains depend on the task, reader model and comparison system. A large headline improvement compares whole systems, not an isolated causal effect of the tree. Some word-overlap metrics favor another baseline. Summaries can hallucinate, and a limited annotation study does not guarantee that errors never propagate. The retrieved-context budget excludes offline construction costs. The tree is a useful access structure, not a replacement for checking the original passage when an exact condition matters.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13d0c8c5-ba86-4467-a9f5-e9722146ffda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9d9fa7be872071356ed4b764c50a825d816c09b75136d987204cd19b5c95bdd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wu-et-al-longmemeval-interactive-memory-benchmark-2024","title":"LongMemEval: testing whether assistants can use a long interaction history","summary":"An assistant might remember one fact yet miss a later correction, confuse dates or answer a question whose premise is false. LongMemEval creates a structured evaluation of these abilities. Its questions require extracting information, reasoning across sessions and time, handling updates and abstaining when evidence is absent. Wu and colleagues combine curated questions with long interaction histories and study memory indexing, retrieval and reading choices. The contribution is the evaluation resource and its scoped design analysis, rather than an achievement by any model tested on it.","boundary":"The histories include simulated and edited material, and the evaluation uses specified answer rubrics and model judging. A smaller commercial-assistant pilot uses much shorter histories and historical August 2024 configurations. More retrieved text does not always help, and compression can remove useful details. Benchmark performance is not a guarantee for real users or proof of a scientific statement. The source’s illustrative work-hour arithmetic contains a typo; that example is not copied as a measured result.","area":"Conversational-memory evaluation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"BENCHMARK","contribution_kind":"EVALUATION_RESOURCE_DESIGN","package_id":"wu-et-al-longmemeval-interactive-memory-benchmark-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80a5e780-236b-4610-a6a6-1ec74c59417e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd5fe2f62fee892ea189711e0ab828b658602ef5a53e80e0045ee43b6edc2cc4"},"humans":["Di Wu","Hongwei Wang","Wenhao Yu","Yuwei Zhang","Kai-Wei Chang","Dong Yu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2410-10813v1","title":"LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memory","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10813v1","date":"2024-10-14"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Original UCLA, Tencent AI Lab Seattle and UC San Diego bylines. Source-bound work locations, not citizenship, sovereignty judgment or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10813v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80a5e780-236b-4610-a6a6-1ec74c59417e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd5fe2f62fee892ea189711e0ab828b658602ef5a53e80e0045ee43b6edc2cc4"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memory","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10813v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"wu-et-al-longmemeval-interactive-memory-benchmark-2024","entry_id":"wu-et-al-longmemeval-interactive-memory-benchmark-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80a5e780-236b-4610-a6a6-1ec74c59417e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd5fe2f62fee892ea189711e0ab828b658602ef5a53e80e0045ee43b6edc2cc4"},"what_changed":"An assistant might remember one fact yet miss a later correction, confuse dates or answer a question whose premise is false. LongMemEval creates a structured evaluation of these abilities. Its questions require extracting information, reasoning across sessions and time, handling updates and abstaining when evidence is absent. Wu and colleagues combine curated questions with long interaction histories and study memory indexing, retrieval and reading choices. The contribution is the evaluation resource and its scoped design analysis, rather than an achievement by any model tested on it.","scope":"An assistant might remember one fact yet miss a later correction, confuse dates or answer a question whose premise is false. LongMemEval creates a structured evaluation of these abilities. Its questions require extracting information, reasoning across sessions and time, handling updates and abstaining when evidence is absent. Wu and colleagues combine curated questions with long interaction histories and study memory indexing, retrieval and reading choices. The contribution is the evaluation resource and its scoped design analysis, rather than an achievement by any model tested on it. The histories include simulated and edited material, and the evaluation uses specified answer rubrics and model judging. A smaller commercial-assistant pilot uses much shorter histories and historical August 2024 configurations. More retrieved text does not always help, and compression can remove useful details. Benchmark performance is not a guarantee for real users or proof of a scientific statement. The source’s illustrative work-hour arithmetic contains a typo; that example is not copied as a measured result.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80a5e780-236b-4610-a6a6-1ec74c59417e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cd5fe2f62fee892ea189711e0ab828b658602ef5a53e80e0045ee43b6edc2cc4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gutierrez-et-al-hipporag-graph-diffusion-retrieval-2024","title":"HippoRAG: following a retrieval graph to connect distant evidence","summary":"A multi-hop question can require facts that are far apart in a collection. HippoRAG extracts a graph from passages, links related entities and uses a personalized PageRank procedure to spread relevance from the query’s entities. It then maps that signal back to passages for the answering model. Gutiérrez and colleagues test the combination on multi-hop question answering. The contribution is the specified graph-based retrieval system and its evaluation; the memory analogy is inspiration for a computing method, not a new biological discovery.","boundary":"Graph extraction and entity recognition can fail, and some tasks favor the comparison retriever. Better passage retrieval does not guarantee a correct generated answer. Reported online speed and cost gains exclude some preparation costs. The paper does not establish scalability far beyond its tested collections. PageRank, open information extraction and inherited dense retrievers retain separate credit. Neurobiological inspiration does not validate a biological mechanism or confer clinical applicability.","area":"Multi-hop information retrieval","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"gutierrez-et-al-hipporag-graph-diffusion-retrieval-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dea13f37-71f6-4533-aced-be1b54875fd8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcd49767bc8e03c689c2bf65db4a0bf86f7ab574dd9389edbd469480331eaaf4"},"humans":["Bernal Jiménez Gutiérrez","Yiheng Shu","Yu Gu","Michihiro Yasunaga","Yu Su"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2405-14831v1","title":"HippoRAG: Neurobiologically Inspired Long-Term Memory for Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14831v1","date":"2024-05-23"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Original Ohio State and Stanford bylines. Source-bound work locations, not citizenship, sovereignty judgment or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14831v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dea13f37-71f6-4533-aced-be1b54875fd8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcd49767bc8e03c689c2bf65db4a0bf86f7ab574dd9389edbd469480331eaaf4"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"HippoRAG: Neurobiologically Inspired Long-Term Memory for Large Language Models","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14831v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"gutierrez-et-al-hipporag-graph-diffusion-retrieval-2024","entry_id":"gutierrez-et-al-hipporag-graph-diffusion-retrieval-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dea13f37-71f6-4533-aced-be1b54875fd8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcd49767bc8e03c689c2bf65db4a0bf86f7ab574dd9389edbd469480331eaaf4"},"what_changed":"A multi-hop question can require facts that are far apart in a collection. HippoRAG extracts a graph from passages, links related entities and uses a personalized PageRank procedure to spread relevance from the query’s entities. It then maps that signal back to passages for the answering model. Gutiérrez and colleagues test the combination on multi-hop question answering. The contribution is the specified graph-based retrieval system and its evaluation; the memory analogy is inspiration for a computing method, not a new biological discovery.","scope":"A multi-hop question can require facts that are far apart in a collection. HippoRAG extracts a graph from passages, links related entities and uses a personalized PageRank procedure to spread relevance from the query’s entities. It then maps that signal back to passages for the answering model. Gutiérrez and colleagues test the combination on multi-hop question answering. The contribution is the specified graph-based retrieval system and its evaluation; the memory analogy is inspiration for a computing method, not a new biological discovery. Graph extraction and entity recognition can fail, and some tasks favor the comparison retriever. Better passage retrieval does not guarantee a correct generated answer. Reported online speed and cost gains exclude some preparation costs. The paper does not establish scalability far beyond its tested collections. PageRank, open information extraction and inherited dense retrievers retain separate credit. Neurobiological inspiration does not validate a biological mechanism or confer clinical applicability.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dea13f37-71f6-4533-aced-be1b54875fd8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcd49767bc8e03c689c2bf65db4a0bf86f7ab574dd9389edbd469480331eaaf4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"guo-et-al-lightrag-dual-level-graph-retrieval-2024","title":"LightRAG: using both local details and broader graph relationships","summary":"Searching for one entity and asking about a collection-wide relationship require different clues. LightRAG uses a graph of extracted entities and relationships alongside vector retrieval, with lower-level entity keys and higher-level relation keywords. It combines relevant graph information with original text chunks to help generate an answer. Guo and colleagues also describe merging new material into the index. The contribution is this dual-level retrieval and incremental indexing design, separate from GraphRAG and earlier graph and vector methods.","boundary":"Its evaluation largely measures model-judged answer preferences, not independently verified factual accuracy. Results are mixed across collections and criteria. A cost example compares community-report processing with keyword generation; it does not include every answer or indexing token and is not an end-to-end cost ratio. Incremental graph merging does not guarantee conflict-free scientific revision or resistance to malicious content. The record concerns the computing method, without creating new agricultural achievements from an evaluation domain.","area":"Graph-augmented retrieval","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"guo-et-al-lightrag-dual-level-graph-retrieval-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfef08f1-7738-444e-adca-b0d02606451a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:221db8453a2716a8ce28d41b5ee7212f7bb2406b5b0cd34b59c63a8494622f32"},"humans":["Zirui Guo","Lianghao Xia","Yanhua Yu","Tu Ao","Chao Huang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2410-05779v1","title":"LightRAG: Simple and Fast Retrieval-Augmented Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05779v1","date":"2024-10-08"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["CN","HK"],"location_basis":"Original Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications and University of Hong Kong bylines; country/region display convention retained. Source-bound work locations, not citizenship, sovereignty judgment or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05779v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfef08f1-7738-444e-adca-b0d02606451a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:221db8453a2716a8ce28d41b5ee7212f7bb2406b5b0cd34b59c63a8494622f32"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"LightRAG: Simple and Fast Retrieval-Augmented Generation","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05779v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"CN":"China","HK":"Hong Kong"}},"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"guo-et-al-lightrag-dual-level-graph-retrieval-2024","entry_id":"guo-et-al-lightrag-dual-level-graph-retrieval-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfef08f1-7738-444e-adca-b0d02606451a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:221db8453a2716a8ce28d41b5ee7212f7bb2406b5b0cd34b59c63a8494622f32"},"what_changed":"Searching for one entity and asking about a collection-wide relationship require different clues. LightRAG uses a graph of extracted entities and relationships alongside vector retrieval, with lower-level entity keys and higher-level relation keywords. It combines relevant graph information with original text chunks to help generate an answer. Guo and colleagues also describe merging new material into the index. The contribution is this dual-level retrieval and incremental indexing design, separate from GraphRAG and earlier graph and vector methods.","scope":"Searching for one entity and asking about a collection-wide relationship require different clues. LightRAG uses a graph of extracted entities and relationships alongside vector retrieval, with lower-level entity keys and higher-level relation keywords. It combines relevant graph information with original text chunks to help generate an answer. Guo and colleagues also describe merging new material into the index. The contribution is this dual-level retrieval and incremental indexing design, separate from GraphRAG and earlier graph and vector methods. Its evaluation largely measures model-judged answer preferences, not independently verified factual accuracy. Results are mixed across collections and criteria. A cost example compares community-report processing with keyword generation; it does not include every answer or indexing token and is not an end-to-end cost ratio. Incremental graph merging does not guarantee conflict-free scientific revision or resistance to malicious content. The record concerns the computing method, without creating new agricultural achievements from an evaluation domain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bfef08f1-7738-444e-adca-b0d02606451a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:221db8453a2716a8ce28d41b5ee7212f7bb2406b5b0cd34b59c63a8494622f32"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kang-et-al-gigagan-scaled-text-image-synthesis-2023","title":"GigaGAN: scaling a fast generator without losing editable image styles","summary":"Generating an image in one network pass is attractive, but simply making a GAN wider can destabilize training. GigaGAN combines a bank of filters selected for each example, attention between image regions and words, and training signals at several image scales. A base generator makes a small image, and a separate text-conditioned upsampler adds resolution. Kang and colleagues demonstrate billion-parameter-scale adversarial generation and editable latent representations. The contribution is this specified architecture and its reported experiments, building on GANs, StyleGAN, CLIP and earlier attention and dynamic-filter methods.","boundary":"Original timings concern specified A100 configurations and include different generation or upsampling stages. Training is substantial, and one upsampler uses internal stock images. Comparisons differ in data, training, encoders and output resolution. A lower distributional image score does not imply better realism or correct prompt composition: the authors explicitly show weaker visual results than production DALL·E 2. Individual ablations have mixed metrics. Upsampling can invent detail rather than recover the original scene; better perceptual scores do not mean better pixel fidelity.","area":"Adversarial image generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"kang-et-al-gigagan-scaled-text-image-synthesis-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c97347a-e7a0-4dda-aa51-a1cbdcf46891","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec43fa7121db68a9e1b5432e901b2b1dae11a4f246a6334acb373eb1e0c1c1ab"},"humans":["Minguk Kang","Jun-Yan Zhu","Richard Zhang","Jaesik Park","Eli Shechtman","Sylvain Paris","Taesung Park"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2303-05511v1","title":"Scaling up GANs for Text-to-Image Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.05511v1","date":"2023-03-09"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"kang-et-al-gigagan-scaled-text-image-synthesis-2023","entry_id":"kang-et-al-gigagan-scaled-text-image-synthesis-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c97347a-e7a0-4dda-aa51-a1cbdcf46891","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec43fa7121db68a9e1b5432e901b2b1dae11a4f246a6334acb373eb1e0c1c1ab"},"what_changed":"Generating an image in one network pass is attractive, but simply making a GAN wider can destabilize training. GigaGAN combines a bank of filters selected for each example, attention between image regions and words, and training signals at several image scales. A base generator makes a small image, and a separate text-conditioned upsampler adds resolution. Kang and colleagues demonstrate billion-parameter-scale adversarial generation and editable latent representations. The contribution is this specified architecture and its reported experiments, building on GANs, StyleGAN, CLIP and earlier attention and dynamic-filter methods.","scope":"Generating an image in one network pass is attractive, but simply making a GAN wider can destabilize training. GigaGAN combines a bank of filters selected for each example, attention between image regions and words, and training signals at several image scales. A base generator makes a small image, and a separate text-conditioned upsampler adds resolution. Kang and colleagues demonstrate billion-parameter-scale adversarial generation and editable latent representations. The contribution is this specified architecture and its reported experiments, building on GANs, StyleGAN, CLIP and earlier attention and dynamic-filter methods. Original timings concern specified A100 configurations and include different generation or upsampling stages. Training is substantial, and one upsampler uses internal stock images. Comparisons differ in data, training, encoders and output resolution. A lower distributional image score does not imply better realism or correct prompt composition: the authors explicitly show weaker visual results than production DALL·E 2. Individual ablations have mixed metrics. Upsampling can invent detail rather than recover the original scene; better perceptual scores do not mean better pixel fidelity.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c97347a-e7a0-4dda-aa51-a1cbdcf46891","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ec43fa7121db68a9e1b5432e901b2b1dae11a4f246a6334acb373eb1e0c1c1ab"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sauer-et-al-stylegant-text-image-adversarial-2023","title":"StyleGAN-T: making text-conditioned GANs larger and easier to steer","summary":"A GAN can turn a random seed into an image quickly, but open-ended text adds a much harder conditioning problem. StyleGAN-T revises the synthesis network and discriminator, incorporates pretrained visual and text features, and alternates generator training with adaptation of the text encoder. Per-prompt truncation moves a latent sample toward a typical sample for that prompt, trading variety for alignment. Sauer and colleagues demonstrate the combined design at large scale. The contribution is the specific adversarial image system, rather than invention of its inherited GAN or pretrained representation components.","boundary":"The reported low-resolution result does not establish high-resolution superiority: at 256 pixels its distributional image score trails several diffusion and autoregressive comparators. Training uses 250 million pairs and four weeks on 64 A100 GPUs. Sampling times refer to historical hardware and settings; comparator hardware and measurement sources differ. Strong text-alignment guidance can introduce artifacts, while truncation reduces diversity. Attribute binding and readable text remain failure cases. Smooth selected latent edits are not a guarantee of arbitrary semantic control.","area":"Adversarial image generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"sauer-et-al-stylegant-text-image-adversarial-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:832ec2d4-4e2d-4efe-a5ce-fc025b6f22d8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf0bf35cf36aab858da9e99665ee60f907d711c522f2dca6cc04e019b14ecd9e"},"humans":["Axel Sauer","Tero Karras","Samuli Laine","Andreas Geiger","Timo Aila"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2301-09515v1","title":"StyleGAN-T: Unlocking the Power of GANs for Fast Large-Scale Text-to-Image Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.09515v1","date":"2023-01-23"}],"points":"70000","published_grade":{"id":"sauer-et-al-stylegant-text-image-adversarial-2023","entry_id":"sauer-et-al-stylegant-text-image-adversarial-2023","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:832ec2d4-4e2d-4efe-a5ce-fc025b6f22d8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf0bf35cf36aab858da9e99665ee60f907d711c522f2dca6cc04e019b14ecd9e"},"what_changed":"A GAN can turn a random seed into an image quickly, but open-ended text adds a much harder conditioning problem. StyleGAN-T revises the synthesis network and discriminator, incorporates pretrained visual and text features, and alternates generator training with adaptation of the text encoder. Per-prompt truncation moves a latent sample toward a typical sample for that prompt, trading variety for alignment. Sauer and colleagues demonstrate the combined design at large scale. The contribution is the specific adversarial image system, rather than invention of its inherited GAN or pretrained representation components.","scope":"A GAN can turn a random seed into an image quickly, but open-ended text adds a much harder conditioning problem. StyleGAN-T revises the synthesis network and discriminator, incorporates pretrained visual and text features, and alternates generator training with adaptation of the text encoder. Per-prompt truncation moves a latent sample toward a typical sample for that prompt, trading variety for alignment. Sauer and colleagues demonstrate the combined design at large scale. The contribution is the specific adversarial image system, rather than invention of its inherited GAN or pretrained representation components. The reported low-resolution result does not establish high-resolution superiority: at 256 pixels its distributional image score trails several diffusion and autoregressive comparators. Training uses 250 million pairs and four weeks on 64 A100 GPUs. Sampling times refer to historical hardware and settings; comparator hardware and measurement sources differ. Strong text-alignment guidance can introduce artifacts, while truncation reduces diversity. Attribute binding and readable text remain failure cases. Smooth selected latent edits are not a guarantee of arbitrary semantic control.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:832ec2d4-4e2d-4efe-a5ce-fc025b6f22d8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf0bf35cf36aab858da9e99665ee60f907d711c522f2dca6cc04e019b14ecd9e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"tao-et-al-galip-frozen-clip-adversarial-generation-2023","title":"GALIP: adapting a frozen vision model for fast adversarial image generation","summary":"A large pretrained model can supply useful visual features without being retrained from scratch. GALIP places frozen CLIP representations inside both sides of a text-conditioned GAN. Small trainable components translate text and noise into suitable visual features, while a companion discriminator combines information from several layers. Tao and colleagues test this bridge design on image-generation tasks. The contribution is this integration and its reported experiments; the pretrained model, adversarial learning and earlier conditioning techniques retain their separate credit.","boundary":"Small trainable-parameter and new-data counts exclude inherited CLIP pretraining, and total model storage also includes frozen parameters. A result after training on the evaluation collection is different from zero-shot evaluation. Selected historical timing comparisons do not establish equal-quality superiority over every diffusion system or current product. Training uses multiple GPUs. Image-distribution and CLIP similarity scores do not verify logical prompt compliance or anatomically correct images. The record concerns a computing method, without adding biological discoveries from image benchmarks.","area":"Adversarial image generation","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"tao-et-al-galip-frozen-clip-adversarial-generation-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:41d6f75e-5c61-412f-a6b0-b49a88323dda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcbbfdccc1962a12caa8b11e9977f0ad68085d66635089c12c7287dccccc64a7"},"humans":["Ming Tao","Bing-Kun Bao","Hao Tang","Changsheng Xu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2301-12959v1","title":"GALIP: Generative Adversarial CLIPs for Text-to-Image Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12959v1","date":"2023-01-30"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["CN","CH"],"location_basis":"Original Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Peng Cheng Laboratory, ETH Zurich, UCAS and CAS affiliations. Source-bound work locations, not citizenship, sovereignty judgment or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12959v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:41d6f75e-5c61-412f-a6b0-b49a88323dda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcbbfdccc1962a12caa8b11e9977f0ad68085d66635089c12c7287dccccc64a7"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"GALIP: Generative Adversarial CLIPs for Text-to-Image Synthesis","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12959v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"CN":"China","CH":"Switzerland"}},"points":"45000","published_grade":{"id":"tao-et-al-galip-frozen-clip-adversarial-generation-2023","entry_id":"tao-et-al-galip-frozen-clip-adversarial-generation-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:41d6f75e-5c61-412f-a6b0-b49a88323dda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcbbfdccc1962a12caa8b11e9977f0ad68085d66635089c12c7287dccccc64a7"},"what_changed":"A large pretrained model can supply useful visual features without being retrained from scratch. GALIP places frozen CLIP representations inside both sides of a text-conditioned GAN. Small trainable components translate text and noise into suitable visual features, while a companion discriminator combines information from several layers. Tao and colleagues test this bridge design on image-generation tasks. The contribution is this integration and its reported experiments; the pretrained model, adversarial learning and earlier conditioning techniques retain their separate credit.","scope":"A large pretrained model can supply useful visual features without being retrained from scratch. GALIP places frozen CLIP representations inside both sides of a text-conditioned GAN. Small trainable components translate text and noise into suitable visual features, while a companion discriminator combines information from several layers. Tao and colleagues test this bridge design on image-generation tasks. The contribution is this integration and its reported experiments; the pretrained model, adversarial learning and earlier conditioning techniques retain their separate credit. Small trainable-parameter and new-data counts exclude inherited CLIP pretraining, and total model storage also includes frozen parameters. A result after training on the evaluation collection is different from zero-shot evaluation. Selected historical timing comparisons do not establish equal-quality superiority over every diffusion system or current product. Training uses multiple GPUs. Image-distribution and CLIP similarity scores do not verify logical prompt compliance or anatomically correct images. The record concerns a computing method, without adding biological discoveries from image benchmarks.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:41d6f75e-5c61-412f-a6b0-b49a88323dda","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dcbbfdccc1962a12caa8b11e9977f0ad68085d66635089c12c7287dccccc64a7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wang-et-al-dust3r-pairwise-pointmap-reconstruction-2023","title":"DUSt3R: predicting a shared 3D map from two photographs","summary":"Matching photographs usually starts by finding image correspondences and estimating cameras. DUSt3R instead predicts a three-dimensional point for each pixel in two images, expressing both maps in the first camera’s coordinate frame. A learned confidence signal weights the predictions, and a later alignment procedure combines overlapping pairs. Wang and colleagues show how this representation supports depth, matching and camera estimation. The contribution is the learned pointmap formulation and its multi-view alignment method, building on existing transformer pretraining and supervised geometry data.","boundary":"The pairwise network can operate without supplied camera calibration, but the complete pipeline still uses pair selection and optimization. Outputs have scale ambiguity and need not obey one physical camera model. Recovering focal length assumes particular camera geometry. Some evaluation pipelines supply true camera information or align predictions to reference scale; these conditions are not interchangeable. Specialized reconstruction methods remain more accurate on some tests. Learned confidence is not a calibrated probability of truth, and plausible unseen structure is not an observation.","area":"Geometric computer vision","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"wang-et-al-dust3r-pairwise-pointmap-reconstruction-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3766f40b-1db1-4d4c-a719-bb182b2c7ffe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3dda276b4786ddccce9b582fc3e7c9e977885b50709990b7375f9ba53994fcf6"},"humans":["Shuzhe Wang","Vincent Leroy","Yohann Cabon","Boris Chidlovskii","Jerome Revaud"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2312-14132v1","title":"DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easy","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.14132v1","date":"2023-12-21"}],"points":"180000","published_grade":{"id":"wang-et-al-dust3r-pairwise-pointmap-reconstruction-2023","entry_id":"wang-et-al-dust3r-pairwise-pointmap-reconstruction-2023","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3766f40b-1db1-4d4c-a719-bb182b2c7ffe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3dda276b4786ddccce9b582fc3e7c9e977885b50709990b7375f9ba53994fcf6"},"what_changed":"Matching photographs usually starts by finding image correspondences and estimating cameras. DUSt3R instead predicts a three-dimensional point for each pixel in two images, expressing both maps in the first camera’s coordinate frame. A learned confidence signal weights the predictions, and a later alignment procedure combines overlapping pairs. Wang and colleagues show how this representation supports depth, matching and camera estimation. The contribution is the learned pointmap formulation and its multi-view alignment method, building on existing transformer pretraining and supervised geometry data.","scope":"Matching photographs usually starts by finding image correspondences and estimating cameras. DUSt3R instead predicts a three-dimensional point for each pixel in two images, expressing both maps in the first camera’s coordinate frame. A learned confidence signal weights the predictions, and a later alignment procedure combines overlapping pairs. Wang and colleagues show how this representation supports depth, matching and camera estimation. The contribution is the learned pointmap formulation and its multi-view alignment method, building on existing transformer pretraining and supervised geometry data. The pairwise network can operate without supplied camera calibration, but the complete pipeline still uses pair selection and optimization. Outputs have scale ambiguity and need not obey one physical camera model. Recovering focal length assumes particular camera geometry. Some evaluation pipelines supply true camera information or align predictions to reference scale; these conditions are not interchangeable. Specialized reconstruction methods remain more accurate on some tests. Learned confidence is not a calibrated probability of truth, and plausible unseen structure is not an observation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3766f40b-1db1-4d4c-a719-bb182b2c7ffe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3dda276b4786ddccce9b582fc3e7c9e977885b50709990b7375f9ba53994fcf6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"leroy-cabon-revaud-mast3r-geometry-aware-matching-2024","title":"MASt3R: using 3D predictions to find stronger image matches","summary":"Two pixels may look similar yet refer to different objects. MASt3R extends DUSt3R by learning local image descriptors together with three-dimensional geometry. A sampled reciprocal-neighbor search and coarse-to-fine matching procedure then find correspondences efficiently. Leroy, Cabon and Revaud use these matches in localization and reconstruction pipelines. The contribution is the geometry-aware descriptor and matching design with its reported evaluation, distinct from DUSt3R’s earlier pointmap contribution and from inherited contrastive learning and camera solvers.","boundary":"Fast reciprocal matching returns a sampled subset, not every possible match; a small iteration count is an observed operating condition, not a universal constant-time guarantee. Matching-stage speedups exclude the rest of the pipeline. Gains also involve metric-depth supervision and additional training data, so they cannot all be attributed to one added head. Direct pose regression remains weak on large scenes. Some reconstruction evaluations use true cameras for final triangulation, and specialized methods still win particular accuracy measures. The source-specific descriptor and sampler are one contribution family.","area":"Geometric computer vision","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"leroy-cabon-revaud-mast3r-geometry-aware-matching-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d87be000-1a32-4d3c-ab7c-0855728ffcb0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:190567a88e818dba54c62e435538fa38e2a08d44418088f4abf35cfb0892db67"},"humans":["Vincent Leroy","Yohann Cabon","Jérôme Revaud"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2406-09756v1","title":"Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3R","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.09756v1","date":"2024-06-14"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"leroy-cabon-revaud-mast3r-geometry-aware-matching-2024","entry_id":"leroy-cabon-revaud-mast3r-geometry-aware-matching-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d87be000-1a32-4d3c-ab7c-0855728ffcb0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:190567a88e818dba54c62e435538fa38e2a08d44418088f4abf35cfb0892db67"},"what_changed":"Two pixels may look similar yet refer to different objects. MASt3R extends DUSt3R by learning local image descriptors together with three-dimensional geometry. A sampled reciprocal-neighbor search and coarse-to-fine matching procedure then find correspondences efficiently. Leroy, Cabon and Revaud use these matches in localization and reconstruction pipelines. The contribution is the geometry-aware descriptor and matching design with its reported evaluation, distinct from DUSt3R’s earlier pointmap contribution and from inherited contrastive learning and camera solvers.","scope":"Two pixels may look similar yet refer to different objects. MASt3R extends DUSt3R by learning local image descriptors together with three-dimensional geometry. A sampled reciprocal-neighbor search and coarse-to-fine matching procedure then find correspondences efficiently. Leroy, Cabon and Revaud use these matches in localization and reconstruction pipelines. The contribution is the geometry-aware descriptor and matching design with its reported evaluation, distinct from DUSt3R’s earlier pointmap contribution and from inherited contrastive learning and camera solvers. Fast reciprocal matching returns a sampled subset, not every possible match; a small iteration count is an observed operating condition, not a universal constant-time guarantee. Matching-stage speedups exclude the rest of the pipeline. Gains also involve metric-depth supervision and additional training data, so they cannot all be attributed to one added head. Direct pose regression remains weak on large scenes. Some reconstruction evaluations use true cameras for final triangulation, and specialized methods still win particular accuracy measures. The source-specific descriptor and sampler are one contribution family.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d87be000-1a32-4d3c-ab7c-0855728ffcb0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:190567a88e818dba54c62e435538fa38e2a08d44418088f4abf35cfb0892db67"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhang-et-al-monst3r-dynamic-pointmap-geometry-2024","title":"MonST3R: reconstructing a moving scene from a video","summary":"A moving object violates the assumption that every image shows the same fixed world. MonST3R adapts DUSt3R to predict a pointmap for each time step, using posed videos and depth labels to train its decoder and prediction heads. A later procedure combines these maps with camera smoothness and optical-flow checks over regions estimated to be static. Zhang and colleagues demonstrate dynamic-scene geometry and camera estimation. The contribution is this time-dependent pointmap adaptation and video alignment system, rather than a new award for the inherited DUSt3R model.","boundary":"The full video system includes external optical flow, camera fitting and iterative optimization; it is not wholly feed-forward. Camera estimation needs enough usable static content. Changing camera intrinsics and unfamiliar scenes remain difficult. Depth and pose evaluations use specified scale or similarity alignments, and competitors outperform some of its metrics. Reported hardware costs distinguish pair prediction from later optimization. A reconstructed geometry sequence is not a guarantee of accurate hidden surfaces or photorealistic generation from arbitrary new viewpoints.","area":"Dynamic-scene computer vision","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"zhang-et-al-monst3r-dynamic-pointmap-geometry-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e836acfd-d00c-47ec-a9c1-bda6f5fbead9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:598bbe292d068b60e5f2816130feb92bb6d3c4e8de41fad2a1f9f8ca1d4b7a33"},"humans":["Junyi Zhang","Charles Herrmann","Junhwa Hur","Varun Jampani","Trevor Darrell","Forrester Cole","Deqing Sun","Ming-Hsuan Yang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2410-03825v1","title":"MonST3R: A Simple Approach for Estimating Geometry in the Presence of Motion","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03825v1","date":"2024-10-04"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-et-al-monst3r-dynamic-pointmap-geometry-2024","entry_id":"zhang-et-al-monst3r-dynamic-pointmap-geometry-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e836acfd-d00c-47ec-a9c1-bda6f5fbead9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:598bbe292d068b60e5f2816130feb92bb6d3c4e8de41fad2a1f9f8ca1d4b7a33"},"what_changed":"A moving object violates the assumption that every image shows the same fixed world. MonST3R adapts DUSt3R to predict a pointmap for each time step, using posed videos and depth labels to train its decoder and prediction heads. A later procedure combines these maps with camera smoothness and optical-flow checks over regions estimated to be static. Zhang and colleagues demonstrate dynamic-scene geometry and camera estimation. The contribution is this time-dependent pointmap adaptation and video alignment system, rather than a new award for the inherited DUSt3R model.","scope":"A moving object violates the assumption that every image shows the same fixed world. MonST3R adapts DUSt3R to predict a pointmap for each time step, using posed videos and depth labels to train its decoder and prediction heads. A later procedure combines these maps with camera smoothness and optical-flow checks over regions estimated to be static. Zhang and colleagues demonstrate dynamic-scene geometry and camera estimation. The contribution is this time-dependent pointmap adaptation and video alignment system, rather than a new award for the inherited DUSt3R model. The full video system includes external optical flow, camera fitting and iterative optimization; it is not wholly feed-forward. Camera estimation needs enough usable static content. Changing camera intrinsics and unfamiliar scenes remain difficult. Depth and pose evaluations use specified scale or similarity alignments, and competitors outperform some of its metrics. Reported hardware costs distinguish pair prediction from later optimization. A reconstructed geometry sequence is not a guarantee of accurate hidden surfaces or photorealistic generation from arbitrary new viewpoints.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e836acfd-d00c-47ec-a9c1-bda6f5fbead9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:598bbe292d068b60e5f2816130feb92bb6d3c4e8de41fad2a1f9f8ca1d4b7a33"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"szymanowicz-et-al-splatter-image-monocular-gaussians-2023","title":"Splatter Image: predicting an object as an image-shaped set of 3D Gaussians","summary":"A single picture hides most of an object’s back and sides. Splatter Image uses a two-dimensional image network to predict a small colored three-dimensional Gaussian for each input pixel. Their positions, shapes and opacity together form a renderable object representation. A multi-view extension combines predictions using relative camera poses. Szymanowicz, Rupprecht and Vedaldi demonstrate fast object reconstruction and rendering. The contribution is this image-shaped Gaussian prediction design, building on earlier Gaussian rendering rather than inventing that representation.","boundary":"Unseen surfaces are inferred from learned examples, not measured. The experiments are object-centric, and real-data preprocessing includes foreground masks and reference scale or distance information. Reconstruction speed and rendering speed describe different stages. Training still requires multi-view supervision and substantial GPU time. Some comparison timings have different or incompletely known conditions, while competitors retain better individual image metrics. Relative-pose conditioning is not camera-free reconstruction, and fast rendering does not establish accurate underlying geometry.","area":"Geometric reconstruction and rendering","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"szymanowicz-et-al-splatter-image-monocular-gaussians-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae85ba49-21c2-4893-a199-39cae89cd312","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f27ba8d639087f42648d41bd1883731bc85d619aad40f28fbffca3c3605636e0"},"humans":["Stanislaw Szymanowicz","Christian Rupprecht","Andrea Vedaldi"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2312-13150v1","title":"Splatter Image: Ultra-Fast Single-View 3D Reconstruction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13150v1","date":"2023-12-20"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["GB"],"location_basis":"Original University of Oxford byline. Source-bound work locations, not citizenship, sovereignty judgment or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13150v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae85ba49-21c2-4893-a199-39cae89cd312","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f27ba8d639087f42648d41bd1883731bc85d619aad40f28fbffca3c3605636e0"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Splatter Image: Ultra-Fast Single-View 3D Reconstruction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13150v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"GB":"United Kingdom"}},"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"szymanowicz-et-al-splatter-image-monocular-gaussians-2023","entry_id":"szymanowicz-et-al-splatter-image-monocular-gaussians-2023","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae85ba49-21c2-4893-a199-39cae89cd312","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f27ba8d639087f42648d41bd1883731bc85d619aad40f28fbffca3c3605636e0"},"what_changed":"A single picture hides most of an object’s back and sides. Splatter Image uses a two-dimensional image network to predict a small colored three-dimensional Gaussian for each input pixel. Their positions, shapes and opacity together form a renderable object representation. A multi-view extension combines predictions using relative camera poses. Szymanowicz, Rupprecht and Vedaldi demonstrate fast object reconstruction and rendering. The contribution is this image-shaped Gaussian prediction design, building on earlier Gaussian rendering rather than inventing that representation.","scope":"A single picture hides most of an object’s back and sides. Splatter Image uses a two-dimensional image network to predict a small colored three-dimensional Gaussian for each input pixel. Their positions, shapes and opacity together form a renderable object representation. A multi-view extension combines predictions using relative camera poses. Szymanowicz, Rupprecht and Vedaldi demonstrate fast object reconstruction and rendering. The contribution is this image-shaped Gaussian prediction design, building on earlier Gaussian rendering rather than inventing that representation. Unseen surfaces are inferred from learned examples, not measured. The experiments are object-centric, and real-data preprocessing includes foreground masks and reference scale or distance information. Reconstruction speed and rendering speed describe different stages. Training still requires multi-view supervision and substantial GPU time. Some comparison timings have different or incompletely known conditions, while competitors retain better individual image metrics. Relative-pose conditioning is not camera-free reconstruction, and fast rendering does not establish accurate underlying geometry.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae85ba49-21c2-4893-a199-39cae89cd312","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f27ba8d639087f42648d41bd1883731bc85d619aad40f28fbffca3c3605636e0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hong-et-al-lrm-large-single-image-triplane-reconstruction-2023","title":"LRM: learning to reconstruct an object from one image at scale","summary":"A model can learn likely three-dimensional structure from many examples, then propose a new object quickly. LRM combines a pretrained image encoder with a camera-conditioned transformer that predicts three feature planes. A small neural renderer reads these planes to produce views or support mesh extraction. Hong and colleagues train this image-to-3D system on a large synthetic-and-real multi-view corpus. The contribution is the scaled reconstruction architecture and its demonstrated object generalization, with separate credit for inherited image features, transformers and neural rendering.","boundary":"The input is a foreground-preprocessed object image, with assumed normalized camera settings when the true camera is unknown. Incorrect cameras distort geometry. Training uses posed views, substantial compute and inherited pretrained features; an approximately million-scale training collection does not mean a million independently verified physical shapes. Hidden detail is predicted from priors. Background scenes and view-dependent materials remain limitations. A few-second reconstruction figure refers to specified A100 stages and hardware, not universal end-to-end performance or a controlled victory over every alternative.","area":"Geometric reconstruction and rendering","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"hong-et-al-lrm-large-single-image-triplane-reconstruction-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a912147-f42c-4df2-ae1e-42832b13488e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fd02747d06d0cd884339406992d878f5535b17c6e518128e113777da86c87bc"},"humans":["Yicong Hong","Kai Zhang","Jiuxiang Gu","Sai Bi","Yang Zhou","Difan Liu","Feng Liu","Kalyan Sunkavalli","Trung Bui","Hao Tan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2311-04400v1","title":"LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for Single Image to 3D","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.04400v1","date":"2023-11-08"}],"points":"130000","published_grade":{"id":"hong-et-al-lrm-large-single-image-triplane-reconstruction-2023","entry_id":"hong-et-al-lrm-large-single-image-triplane-reconstruction-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a912147-f42c-4df2-ae1e-42832b13488e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fd02747d06d0cd884339406992d878f5535b17c6e518128e113777da86c87bc"},"what_changed":"A model can learn likely three-dimensional structure from many examples, then propose a new object quickly. LRM combines a pretrained image encoder with a camera-conditioned transformer that predicts three feature planes. A small neural renderer reads these planes to produce views or support mesh extraction. Hong and colleagues train this image-to-3D system on a large synthetic-and-real multi-view corpus. The contribution is the scaled reconstruction architecture and its demonstrated object generalization, with separate credit for inherited image features, transformers and neural rendering.","scope":"A model can learn likely three-dimensional structure from many examples, then propose a new object quickly. LRM combines a pretrained image encoder with a camera-conditioned transformer that predicts three feature planes. A small neural renderer reads these planes to produce views or support mesh extraction. Hong and colleagues train this image-to-3D system on a large synthetic-and-real multi-view corpus. The contribution is the scaled reconstruction architecture and its demonstrated object generalization, with separate credit for inherited image features, transformers and neural rendering. The input is a foreground-preprocessed object image, with assumed normalized camera settings when the true camera is unknown. Incorrect cameras distort geometry. Training uses posed views, substantial compute and inherited pretrained features; an approximately million-scale training collection does not mean a million independently verified physical shapes. Hidden detail is predicted from priors. Background scenes and view-dependent materials remain limitations. A few-second reconstruction figure refers to specified A100 stages and hardware, not universal end-to-end performance or a controlled victory over every alternative.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4a912147-f42c-4df2-ae1e-42832b13488e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fd02747d06d0cd884339406992d878f5535b17c6e518128e113777da86c87bc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yu-ye-tancik-kanazawa-pixelnerf-image-conditioned-fields-2020","title":"pixelNeRF: predicting new views using image-aligned features","summary":"A neural radiance field describes how a scene looks along viewing rays, but fitting one from scratch for every object can be slow. pixelNeRF conditions this description on features extracted from input images. Each three-dimensional query is projected into the input camera, where the network samples nearby image features; features from several posed images can be pooled. Yu, Ye, Tancik and Kanazawa train across scenes to learn useful object priors. The contribution is this image-conditioned radiance-field method, separate from the original NeRF formulation.","boundary":"Camera intrinsics and relative poses are still needed. Training relies on posed multi-view images and pretrained visual features, even though explicit three-dimensional shape labels are unnecessary. Rendering remains expensive and grows with input views. Dataset-bounded generalization and selected real-image examples do not establish reliable reconstruction of arbitrary photographs; some demonstrations use foreground masks. Unseen surfaces are inferred, and the authors report unreliable mesh extraction. With enough views and optimization, per-scene NeRF can outperform the predictor.","area":"Geometric reconstruction and rendering","topic":"Artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"ALGORITHM","package_id":"yu-ye-tancik-kanazawa-pixelnerf-image-conditioned-fields-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a43d473a-828c-4d34-ad27-ea5899e22942","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f745379f12b017020080424fa06e273de56cb50264731f2e22a4a2c2cd1085ec"},"humans":["Alex Yu","Vickie Ye","Matthew Tancik","Angjoo Kanazawa"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Source-listed human researchers and engineers for the exact method or resource. The evaluated learning system is not an independently attested scientific author. Earlier methods, funding and data-collection roles remain separate. Individual effort shares and unresolved person identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261017-arxiv-2012-02190v1","title":"pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Images","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.02190v1","date":"2020-12-03"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Original UC Berkeley byline. Source-bound work locations, not citizenship, sovereignty judgment or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.02190v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a43d473a-828c-4d34-ad27-ea5899e22942","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f745379f12b017020080424fa06e273de56cb50264731f2e22a4a2c2cd1085ec"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Images","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.02190v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"yu-ye-tancik-kanazawa-pixelnerf-image-conditioned-fields-2020","entry_id":"yu-ye-tancik-kanazawa-pixelnerf-image-conditioned-fields-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a43d473a-828c-4d34-ad27-ea5899e22942","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f745379f12b017020080424fa06e273de56cb50264731f2e22a4a2c2cd1085ec"},"what_changed":"A neural radiance field describes how a scene looks along viewing rays, but fitting one from scratch for every object can be slow. pixelNeRF conditions this description on features extracted from input images. Each three-dimensional query is projected into the input camera, where the network samples nearby image features; features from several posed images can be pooled. Yu, Ye, Tancik and Kanazawa train across scenes to learn useful object priors. The contribution is this image-conditioned radiance-field method, separate from the original NeRF formulation.","scope":"A neural radiance field describes how a scene looks along viewing rays, but fitting one from scratch for every object can be slow. pixelNeRF conditions this description on features extracted from input images. Each three-dimensional query is projected into the input camera, where the network samples nearby image features; features from several posed images can be pooled. Yu, Ye, Tancik and Kanazawa train across scenes to learn useful object priors. The contribution is this image-conditioned radiance-field method, separate from the original NeRF formulation. Camera intrinsics and relative poses are still needed. Training relies on posed multi-view images and pretrained visual features, even though explicit three-dimensional shape labels are unnecessary. Rendering remains expensive and grows with input views. Dataset-bounded generalization and selected real-image examples do not establish reliable reconstruction of arbitrary photographs; some demonstrations use foreground masks. Unseen surfaces are inferred, and the authors report unreliable mesh extraction. With enough views and optimization, per-scene NeRF can outperform the predictor.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a43d473a-828c-4d34-ad27-ea5899e22942","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f745379f12b017020080424fa06e273de56cb50264731f2e22a4a2c2cd1085ec"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"calderbank-shor-steane-quantum-error-correcting-codes-1995","title":"Calderbank, Shor and Steane: quantum codes from nested classical codes","summary":"Compatible nested binary linear codes produce a quantum code whose bit- and phase-error syndromes can be corrected without measuring the encoded information. The construction corrects arbitrary errors on a bounded number of physical qubits and gives asymptotically positive-rate families for a small fixed correctable error fraction.","boundary":"This is a block-code construction and existence result, including the seven-qubit example, not a complete noisy-gate fault-tolerance threshold or an efficient explicit construction at every asymptotic bound. Correlated errors confined to the correctable support are allowed; transmission guarantees for errors on many qubits require extra noise assumptions.","area":"Quantum information and coding","topic":"Physics","year":1995,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"calderbank-shor-steane-quantum-error-correcting-codes-1995","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ad17e07-fe69-4d97-a06c-7194ac9c7680","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e55bed76f34f9d64091e5f4a9dc5c9b2807e5b84ff0436cd3206fa17f44cddfd"},"humans":["A. R. Calderbank","Peter W. Shor","Andrew Steane"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-quant-ph-9512032v2","title":"Good quantum error-correcting codes exist","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9512032v2","date":"1996-04-16"},{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-quant-ph-9601029v3","title":"Multiple Particle Interference and Quantum Error Correction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9601029v3","date":"1996-05-13"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US","GB"],"location_basis":"Calderbank and Shor AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, US; independent Steane Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, UK. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9512032v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ad17e07-fe69-4d97-a06c-7194ac9c7680","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e55bed76f34f9d64091e5f4a9dc5c9b2807e5b84ff0436cd3206fa17f44cddfd"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Good quantum error-correcting codes exist","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9512032v2"},{"title":"Multiple Particle Interference and Quantum Error Correction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9601029v3"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States","GB":"United Kingdom"}},"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"calderbank-shor-steane-quantum-error-correcting-codes-1995","entry_id":"calderbank-shor-steane-quantum-error-correcting-codes-1995","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ad17e07-fe69-4d97-a06c-7194ac9c7680","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e55bed76f34f9d64091e5f4a9dc5c9b2807e5b84ff0436cd3206fa17f44cddfd"},"what_changed":"Compatible nested binary linear codes produce a quantum code whose bit- and phase-error syndromes can be corrected without measuring the encoded information. The construction corrects arbitrary errors on a bounded number of physical qubits and gives asymptotically positive-rate families for a small fixed correctable error fraction.","scope":"Compatible nested binary linear codes produce a quantum code whose bit- and phase-error syndromes can be corrected without measuring the encoded information. The construction corrects arbitrary errors on a bounded number of physical qubits and gives asymptotically positive-rate families for a small fixed correctable error fraction. This is a block-code construction and existence result, including the seven-qubit example, not a complete noisy-gate fault-tolerance threshold or an efficient explicit construction at every asymptotic bound. Correlated errors confined to the correctable support are allowed; transmission guarantees for errors on many qubits require extra noise assumptions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6ad17e07-fe69-4d97-a06c-7194ac9c7680","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e55bed76f34f9d64091e5f4a9dc5c9b2807e5b84ff0436cd3206fa17f44cddfd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bennett-et-al-noisy-entanglement-purification-1995","title":"Bennett et al.: distilling noisy entanglement for faithful teleportation","summary":"Local operations coordinated by classical messages can distill fewer high-quality entangled pairs from many imperfect two-qubit pairs whose singlet fidelity exceeds one half. The work introduces two-way recurrence purification and seeded asymptotic breeding, providing entanglement that can support faithful teleportation across a noisy link.","boundary":"Fidelity above one half is sufficient for this two-qubit protocol, not a complete higher-dimensional distillability criterion. Fixed-block recurrence alone has vanishing yield in the perfect-output limit; the positive-rate construction adds variable blocks and breeding resources. The later unseeded one-way hashing protocol is a separate contribution. Ideal local operations and classical messages are assumed; optimal yield is not determined.","area":"Quantum communication and entanglement","topic":"Physics","year":1995,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"bennett-et-al-noisy-entanglement-purification-1995","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ade3abcf-69d2-4201-ae91-9ffae23f549b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a5c7e7c4d2387940a0a960a76ebea5f77a1d6b355c6aa87eb344162f8bc9bdc"},"humans":["Charles H. Bennett","Gilles Brassard","Sandu Popescu","Benjamin Schumacher","John A. Smolin","William K. Wootters"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-quant-ph-9511027v2","title":"Purification of Noisy Entanglement and Faithful Teleportation via Noisy Channels","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9511027v2","date":"1995-11-22"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US","CA","IL"],"location_basis":"Bennett IBM NY, Brassard Universite de Montreal Canada, Popescu Tel Aviv Israel, Schumacher Kenyon Ohio, Smolin UCLA and Wootters Williams Massachusetts US. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9511027v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ade3abcf-69d2-4201-ae91-9ffae23f549b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a5c7e7c4d2387940a0a960a76ebea5f77a1d6b355c6aa87eb344162f8bc9bdc"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Purification of Noisy Entanglement and Faithful Teleportation via Noisy Channels","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9511027v2"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States","CA":"Canada","IL":"Israel"}},"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"bennett-et-al-noisy-entanglement-purification-1995","entry_id":"bennett-et-al-noisy-entanglement-purification-1995","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ade3abcf-69d2-4201-ae91-9ffae23f549b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a5c7e7c4d2387940a0a960a76ebea5f77a1d6b355c6aa87eb344162f8bc9bdc"},"what_changed":"Local operations coordinated by classical messages can distill fewer high-quality entangled pairs from many imperfect two-qubit pairs whose singlet fidelity exceeds one half. The work introduces two-way recurrence purification and seeded asymptotic breeding, providing entanglement that can support faithful teleportation across a noisy link.","scope":"Local operations coordinated by classical messages can distill fewer high-quality entangled pairs from many imperfect two-qubit pairs whose singlet fidelity exceeds one half. The work introduces two-way recurrence purification and seeded asymptotic breeding, providing entanglement that can support faithful teleportation across a noisy link. Fidelity above one half is sufficient for this two-qubit protocol, not a complete higher-dimensional distillability criterion. Fixed-block recurrence alone has vanishing yield in the perfect-output limit; the positive-rate construction adds variable blocks and breeding resources. The later unseeded one-way hashing protocol is a separate contribution. Ideal local operations and classical messages are assumed; optimal yield is not determined.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ade3abcf-69d2-4201-ae91-9ffae23f549b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a5c7e7c4d2387940a0a960a76ebea5f77a1d6b355c6aa87eb344162f8bc9bdc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bennett-divincenzo-smolin-wootters-distillation-coding-correspondence-1996","title":"Bennett et al.: connecting one-way entanglement distillation and quantum error correction","summary":"The work relates one-way entanglement purification to quantum channel coding and shows that free forward classical messages do not increase unassisted quantum capacity. For Bell-diagonal states and their associated generalized depolarizing channels, the reversible state-channel construction identifies one-way distillable entanglement with quantum capacity.","boundary":"For a general channel and a general bipartite state the two maps need not be inverses, so the paper gives inequalities rather than a universal equality between arbitrary channel capacity and its Choi-state distillable entanglement. Two-way classical assistance is a different resource and can increase rates. No claim of general additivity or a single-letter capacity formula.","area":"Quantum information theory","topic":"Physics","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"bennett-divincenzo-smolin-wootters-distillation-coding-correspondence-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:16c7dda5-a71d-403e-a8be-a3670521f3d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8864372425be1e611bbdd4ae8da57f8e9be9adc3ec8079d975575be3ad89478d"},"humans":["Charles H. Bennett","David P. DiVincenzo","John A. Smolin","William K. Wootters"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-quant-ph-9604024v2","title":"Mixed State Entanglement and Quantum Error Correction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9604024v2","date":"1996-08-08"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Bennett and DiVincenzo IBM Yorktown Heights, Smolin UCLA and Wootters Williams College US. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9604024v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:16c7dda5-a71d-403e-a8be-a3670521f3d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8864372425be1e611bbdd4ae8da57f8e9be9adc3ec8079d975575be3ad89478d"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Mixed State Entanglement and Quantum Error Correction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9604024v2"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"bennett-divincenzo-smolin-wootters-distillation-coding-correspondence-1996","entry_id":"bennett-divincenzo-smolin-wootters-distillation-coding-correspondence-1996","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:16c7dda5-a71d-403e-a8be-a3670521f3d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8864372425be1e611bbdd4ae8da57f8e9be9adc3ec8079d975575be3ad89478d"},"what_changed":"The work relates one-way entanglement purification to quantum channel coding and shows that free forward classical messages do not increase unassisted quantum capacity. For Bell-diagonal states and their associated generalized depolarizing channels, the reversible state-channel construction identifies one-way distillable entanglement with quantum capacity.","scope":"The work relates one-way entanglement purification to quantum channel coding and shows that free forward classical messages do not increase unassisted quantum capacity. For Bell-diagonal states and their associated generalized depolarizing channels, the reversible state-channel construction identifies one-way distillable entanglement with quantum capacity. For a general channel and a general bipartite state the two maps need not be inverses, so the paper gives inequalities rather than a universal equality between arbitrary channel capacity and its Choi-state distillable entanglement. Two-way classical assistance is a different resource and can increase rates. No claim of general additivity or a single-letter capacity formula.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:16c7dda5-a71d-403e-a8be-a3670521f3d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8864372425be1e611bbdd4ae8da57f8e9be9adc3ec8079d975575be3ad89478d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"raussendorf-briegel-measurement-based-quantum-computation-2000","title":"Raussendorf and Briegel: universal computation by measurements on cluster states","summary":"A sufficiently large prepared cluster state supports universal quantum computation through adaptive single-qubit measurements. The construction realizes wires, arbitrary one-qubit rotations and controlled gates, while tracking measurement-dependent Pauli byproducts with classical processing.","boundary":"The entangled resource must first be prepared by interactions; 'measurements only' describes the subsequent computation, not a computer requiring no entanglement or classical feed-forward. The proposal is not an experimental demonstration, a resource-free speedup, or a complete hardware noise-threshold theorem.","area":"Models of quantum computation","topic":"Physics","year":2000,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"raussendorf-briegel-measurement-based-quantum-computation-2000","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d081234-a884-4de1-a5b8-b4c9811a1251","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:157414d8932c8846966303c88c56d0bc0673a124933fa1fa850626f5005c6c88"},"humans":["Robert Raussendorf","Hans J. Briegel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-arxiv-quant-ph-0010033v1","title":"Quantum computing via measurements only","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0010033v1","date":"2000-10-07"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["DE"],"location_basis":"Raussendorf and Briegel Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munich Germany. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0010033v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d081234-a884-4de1-a5b8-b4c9811a1251","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:157414d8932c8846966303c88c56d0bc0673a124933fa1fa850626f5005c6c88"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Quantum computing via measurements only","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0010033v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"DE":"Germany"}},"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"raussendorf-briegel-measurement-based-quantum-computation-2000","entry_id":"raussendorf-briegel-measurement-based-quantum-computation-2000","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d081234-a884-4de1-a5b8-b4c9811a1251","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:157414d8932c8846966303c88c56d0bc0673a124933fa1fa850626f5005c6c88"},"what_changed":"A sufficiently large prepared cluster state supports universal quantum computation through adaptive single-qubit measurements. The construction realizes wires, arbitrary one-qubit rotations and controlled gates, while tracking measurement-dependent Pauli byproducts with classical processing.","scope":"A sufficiently large prepared cluster state supports universal quantum computation through adaptive single-qubit measurements. The construction realizes wires, arbitrary one-qubit rotations and controlled gates, while tracking measurement-dependent Pauli byproducts with classical processing. The entangled resource must first be prepared by interactions; 'measurements only' describes the subsequent computation, not a computer requiring no entanglement or classical feed-forward. The proposal is not an experimental demonstration, a resource-free speedup, or a complete hardware noise-threshold theorem.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d081234-a884-4de1-a5b8-b4c9811a1251","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:157414d8932c8846966303c88c56d0bc0673a124933fa1fa850626f5005c6c88"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gottesman-calderbank-rains-shor-sloane-stabilizer-codes-1996","title":"Gottesman and Calderbank et al.: the stabilizer framework for quantum codes","summary":"Commuting Pauli operators with a consistent joint eigenspace define quantum coding spaces. Their commutation and coset structure supplies error syndromes and an algebraic correction criterion, unifying earlier CSS constructions and enabling additional quantum codes. Gottesman and the separate Calderbank-Rains-Shor-Sloane paper develop complementary formulations.","boundary":"The stabilizer excludes minus the identity; arbitrary commuting operators need not define a nonzero code. Not every quantum code is a stabilizer code. Degenerate errors can act identically on encoded information and need not be distinguished. Particular nondegenerate single-error Hamming bounds are not universal statements about every degenerate code, and no complete noisy-hardware threshold is claimed.","area":"Quantum error correction and finite symplectic geometry","topic":"Physics","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"gottesman-calderbank-rains-shor-sloane-stabilizer-codes-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b476df22-bd92-4493-a9ce-48afc8286ff2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb7e652350be8b7133d087f026b9072f02c5973ee944a248d4925f0dab096a29"},"humans":["Daniel Gottesman","A. R. Calderbank","E. M. Rains","P. W. Shor","N. J. A. Sloane"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-gottesman-quant-ph-9604038v2","title":"A Class of Quantum Error-Correcting Codes Saturating the Quantum Hamming Bound","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9604038v2","date":"1996-07-24"},{"id":"cur20261020-crss-quant-ph-9605005v3","title":"Quantum Error Correction and Orthogonal Geometry","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9605005v3","date":"1996-07-02"},{"id":"cur20261020-gottesman-thesis-9705052v1","title":"Stabilizer Codes and Quantum Error Correction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9705052v1","date":"1997-05-28"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Gottesman Caltech Pasadena US; separate Calderbank, Shor, Sloane AT&T Murray Hill and Rains Institute for Defense Analyses Princeton US. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9604038v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b476df22-bd92-4493-a9ce-48afc8286ff2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb7e652350be8b7133d087f026b9072f02c5973ee944a248d4925f0dab096a29"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"A Class of Quantum Error-Correcting Codes Saturating the Quantum Hamming Bound","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9604038v2"},{"title":"Quantum Error Correction and Orthogonal Geometry","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9605005v3"},{"title":"Stabilizer Codes and Quantum Error Correction","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9705052v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"350000","published_grade":{"id":"gottesman-calderbank-rains-shor-sloane-stabilizer-codes-1996","entry_id":"gottesman-calderbank-rains-shor-sloane-stabilizer-codes-1996","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b476df22-bd92-4493-a9ce-48afc8286ff2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb7e652350be8b7133d087f026b9072f02c5973ee944a248d4925f0dab096a29"},"what_changed":"Commuting Pauli operators with a consistent joint eigenspace define quantum coding spaces. Their commutation and coset structure supplies error syndromes and an algebraic correction criterion, unifying earlier CSS constructions and enabling additional quantum codes. Gottesman and the separate Calderbank-Rains-Shor-Sloane paper develop complementary formulations.","scope":"Commuting Pauli operators with a consistent joint eigenspace define quantum coding spaces. Their commutation and coset structure supplies error syndromes and an algebraic correction criterion, unifying earlier CSS constructions and enabling additional quantum codes. Gottesman and the separate Calderbank-Rains-Shor-Sloane paper develop complementary formulations. The stabilizer excludes minus the identity; arbitrary commuting operators need not define a nonzero code. Not every quantum code is a stabilizer code. Degenerate errors can act identically on encoded information and need not be distinguished. Particular nondegenerate single-error Hamming bounds are not universal statements about every degenerate code, and no complete noisy-hardware threshold is claimed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b476df22-bd92-4493-a9ce-48afc8286ff2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb7e652350be8b7133d087f026b9072f02c5973ee944a248d4925f0dab096a29"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"peres-horodecki-partial-transpose-separability-1996","title":"Peres and Horodeckis: partial-transpose and positive-map separability criteria","summary":"Every finite-dimensional bipartite separable state has positive partial transpose. The Horodecki positive-map characterization proves that this necessary test is also sufficient for 2x2 and 2x3 systems; in general separability is equivalent to positivity after applying every positive map to one subsystem.","boundary":"PPT is not sufficient in unrestricted higher dimensions. Testing only completely positive maps cannot characterize entanglement. Entanglement detection is not equivalent to a universal Bell-inequality violation test. The two original papers have distinct one-author and three-author bylines; low-dimensional positive-map decomposition uses earlier operator-algebra results.","area":"Quantum information and entanglement theory","topic":"Physics","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"peres-horodecki-partial-transpose-separability-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:53f3abb7-56bb-4ebb-a24a-30d4819c1dc3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c2ac6d6f4d83e3d78ecdef7a3342ab49d1686ca710987a215c0895eff41300c"},"humans":["Asher Peres","Michał Horodecki","Paweł Horodecki","Ryszard Horodecki"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-peres-ppt-9604005v2","title":"Separability Criterion for Density Matrices","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9604005v2","date":"1996-04-08"},{"id":"cur20261020-horodecki-separability-9605038v2","title":"Separability of mixed states: necessary and sufficient conditions","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9605038v2","date":"1996-05-28"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["IL","PL"],"location_basis":"Peres Technion Haifa Israel; Michal and Ryszard Horodecki University of Gdansk, Pawel Horodecki Technical University of Gdansk Poland. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9604005v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:53f3abb7-56bb-4ebb-a24a-30d4819c1dc3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c2ac6d6f4d83e3d78ecdef7a3342ab49d1686ca710987a215c0895eff41300c"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Separability Criterion for Density Matrices","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9604005v2"},{"title":"Separability of mixed states: necessary and sufficient conditions","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9605038v2"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"IL":"Israel","PL":"Poland"}},"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"peres-horodecki-partial-transpose-separability-1996","entry_id":"peres-horodecki-partial-transpose-separability-1996","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:53f3abb7-56bb-4ebb-a24a-30d4819c1dc3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c2ac6d6f4d83e3d78ecdef7a3342ab49d1686ca710987a215c0895eff41300c"},"what_changed":"Every finite-dimensional bipartite separable state has positive partial transpose. The Horodecki positive-map characterization proves that this necessary test is also sufficient for 2x2 and 2x3 systems; in general separability is equivalent to positivity after applying every positive map to one subsystem.","scope":"Every finite-dimensional bipartite separable state has positive partial transpose. The Horodecki positive-map characterization proves that this necessary test is also sufficient for 2x2 and 2x3 systems; in general separability is equivalent to positivity after applying every positive map to one subsystem. PPT is not sufficient in unrestricted higher dimensions. Testing only completely positive maps cannot characterize entanglement. Entanglement detection is not equivalent to a universal Bell-inequality violation test. The two original papers have distinct one-author and three-author bylines; low-dimensional positive-map decomposition uses earlier operator-algebra results.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:53f3abb7-56bb-4ebb-a24a-30d4819c1dc3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c2ac6d6f4d83e3d78ecdef7a3342ab49d1686ca710987a215c0895eff41300c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"horodecki-ppt-entangled-states-bound-entanglement-1997-1998","title":"Horodeckis: explicit PPT-entangled states and undistillable bound entanglement","summary":"Paweł Horodecki constructed explicit entangled states with positive partial transpose in 3x3 and 2x4 dimensions using a range criterion. The 1998 Horodecki paper proves that distillability requires a negative partial transpose: PPT states remain PPT under tensor powers and local operations with classical communication, hence these entangled states cannot be distilled into singlets.","boundary":"The 1997 construction has a sole-author byline; the 1998 nondistillability theorem has three authors. The converse that every NPT state is distillable is not proved. Bound entanglement here means no singlet distillation under the specified operations, not no possible use in every communication, privacy or activation task.","area":"Quantum information and entanglement distillation","topic":"Physics","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"horodecki-ppt-entangled-states-bound-entanglement-1997-1998","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:33dafb4d-be5b-4161-a683-9ea7c055a1d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dfbb0f257798067b4fd471314b856cb4cf623bdfe441593d55a29f7332f11c90"},"humans":["Michał Horodecki","Paweł Horodecki","Ryszard Horodecki"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-horodecki-pptstates-9703004v2","title":"Separability criterion and inseparable mixed states with positive partial transposition","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9703004v2","date":"1997-03-04"},{"id":"cur20261020-horodecki-boundent-9801069v1","title":"Mixed-state entanglement and distillation: is there a bound entanglement in nature?","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9801069v1","date":"1998-01-29"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["PL"],"location_basis":"Pawel Horodecki Technical University of Gdansk 1997; Michal, Pawel and Ryszard Horodecki Gdansk institutional affiliations Poland 1998. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9703004v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:33dafb4d-be5b-4161-a683-9ea7c055a1d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dfbb0f257798067b4fd471314b856cb4cf623bdfe441593d55a29f7332f11c90"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Separability criterion and inseparable mixed states with positive partial transposition","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9703004v2"},{"title":"Mixed-state entanglement and distillation: is there a bound entanglement in nature?","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9801069v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"PL":"Poland"}},"points":"250000","published_grade":{"id":"horodecki-ppt-entangled-states-bound-entanglement-1997-1998","entry_id":"horodecki-ppt-entangled-states-bound-entanglement-1997-1998","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:33dafb4d-be5b-4161-a683-9ea7c055a1d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dfbb0f257798067b4fd471314b856cb4cf623bdfe441593d55a29f7332f11c90"},"what_changed":"Paweł Horodecki constructed explicit entangled states with positive partial transpose in 3x3 and 2x4 dimensions using a range criterion. The 1998 Horodecki paper proves that distillability requires a negative partial transpose: PPT states remain PPT under tensor powers and local operations with classical communication, hence these entangled states cannot be distilled into singlets.","scope":"Paweł Horodecki constructed explicit entangled states with positive partial transpose in 3x3 and 2x4 dimensions using a range criterion. The 1998 Horodecki paper proves that distillability requires a negative partial transpose: PPT states remain PPT under tensor powers and local operations with classical communication, hence these entangled states cannot be distilled into singlets. The 1997 construction has a sole-author byline; the 1998 nondistillability theorem has three authors. The converse that every NPT state is distillable is not proved. Bound entanglement here means no singlet distillation under the specified operations, not no possible use in every communication, privacy or activation task.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:33dafb4d-be5b-4161-a683-9ea7c055a1d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dfbb0f257798067b4fd471314b856cb4cf623bdfe441593d55a29f7332f11c90"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hastings-quantum-minimum-output-entropy-nonadditivity-2008","title":"Hastings: minimum-output entropy and Holevo additivity counterexample","summary":"A probabilistic construction gives finite-dimensional quantum channels E and a complex-conjugate partner with minimum output von Neumann entropy strictly below the sum of the individual minima on their tensor product. Combined with the inherited equivalence of additivity questions, this disproves general Holevo single-letter additivity and shows that entangled block inputs can matter for classical communication.","boundary":"This is a channel-existence counterexample, not an explicit optimal capacity formula for arbitrary channels or a statement that every channel benefits. Classical Holevo additivity is distinct from zero-quantum-capacity superactivation and from entanglement-assisted capacity. The paper's further two-letter additivity proposal is a conjecture, not a proved replacement.","area":"Quantum information and channel capacities","topic":"Physics","year":2008,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"hastings-quantum-minimum-output-entropy-nonadditivity-2008","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:317faab3-a621-44cf-a19d-8eb742449444","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73d41d750ed45c3f54a5aa6be2c21fd1c7d508e941c57478cddd075f993b1eef"},"humans":["M. B. Hastings"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"M. B. Hastings","person_id":"wrs-person-43a46c44621388a5d588b1cc","display_name":"Matthew B. Hastings","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Los Alamos publication list: Hastings on channel capacity and topological stability","url":"https://laro.lanl.gov/esploro/profile/matthew_hastings/output/publication.journalArticle?institution=01LANL_INST"},{"title":"Topological quantum order: stability under local perturbations (arXiv1001.0344v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1001.0344v1"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-hastings-additivity-0809-3972v4","title":"Superadditivity of communication capacity using entangled inputs","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0809.3972v4","date":"2008-09-23"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"M B Hastings Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, US. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0809.3972v4","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:317faab3-a621-44cf-a19d-8eb742449444","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73d41d750ed45c3f54a5aa6be2c21fd1c7d508e941c57478cddd075f993b1eef"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Superadditivity of communication capacity using entangled inputs","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0809.3972v4"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"300000","published_grade":{"id":"hastings-quantum-minimum-output-entropy-nonadditivity-2008","entry_id":"hastings-quantum-minimum-output-entropy-nonadditivity-2008","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:317faab3-a621-44cf-a19d-8eb742449444","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73d41d750ed45c3f54a5aa6be2c21fd1c7d508e941c57478cddd075f993b1eef"},"what_changed":"A probabilistic construction gives finite-dimensional quantum channels E and a complex-conjugate partner with minimum output von Neumann entropy strictly below the sum of the individual minima on their tensor product. Combined with the inherited equivalence of additivity questions, this disproves general Holevo single-letter additivity and shows that entangled block inputs can matter for classical communication.","scope":"A probabilistic construction gives finite-dimensional quantum channels E and a complex-conjugate partner with minimum output von Neumann entropy strictly below the sum of the individual minima on their tensor product. Combined with the inherited equivalence of additivity questions, this disproves general Holevo single-letter additivity and shows that entangled block inputs can matter for classical communication. This is a channel-existence counterexample, not an explicit optimal capacity formula for arbitrary channels or a statement that every channel benefits. Classical Holevo additivity is distinct from zero-quantum-capacity superactivation and from entanglement-assisted capacity. The paper's further two-letter additivity proposal is a conjecture, not a proved replacement.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:317faab3-a621-44cf-a19d-8eb742449444","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:73d41d750ed45c3f54a5aa6be2c21fd1c7d508e941c57478cddd075f993b1eef"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wootters-two-qubit-entanglement-formation-formula-1997","title":"Wootters: exact entanglement-of-formation formula for arbitrary two-qubit states","summary":"For every two-qubit density matrix rho, its convex-roof entanglement of formation equals h2((1+sqrt(1-C^2))/2), where C=max(0,lambda1-lambda2-lambda3-lambda4) and the ordered lambda values are the square roots of the eigenvalues of rho times its spin flip. An optimal decomposition exists with at most four pure states.","boundary":"This formula is for two qubits, not arbitrary higher-dimensional or multipartite states. The paper does not prove entanglement-of-formation additivity or equality with a regularized asymptotic entanglement cost. The earlier Hill-Wootters concurrence conjecture and rank-at-most-two proof are antecedents, not solely invented in this later sole-author proof.","area":"Quantum information and entanglement measures","topic":"Physics","year":1997,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEOREM","package_id":"wootters-two-qubit-entanglement-formation-formula-1997","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0529042-6a50-4333-a1ef-0e4d1c7812d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2061fbffe9d45525e2e7c2f590fdde9b8b74d0678c1e10f02ac07aa91a72e80a"},"humans":["William K. Wootters"],"additional_contributors":[{"name":"Scott Hill","role":"Earlier joint Hill-Wootters concurrence formula conjecture and rank-at-most-two proof, explicitly credited in this sole-author extension","sources":[{"title":"Entanglement of Formation of an Arbitrary State of Two Qubits","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9709029v2"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"The original named human researchers developed the exact mathematical construction or framework. Composite source families retain separate original paper bylines and predecessor roles; they are not a fictional joint publication. Individual effort shares, person identity joins and nationalities are not inferred. The source reading is not independent proof certification.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cur20261020-wootters-9709029v2","title":"Entanglement of Formation of an Arbitrary State of Two Qubits","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9709029v2","date":"1997-09-12"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"William K Wootters Williams College, Williamstown Massachusetts, US. Original source bylines, not nationality, sovereignty attribution or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9709029v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0529042-6a50-4333-a1ef-0e4d1c7812d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2061fbffe9d45525e2e7c2f590fdde9b8b74d0678c1e10f02ac07aa91a72e80a"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Entanglement of Formation of an Arbitrary State of Two Qubits","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9709029v2"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"wootters-two-qubit-entanglement-formation-formula-1997","entry_id":"wootters-two-qubit-entanglement-formation-formula-1997","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0529042-6a50-4333-a1ef-0e4d1c7812d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2061fbffe9d45525e2e7c2f590fdde9b8b74d0678c1e10f02ac07aa91a72e80a"},"what_changed":"For every two-qubit density matrix rho, its convex-roof entanglement of formation equals h2((1+sqrt(1-C^2))/2), where C=max(0,lambda1-lambda2-lambda3-lambda4) and the ordered lambda values are the square roots of the eigenvalues of rho times its spin flip. An optimal decomposition exists with at most four pure states.","scope":"For every two-qubit density matrix rho, its convex-roof entanglement of formation equals h2((1+sqrt(1-C^2))/2), where C=max(0,lambda1-lambda2-lambda3-lambda4) and the ordered lambda values are the square roots of the eigenvalues of rho times its spin flip. An optimal decomposition exists with at most four pure states. This formula is for two qubits, not arbitrary higher-dimensional or multipartite states. The paper does not prove entanglement-of-formation additivity or equality with a regularized asymptotic entanglement cost. The earlier Hill-Wootters concurrence conjecture and rank-at-most-two proof are antecedents, not solely invented in this later sole-author proof.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c0529042-6a50-4333-a1ef-0e4d1c7812d2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2061fbffe9d45525e2e7c2f590fdde9b8b74d0678c1e10f02ac07aa91a72e80a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nicer-j0030-pulse-profile-mass-radius-2019","title":"NICER pulse-profile analyses constrain the mass and radius of PSR J0030+0451","summary":"Two analyses of NICER X-ray pulse profiles for the millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+0451 inferred its mass, radius and emitting-region geometry. Under their selected models, Riley and colleagues reported an equatorial radius of 12.71 +1.14/−1.19 km and mass of 1.34 +0.15/−0.16 solar masses; Miller and colleagues reported 13.02 +1.24/−1.06 km and 1.44 +0.15/−0.14 solar masses. These quoted marginal uncertainties are 68% credible intervals.","boundary":"The two analyses use the same NICER observations with overlapping authors and different modelling methods; they are not independent observing confirmations. Inferences depend on the selected hot-spot geometry, atmosphere, calibration, background and distance assumptions. Pulse-profile reconstruction does not directly resolve the stellar surface or establish a unique neutron-star equation of state. The results here are from the two cited preprint versions; their additional online figure sets and later journal versions are outside this summary.","area":"Neutron stars and X-ray astronomy","topic":"Physics","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"nicer-j0030-pulse-profile-mass-radius-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:43ccaa80-9358-4ee9-a48f-99ce6e6c1ea9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:27ba35f921e333e2832bb3d0c1675c9e991e7c49660674fa92c094664c75acea"},"humans":["T. E. Riley","A. L. Watts","S. Bogdanov","P. S. Ray","R. M. Ludlam","S. Guillot","Z. Arzoumanian","C. L. Baker","A. V. Bilous","D. Chakrabarty","K. C. Gendreau","A. K. Harding","W. C. G. Ho","J. M. Lattimer","S. M. Morsink","T. E. Strohmayer","M. C. Miller","F. K. Lamb","A. J. Dittmann","S. Mahmoodifar","K. S. Wood","T. Enoto","R. Foster","T. Okajima","G. Prigozhin","Y. Soong"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are source-listed labels from two separate analyses of the same observations, not a joint paper. Each label is bound to a paper on which it appears. Individual effort, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"nicer-j0030-riley-2019-v1","title":"A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Millisecond Pulsar Parameter Estimation","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.05702v1","date":"2019-12-12"},{"id":"nicer-j0030-miller-2019-v1","title":"PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.05705v1","date":"2019-12-12"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"nicer-j0030-pulse-profile-mass-radius-2019","entry_id":"nicer-j0030-pulse-profile-mass-radius-2019","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:43ccaa80-9358-4ee9-a48f-99ce6e6c1ea9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:27ba35f921e333e2832bb3d0c1675c9e991e7c49660674fa92c094664c75acea"},"what_changed":"Two analyses of NICER X-ray pulse profiles for the millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+0451 inferred its mass, radius and emitting-region geometry. Under their selected models, Riley and colleagues reported an equatorial radius of 12.71 +1.14/−1.19 km and mass of 1.34 +0.15/−0.16 solar masses; Miller and colleagues reported 13.02 +1.24/−1.06 km and 1.44 +0.15/−0.14 solar masses. These quoted marginal uncertainties are 68% credible intervals.","scope":"Two analyses of NICER X-ray pulse profiles for the millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+0451 inferred its mass, radius and emitting-region geometry. Under their selected models, Riley and colleagues reported an equatorial radius of 12.71 +1.14/−1.19 km and mass of 1.34 +0.15/−0.16 solar masses; Miller and colleagues reported 13.02 +1.24/−1.06 km and 1.44 +0.15/−0.14 solar masses. These quoted marginal uncertainties are 68% credible intervals. The two analyses use the same NICER observations with overlapping authors and different modelling methods; they are not independent observing confirmations. Inferences depend on the selected hot-spot geometry, atmosphere, calibration, background and distance assumptions. Pulse-profile reconstruction does not directly resolve the stellar surface or establish a unique neutron-star equation of state. The results here are from the two cited preprint versions; their additional online figure sets and later journal versions are outside this summary.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:43ccaa80-9358-4ee9-a48f-99ce6e6c1ea9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:27ba35f921e333e2832bb3d0c1675c9e991e7c49660674fa92c094664c75acea"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shuman-barry-demille-srf-direct-transverse-laser-cooling-2010","title":"Direct laser cooling of an SrF molecular beam","summary":"Shuman, Barry and DeMille used laser light to cool the sideways motion of a beam of strontium monofluoride molecules. Changing the light detuning and magnetic field produced different Doppler and Sisyphus cooling patterns in the observed fluorescence. Their simulations estimated a transverse temperature of about 5 millikelvin in the Doppler regime and about 300 microkelvin in the Sisyphus regime.","boundary":"These temperatures are model-dependent estimates, not direct thermometry of every molecule. The beam continued forwards at roughly 200 metres per second; this paper did not demonstrate a three-dimensional trap or a quantum-degenerate molecular gas. The experiment was published in 2010; the linked author preprint is its 2011 version.","area":"Atomic and molecular physics / laser cooling","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"shuman-barry-demille-srf-direct-transverse-laser-cooling-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb2b1bfa-5139-43b4-ac78-e8df022ce33e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f68c3944081b3a16951d6827403d35dd6ff90f76a5bae39ddc06642932296ad3"},"humans":["E.S. Shuman","J.F. Barry","D. DeMille"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the source-listed authors of this specific paper. Individual effort, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"shuman-barry-demille-srf-laser-cooling-arxiv11036004v2","title":"Laser cooling of a diatomic molecule (author preprint, version 2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.6004v2","date":"2011-07-19"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"The original paper lists Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Affiliations identify research locations, not individual nationalities or scientific ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.6004v2","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb2b1bfa-5139-43b4-ac78-e8df022ce33e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f68c3944081b3a16951d6827403d35dd6ff90f76a5bae39ddc06642932296ad3"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-27","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Laser cooling of a diatomic molecule (author preprint, version 2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.6004v2"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"shuman-barry-demille-srf-direct-transverse-laser-cooling-2010","entry_id":"shuman-barry-demille-srf-direct-transverse-laser-cooling-2010","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb2b1bfa-5139-43b4-ac78-e8df022ce33e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f68c3944081b3a16951d6827403d35dd6ff90f76a5bae39ddc06642932296ad3"},"what_changed":"Shuman, Barry and DeMille used laser light to cool the sideways motion of a beam of strontium monofluoride molecules. 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After switching off the trapping field, a separate optical-molasses stage cooled the sample to 110 ± 4 microkelvin.","boundary":"The population and density of the magneto-optical trap and the later molasses temperature refer to different stages and must not be combined as one simultaneous measurement. Calibrations described in separate supplementary material were not independently reproduced here; the sample was far from quantum degeneracy.","area":"Atomic and molecular physics / polyatomic laser cooling and trapping","topic":"Physics","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"vilas-team-caoh-polyatomic-mot-and-subdoppler-cooling-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dbc991cf-0177-4cf3-a8e8-f385aaa9bf17","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af3a8b755d88a3613226f2161f8893024d6ec1f8827e5a74fd3e1e20778007c9"},"humans":["Nathaniel B. Vilas","Christian Hallas","Loïc Anderegg","Paige Robichaud","Andrew Winnicki","Debayan Mitra","John M. 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They estimated 20,000 ± 5,000 trapped molecules. After switching off the trapping field, a separate optical-molasses stage cooled the sample to 110 ± 4 microkelvin.","scope":"Vilas and colleagues confined calcium monohydroxide molecules in a radiofrequency magneto-optical trap and measured the response of the cloud after a push. They estimated 20,000 ± 5,000 trapped molecules. After switching off the trapping field, a separate optical-molasses stage cooled the sample to 110 ± 4 microkelvin. The population and density of the magneto-optical trap and the later molasses temperature refer to different stages and must not be combined as one simultaneous measurement. 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Expansion images gave a temperature of 52 ± 2 microkelvin for the stated measurement, below the relevant Doppler limit. The work improved access to colder molecular samples.","boundary":"The quoted temperature was obtained in the later molasses stage, not inside the initial magneto-optical trap. The result relies on imaging and expansion analysis; it did not establish a quantum-degenerate gas or demonstrate the later applications proposed in the paper.","area":"Atomic and molecular physics / laser cooling","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"truppe-caf-three-dimensional-subdoppler-cooling-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90a588a8-bd2c-438c-a48b-866a250bf900","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da2cb86c5f8f2d0299f615b2ee16e8845c15008729806c91a724e627097aea09"},"humans":["S. Truppe","H. J. Williams","M. Hambach","L. Caldwell","N. J. Fitch","E. A. Hinds","B. E. Sauer","M. R. 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In the reported setup, the average loading probability was about 34% per trap; the authors obtained 92% detection fidelity under optimized imaging conditions. The team also studied loss associated with collisions.","scope":"Anderegg and colleagues loaded individual calcium monofluoride molecules into five optical tweezers and used fluorescence to identify occupied sites. In the reported setup, the average loading probability was about 34% per trap; the authors obtained 92% detection fidelity under optimized imaging conditions. The team also studied loss associated with collisions. Loading was stochastic, and detection fidelity is not the same as loading probability. The experiment did not demonstrate a defect-free rearranged array or a molecular quantum gate. 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Simultaneous cooling increased the number loaded by up to a factor of five, and a heating-and-recooling test brought the trapped sample back to about 60 microkelvin.","boundary":"The reported sample contained about 150 molecules, far from quantum degeneracy. Density estimates depend on a thermal model of the trap. The experiment concerns the stated molecular species and apparatus, not universal cooling of arbitrary molecules.","area":"Atomic and molecular physics / conservative trapping and cooling","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"anderegg-laser-cooling-optically-trapped-caf-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df6ac52e-d8aa-4351-a03b-9d4392d9a884","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c8b4fb8b72f1ee7557a718b787ba03ad6a08b858e1637cd604f72e42e1412130"},"humans":["Loïc Anderegg","Benjamin L. Augenbraun","Yicheng Bao","Sean Burchesky","Lawrence W. Cheuk","Wolfgang Ketterle","John M. 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In a noninteracting anomalous Hall example, the corrected calculation avoids a low-temperature divergence and recovers the expected relation between electrical and thermal response.","scope":"Qin, Niu and Shi developed formulas for energy magnetization and explained how circulating equilibrium currents affect thermal transport coefficients. In a noninteracting anomalous Hall example, the corrected calculation avoids a low-temperature divergence and recovers the expected relation between electrical and thermal response. The formalism assumes the stated equilibrium and linear-response conditions, and its worked example is a noninteracting electronic model. It is not an experimental verification for every material. Earlier work identified circulating currents; the later phonon-specific papers have their own versioned bylines.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a3190941-c796-4a3e-af70-604e6baff37f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da821312946c3e91fb940695cebd47506774aec41e40345dbb8168af8eb4f8a9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schmidt-3c273-large-redshift-1963","title":"The large redshift of the radio source 3C 273","summary":"Maarten Schmidt identified broad spectral lines of the radio source 3C 273 as redshifted emission lines, with a common shift of about 0.158. The result made a distant, exceptionally luminous object a compelling interpretation and helped establish quasars as a new class of astronomical object.","boundary":"The 1963 paper regarded an extragalactic interpretation as most plausible but also discussed a gravitationally redshifted nearby star. Its distance and luminosity inference depends on the cosmological interpretation. The radio-localization investigation of Hazard, Mackey and Shimmins is a related separate contribution, not part of Schmidt’s byline. The paper did not establish the modern black-hole engine.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1963,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"schmidt-3c273-large-redshift-1963","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:76fcb65c-9bd2-48a4-a745-bd8db79bde6e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51c15ad3ce845c40ed3a54b93858aa8244ecf2bffe2f7d88efea3e6b9cf7bd30"},"humans":["M. Schmidt"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"M. Schmidt","person_id":"wrs-person-c03ba96e774d61a1b328fcda","display_name":"Maarten Schmidt","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Caltech Palomar: Maarten Schmidt and 3C 273","url":"https://boom.caltech.edu/palomar/about/personalities.html"},{"title":"3C 273: A Star-Like Object with Large Red-Shift","url":"https://phas.ubc.ca/~heyl/ASTR304_2003W/papers/schmidt.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the source-listed authors of this specific paper. Individual effort, author nationality and unresolved cross-record identities are not inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"schmidt-3c273-redshift-1963","title":"3C 273: A Star-Like Object with Large Red-Shift","url":"https://phas.ubc.ca/~heyl/ASTR304_2003W/papers/schmidt.pdf","date":"1963-03-16"},{"id":"hazard-mackey-shimmins-3c273-lunar-occultation-1963","title":"Investigation of the Radio Source 3C 273 By The Method of Lunar Occultations","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/1971037a0","date":"1963-03-16"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, US. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://phas.ubc.ca/~heyl/ASTR304_2003W/papers/schmidt.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:76fcb65c-9bd2-48a4-a745-bd8db79bde6e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51c15ad3ce845c40ed3a54b93858aa8244ecf2bffe2f7d88efea3e6b9cf7bd30"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-27","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"3C 273: A Star-Like Object with Large Red-Shift","url":"https://phas.ubc.ca/~heyl/ASTR304_2003W/papers/schmidt.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"schmidt-3c273-large-redshift-1963","entry_id":"schmidt-3c273-large-redshift-1963","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:76fcb65c-9bd2-48a4-a745-bd8db79bde6e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51c15ad3ce845c40ed3a54b93858aa8244ecf2bffe2f7d88efea3e6b9cf7bd30"},"what_changed":"Maarten Schmidt identified broad spectral lines of the radio source 3C 273 as redshifted emission lines, with a common shift of about 0.158. The result made a distant, exceptionally luminous object a compelling interpretation and helped establish quasars as a new class of astronomical object.","scope":"Maarten Schmidt identified broad spectral lines of the radio source 3C 273 as redshifted emission lines, with a common shift of about 0.158. The result made a distant, exceptionally luminous object a compelling interpretation and helped establish quasars as a new class of astronomical object. The 1963 paper regarded an extragalactic interpretation as most plausible but also discussed a gravitationally redshifted nearby star. Its distance and luminosity inference depends on the cosmological interpretation. The radio-localization investigation of Hazard, Mackey and Shimmins is a related separate contribution, not part of Schmidt’s byline. The paper did not establish the modern black-hole engine.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:76fcb65c-9bd2-48a4-a745-bd8db79bde6e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51c15ad3ce845c40ed3a54b93858aa8244ecf2bffe2f7d88efea3e6b9cf7bd30"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"katrin-general-neutrino-interaction-beta-spectrum-constraints-2024","title":"KATRIN constrains additional neutrino interactions through the tritium beta spectrum","summary":"The KATRIN collaboration fitted an effective description of additional neutrino interactions to about four million electrons recorded in its second tritium measurement campaign. The analysis found no significant spectral distortion beyond its reference model and reported confidence regions for selected light- and heavier-neutrino interaction parameters. It extended endpoint spectroscopy to interaction searches using an existing experimental dataset.","boundary":"The constraints depend on the effective interaction model, detector response, molecular final states and specified mass and coupling assumptions. They neither identify a new particle nor exclude every possible interaction model. The 45-day sample overlaps KATRIN’s mass-measurement program; future exposure and TRISTAN sensitivity are projections. The cited author revision dates to November 2024; the 2025 journal publication is a different version.","area":"Neutrino interactions and precision beta spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"katrin-general-neutrino-interaction-beta-spectrum-constraints-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4dfc7df-5634-4c9e-a750-5eb6e78f4e0d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:358c99483f1ad0c6c3bf392b89bddc86baef0a833d2be0c1ef0407be4e92e749"},"humans":["M. Aker","D. Batzler","A. Beglarian","J. Beisenkötter","M. Biassoni","B. Bieringer","Y. Biondi","F. Block","B. Bornschein","L. Bornschein","M. Böttcher","M. Carminati","A. Chatrabhuti","S. Chilingaryan","B. A. Daniel","M. Descher","D. Díaz Barrero","P. J. Doe","O. Dragoun","G. Drexlin","F. Edzards","K. Eitel","E. Ellinger","R. Engel","S. Enomoto","A. Felden","C. Fengler","C. Fiorini","J. A. Formaggio","C. Forstner","F. M. Fränkle","G. Gagliardi","K. Gauda","A. S. Gavin","W. Gil","F. Glück","R. Grössle","N. Gutknecht","V. Hannen","L. Hasselmann","K. Helbing","H. Henke","S. Heyns","R. Hiller","D. Hillesheimer","D. Hinz","T. Höhn","A. Huber","A. Jansen","K. Khosonthongkee","C. Köhler","L. Köllenberger","A. Kopmann","N. Kovač","L. La Cascio","T. Lasserre","J. Lauer","T. L. Le","O. Lebeda","B. Lehnert","G. Li","A. Lokhov","M. Machatschek","M. Mark","A. Marsteller","K. McMichael","C. Melzer","S. Mertens","S. Mohanty","J. Mostafa","K. Müller","A. Nava","H. Neumann","S. Niemes","A. Onillon","D. S. Parno","M. Pavan","U. Pinsook","A. W. P. Poon","J. M. L. Poyato","F. Priester","J. Ráliš","S. Ramachandran","R. G. H. Robertson","C. Rodenbeck","M. Röllig","R. Sack","A. Saenz","R. Salomon","P. Schäfer","K. Schlösser","M. Schlösser","L. Schlüter","S. Schneidewind","M. Schrank","J. Schürmann","A.K. Schütz","A. Schwemmer","A. Schwenck","J. Seeyangnok","M. Šefčík","D. Siegmann","F. Simon","J. Songwadhana","F. Spanier","D. Spreng","W. Sreethawong","M. Steidl","J. Štorek","X. Stribl","M. Sturm","N. Suwonjandee","N. Tan Jerome","H. H. Telle","L. A. Thorne","T. Thümmler","N. Titov","I. Tkachev","K. Urban","K. Valerius","D. Vénos","C. Weinheimer","S. Welte","J. Wendel","M. Wetter","C. Wiesinger","J. F. Wilkerson","J. Wolf","S. Wüstling","J. Wydra","W. Xu","S. Zadorozhny","G. Zeller"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"katrin-general-neutrino-interactions-2410-13895v2","title":"First constraints on general neutrino interactions based on KATRIN data — exact author v2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.13895v2","date":"2024-11-12"}],"points":"42000","published_grade":{"id":"katrin-general-neutrino-interaction-beta-spectrum-constraints-2024","entry_id":"katrin-general-neutrino-interaction-beta-spectrum-constraints-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4dfc7df-5634-4c9e-a750-5eb6e78f4e0d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:358c99483f1ad0c6c3bf392b89bddc86baef0a833d2be0c1ef0407be4e92e749"},"what_changed":"The KATRIN collaboration fitted an effective description of additional neutrino interactions to about four million electrons recorded in its second tritium measurement campaign. The analysis found no significant spectral distortion beyond its reference model and reported confidence regions for selected light- and heavier-neutrino interaction parameters. It extended endpoint spectroscopy to interaction searches using an existing experimental dataset.","scope":"The KATRIN collaboration fitted an effective description of additional neutrino interactions to about four million electrons recorded in its second tritium measurement campaign. The analysis found no significant spectral distortion beyond its reference model and reported confidence regions for selected light- and heavier-neutrino interaction parameters. It extended endpoint spectroscopy to interaction searches using an existing experimental dataset. The constraints depend on the effective interaction model, detector response, molecular final states and specified mass and coupling assumptions. They neither identify a new particle nor exclude every possible interaction model. The 45-day sample overlaps KATRIN’s mass-measurement program; future exposure and TRISTAN sensitivity are projections. The cited author revision dates to November 2024; the 2025 journal publication is a different version.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a4dfc7df-5634-4c9e-a750-5eb6e78f4e0d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:358c99483f1ad0c6c3bf392b89bddc86baef0a833d2be0c1ef0407be4e92e749"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"angulo-team-negative-conditional-atomic-excitation-response-2024","title":"A post-selected optical measurement yields negative conditional atomic-excitation response","summary":"Angulo and colleagues measured the small phase shift of an off-resonant probe caused by resonant light passing through a cold rubidium cloud. Comparing probe traces with and without a later photon detection isolated the inferred contribution of an extra transmitted photon. For longer, narrower-band pulses, its integrated response had the opposite sign to the average-photon response. The authors interpreted this result as evidence for a negative conditional atomic-excitation time related to anomalous group delay.","boundary":"The experiment used coherent light, weak probing and post-selection, with finite integration windows and reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. A conditional weak response is distinct from the always nonnegative unconditional excited-state population. Some data disagree quantitatively with the theory, and a bypass control retains a residual signal. The observation does not demonstrate time travel or superluminal information transfer. The cited preprint and supplement date from 2024; the 2026 journal version may differ.","area":"Quantum optics and conditional weak measurements","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"angulo-team-negative-conditional-atomic-excitation-response-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e824173b-056c-4c5a-a9a2-635bfc26af40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fea8deef8732931aa76dfd3d3d75758c5e618250facb93da6a1fbd690744a6ad"},"humans":["Daniela Angulo","Kyle Thompson","Vida-Michelle Nixon","Andy Jiao","Howard M. Wiseman","Aephraim M. Steinberg"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"angulo-team-negative-conditional-excitation-arxiv-2409-03680v1","title":"Experimental evidence that a photon can spend a negative amount of time in an atom cloud — author preprint v1 with complete supplementary information","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.03680v1","date":"2024-09-05"}],"points":"44000","published_grade":{"id":"angulo-team-negative-conditional-atomic-excitation-response-2024","entry_id":"angulo-team-negative-conditional-atomic-excitation-response-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e824173b-056c-4c5a-a9a2-635bfc26af40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fea8deef8732931aa76dfd3d3d75758c5e618250facb93da6a1fbd690744a6ad"},"what_changed":"Angulo and colleagues measured the small phase shift of an off-resonant probe caused by resonant light passing through a cold rubidium cloud. Comparing probe traces with and without a later photon detection isolated the inferred contribution of an extra transmitted photon. For longer, narrower-band pulses, its integrated response had the opposite sign to the average-photon response. The authors interpreted this result as evidence for a negative conditional atomic-excitation time related to anomalous group delay.","scope":"Angulo and colleagues measured the small phase shift of an off-resonant probe caused by resonant light passing through a cold rubidium cloud. Comparing probe traces with and without a later photon detection isolated the inferred contribution of an extra transmitted photon. For longer, narrower-band pulses, its integrated response had the opposite sign to the average-photon response. The authors interpreted this result as evidence for a negative conditional atomic-excitation time related to anomalous group delay. The experiment used coherent light, weak probing and post-selection, with finite integration windows and reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. A conditional weak response is distinct from the always nonnegative unconditional excited-state population. Some data disagree quantitatively with the theory, and a bypass control retains a residual signal. The observation does not demonstrate time travel or superluminal information transfer. The cited preprint and supplement date from 2024; the 2026 journal version may differ.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e824173b-056c-4c5a-a9a2-635bfc26af40","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fea8deef8732931aa76dfd3d3d75758c5e618250facb93da6a1fbd690744a6ad"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nagata-team-reactive-matter-wave-phase-doubling-and-pair-correlations-2025","title":"Molecular diffraction supports phase doubling and reactive pair correlations","summary":"Nagata and colleagues used optical-lattice diffraction to probe coherence during association of cesium atoms into molecules. They reconstructed a molecular spatial phase close to twice the imprinted atomic phase, with a small correction from unequal reaction couplings. Molecular momentum populations also yielded a negative parity and a positive entanglement witness within their coherent symmetric-pair model. This extends earlier population-oscillation evidence to phase transfer and reactive pair correlations.","boundary":"Phases and pair correlators are reconstructed from diffraction populations using specified few-mode wavefunctions, symmetry assumptions and calibration corrections. The entanglement inference concerns that model of identical atom pairs; it is not an independent Bell test or separately measured full two-particle tomography. Molecules occupy a high-lying bound state, and coherence is finite. The first report dates from 2025; the cited 2026 revision may differ from earlier and journal versions.","area":"Matter-wave coherence and atom–molecule association","topic":"Physics","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"nagata-team-reactive-matter-wave-phase-doubling-and-pair-correlations-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd319781-28df-4819-aeef-69e7e990c1e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87883126a538b2df077dbf2de461cb70a0ea7e4d8861bb0de596ca8dab74c6a1"},"humans":["Shu Nagata","Tadej Mežnaršič","Chuixin Kong","Cheng Chin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"nagata-reactive-phase-doubling-arxiv-2505-20581v2","title":"Observation of Phase Doubling and Entanglement in Coherent Matter-Wave Reactions — exact author revision v2 with complete Methods","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.20581v2","date":"2026-05-31"}],"points":"52000","published_grade":{"id":"nagata-team-reactive-matter-wave-phase-doubling-and-pair-correlations-2025","entry_id":"nagata-team-reactive-matter-wave-phase-doubling-and-pair-correlations-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd319781-28df-4819-aeef-69e7e990c1e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87883126a538b2df077dbf2de461cb70a0ea7e4d8861bb0de596ca8dab74c6a1"},"what_changed":"Nagata and colleagues used optical-lattice diffraction to probe coherence during association of cesium atoms into molecules. They reconstructed a molecular spatial phase close to twice the imprinted atomic phase, with a small correction from unequal reaction couplings. Molecular momentum populations also yielded a negative parity and a positive entanglement witness within their coherent symmetric-pair model. This extends earlier population-oscillation evidence to phase transfer and reactive pair correlations.","scope":"Nagata and colleagues used optical-lattice diffraction to probe coherence during association of cesium atoms into molecules. They reconstructed a molecular spatial phase close to twice the imprinted atomic phase, with a small correction from unequal reaction couplings. Molecular momentum populations also yielded a negative parity and a positive entanglement witness within their coherent symmetric-pair model. This extends earlier population-oscillation evidence to phase transfer and reactive pair correlations. Phases and pair correlators are reconstructed from diffraction populations using specified few-mode wavefunctions, symmetry assumptions and calibration corrections. The entanglement inference concerns that model of identical atom pairs; it is not an independent Bell test or separately measured full two-particle tomography. Molecules occupy a high-lying bound state, and coherence is finite. The first report dates from 2025; the cited 2026 revision may differ from earlier and journal versions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd319781-28df-4819-aeef-69e7e990c1e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87883126a538b2df077dbf2de461cb70a0ea7e4d8861bb0de596ca8dab74c6a1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhang-chen-team-quasi-two-dimensional-bosonic-molecular-condensate-2020","title":"Density response supports a finite two-dimensional condensate of bosonic dimers","summary":"Zhang, Chen and colleagues associated Bose-condensed cesium atoms into weakly bound, rotationally excited Cs2 molecules in a finite two-dimensional trap. Molecular density responses to calibrated potentials agreed with thermal and high-density Bose-gas equations of state. The inferred temperature and phase-space density supported a molecular condensate in the predicted superfluid regime. Suppressed collisional loss allowed local equilibration studies and measurements of dissociation near the resonance. The 2020 preprint preceded the 2021 publication.","boundary":"Condensation and local equilibrium were inferred from density response and model fits, rather than directly measured long-range phase coherence or circulation. The 30–50 percent condensate fraction is an estimate, and finite-size condensation is distinct from unrestricted order in an infinite two-dimensional gas. Molecules remained lossy and occupied excited internal states; near-resonance dissociation was consistent with, rather than a proof of, universal dynamics. Exact2021 publication differences and quantitative loss-normalization issues remain unresolved.","area":"Molecular quantum gases and finite two-dimensional condensation","topic":"Physics","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"zhang-chen-team-quasi-two-dimensional-bosonic-molecular-condensate-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ef410db-e979-4ccc-ab74-bd86d99dc104","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e4cf0f98c500a535a4c3d1846746dbe8f52fd42044895929d0103d7aac19d79e"},"humans":["Zhendong Zhang","Liangchao Chen","Kaixuan Yao","Cheng Chin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"zhang-chen-bosonic-molecular-condensate-arxiv-2006-15297v1","title":"Atomic Bose-Einstein condensate to molecular Bose-Einstein condensate transition — original2020 preprint with complete supplementary material","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.15297v1","date":"2020-06-27"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-chen-team-quasi-two-dimensional-bosonic-molecular-condensate-2020","entry_id":"zhang-chen-team-quasi-two-dimensional-bosonic-molecular-condensate-2020","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ef410db-e979-4ccc-ab74-bd86d99dc104","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e4cf0f98c500a535a4c3d1846746dbe8f52fd42044895929d0103d7aac19d79e"},"what_changed":"Zhang, Chen and colleagues associated Bose-condensed cesium atoms into weakly bound, rotationally excited Cs2 molecules in a finite two-dimensional trap. Molecular density responses to calibrated potentials agreed with thermal and high-density Bose-gas equations of state. The inferred temperature and phase-space density supported a molecular condensate in the predicted superfluid regime. Suppressed collisional loss allowed local equilibration studies and measurements of dissociation near the resonance. The 2020 preprint preceded the 2021 publication.","scope":"Zhang, Chen and colleagues associated Bose-condensed cesium atoms into weakly bound, rotationally excited Cs2 molecules in a finite two-dimensional trap. Molecular density responses to calibrated potentials agreed with thermal and high-density Bose-gas equations of state. The inferred temperature and phase-space density supported a molecular condensate in the predicted superfluid regime. Suppressed collisional loss allowed local equilibration studies and measurements of dissociation near the resonance. The 2020 preprint preceded the 2021 publication. Condensation and local equilibrium were inferred from density response and model fits, rather than directly measured long-range phase coherence or circulation. The 30–50 percent condensate fraction is an estimate, and finite-size condensation is distinct from unrestricted order in an infinite two-dimensional gas. Molecules remained lossy and occupied excited internal states; near-resonance dissociation was consistent with, rather than a proof of, universal dynamics. Exact2021 publication differences and quantitative loss-normalization issues remain unresolved.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2ef410db-e979-4ccc-ab74-bd86d99dc104","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e4cf0f98c500a535a4c3d1846746dbe8f52fd42044895929d0103d7aac19d79e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ehlers-geroch-c1-small-self-gravitating-body-geodesic-limit-2003","title":"A geodesic limit for sufficiently small self-gravitating bodies","summary":"Ehlers and Geroch proved a geodesic-limit theorem that permits a small body to carry its own gravitational field. Around a prescribed timelike curve, their hypotheses require arbitrarily localized nonzero bodies satisfying the dominant energy condition, with metrics and connections arbitrarily close to a smooth background. Under those conditions the limiting curve must be a geodesic of that background. The proof also applies to a conserved symmetric matter tensor satisfying the same support and energy conditions.","boundary":"This is a conditional limiting theorem. It neither makes arbitrary finite bodies exact geodesics nor supplies a uniform long-time self-force error bound. Its metric-closeness hypotheses exclude unrestricted strong self-gravity; the authors explicitly exclude black holes and singular regions. The stronger tidal bound and charged-body extension discussed in the paper are not established general-relativistic results here. The 2003 preprint and 2004 publication identity are distinguished.","area":"General relativity and small-body motion","topic":"Physics","year":2003,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"ehlers-geroch-c1-small-self-gravitating-body-geodesic-limit-2003","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:75ee6653-06dd-4555-a7b2-c12319157a9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08de879129272f7a0fb3ed71287012725530b85a950d0f426cc2b27849c1e04f"},"humans":["Jürgen Ehlers","Robert Geroch"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ehlers-geroch-small-body-motion-arxiv-gr-qc-0309074v1","title":"Equation of Motion of Small Bodies in Relativity — exact arXiv v1","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0309074v1","date":"2003-09-16"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"ehlers-geroch-c1-small-self-gravitating-body-geodesic-limit-2003","entry_id":"ehlers-geroch-c1-small-self-gravitating-body-geodesic-limit-2003","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:75ee6653-06dd-4555-a7b2-c12319157a9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08de879129272f7a0fb3ed71287012725530b85a950d0f426cc2b27849c1e04f"},"what_changed":"Ehlers and Geroch proved a geodesic-limit theorem that permits a small body to carry its own gravitational field. Around a prescribed timelike curve, their hypotheses require arbitrarily localized nonzero bodies satisfying the dominant energy condition, with metrics and connections arbitrarily close to a smooth background. Under those conditions the limiting curve must be a geodesic of that background. The proof also applies to a conserved symmetric matter tensor satisfying the same support and energy conditions.","scope":"Ehlers and Geroch proved a geodesic-limit theorem that permits a small body to carry its own gravitational field. Around a prescribed timelike curve, their hypotheses require arbitrarily localized nonzero bodies satisfying the dominant energy condition, with metrics and connections arbitrarily close to a smooth background. Under those conditions the limiting curve must be a geodesic of that background. The proof also applies to a conserved symmetric matter tensor satisfying the same support and energy conditions. This is a conditional limiting theorem. It neither makes arbitrary finite bodies exact geodesics nor supplies a uniform long-time self-force error bound. Its metric-closeness hypotheses exclude unrestricted strong self-gravity; the authors explicitly exclude black holes and singular regions. The stronger tidal bound and charged-body extension discussed in the paper are not established general-relativistic results here. The 2003 preprint and 2004 publication identity are distinguished.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:75ee6653-06dd-4555-a7b2-c12319157a9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08de879129272f7a0fb3ed71287012725530b85a950d0f426cc2b27849c1e04f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gao-wang-teams-antiferromagnetic-quantum-metric-nonlinear-transport-2023","title":"Quantum-metric-related nonlinear electrical transport in antiferromagnetic MnBi2Te4","summary":"Two independent experiments reported low-temperature second-order electrical responses in even-layer antiferromagnetic MnBi2Te4 whose signs reverse with prepared antiferromagnetic order. Gao and colleagues engineered black-phosphorus interfaces and supported a predominantly nonlinear Hall response through symmetry, conductivity scaling and frequency-mixing controls. Wang and colleagues measured transverse and longitudinal nonlinear responses in four- and six-layer devices, including current-direction-dependent DC resistance. Their models attribute major contributions to energy-weighted quantum-metric geometry.","boundary":"The two sample platforms, tensor decompositions and carrier-sign patterns are distinct. Mechanism attribution relies on symmetry, low-temperature scaling and electronic models; it is not a direct reconstruction of the entire quantum metric or a universal exclusion of disorder and artifacts. The corrected journal article and the preprint supplementary material differ; further journal supplementary material may affect the details. Microwave rectification does not establish uniquely intrinsic mechanism or usable energy-conversion efficiency. No room-temperature, terahertz, lossless-current or device-deployment claim is established.","area":"Condensed matter / quantum geometry and nonlinear transport","topic":"Physics","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gao-wang-teams-antiferromagnetic-quantum-metric-nonlinear-transport-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39d42e90-6602-490c-add3-9cd2f47fcbba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cbc4d1ae6434da3f42b2298f6de2d2547cf98759453a673a76340ecdc028f34"},"humans":["Anyuan Gao","Yu-Fei Liu","Jian-Xiang Qiu","Barun Ghosh","Thaís V. Trevisan","Yugo Onishi","Chaowei Hu","Tiema Qian","Hung-Ju Tien","Shao-Wen Chen","Mengqi Huang","Damien Bérubé","Houchen Li","Christian Tzschaschel","Thao Dinh","Zhe Sun","Sheng-Chin Ho","Shang-Wei Lien","Bahadur Singh","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","David C. Bell","Hsin Lin","Tay-Rong Chang","Chunhui Rita Du","Arun Bansil","Liang Fu","Ni Ni","Peter P. Orth","Qiong Ma","Su-Yang Xu","Naizhou Wang","Daniel Kaplan","Zhaowei Zhang","Tobias Holder","Ning Cao","Aifeng Wang","Xiaoyuan Zhou","Feifei Zhou","Zhengzhi Jiang","Chusheng Zhang","Shihao Ru","Hongbing Cai","Binghai Yan","Weibo Gao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"gao-team-quantum-metric-nonlinear-hall-arxiv230609575v2","title":"Quantum metric nonlinear Hall effect in a topological antiferromagnetic heterostructure (arXiv2306.09575v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.09575v2","date":"2023-07-23"},{"id":"gao-team-quantum-metric-hall-science-adf1506-corrected20230821","title":"Quantum metric nonlinear Hall effect in a topological antiferromagnetic heterostructure (corrected Science formal body)","url":"https://ciqm.harvard.edu/uploads/2/3/3/4/23349210/gao.pdf","date":"2023-08-21"},{"id":"wang-team-quantum-metric-nonlinear-transport-arxiv230609285v2","title":"Quantum metric induced nonlinear transport in a topological antiferromagnet (arXiv2306.09285v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.09285v2","date":"2023-07-01"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"gao-wang-teams-antiferromagnetic-quantum-metric-nonlinear-transport-2023","entry_id":"gao-wang-teams-antiferromagnetic-quantum-metric-nonlinear-transport-2023","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39d42e90-6602-490c-add3-9cd2f47fcbba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cbc4d1ae6434da3f42b2298f6de2d2547cf98759453a673a76340ecdc028f34"},"what_changed":"Two independent experiments reported low-temperature second-order electrical responses in even-layer antiferromagnetic MnBi2Te4 whose signs reverse with prepared antiferromagnetic order. Gao and colleagues engineered black-phosphorus interfaces and supported a predominantly nonlinear Hall response through symmetry, conductivity scaling and frequency-mixing controls. Wang and colleagues measured transverse and longitudinal nonlinear responses in four- and six-layer devices, including current-direction-dependent DC resistance. Their models attribute major contributions to energy-weighted quantum-metric geometry.","scope":"Two independent experiments reported low-temperature second-order electrical responses in even-layer antiferromagnetic MnBi2Te4 whose signs reverse with prepared antiferromagnetic order. Gao and colleagues engineered black-phosphorus interfaces and supported a predominantly nonlinear Hall response through symmetry, conductivity scaling and frequency-mixing controls. Wang and colleagues measured transverse and longitudinal nonlinear responses in four- and six-layer devices, including current-direction-dependent DC resistance. Their models attribute major contributions to energy-weighted quantum-metric geometry. The two sample platforms, tensor decompositions and carrier-sign patterns are distinct. Mechanism attribution relies on symmetry, low-temperature scaling and electronic models; it is not a direct reconstruction of the entire quantum metric or a universal exclusion of disorder and artifacts. The corrected journal article and the preprint supplementary material differ; further journal supplementary material may affect the details. Microwave rectification does not establish uniquely intrinsic mechanism or usable energy-conversion efficiency. No room-temperature, terahertz, lossless-current or device-deployment claim is established.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:39d42e90-6602-490c-add3-9cd2f47fcbba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7cbc4d1ae6434da3f42b2298f6de2d2547cf98759453a673a76340ecdc028f34"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"li-ikhlas-teams-mn3sn-anomalous-nernst-and-thermal-hall-2016","title":"Large anomalous Nernst response and transverse heat transport in Mn3Sn","summary":"Independent teams measured a sizable, hysteretic transverse thermoelectric response in the noncollinear antiferromagnet Mn3Sn near room temperature despite its small net magnetization. Ikhlas and colleagues reported a remanent Nernst signal of about 0.35 microvolt per kelvin at 300 K in one crystal. Li and colleagues additionally measured anomalous thermal Hall transport and found its ratio to electrical Hall transport approximately consistent with the Wiedemann–Franz value over their measured high-temperature magnetic phase. Berry-curvature calculations and transport comparisons supplied an interpretation of the response.","boundary":"This family combines two independent experimental originals, with separate bylines, sample compositions, magnetic phases and uncertainties. Zero-field values are remanent signals after magnetic preparation. Full hysteretic jumps differ from a single-branch signal. The thermal Hall comparison has appreciable contact and geometrical uncertainties; it does not uniquely establish a microscopic mechanism. Calculated Weyl-point and Fermi-energy explanations are model interpretations, and useful thermoelectric generators were proposed rather than demonstrated.","area":"Condensed matter physics / antiferromagnetic thermoelectric transport","topic":"Physics","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"li-ikhlas-teams-mn3sn-anomalous-nernst-and-thermal-hall-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed196c1d-b860-4d66-a476-4a41ad656aa5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:219df52da769445a60b9e109485831ccfd2cc8dc799dbcd7dc447b8457c78b9f"},"humans":["Xiaokang Li","Liangcai Xu","Linchao Ding","Jinhua Wang","Mingsong Shen","Xiufang Lu","Zengwei Zhu","Kamran Behnia","Muhammad Ikhlas","Takahiro Tomita","Takashi Koretsune","Michi-To Suzuki","Daisuke Nishio-Hamane","Ryotaro Arita","Yoshichika Otani","Satoru Nakatsuji"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"li-team-mn3sn-anomalous-nernst-thermal-hall-arxiv161206128v4","title":"Anomalous Nernst and Righi-Leduc Effects in Mn3Sn: Berry curvature and Entropy flow (arXiv1612.06128v4)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1612.06128v4","date":"2017-07-14"},{"id":"ikhlas-team-mn3sn-large-anomalous-nernst-arxiv171000062v1","title":"Large anomalous Nernst effect at room temperature in a chiral antiferromagnet (arXiv1710.00062v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.00062v1","date":"2017-09-20"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"li-ikhlas-teams-mn3sn-anomalous-nernst-and-thermal-hall-2016","entry_id":"li-ikhlas-teams-mn3sn-anomalous-nernst-and-thermal-hall-2016","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed196c1d-b860-4d66-a476-4a41ad656aa5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:219df52da769445a60b9e109485831ccfd2cc8dc799dbcd7dc447b8457c78b9f"},"what_changed":"Independent teams measured a sizable, hysteretic transverse thermoelectric response in the noncollinear antiferromagnet Mn3Sn near room temperature despite its small net magnetization. Ikhlas and colleagues reported a remanent Nernst signal of about 0.35 microvolt per kelvin at 300 K in one crystal. Li and colleagues additionally measured anomalous thermal Hall transport and found its ratio to electrical Hall transport approximately consistent with the Wiedemann–Franz value over their measured high-temperature magnetic phase. Berry-curvature calculations and transport comparisons supplied an interpretation of the response.","scope":"Independent teams measured a sizable, hysteretic transverse thermoelectric response in the noncollinear antiferromagnet Mn3Sn near room temperature despite its small net magnetization. Ikhlas and colleagues reported a remanent Nernst signal of about 0.35 microvolt per kelvin at 300 K in one crystal. Li and colleagues additionally measured anomalous thermal Hall transport and found its ratio to electrical Hall transport approximately consistent with the Wiedemann–Franz value over their measured high-temperature magnetic phase. Berry-curvature calculations and transport comparisons supplied an interpretation of the response. This family combines two independent experimental originals, with separate bylines, sample compositions, magnetic phases and uncertainties. Zero-field values are remanent signals after magnetic preparation. Full hysteretic jumps differ from a single-branch signal. The thermal Hall comparison has appreciable contact and geometrical uncertainties; it does not uniquely establish a microscopic mechanism. Calculated Weyl-point and Fermi-energy explanations are model interpretations, and useful thermoelectric generators were proposed rather than demonstrated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed196c1d-b860-4d66-a476-4a41ad656aa5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:219df52da769445a60b9e109485831ccfd2cc8dc799dbcd7dc447b8457c78b9f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mumass-muonium-lamb-shift-and-isolated-hyperfine-spectroscopy-2021-2022","title":"Muonium Lamb-shift and isolated excited-state hyperfine spectroscopy","summary":"The Mu-MASS collaboration used a low-energy muon beam, carbon-foil muonium production and microwave-induced depletion of metastable atoms to measure the muonium n=2 Lamb shift. Ohayon and colleagues reported 1047.2±2.3(stat)±1.1(syst) MHz. Janka and colleagues then measured the isolated 2S1/2,F=0 to 2P1/2,F=1 transition at 580.6±6.8 MHz, deriving a Lamb shift of 1045.5±6.8 MHz and, together with the earlier transition measurement, a 2S hyperfine splitting of 559.6±7.2 MHz. The later line-shape analysis also identified a contribution from muonium in the n=3 excited state.","boundary":"These are related measurements with simulated trajectory-dependent line shapes, microwave-power corrections and residual excited-state contamination. The isolated transition offers a route to lower systematic error, while its reported statistical uncertainty is larger than that of the earlier measurement. The excited-state population and combined hyperfine interval are inferred through the stated model and shared experimental inputs. Agreement with bound-state QED supports model-specific limits on additional interactions; it does not establish exact CPT symmetry or exclude every explanation of muon magnetic-moment measurements. A linked theoretical update reports a roughly 200 kHz disagreement between two predictions and explicitly leaves its origin unresolved; neither experiment resolves that difference at its stated precision.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / leptonic-atom microwave spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"mumass-muonium-lamb-shift-and-isolated-hyperfine-spectroscopy-2021-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:840e173d-3312-4210-a3d6-51e993e746e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0f9d26adfe45a38c6e6f66a4dd14adfbfb7d561ff3d836091c8c0df1ca6d8ea"},"humans":["B. Ohayon","G. Janka","I. Cortinovis","Z. Burkley","L. de Sousa Borges","E. Depero","A. Golovizin","X. Ni","Z. Salman","A. Suter","C. Vigo","T. Prokscha","P. Crivelli"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ohayon-mumass-muonium-lamb-shift-arxiv210812891v2","title":"Precision measurement of the Lamb shift in Muonium (arXiv2108.12891v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.12891v2","date":"2021-08-29"},{"id":"janka-mumass-muonium-isolated-hyperfine-lamb-arxiv220506202v1","title":"Measurement of the 2S1/2,F=0 to 2P1/2,F=1 transition in Muonium (arXiv2205.06202v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.06202v1","date":"2022-05-12"},{"id":"janka-ohayon-crivelli-muonium-lamb-theory-update-arxiv211113951v1","title":"Muonium Lamb shift: theory update and experimental prospects (arXiv2111.13951v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.13951v1","date":"2021-11-27"}],"points":"58000","published_grade":{"id":"mumass-muonium-lamb-shift-and-isolated-hyperfine-spectroscopy-2021-2022","entry_id":"mumass-muonium-lamb-shift-and-isolated-hyperfine-spectroscopy-2021-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:840e173d-3312-4210-a3d6-51e993e746e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0f9d26adfe45a38c6e6f66a4dd14adfbfb7d561ff3d836091c8c0df1ca6d8ea"},"what_changed":"The Mu-MASS collaboration used a low-energy muon beam, carbon-foil muonium production and microwave-induced depletion of metastable atoms to measure the muonium n=2 Lamb shift. Ohayon and colleagues reported 1047.2±2.3(stat)±1.1(syst) MHz. Janka and colleagues then measured the isolated 2S1/2,F=0 to 2P1/2,F=1 transition at 580.6±6.8 MHz, deriving a Lamb shift of 1045.5±6.8 MHz and, together with the earlier transition measurement, a 2S hyperfine splitting of 559.6±7.2 MHz. The later line-shape analysis also identified a contribution from muonium in the n=3 excited state.","scope":"The Mu-MASS collaboration used a low-energy muon beam, carbon-foil muonium production and microwave-induced depletion of metastable atoms to measure the muonium n=2 Lamb shift. Ohayon and colleagues reported 1047.2±2.3(stat)±1.1(syst) MHz. Janka and colleagues then measured the isolated 2S1/2,F=0 to 2P1/2,F=1 transition at 580.6±6.8 MHz, deriving a Lamb shift of 1045.5±6.8 MHz and, together with the earlier transition measurement, a 2S hyperfine splitting of 559.6±7.2 MHz. The later line-shape analysis also identified a contribution from muonium in the n=3 excited state. These are related measurements with simulated trajectory-dependent line shapes, microwave-power corrections and residual excited-state contamination. The isolated transition offers a route to lower systematic error, while its reported statistical uncertainty is larger than that of the earlier measurement. The excited-state population and combined hyperfine interval are inferred through the stated model and shared experimental inputs. Agreement with bound-state QED supports model-specific limits on additional interactions; it does not establish exact CPT symmetry or exclude every explanation of muon magnetic-moment measurements. A linked theoretical update reports a roughly 200 kHz disagreement between two predictions and explicitly leaves its origin unresolved; neither experiment resolves that difference at its stated precision.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:840e173d-3312-4210-a3d6-51e993e746e2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c0f9d26adfe45a38c6e6f66a4dd14adfbfb7d561ff3d836091c8c0df1ca6d8ea"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"museum-pulsed-beam-muonium-hyperfine-rabi-spectroscopy-2020","title":"Pulsed-beam muonium hyperfine spectroscopy and time-domain Rabi analysis","summary":"The MuSEUM collaboration demonstrated near-zero-field muonium ground-state hyperfine spectroscopy at J-PARC using a pulsed muon beam and detectors designed for high event rates. Kanda and colleagues reported a frequency-scan result of 4463.302±0.004 MHz. Nishimura and colleagues developed an analysis of the time-dependent Rabi signal that jointly fits frequency detuning and microwave-field strength, and applied it to later data to obtain a zero-density hyperfine interval of 4,463,301.61±0.71 kHz, with the quoted uncertainty statistical. Their simulations identified conditions in which concentrating measurements at a suitable detuning could improve statistical precision.","boundary":"The time-domain analysis uses a model of the microwave-field distribution and muon stopping positions, and determines the magnitude of detuning without its sign. The experimental demonstration combined measurements at multiple frequencies and powers. Its precision gain depends on the simulated conditions; it is not a universal factor-of-two guarantee or a replacement for the more precise historical high-field measurement. Gas-density corrections, frequency references, detector response and residual microwave drift remain relevant. Future beam upgrades and hertz-level goals were proposed rather than demonstrated.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / unstable-atom microwave spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"museum-pulsed-beam-muonium-hyperfine-rabi-spectroscopy-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:880727ea-e34d-475a-a29a-c74175d5eb35","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f801e100e32f407f7b57d17f47e4150e09af4a03dc354341ea010380531285dc"},"humans":["S. Nishimura","H. A. Torii","Y. Fukao","T. U. Ito","M. Iwasaki","S. Kanda","K. Kawagoe","D. Kawall","N. Kawamura","N. Kurosawa","Y. Matsuda","T. Mibe","Y. Miyake","N. Saito","K. Sasaki","Y. Sato","S. Seo","P. Strasser","T. Suehara","K. S. Tanaka","T. Tanaka","J. Tojo","A. Toyoda","Y. Ueno","T. Yamanaka","T. Yamazaki","H. Yasuda","T. Yoshioka","K. Shimomura","Y. Ikedo","K. Ishida","K. M. Kojima"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"nishimura-museum-rabi-oscillation-hyperfine-arxiv200712386v2","title":"Rabi-Oscillation Spectroscopy of the Hyperfine Structure of Muonium Atoms (arXiv2007.12386v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.12386v2","date":"2020-07-24"},{"id":"kanda-museum-pulsed-muon-zero-field-hyperfine-arxiv200405862v2","title":"New precise spectroscopy of the hyperfine structure in muonium with a high-intensity pulsed muon beam (arXiv2004.05862v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.05862v2","date":"2020-04-13"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"museum-pulsed-beam-muonium-hyperfine-rabi-spectroscopy-2020","entry_id":"museum-pulsed-beam-muonium-hyperfine-rabi-spectroscopy-2020","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:880727ea-e34d-475a-a29a-c74175d5eb35","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f801e100e32f407f7b57d17f47e4150e09af4a03dc354341ea010380531285dc"},"what_changed":"The MuSEUM collaboration demonstrated near-zero-field muonium ground-state hyperfine spectroscopy at J-PARC using a pulsed muon beam and detectors designed for high event rates. Kanda and colleagues reported a frequency-scan result of 4463.302±0.004 MHz. Nishimura and colleagues developed an analysis of the time-dependent Rabi signal that jointly fits frequency detuning and microwave-field strength, and applied it to later data to obtain a zero-density hyperfine interval of 4,463,301.61±0.71 kHz, with the quoted uncertainty statistical. Their simulations identified conditions in which concentrating measurements at a suitable detuning could improve statistical precision.","scope":"The MuSEUM collaboration demonstrated near-zero-field muonium ground-state hyperfine spectroscopy at J-PARC using a pulsed muon beam and detectors designed for high event rates. Kanda and colleagues reported a frequency-scan result of 4463.302±0.004 MHz. Nishimura and colleagues developed an analysis of the time-dependent Rabi signal that jointly fits frequency detuning and microwave-field strength, and applied it to later data to obtain a zero-density hyperfine interval of 4,463,301.61±0.71 kHz, with the quoted uncertainty statistical. Their simulations identified conditions in which concentrating measurements at a suitable detuning could improve statistical precision. The time-domain analysis uses a model of the microwave-field distribution and muon stopping positions, and determines the magnitude of detuning without its sign. The experimental demonstration combined measurements at multiple frequencies and powers. Its precision gain depends on the simulated conditions; it is not a universal factor-of-two guarantee or a replacement for the more precise historical high-field measurement. Gas-density corrections, frequency references, detector response and residual microwave drift remain relevant. Future beam upgrades and hertz-level goals were proposed rather than demonstrated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:880727ea-e34d-475a-a29a-c74175d5eb35","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f801e100e32f407f7b57d17f47e4150e09af4a03dc354341ea010380531285dc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"adkins-team-arbitrary-mass-s-state-order-six-pure-recoil-2022-2023","title":"Analytic arbitrary-mass pure-recoil corrections for two-fermion atomic S states","summary":"Adkins, Gomprecht, Li and Shinn obtained analytic pure-recoil energy corrections at order (Zα)^6 for Coulombic S states of two spin-1/2 particles, retaining the full dependence on their mass ratio. Their calculation combines nonrelativistic-QED contributions with relativistic matching integrals expressed through harmonic polylogarithms, and gives both spin-averaged and hyperfine corrections. The result connects unequal-mass systems such as muonium to the equal-mass positronium limit and identifies corrections to earlier mass-ratio expansions.","boundary":"The result is exact in the mass ratio within the specified perturbative order and point-particle model. It is not an all-orders atomic spectrum, a calculation of every radiative or annihilation contribution, or a treatment of proton structure. States with nonzero orbital angular momentum are addressed through other cited work. The authors report checks against earlier numerical and equal-mass results; the complete integral reduction and numerical implementation have not been independently reproduced here. Extension to order (Zα)^7 is proposed rather than completed.","area":"Atomic theory / bound-state quantum electrodynamics","topic":"Physics","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"adkins-team-arbitrary-mass-s-state-order-six-pure-recoil-2022-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:51ec19f4-adcb-45f9-a5b7-15f6dad97838","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4bf4929455659875a3a9d28e975bbb1ae5e5d06f35066bfe969c7b646437c848"},"humans":["Gregory S. Adkins","Jonathan Gomprecht","Yanxi Li","Evan Shinn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"adkins-gomprecht-li-shinn-pure-recoil-prl130023004-formal","title":"Recoil Corrections to the Energy Levels of Hydrogenic Atoms (Physical Review Letters130,023004)","url":"https://scoap3-prod-backend.s3.cern.ch/media/files/75036/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.023004.pdf","date":"2023-01-13"}],"points":"48000","published_grade":{"id":"adkins-team-arbitrary-mass-s-state-order-six-pure-recoil-2022-2023","entry_id":"adkins-team-arbitrary-mass-s-state-order-six-pure-recoil-2022-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:51ec19f4-adcb-45f9-a5b7-15f6dad97838","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4bf4929455659875a3a9d28e975bbb1ae5e5d06f35066bfe969c7b646437c848"},"what_changed":"Adkins, Gomprecht, Li and Shinn obtained analytic pure-recoil energy corrections at order (Zα)^6 for Coulombic S states of two spin-1/2 particles, retaining the full dependence on their mass ratio. Their calculation combines nonrelativistic-QED contributions with relativistic matching integrals expressed through harmonic polylogarithms, and gives both spin-averaged and hyperfine corrections. The result connects unequal-mass systems such as muonium to the equal-mass positronium limit and identifies corrections to earlier mass-ratio expansions.","scope":"Adkins, Gomprecht, Li and Shinn obtained analytic pure-recoil energy corrections at order (Zα)^6 for Coulombic S states of two spin-1/2 particles, retaining the full dependence on their mass ratio. Their calculation combines nonrelativistic-QED contributions with relativistic matching integrals expressed through harmonic polylogarithms, and gives both spin-averaged and hyperfine corrections. The result connects unequal-mass systems such as muonium to the equal-mass positronium limit and identifies corrections to earlier mass-ratio expansions. The result is exact in the mass ratio within the specified perturbative order and point-particle model. It is not an all-orders atomic spectrum, a calculation of every radiative or annihilation contribution, or a treatment of proton structure. States with nonzero orbital angular momentum are addressed through other cited work. The authors report checks against earlier numerical and equal-mass results; the complete integral reduction and numerical implementation have not been independently reproduced here. Extension to order (Zα)^7 is proposed rather than completed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:51ec19f4-adcb-45f9-a5b7-15f6dad97838","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4bf4929455659875a3a9d28e975bbb1ae5e5d06f35066bfe969c7b646437c848"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gurung-team-positronium-n2-fine-structure-line-asymmetry-2020-2021","title":"Positronium fine-structure spectroscopy and diagnosis of asymmetric resonance lines","summary":"Gurung and colleagues used laser-prepared metastable positronium, microwave transitions and annihilation-time detection to study the n=2 fine structure. Their 2021 analysis reported 18,501.02±0.57(stat)±0.323(syst) MHz for the 2³S₁ → 2³P₀ interval, approximately 4.2 standard deviations above its cited QED prediction under that error budget. The J=1 and J=2 spectra revealed asymmetric lines. A subsequent model by Akopyan and colleagues showed that frequency-dependent microwave reflections could produce shifts of several MHz, including shifts of apparently symmetric lines, exposing a systematic uncertainty beyond the earlier budget.","boundary":"The reported frequencies depend on line-shape assumptions, magnetic-field extrapolation, laser alignment and electric-field and Doppler estimates. The detailed experiment added recoil Doppler uncertainty omitted in 2020 without changing its central value. Subsequent numerical modeling suggested a conservative reflection-related uncertainty of about 4 MHz; this is a model estimate, not a measured correction or a verified probability distribution. Unmodeled chamber elements prevent direct correction of the original data. The earlier 4.2-standard-deviation comparison therefore does not establish a surviving anomaly, new force or failure of QED. Asymmetric J=1 and J=2 fit centres are diagnostics, not reliable precise intervals. The modeled quantum-interference channels were too small to explain the MHz effects; other unmodeled mechanisms and later experimental comparisons remain open.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / positronium microwave spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gurung-team-positronium-n2-fine-structure-line-asymmetry-2020-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e324566-c216-4126-a2d1-28c6158293c8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1301f654b5b7a9e9530a5bfaf4e6fc1799783c80fd91e7603f900c7778c7cdc"},"humans":["L. Gurung","T. J. Babij","S. D. Hogan","D. B. Cassidy","J. Pérez-Ríos"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"gurung-team-positronium-fine-structure-prl125073002-formal","title":"Precision Microwave Spectroscopy of the Positronium n=2 Fine Structure (PRL125073002)","url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10107934/1/PhysRevLett.125.073002.pdf","date":"2020-08-12"},{"id":"gurung-team-positronium-asymmetric-lines-pra103042805-formal","title":"Observation of asymmetric line shapes in precision microwave spectroscopy of the positronium 2tripletS1 to2tripletPJ(J=1,2) fine-structure intervals (PRA103042805)","url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10126237/1/PhysRevA.103.042805.pdf","date":"2021-04-05"},{"id":"akopyan-team-positronium-lineshape-model-pra104062810-formal","title":"Line-shape modeling in microwave spectroscopy of the positronium n=2 fine-structure intervals (PRA104062810)","url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10140797/1/PhysRevA.104.062810.pdf","date":"2021-12-16"}],"points":"42000","published_grade":{"id":"gurung-team-positronium-n2-fine-structure-line-asymmetry-2020-2021","entry_id":"gurung-team-positronium-n2-fine-structure-line-asymmetry-2020-2021","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e324566-c216-4126-a2d1-28c6158293c8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1301f654b5b7a9e9530a5bfaf4e6fc1799783c80fd91e7603f900c7778c7cdc"},"what_changed":"Gurung and colleagues used laser-prepared metastable positronium, microwave transitions and annihilation-time detection to study the n=2 fine structure. Their 2021 analysis reported 18,501.02±0.57(stat)±0.323(syst) MHz for the 2³S₁ → 2³P₀ interval, approximately 4.2 standard deviations above its cited QED prediction under that error budget. The J=1 and J=2 spectra revealed asymmetric lines. A subsequent model by Akopyan and colleagues showed that frequency-dependent microwave reflections could produce shifts of several MHz, including shifts of apparently symmetric lines, exposing a systematic uncertainty beyond the earlier budget.","scope":"Gurung and colleagues used laser-prepared metastable positronium, microwave transitions and annihilation-time detection to study the n=2 fine structure. Their 2021 analysis reported 18,501.02±0.57(stat)±0.323(syst) MHz for the 2³S₁ → 2³P₀ interval, approximately 4.2 standard deviations above its cited QED prediction under that error budget. The J=1 and J=2 spectra revealed asymmetric lines. A subsequent model by Akopyan and colleagues showed that frequency-dependent microwave reflections could produce shifts of several MHz, including shifts of apparently symmetric lines, exposing a systematic uncertainty beyond the earlier budget. The reported frequencies depend on line-shape assumptions, magnetic-field extrapolation, laser alignment and electric-field and Doppler estimates. The detailed experiment added recoil Doppler uncertainty omitted in 2020 without changing its central value. Subsequent numerical modeling suggested a conservative reflection-related uncertainty of about 4 MHz; this is a model estimate, not a measured correction or a verified probability distribution. Unmodeled chamber elements prevent direct correction of the original data. The earlier 4.2-standard-deviation comparison therefore does not establish a surviving anomaly, new force or failure of QED. Asymmetric J=1 and J=2 fit centres are diagnostics, not reliable precise intervals. The modeled quantum-interference channels were too small to explain the MHz effects; other unmodeled mechanisms and later experimental comparisons remain open.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e324566-c216-4126-a2d1-28c6158293c8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1301f654b5b7a9e9530a5bfaf4e6fc1799783c80fd91e7603f900c7778c7cdc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sheldon-team-positronium-reflection-diagnostics-redesigned-j2-spectroscopy-2023","title":"Positronium microwave field diagnostics and fine-structure measurement with a redesigned apparatus","summary":"Sheldon and colleagues observed that the apparent positronium 2³S₁ → 2³P₂ transition frequency changed when a free-space microwave horn was rotated, even when the spectral lines showed little measurable asymmetry. They then measured the interval in a redesigned waveguide apparatus with reduced chamber reflections, reversed microwave directions and a retroreflected excitation laser. Averaging the two directions gave 8627.94±0.30(stat)±0.91(syst) MHz, within 1.3 standard deviations of the cited QED value. These experiments established practical diagnostics for microwave-field distortions while retaining a substantial unresolved direction-dependent systematic error.","boundary":"The free-space spectra diagnose field-dependent line shifts and do not provide a reliable precision interval. The redesigned experiment extrapolated finite-field measurements to zero field using a Zeeman model. Its two microwave directions differed by about 1.8 MHz; half this difference was assigned as an additional systematic uncertainty, rather than independently explained or eliminated. Mode simulations reproduced MHz shifts qualitatively but not the observed horn-angle dependence. Agreement with theory is limited to the reported uncertainty and does not resolve all earlier J=0 discrepancies. The cited archived paper and the later journal version differ in wording.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / positronium spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"sheldon-team-positronium-reflection-diagnostics-redesigned-j2-spectroscopy-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72843620-ba2e-44fc-a46d-a6c05322e42f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:613a78f4985a29e3a0e430ae281384757b02e4268981eb9b0599cf6499e58cbd"},"humans":["R. E. Sheldon","T. J. Babij","S. H. Reeder","S. D. Hogan","D. B. Cassidy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"sheldon-team-positronium-free-space-microwave-pra107042810-formal","title":"Microwave spectroscopy of positronium atoms in free space (PRA107042810)","url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10168858/1/PhysRevA.107.042810.pdf","date":"2023-04-18"},{"id":"sheldon-team-positronium-j2-redesigned-prl131043001-archived-formal","title":"Precision Microwave Spectroscopy of the Positronium 2tripletS1 to2tripletP2 Interval (PRL131043001 archived formal copy)","url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10174525/1/PhysRevLett.131.043001.pdf","date":"2023-07-27"}],"points":"36000","published_grade":{"id":"sheldon-team-positronium-reflection-diagnostics-redesigned-j2-spectroscopy-2023","entry_id":"sheldon-team-positronium-reflection-diagnostics-redesigned-j2-spectroscopy-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72843620-ba2e-44fc-a46d-a6c05322e42f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:613a78f4985a29e3a0e430ae281384757b02e4268981eb9b0599cf6499e58cbd"},"what_changed":"Sheldon and colleagues observed that the apparent positronium 2³S₁ → 2³P₂ transition frequency changed when a free-space microwave horn was rotated, even when the spectral lines showed little measurable asymmetry. They then measured the interval in a redesigned waveguide apparatus with reduced chamber reflections, reversed microwave directions and a retroreflected excitation laser. Averaging the two directions gave 8627.94±0.30(stat)±0.91(syst) MHz, within 1.3 standard deviations of the cited QED value. These experiments established practical diagnostics for microwave-field distortions while retaining a substantial unresolved direction-dependent systematic error.","scope":"Sheldon and colleagues observed that the apparent positronium 2³S₁ → 2³P₂ transition frequency changed when a free-space microwave horn was rotated, even when the spectral lines showed little measurable asymmetry. They then measured the interval in a redesigned waveguide apparatus with reduced chamber reflections, reversed microwave directions and a retroreflected excitation laser. Averaging the two directions gave 8627.94±0.30(stat)±0.91(syst) MHz, within 1.3 standard deviations of the cited QED value. These experiments established practical diagnostics for microwave-field distortions while retaining a substantial unresolved direction-dependent systematic error. The free-space spectra diagnose field-dependent line shifts and do not provide a reliable precision interval. The redesigned experiment extrapolated finite-field measurements to zero field using a Zeeman model. Its two microwave directions differed by about 1.8 MHz; half this difference was assigned as an additional systematic uncertainty, rather than independently explained or eliminated. Mode simulations reproduced MHz shifts qualitatively but not the observed horn-angle dependence. Agreement with theory is limited to the reported uncertainty and does not resolve all earlier J=0 discrepancies. The cited archived paper and the later journal version differ in wording.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:72843620-ba2e-44fc-a46d-a6c05322e42f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:613a78f4985a29e3a0e430ae281384757b02e4268981eb9b0599cf6499e58cbd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"newson-babij-cassidy-energy-tunable-continuous-metastable-positronium-beam-2023","title":"Production and characterization of an energy-tunable continuous metastable positronium beam","summary":"Newson, Babij and Cassidy produced a continuous beam containing metastable 2³S₁ positronium through charge-exchange collisions between positrons and xenon. Two position-sensitive detectors measured the beam profiles, and microwave-induced 2³S₁ → 2³P₂ transitions reduced the surviving count rate, identifying the metastable component. With flight-decay and saturation corrections, the authors estimated a metastable fraction of up to about 10% of the positronium beam under their chosen conditions. The measured beam properties and a preliminary single-waveguide spectrum supported its proposed use in separated-field spectroscopy.","boundary":"The metastable fraction is a model-dependent estimate within the positronium beam, not a 10% conversion of incident positrons. It depends on transition locations, decay survival and detector efficiencies; the detected metastable rate was inferred to be about two atoms per second. Position-derived velocity distributions assume production geometry and approximate longitudinal energies. The broad microwave spectra are identification and apparatus diagnostics, rather than high-precision field-free intervals. Improved count rates, two-waveguide Ramsey fringes and FOSOF spectroscopy remained prospective in this paper.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / positronium beam methods","topic":"Physics","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"newson-babij-cassidy-energy-tunable-continuous-metastable-positronium-beam-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44e0d006-810d-4f13-a39e-8a736b15fe5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a4cb6b025125e217a4a9864eca0edb91e0fcb8f2a8d8f5360f1b9c4d1fc9f1d3"},"humans":["D. M. Newson","T. J. Babij","D. B. Cassidy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"newson-babij-cassidy-continuous-metastable-positronium-beam-rsi94-083201-formal","title":"An energy tunable continuous 2tripletS1 positronium beam (RSI94:083201)","url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10175970/1/083201_1_5.0167125.pdf","date":"2023-08-17"}],"points":"46000","published_grade":{"id":"newson-babij-cassidy-energy-tunable-continuous-metastable-positronium-beam-2023","entry_id":"newson-babij-cassidy-energy-tunable-continuous-metastable-positronium-beam-2023","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44e0d006-810d-4f13-a39e-8a736b15fe5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a4cb6b025125e217a4a9864eca0edb91e0fcb8f2a8d8f5360f1b9c4d1fc9f1d3"},"what_changed":"Newson, Babij and Cassidy produced a continuous beam containing metastable 2³S₁ positronium through charge-exchange collisions between positrons and xenon. Two position-sensitive detectors measured the beam profiles, and microwave-induced 2³S₁ → 2³P₂ transitions reduced the surviving count rate, identifying the metastable component. With flight-decay and saturation corrections, the authors estimated a metastable fraction of up to about 10% of the positronium beam under their chosen conditions. The measured beam properties and a preliminary single-waveguide spectrum supported its proposed use in separated-field spectroscopy.","scope":"Newson, Babij and Cassidy produced a continuous beam containing metastable 2³S₁ positronium through charge-exchange collisions between positrons and xenon. Two position-sensitive detectors measured the beam profiles, and microwave-induced 2³S₁ → 2³P₂ transitions reduced the surviving count rate, identifying the metastable component. With flight-decay and saturation corrections, the authors estimated a metastable fraction of up to about 10% of the positronium beam under their chosen conditions. The measured beam properties and a preliminary single-waveguide spectrum supported its proposed use in separated-field spectroscopy. The metastable fraction is a model-dependent estimate within the positronium beam, not a 10% conversion of incident positrons. It depends on transition locations, decay survival and detector efficiencies; the detected metastable rate was inferred to be about two atoms per second. Position-derived velocity distributions assume production geometry and approximate longitudinal energies. The broad microwave spectra are identification and apparatus diagnostics, rather than high-precision field-free intervals. Improved count rates, two-waveguide Ramsey fringes and FOSOF spectroscopy remained prospective in this paper.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:44e0d006-810d-4f13-a39e-8a736b15fe5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a4cb6b025125e217a4a9864eca0edb91e0fcb8f2a8d8f5360f1b9c4d1fc9f1d3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"blumer-team-muonium-2s-2p3half-microwave-spectroscopy-2026","title":"Microwave measurement of the muonium 2S–2P3/2 interval","summary":"Blumer and colleagues measured the muonium 2S₁/₂–2P₃/₂ interval using microwave-induced depletion of a metastable beam and coincidence detection of Lyman-alpha photons. Five muonium scans with different powers, moderator gases and propagation directions gave 9871.0±7.0 MHz. Hydrogen reference measurements and simulated microwave fields supported the line-shape analysis. Combining the result with an earlier Lamb-shift measurement yielded an inferred 2P fine-structure interval of 10918.2±7.4 MHz.","boundary":"The uncertainty includes statistical and apparatus-model contributions, with waveguide misalignment the largest listed systematic effect. The inferred 2P interval shares an earlier experiment and is not a separate direct measurement. Printed statistical consistency, normalization and model conventions require clarification; the original data and analysis code were not independently replayed. Agreement with the authors’ QED benchmark applies at this experimental precision. Higher-flux beams, sub-MHz precision and new symmetry tests remained prospective. The linked 2025 theory table excludes a listed hyperfine correction; including that term reconciles its central values with the experimental paper’s quoted benchmarks. Its symmetry-test models and Ramsey precision estimates are prospective.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / precision muonium spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2026,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"blumer-team-muonium-2s-2p3half-microwave-spectroscopy-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:651dd67a-5252-4444-adce-801fe14a3974","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:35056dcd4a47c43e4a36e24ef50d1a32327701a8e040acbe895186c60db4f191"},"humans":["Philipp Blumer","Gianluca Janka","Svenja Geissmann","Iren Ignatov","Marcus Mähring","Zaher Salman","Andreas Suter","Edward Thorpe-Woods","Thomas Prokscha","Ben Ohayon","Paolo Crivelli"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"blumer-team-muonium-fine-structure-pra113012817-2026","title":"Microwave spectroscopy of the muonium 2S1/2–2P3/2 fine structure interval (PRA113012817)","url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A83814/datastream/PDF/Blumer-2026-Microwave_spectroscopy_of_the_muonium-%28published_version%29.pdf","date":"2026-01-15"},{"id":"blumer-team-muonium-fine-structure-theory-epjd79-24-2025","title":"Muonium fine structure: theory update, tests of Lorentz violation, and experimental prospects (EPJD79:24)","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/2125adcf9abba496b15371efe9afb519","date":"2025-03-26"}],"points":"40000","published_grade":{"id":"blumer-team-muonium-2s-2p3half-microwave-spectroscopy-2026","entry_id":"blumer-team-muonium-2s-2p3half-microwave-spectroscopy-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:651dd67a-5252-4444-adce-801fe14a3974","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:35056dcd4a47c43e4a36e24ef50d1a32327701a8e040acbe895186c60db4f191"},"what_changed":"Blumer and colleagues measured the muonium 2S₁/₂–2P₃/₂ interval using microwave-induced depletion of a metastable beam and coincidence detection of Lyman-alpha photons. Five muonium scans with different powers, moderator gases and propagation directions gave 9871.0±7.0 MHz. Hydrogen reference measurements and simulated microwave fields supported the line-shape analysis. Combining the result with an earlier Lamb-shift measurement yielded an inferred 2P fine-structure interval of 10918.2±7.4 MHz.","scope":"Blumer and colleagues measured the muonium 2S₁/₂–2P₃/₂ interval using microwave-induced depletion of a metastable beam and coincidence detection of Lyman-alpha photons. Five muonium scans with different powers, moderator gases and propagation directions gave 9871.0±7.0 MHz. Hydrogen reference measurements and simulated microwave fields supported the line-shape analysis. Combining the result with an earlier Lamb-shift measurement yielded an inferred 2P fine-structure interval of 10918.2±7.4 MHz. The uncertainty includes statistical and apparatus-model contributions, with waveguide misalignment the largest listed systematic effect. The inferred 2P interval shares an earlier experiment and is not a separate direct measurement. Printed statistical consistency, normalization and model conventions require clarification; the original data and analysis code were not independently replayed. Agreement with the authors’ QED benchmark applies at this experimental precision. Higher-flux beams, sub-MHz precision and new symmetry tests remained prospective. The linked 2025 theory table excludes a listed hyperfine correction; including that term reconciles its central values with the experimental paper’s quoted benchmarks. Its symmetry-test models and Ramsey precision estimates are prospective.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:651dd67a-5252-4444-adce-801fe14a3974","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:35056dcd4a47c43e4a36e24ef50d1a32327701a8e040acbe895186c60db4f191"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"heiss-team-positronium-pulsed-1s2s-rydberg-field-ionization-2024","title":"Pulsed positronium 1S–2S spectroscopy with Rydberg field-ionization detection","summary":"Heiss and colleagues combined pulsed two-photon positronium 1³S₁ → 2³S₁ spectroscopy with excitation of surviving 2S atoms to the 20P Rydberg state and subsequent field ionization. Time-of-flight detection supplied velocity-distribution information for joint fits of spectral profiles and Doppler shifts. Two experimental runs gave a combined interval of 1,233,607,210.5±49.6 MHz, about 40 parts per billion. The second run added an optical frequency comb and a pulse-by-pulse laser-chirp measurement.","boundary":"The combined uncertainty assumes uncorrelated runs and depends on the simulated emission, laser and detector distributions. A Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution fitted the measured time-of-flight data but does not establish that the emitted atoms were thermal. The first run lacked a working absolute-frequency calibration and contemporaneous chirp measurement. Per-atom Doppler correction and sub-MHz continuous-wave precision remained proposed extensions. Printed simulation conventions need clarification before independent reuse; no raw-data replay or comparison with the later formal text was performed.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / optical spectroscopy and velocity-sensitive detection","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"heiss-team-positronium-pulsed-1s2s-rydberg-field-ionization-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59866dbd-8099-4022-a014-e431d8fa6aca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a44435c79dcae550e3856cc054f6a1815d9862068dbeda4c218dee81361d6d9f"},"humans":["Michael W. Heiss","Lucas de Sousa Borges","Artem Golovizin","Paolo Crivelli"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"heiss-team-positronium-rydberg-detection-optical-arxiv240702443v4","title":"Measurement of the 1tripletS1 to2tripletS1 interval in positronium using field-ionization of Rydberg states (arXiv2407.02443v4)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.02443v4","date":"2024-12-25"}],"points":"39000","published_grade":{"id":"heiss-team-positronium-pulsed-1s2s-rydberg-field-ionization-2024","entry_id":"heiss-team-positronium-pulsed-1s2s-rydberg-field-ionization-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59866dbd-8099-4022-a014-e431d8fa6aca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a44435c79dcae550e3856cc054f6a1815d9862068dbeda4c218dee81361d6d9f"},"what_changed":"Heiss and colleagues combined pulsed two-photon positronium 1³S₁ → 2³S₁ spectroscopy with excitation of surviving 2S atoms to the 20P Rydberg state and subsequent field ionization. Time-of-flight detection supplied velocity-distribution information for joint fits of spectral profiles and Doppler shifts. Two experimental runs gave a combined interval of 1,233,607,210.5±49.6 MHz, about 40 parts per billion. The second run added an optical frequency comb and a pulse-by-pulse laser-chirp measurement.","scope":"Heiss and colleagues combined pulsed two-photon positronium 1³S₁ → 2³S₁ spectroscopy with excitation of surviving 2S atoms to the 20P Rydberg state and subsequent field ionization. Time-of-flight detection supplied velocity-distribution information for joint fits of spectral profiles and Doppler shifts. Two experimental runs gave a combined interval of 1,233,607,210.5±49.6 MHz, about 40 parts per billion. The second run added an optical frequency comb and a pulse-by-pulse laser-chirp measurement. The combined uncertainty assumes uncorrelated runs and depends on the simulated emission, laser and detector distributions. A Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution fitted the measured time-of-flight data but does not establish that the emitted atoms were thermal. The first run lacked a working absolute-frequency calibration and contemporaneous chirp measurement. Per-atom Doppler correction and sub-MHz continuous-wave precision remained proposed extensions. Printed simulation conventions need clarification before independent reuse; no raw-data replay or comparison with the later formal text was performed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59866dbd-8099-4022-a014-e431d8fa6aca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a44435c79dcae550e3856cc054f6a1815d9862068dbeda4c218dee81361d6d9f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"besiii-hyperon-decay-angular-correlations-bell-like-tests-2025","title":"Hyperon decay angular correlations and model-assisted Bell-like tests","summary":"The BESIII Collaboration measured proton–antiproton angular correlations in J/psi radiative decays producing Lambda–anti-Lambda pairs. An amplitude analysis separated spin-singlet contributions from backgrounds, and the corrected angular distribution agreed with the singlet-state model. Selected decay geometries supported a Bell-like comparison for massive particles; the authors reported a 5.2-sigma Clauser–Horne-type comparison under their reconstruction and statistical assumptions.","boundary":"The decay directions are passive spin analyzers. Detection and freedom-of-choice loopholes remain open, and the reconstructed comparison uses amplitude modeling, background subtraction, acceptance corrections and normalization. The supplementary CHSH significance comes from model-generated pseudoexperiments. Numerical and notation discrepancies in the reported significance conversion and selection uncertainties require clarification. The angular-correlation inference depends on modelling and does not close all loopholes or exclude all local hidden-variable models.","area":"Particle physics / quantum correlations","topic":"Physics","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"besiii-hyperon-decay-angular-correlations-bell-like-tests-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:029aee2c-2328-44a1-ac2b-49f13195ba5d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8ad18f6dfda6e533242665eab4ac8874e7523c3ae3439e6ae46554541431857d"},"humans":["M. Ablikim","M. N. Achasov","P. Adlarson","X. C. Ai","R. Aliberti","A. Amoroso","M. R. An","Q. An","Y. Bai","O. Bakina","I. Balossino","Y. Ban","V. Batozskaya","K. Begzsuren","N. Berger","M. Berlowski","M. Bertani","D. Bettoni","F. Bianchi","E. Bianco","A. Bortone","I. Boyko","R. A. Briere","A. Brueggemann","H. Cai","X. Cai","A. Calcaterra","G. F. Cao","N. Cao","S. A. Cetin","J. F. Chang","T. T. Chang","W. L. Chang","G. R. Che","G. Chelkov","C. Chen","Chao Chen","G. Chen","H. S. 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Y Tao","Yi Wang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"besiii-hyperon-local-realism-natcommun2025-formal","title":"Test of local realism via entangled Lambda–anti-Lambda system (Nature Communications16:4948)","url":"https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A1975600/FULLTEXT01.pdf","date":"2025-05-28"},{"id":"besiii-hyperon-local-realism-2025-si","title":"Supplementary Information: Test of local realism via entangled Lambda–anti-Lambda system","url":"https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-025-59498-4/MediaObjects/41467_2025_59498_MOESM1_ESM.pdf","date":"2025-05-28"}],"points":"40000","published_grade":{"id":"besiii-hyperon-decay-angular-correlations-bell-like-tests-2025","entry_id":"besiii-hyperon-decay-angular-correlations-bell-like-tests-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:029aee2c-2328-44a1-ac2b-49f13195ba5d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8ad18f6dfda6e533242665eab4ac8874e7523c3ae3439e6ae46554541431857d"},"what_changed":"The BESIII Collaboration measured proton–antiproton angular correlations in J/psi radiative decays producing Lambda–anti-Lambda pairs. An amplitude analysis separated spin-singlet contributions from backgrounds, and the corrected angular distribution agreed with the singlet-state model. Selected decay geometries supported a Bell-like comparison for massive particles; the authors reported a 5.2-sigma Clauser–Horne-type comparison under their reconstruction and statistical assumptions.","scope":"The BESIII Collaboration measured proton–antiproton angular correlations in J/psi radiative decays producing Lambda–anti-Lambda pairs. An amplitude analysis separated spin-singlet contributions from backgrounds, and the corrected angular distribution agreed with the singlet-state model. Selected decay geometries supported a Bell-like comparison for massive particles; the authors reported a 5.2-sigma Clauser–Horne-type comparison under their reconstruction and statistical assumptions. The decay directions are passive spin analyzers. Detection and freedom-of-choice loopholes remain open, and the reconstructed comparison uses amplitude modeling, background subtraction, acceptance corrections and normalization. The supplementary CHSH significance comes from model-generated pseudoexperiments. Numerical and notation discrepancies in the reported significance conversion and selection uncertainties require clarification. The angular-correlation inference depends on modelling and does not close all loopholes or exclude all local hidden-variable models.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:029aee2c-2328-44a1-ac2b-49f13195ba5d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8ad18f6dfda6e533242665eab4ac8874e7523c3ae3439e6ae46554541431857d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"redekop-fractional-chern-local-magnetic-imaging-2024","title":"Local magnetic imaging and gap estimates in fractional Chern insulators","summary":"Redekop and colleagues used a nanoscale SQUID sensor to image magnetic fringe fields in twisted MoTe2 devices at 1.6 kelvin. Density-dependent magnetic features appeared near several fractional fillings, while spatial reconstruction mapped magnetization and disorder across the devices. Assuming the Chern number inferred from earlier transport, the reconstructed magnetization change near filling −2/3 implied a local thermodynamic gap of about 7 meV. The work supplied local magnetic evidence complementary to transport and optical studies of fractional Chern insulators.","boundary":"This record is supported by the May 2024 preprint. The gap estimate assumes out-of-plane magnetization, a specified Chern number, an inversion boundary condition and an empirical identification of the topological magnetization slope. The quoted local spread is not a complete experimental uncertainty. Two devices had been used in earlier transport or optical studies, so this is a new probe rather than an independent first realization. Finite applied fields were used in representative scans. Fractional charge, braiding statistics and perfect Hall quantization were not measured here.","area":"Condensed matter / moire electronic phases","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"redekop-fractional-chern-local-magnetic-imaging-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7409b3de-d623-4a4b-a1a6-6fe188404417","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:264ae67de04208a65aa86a3db1e379d24c38898add634daa78b4c25a1ab260ca"},"humans":["Evgeny Redekop","Canxun Zhang","Heonjoon Park","Jiaqi Cai","Eric Anderson","Owen Sheekey","Trevor Arp","Grigory Babikyan","Samuel Salters","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","Xiaodong Xu","Andrea F. Young"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"redekop-fractional-chern-magnetic-imaging-240510269v1","title":"Direct magnetic imaging of fractional Chern insulators in twisted MoTe2 with a superconducting sensor (arXiv2405.10269v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.10269v1","date":"2024-05-16"}],"points":"56000","published_grade":{"id":"redekop-fractional-chern-local-magnetic-imaging-2024","entry_id":"redekop-fractional-chern-local-magnetic-imaging-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7409b3de-d623-4a4b-a1a6-6fe188404417","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:264ae67de04208a65aa86a3db1e379d24c38898add634daa78b4c25a1ab260ca"},"what_changed":"Redekop and colleagues used a nanoscale SQUID sensor to image magnetic fringe fields in twisted MoTe2 devices at 1.6 kelvin. Density-dependent magnetic features appeared near several fractional fillings, while spatial reconstruction mapped magnetization and disorder across the devices. Assuming the Chern number inferred from earlier transport, the reconstructed magnetization change near filling −2/3 implied a local thermodynamic gap of about 7 meV. The work supplied local magnetic evidence complementary to transport and optical studies of fractional Chern insulators.","scope":"Redekop and colleagues used a nanoscale SQUID sensor to image magnetic fringe fields in twisted MoTe2 devices at 1.6 kelvin. Density-dependent magnetic features appeared near several fractional fillings, while spatial reconstruction mapped magnetization and disorder across the devices. Assuming the Chern number inferred from earlier transport, the reconstructed magnetization change near filling −2/3 implied a local thermodynamic gap of about 7 meV. The work supplied local magnetic evidence complementary to transport and optical studies of fractional Chern insulators. This record is supported by the May 2024 preprint. The gap estimate assumes out-of-plane magnetization, a specified Chern number, an inversion boundary condition and an empirical identification of the topological magnetization slope. The quoted local spread is not a complete experimental uncertainty. Two devices had been used in earlier transport or optical studies, so this is a new probe rather than an independent first realization. Finite applied fields were used in representative scans. Fractional charge, braiding statistics and perfect Hall quantization were not measured here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7409b3de-d623-4a4b-a1a6-6fe188404417","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:264ae67de04208a65aa86a3db1e379d24c38898add634daa78b4c25a1ab260ca"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ji-fractional-chern-local-bulk-edge-imaging-2024","title":"Local imaging of insulating bulk and conducting fractional-Chern edges","summary":"Ji and colleagues used exciton-resonant microwave impedance microscopy to image a dual-gated twisted MoTe2 device at zero magnetic field. Near fillings −2/3 and −3/5, spatial maps showed a suppressed bulk response surrounded by enhanced edge response, supporting the expected bulk–edge structure of fractional Chern insulators. A light-activated monolayer WS2 top gate enabled microwave access while retaining electrostatic control. Density and displacement-field scans followed the evolution between bulk-insulating, edge-enhanced and metallic regimes.","boundary":"This record follows the April 2024 preprint. Microwave admittance provides a local conductivity/compressibility proxy with model-dependent response, rather than a direct measurement of quantized Hall conductance or quasiparticle charge. The approximately 500 nm edge-response width can reflect collective magnetoplasmons and is not the microscopic electronic edge width. Filling assignments, gating disorder and selected device regions matter. Neighboring fractional-state domains did not demonstrate controlled anyon braiding, non-Abelian excitations or a universally protected interface.","area":"Condensed matter / topological electronic imaging","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ji-fractional-chern-local-bulk-edge-imaging-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7655356-db9c-4c7c-a7f6-8c0a197bb907","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac33add000ad0f70bdfc17f7f8cce67c1353470a3a7b4c74132fb9a11274c4d0"},"humans":["Zhurun Ji","Heonjoon Park","Mark E. Barber","Chaowei Hu","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","Jiun-Haw Chu","Xiaodong Xu","Zhi-xun Shen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ji-fractional-chern-local-bulk-edge-240407157v1","title":"Local probe of bulk and edge states in a fractional Chern insulator (arXiv2404.07157v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.07157v1","date":"2024-04-10"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"ji-fractional-chern-local-bulk-edge-imaging-2024","entry_id":"ji-fractional-chern-local-bulk-edge-imaging-2024","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7655356-db9c-4c7c-a7f6-8c0a197bb907","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac33add000ad0f70bdfc17f7f8cce67c1353470a3a7b4c74132fb9a11274c4d0"},"what_changed":"Ji and colleagues used exciton-resonant microwave impedance microscopy to image a dual-gated twisted MoTe2 device at zero magnetic field. Near fillings −2/3 and −3/5, spatial maps showed a suppressed bulk response surrounded by enhanced edge response, supporting the expected bulk–edge structure of fractional Chern insulators. A light-activated monolayer WS2 top gate enabled microwave access while retaining electrostatic control. Density and displacement-field scans followed the evolution between bulk-insulating, edge-enhanced and metallic regimes.","scope":"Ji and colleagues used exciton-resonant microwave impedance microscopy to image a dual-gated twisted MoTe2 device at zero magnetic field. Near fillings −2/3 and −3/5, spatial maps showed a suppressed bulk response surrounded by enhanced edge response, supporting the expected bulk–edge structure of fractional Chern insulators. A light-activated monolayer WS2 top gate enabled microwave access while retaining electrostatic control. Density and displacement-field scans followed the evolution between bulk-insulating, edge-enhanced and metallic regimes. This record follows the April 2024 preprint. Microwave admittance provides a local conductivity/compressibility proxy with model-dependent response, rather than a direct measurement of quantized Hall conductance or quasiparticle charge. The approximately 500 nm edge-response width can reflect collective magnetoplasmons and is not the microscopic electronic edge width. Filling assignments, gating disorder and selected device regions matter. Neighboring fractional-state domains did not demonstrate controlled anyon braiding, non-Abelian excitations or a universally protected interface.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c7655356-db9c-4c7c-a7f6-8c0a197bb907","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ac33add000ad0f70bdfc17f7f8cce67c1353470a3a7b4c74132fb9a11274c4d0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"photonic-atomic-topological-anderson-observations-2018","title":"Disorder induces topological responses in photonic lattices and atomic wires","summary":"Two independent experiments probed the predicted topological Anderson regime, where adding disorder can produce topology. Stützer and colleagues observed directional edge propagation emerging in a previously trivial, detuned array of helical optical waveguides. Meier and colleagues engineered disordered hopping between atomic momentum states and measured a mean chiral displacement whose finite-time evolution supported disorder-driven topology. Their complementary platforms showed how controlled disorder can create, as well as destroy, topological responses.","boundary":"The optical signal is light propagation in a paraxial Floquet analogue; the atomic signal is a finite-time bulk dynamical marker in a synthetic one-dimensional lattice. Neither measures quantized electronic conductance. The atomic data show broadened crossovers rather than exact integer plateaus, with theoretical and numerical input connecting the marker to winding numbers. These largely noninteracting demonstrations do not establish a strongly interacting topological fluid or general immunity to arbitrary disorder.","area":"Condensed matter analogues / disorder and topology","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"photonic-atomic-topological-anderson-observations-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a27a2922-e2ec-4ea3-a454-f7bc55886b98","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c3ccf32f1e618a48328fad23b2579ee405e98cedae411b4a9b2b8cbbab36e565"},"humans":["Simon Stützer","Yonatan Plotnik","Yaakov Lumer","Paraj Titum","Netanel H. Lindner","Mordechai Segev","Mikael C. Rechtsman","Alexander Szameit","Eric J. Meier","Fangzhao Alex An","Alexandre Dauphin","Maria Maffei","Pietro Massignan","Taylor L. Hughes","Bryce Gadway"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"stutzer-photonic-topological-anderson-nature-2018","title":"Photonic topological Anderson insulators (Nature560461–465, author-hosted publisher PDF including Methods and Extended Data)","url":"https://phsites.technion.ac.il/publications/lindner/s41586-018-0418-2.pdf","date":"2018-08-22"},{"id":"meier-atomic-topological-anderson-180202109v1","title":"Observation of the topological Anderson insulator in disordered atomic wires (arXiv1802.02109v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02109v1","date":"2018-02-06"}],"points":"108000","published_grade":{"id":"photonic-atomic-topological-anderson-observations-2018","entry_id":"photonic-atomic-topological-anderson-observations-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a27a2922-e2ec-4ea3-a454-f7bc55886b98","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c3ccf32f1e618a48328fad23b2579ee405e98cedae411b4a9b2b8cbbab36e565"},"what_changed":"Two independent experiments probed the predicted topological Anderson regime, where adding disorder can produce topology. Stützer and colleagues observed directional edge propagation emerging in a previously trivial, detuned array of helical optical waveguides. Meier and colleagues engineered disordered hopping between atomic momentum states and measured a mean chiral displacement whose finite-time evolution supported disorder-driven topology. Their complementary platforms showed how controlled disorder can create, as well as destroy, topological responses.","scope":"Two independent experiments probed the predicted topological Anderson regime, where adding disorder can produce topology. Stützer and colleagues observed directional edge propagation emerging in a previously trivial, detuned array of helical optical waveguides. Meier and colleagues engineered disordered hopping between atomic momentum states and measured a mean chiral displacement whose finite-time evolution supported disorder-driven topology. Their complementary platforms showed how controlled disorder can create, as well as destroy, topological responses. The optical signal is light propagation in a paraxial Floquet analogue; the atomic signal is a finite-time bulk dynamical marker in a synthetic one-dimensional lattice. Neither measures quantized electronic conductance. The atomic data show broadened crossovers rather than exact integer plateaus, with theoretical and numerical input connecting the marker to winding numbers. These largely noninteracting demonstrations do not establish a strongly interacting topological fluid or general immunity to arbitrary disorder.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a27a2922-e2ec-4ea3-a454-f7bc55886b98","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c3ccf32f1e618a48328fad23b2579ee405e98cedae411b4a9b2b8cbbab36e565"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"li-groth-topological-anderson-prediction-mechanism-2009","title":"Disorder can create a topological insulator in quantum-well models","summary":"Li, Chu, Jain and Shen predicted a disorder-induced topological regime in numerical models of HgTe quantum wells, including wells whose clean band structure was not inverted. Calculated conductance plateaus and spin-resolved transmission supported conducting helical edges. Groth and colleagues explained how disorder, together with quadratic momentum terms in the effective Hamiltonian, can reverse the topological mass. Their effective-medium calculation accounted for the weak-disorder onset in finite samples and distinguished it from the strong-disorder localization transition.","boundary":"These are predictions and numerical tests for specified noninteracting effective models, rather than electronic experimental observations or exact results for every disordered material. The effective-medium approximation describes the weak-disorder boundary but fails at strong disorder. Finite size, lead doping, spin-block coupling and the difference between a band gap and a mobility gap matter. The mechanism does not imply that adding arbitrary disorder always improves transport.","area":"Condensed matter theory / disorder and topology","topic":"Physics","year":2009,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"li-groth-topological-anderson-prediction-mechanism-2009","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59093662-81a1-47bb-a382-90e9f391207f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:afafcc3dcf201f896e3a0a2d71d57e1f482dbde9d9ad9561f29be6fba90e20fc"},"humans":["Jian Li","Rui-Lin Chu","J. K. Jain","Shun-Qing Shen","C. W. Groth","M. Wimmer","A. R. Akhmerov","J. Tworzydło","C. W. J. Beenakker"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"li-topological-anderson-prediction-08113045v1","title":"Topological Anderson Insulator (arXiv0811.3045v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0811.3045v1","date":"2008-11-19"},{"id":"groth-topological-anderson-mechanism-09080881v2","title":"Theory of the topological Anderson insulator (arXiv0908.0881v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0908.0881v2","date":"2009-08-06"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"li-groth-topological-anderson-prediction-mechanism-2009","entry_id":"li-groth-topological-anderson-prediction-mechanism-2009","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59093662-81a1-47bb-a382-90e9f391207f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:afafcc3dcf201f896e3a0a2d71d57e1f482dbde9d9ad9561f29be6fba90e20fc"},"what_changed":"Li, Chu, Jain and Shen predicted a disorder-induced topological regime in numerical models of HgTe quantum wells, including wells whose clean band structure was not inverted. Calculated conductance plateaus and spin-resolved transmission supported conducting helical edges. Groth and colleagues explained how disorder, together with quadratic momentum terms in the effective Hamiltonian, can reverse the topological mass. Their effective-medium calculation accounted for the weak-disorder onset in finite samples and distinguished it from the strong-disorder localization transition.","scope":"Li, Chu, Jain and Shen predicted a disorder-induced topological regime in numerical models of HgTe quantum wells, including wells whose clean band structure was not inverted. Calculated conductance plateaus and spin-resolved transmission supported conducting helical edges. Groth and colleagues explained how disorder, together with quadratic momentum terms in the effective Hamiltonian, can reverse the topological mass. Their effective-medium calculation accounted for the weak-disorder onset in finite samples and distinguished it from the strong-disorder localization transition. These are predictions and numerical tests for specified noninteracting effective models, rather than electronic experimental observations or exact results for every disordered material. The effective-medium approximation describes the weak-disorder boundary but fails at strong disorder. Finite size, lead doping, spin-block coupling and the difference between a band gap and a mobility gap matter. The mechanism does not imply that adding arbitrary disorder always improves transport.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59093662-81a1-47bb-a382-90e9f391207f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:afafcc3dcf201f896e3a0a2d71d57e1f482dbde9d9ad9561f29be6fba90e20fc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hastings-nachtergaele-sims-higher-dimensional-lsm-gap-2003-2007","title":"Higher-dimensional spin constraints rule out a unique ground state with a size-independent gap","summary":"Hastings extended the Lieb–Schultz–Mattis argument to higher-dimensional local quantum spin systems by combining separated twists with locality estimates. For the specified lattice families with a half-odd-integer spin per transverse column, a unique ground state has an excitation gap bounded by a constant times log(L)/L. Nachtergaele and Sims later gave a detailed rigorous proof with explicit geometric, interaction and symmetry hypotheses. The result restricts the possible low-energy structure of these many-body systems.","boundary":"The bound concerns particular finite-size sequences with even periodic length and the required odd transverse spin parity; it is not a theorem for every width, boundary condition or long-range interaction. The later proof assumes its F1/F2 and LSM1–6 conditions, including U(1) symmetry, zero total spin component of the ground state and a real-basis condition used to control twist derivatives. A vanishing first gap can reflect near-degenerate ground states and does not by itself prove a continuous gapless spectrum, magnetic order or a particular spin-liquid phase.","area":"Condensed matter theory / quantum spin constraints","topic":"Physics","year":2003,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"hastings-nachtergaele-sims-higher-dimensional-lsm-gap-2003-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2d02ddad-2df0-4130-adec-9a09dfe43240","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb586a9d0cb1530c2cc001ec024e724cb8ca5b7ce6b1669310f8fa339ee1ce37"},"humans":["M. B. Hastings","Bruno Nachtergaele","Robert Sims"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"hastings-higherdim-lsm-condmat0305505v6","title":"Lieb-Schultz-Mattis in higher dimensions (arXiv cond-mat/0305505v6)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0305505v6","date":"2004-02-09"},{"id":"nachtergaele-sims-multidimensional-lsm-mathph0608046v2","title":"A Multi-Dimensional Lieb-Schultz-Mattis Theorem (arXiv math-ph/0608046v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/math-ph/0608046v2","date":"2007-12-27"}],"points":"235000","published_grade":{"id":"hastings-nachtergaele-sims-higher-dimensional-lsm-gap-2003-2007","entry_id":"hastings-nachtergaele-sims-higher-dimensional-lsm-gap-2003-2007","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2d02ddad-2df0-4130-adec-9a09dfe43240","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb586a9d0cb1530c2cc001ec024e724cb8ca5b7ce6b1669310f8fa339ee1ce37"},"what_changed":"Hastings extended the Lieb–Schultz–Mattis argument to higher-dimensional local quantum spin systems by combining separated twists with locality estimates. For the specified lattice families with a half-odd-integer spin per transverse column, a unique ground state has an excitation gap bounded by a constant times log(L)/L. Nachtergaele and Sims later gave a detailed rigorous proof with explicit geometric, interaction and symmetry hypotheses. The result restricts the possible low-energy structure of these many-body systems.","scope":"Hastings extended the Lieb–Schultz–Mattis argument to higher-dimensional local quantum spin systems by combining separated twists with locality estimates. For the specified lattice families with a half-odd-integer spin per transverse column, a unique ground state has an excitation gap bounded by a constant times log(L)/L. Nachtergaele and Sims later gave a detailed rigorous proof with explicit geometric, interaction and symmetry hypotheses. The result restricts the possible low-energy structure of these many-body systems. The bound concerns particular finite-size sequences with even periodic length and the required odd transverse spin parity; it is not a theorem for every width, boundary condition or long-range interaction. The later proof assumes its F1/F2 and LSM1–6 conditions, including U(1) symmetry, zero total spin component of the ground state and a real-basis condition used to control twist derivatives. A vanishing first gap can reflect near-degenerate ground states and does not by itself prove a continuous gapless spectrum, magnetic order or a particular spin-liquid phase.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2d02ddad-2df0-4130-adec-9a09dfe43240","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fb586a9d0cb1530c2cc001ec024e724cb8ca5b7ce6b1669310f8fa339ee1ce37"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yamanaka-oshikawa-affleck-tasaki-one-dimensional-filling-gap-1997-2017","title":"One-dimensional filling constraints connect electron counting to low-energy excitations","summary":"Yamanaka, Oshikawa and Affleck used a nonperturbative twist argument to connect filling and translation symmetry to low-energy excitations in one-dimensional interacting electron systems. The construction fixes the momentum of a low-energy state, including a Kondo-chain counting relation that includes localized spins. Tasaki later supplied a self-contained local-twist extension: under the stated density-fluctuation and correlation conditions, local operations construct orthogonal low-energy states, and arbitrarily many such states occur below any fixed positive energy threshold in sufficiently large systems.","boundary":"These are conditional theorems for the specified local lattice models, not evidence for a particular material or for Fermi-liquid quasiparticles. The 1997 global-twist proof uses parity or time-reversal symmetry; the later treatment permits complex hopping through a variational argument and credits the earlier removal of that restriction to Koma. The local theorem requires controlled density fluctuations, and the multiple-state conclusion also requires decay of correlations of translated local twist operators. Excitations remain in the fixed-particle-number sector; charge-addition gaps, density-response singularities and spin-charge separation need additional reasoning.","area":"Condensed matter theory / one-dimensional interacting particles","topic":"Physics","year":1997,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"yamanaka-oshikawa-affleck-tasaki-one-dimensional-filling-gap-1997-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:26861177-efae-46fe-aadd-b19ebac07f79","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e733c82ef6f74e3b8ce81def075fe1691902cac405657ee35148bb7d0977638"},"humans":["Masanori Yamanaka","Masaki Oshikawa","Ian Affleck","Hal Tasaki"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"yamanaka-oshikawa-affleck-luttinger-9701141v2","title":"Nonperturbative Approach to Luttinger’s Theorem in One Dimension (arXiv cond-mat/9701141v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9701141v2","date":"1997-02-19"},{"id":"tasaki-local-twist-lsm-170805186v2","title":"Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem with a local twist for general one-dimensional quantum systems (arXiv1708.05186v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.05186v2","date":"2017-10-05"}],"points":"175000","published_grade":{"id":"yamanaka-oshikawa-affleck-tasaki-one-dimensional-filling-gap-1997-2017","entry_id":"yamanaka-oshikawa-affleck-tasaki-one-dimensional-filling-gap-1997-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:26861177-efae-46fe-aadd-b19ebac07f79","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e733c82ef6f74e3b8ce81def075fe1691902cac405657ee35148bb7d0977638"},"what_changed":"Yamanaka, Oshikawa and Affleck used a nonperturbative twist argument to connect filling and translation symmetry to low-energy excitations in one-dimensional interacting electron systems. The construction fixes the momentum of a low-energy state, including a Kondo-chain counting relation that includes localized spins. Tasaki later supplied a self-contained local-twist extension: under the stated density-fluctuation and correlation conditions, local operations construct orthogonal low-energy states, and arbitrarily many such states occur below any fixed positive energy threshold in sufficiently large systems.","scope":"Yamanaka, Oshikawa and Affleck used a nonperturbative twist argument to connect filling and translation symmetry to low-energy excitations in one-dimensional interacting electron systems. The construction fixes the momentum of a low-energy state, including a Kondo-chain counting relation that includes localized spins. Tasaki later supplied a self-contained local-twist extension: under the stated density-fluctuation and correlation conditions, local operations construct orthogonal low-energy states, and arbitrarily many such states occur below any fixed positive energy threshold in sufficiently large systems. These are conditional theorems for the specified local lattice models, not evidence for a particular material or for Fermi-liquid quasiparticles. The 1997 global-twist proof uses parity or time-reversal symmetry; the later treatment permits complex hopping through a variational argument and credits the earlier removal of that restriction to Koma. The local theorem requires controlled density fluctuations, and the multiple-state conclusion also requires decay of correlations of translated local twist operators. Excitations remain in the fixed-particle-number sector; charge-addition gaps, density-response singularities and spin-charge separation need additional reasoning.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:26861177-efae-46fe-aadd-b19ebac07f79","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2e733c82ef6f74e3b8ce81def075fe1691902cac405657ee35148bb7d0977638"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"parameswaran-turner-arovas-vishwanath-nonsymmorphic-insulator-filling-2012","title":"Non-symmorphic crystal symmetries obstruct trivial insulators at selected integer fillings","summary":"Parameswaran, Turner, Arovas and Vishwanath extended filling constraints on insulating states to non-symmorphic crystals, whose symmetries combine point operations with fractional translations. A flux-threading argument shows how a conserved charge can change screw or glide quantum numbers even when the filling per cell is an integer. This rules out a unique symmetry-preserving trivial insulator at selected integer fillings, sharpening the usual fractional-filling obstruction. The paper connects the constraint to band connectivity and gives spin and boson applications.","boundary":"The argument assumes conserved U(1) charge, exact crystal symmetry and the stated insulating flux-response framework. Its electronic treatment neglects spin-orbit coupling and counts filling per spin component. It provides necessary conditions for trivial insulators, not a construction or a diagnosis of the phase of every listed material. A gapped symmetric state at an obstructed filling is interpreted as topologically ordered; symmetry breaking and gaplessness are alternatives. The simplified flux path inherits energy-control arguments rather than proving a complete new uniform bound in this paper.","area":"Condensed matter theory / crystalline many-body constraints","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"parameswaran-turner-arovas-vishwanath-nonsymmorphic-insulator-filling-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f672292f-b5ce-4070-ada3-63d96fff05b7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af01edd9d379a8f5affb0ec0feaa732e42aeef4f261fd0676a7121b3392b3141"},"humans":["Siddharth A. Parameswaran","Ari M. Turner","Daniel P. Arovas","Ashvin Vishwanath"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"parameswaran-nonsymmorphic-filling-12120557v2","title":"Topological Order and Absence of Band Insulators at Integer Filling in Non-Symmorphic Crystals (arXiv1212.0557v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1212.0557v2","date":"2012-12-10"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"parameswaran-turner-arovas-vishwanath-nonsymmorphic-insulator-filling-2012","entry_id":"parameswaran-turner-arovas-vishwanath-nonsymmorphic-insulator-filling-2012","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f672292f-b5ce-4070-ada3-63d96fff05b7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af01edd9d379a8f5affb0ec0feaa732e42aeef4f261fd0676a7121b3392b3141"},"what_changed":"Parameswaran, Turner, Arovas and Vishwanath extended filling constraints on insulating states to non-symmorphic crystals, whose symmetries combine point operations with fractional translations. A flux-threading argument shows how a conserved charge can change screw or glide quantum numbers even when the filling per cell is an integer. This rules out a unique symmetry-preserving trivial insulator at selected integer fillings, sharpening the usual fractional-filling obstruction. The paper connects the constraint to band connectivity and gives spin and boson applications.","scope":"Parameswaran, Turner, Arovas and Vishwanath extended filling constraints on insulating states to non-symmorphic crystals, whose symmetries combine point operations with fractional translations. A flux-threading argument shows how a conserved charge can change screw or glide quantum numbers even when the filling per cell is an integer. This rules out a unique symmetry-preserving trivial insulator at selected integer fillings, sharpening the usual fractional-filling obstruction. The paper connects the constraint to band connectivity and gives spin and boson applications. The argument assumes conserved U(1) charge, exact crystal symmetry and the stated insulating flux-response framework. Its electronic treatment neglects spin-orbit coupling and counts filling per spin component. It provides necessary conditions for trivial insulators, not a construction or a diagnosis of the phase of every listed material. A gapped symmetric state at an obstructed filling is interpreted as topologically ordered; symmetry breaking and gaplessness are alternatives. The simplified flux path inherits energy-control arguments rather than proving a complete new uniform bound in this paper.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f672292f-b5ce-4070-ada3-63d96fff05b7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:af01edd9d379a8f5affb0ec0feaa732e42aeef4f261fd0676a7121b3392b3141"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"watanabe-po-vishwanath-zaletel-spin-orbit-insulator-filling-2015","title":"Filling constraints extend to interacting spin-orbit coupled insulators","summary":"Watanabe, Po, Vishwanath and Zaletel derived electron-filling constraints for symmetry-preserving, gapped, short-range-entangled insulators while allowing spin-orbit coupling and charge fluctuations. A Schmidt-state argument uses charge conservation and time reversal rather than conserved spin. A second approach places the system on suitable compact flat geometries to strengthen the constraints. Together these methods give necessary filling conditions for all230three-dimensional space groups, with stronger restrictions for non-symmorphic groups.","boundary":"The electrons carry Kramers time reversal, with charge and the specified crystal symmetries preserved. The compact-geometry argument uses the principle that a short-range-entangled phase has a unique ground state on sufficiently large, locally identical flat geometries, with consistent spin or Pin boundary identifications. The paper establishes sharp bounds for most groups but leaves ten groups with an unresolved interacting-versus-band-insulator gap. Constraints for fixed localized spins cannot automatically be transferred to mobile electrons, and proposed material applications assume exact clean-system symmetries.","area":"Condensed matter theory / symmetry and interacting insulators","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"watanabe-po-vishwanath-zaletel-spin-orbit-insulator-filling-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59743198-930f-4e47-ab80-b7d6762aa677","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ef8d4538feac77d7b25d541ca28f1a9f9bb94efb735d509317023159a48a6d3"},"humans":["Haruki Watanabe","Hoi Chun Po","Ashvin Vishwanath","Michael P. Zaletel"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"watanabe-po-vishwanath-zaletel-filling-150504193v4","title":"Filling constraints for spin-orbit coupled insulators in symmorphic and non-symmorphic crystals (arXiv1505.04193v4)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.04193v4","date":"2016-03-17"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"watanabe-po-vishwanath-zaletel-spin-orbit-insulator-filling-2015","entry_id":"watanabe-po-vishwanath-zaletel-spin-orbit-insulator-filling-2015","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59743198-930f-4e47-ab80-b7d6762aa677","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ef8d4538feac77d7b25d541ca28f1a9f9bb94efb735d509317023159a48a6d3"},"what_changed":"Watanabe, Po, Vishwanath and Zaletel derived electron-filling constraints for symmetry-preserving, gapped, short-range-entangled insulators while allowing spin-orbit coupling and charge fluctuations. A Schmidt-state argument uses charge conservation and time reversal rather than conserved spin. A second approach places the system on suitable compact flat geometries to strengthen the constraints. Together these methods give necessary filling conditions for all230three-dimensional space groups, with stronger restrictions for non-symmorphic groups.","scope":"Watanabe, Po, Vishwanath and Zaletel derived electron-filling constraints for symmetry-preserving, gapped, short-range-entangled insulators while allowing spin-orbit coupling and charge fluctuations. A Schmidt-state argument uses charge conservation and time reversal rather than conserved spin. A second approach places the system on suitable compact flat geometries to strengthen the constraints. Together these methods give necessary filling conditions for all230three-dimensional space groups, with stronger restrictions for non-symmorphic groups. The electrons carry Kramers time reversal, with charge and the specified crystal symmetries preserved. The compact-geometry argument uses the principle that a short-range-entangled phase has a unique ground state on sufficiently large, locally identical flat geometries, with consistent spin or Pin boundary identifications. The paper establishes sharp bounds for most groups but leaves ten groups with an unresolved interacting-versus-band-insulator gap. Constraints for fixed localized spins cannot automatically be transferred to mobile electrons, and proposed material applications assume exact clean-system symmetries.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:59743198-930f-4e47-ab80-b7d6762aa677","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4ef8d4538feac77d7b25d541ca28f1a9f9bb94efb735d509317023159a48a6d3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"koma-tasaki-symmetry-breaking-finite-size-tower-1994","title":"Finite-size towers connect symmetric quantum ground states to spontaneous symmetry breaking","summary":"Koma and Tasaki related long-range order in symmetric finite-volume quantum states to families of low-energy states and symmetry-breaking infinite-volume ground states. They constructed charge-ladder trial states for local lattice Hamiltonians with a continuous symmetry. Under additional algebraic and discrete-symmetry assumptions, their excitation-energy bound scales as M squared divided by the number of sites, where M labels the charge displacement. Suitable linear combinations yield infinite-volume ground states with nonzero order parameters. A separate result establishes ergodic broken-symmetry limits for a discrete-symmetry setting with an isolated low-energy doublet.","boundary":"The results are conditional on uniform long-range order, bounded local interactions and the stated symmetry assumptions. The general U(1) theorem controls energy density and has a weaker total-energy bound; the M-squared-over-volume bound requires extra conditions and a specified range of M. Ergodicity of the constructed continuous-symmetry limits remains conjectural in this source. Applications do not prove long-range order for every listed model. The exact1997source adds corrections to the interpretation of particle-number symmetry breaking in its Bose-condensation example; its body is not asserted identical to the 1994 publication.","area":"Condensed matter theory / spontaneous symmetry breaking","topic":"Physics","year":1994,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"koma-tasaki-symmetry-breaking-finite-size-tower-1994","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2a8026a6-8426-432a-a349-3c57858fef50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:960b6c5a37badd0583e0668f9199d05d51d0032b61d73024d37d82792deffebe"},"humans":["Tohru Koma","Hal Tasaki"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"koma-tasaki-symmetry-breaking-9708132v1","title":"Symmetry Breaking and Finite Size Effects in Quantum Many-Body Systems (arXivcond-mat/9708132v1;1997postpublicationnotes)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9708132v1","date":"1997-08-19"}],"points":"165000","published_grade":{"id":"koma-tasaki-symmetry-breaking-finite-size-tower-1994","entry_id":"koma-tasaki-symmetry-breaking-finite-size-tower-1994","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2a8026a6-8426-432a-a349-3c57858fef50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:960b6c5a37badd0583e0668f9199d05d51d0032b61d73024d37d82792deffebe"},"what_changed":"Koma and Tasaki related long-range order in symmetric finite-volume quantum states to families of low-energy states and symmetry-breaking infinite-volume ground states. They constructed charge-ladder trial states for local lattice Hamiltonians with a continuous symmetry. Under additional algebraic and discrete-symmetry assumptions, their excitation-energy bound scales as M squared divided by the number of sites, where M labels the charge displacement. Suitable linear combinations yield infinite-volume ground states with nonzero order parameters. A separate result establishes ergodic broken-symmetry limits for a discrete-symmetry setting with an isolated low-energy doublet.","scope":"Koma and Tasaki related long-range order in symmetric finite-volume quantum states to families of low-energy states and symmetry-breaking infinite-volume ground states. They constructed charge-ladder trial states for local lattice Hamiltonians with a continuous symmetry. Under additional algebraic and discrete-symmetry assumptions, their excitation-energy bound scales as M squared divided by the number of sites, where M labels the charge displacement. Suitable linear combinations yield infinite-volume ground states with nonzero order parameters. A separate result establishes ergodic broken-symmetry limits for a discrete-symmetry setting with an isolated low-energy doublet. The results are conditional on uniform long-range order, bounded local interactions and the stated symmetry assumptions. The general U(1) theorem controls energy density and has a weaker total-energy bound; the M-squared-over-volume bound requires extra conditions and a specified range of M. Ergodicity of the constructed continuous-symmetry limits remains conjectural in this source. Applications do not prove long-range order for every listed model. The exact1997source adds corrections to the interpretation of particle-number symmetry breaking in its Bose-condensation example; its body is not asserted identical to the 1994 publication.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2a8026a6-8426-432a-a349-3c57858fef50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:960b6c5a37badd0583e0668f9199d05d51d0032b61d73024d37d82792deffebe"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"watanabe-neutral-gap-vanishing-charge-susceptibility-2016","title":"A neutral excitation gap forces zero charge susceptibility in local quantum matter","summary":"Watanabe connected a gap within a fixed conserved-charge sector to the static response of that charge at zero temperature. For local quantum systems with a U(1) symmetry, a subregion charge fluctuation creates a neutral variational excitation. The boundary cost of this excitation forces charge fluctuations per volume to vanish when the neutral gap stays positive. Combining this with a susceptibility bound gives zero charge susceptibility, without translation symmetry or a quasiparticle description. The result clarifies part of the connection between magnetization plateaus and neutral-excitation constraints.","boundary":"The argument uses local Hamiltonian and charge densities, a well-defined reservoir and thermodynamic response limit, and a unique ground state within the selected charge sector. Its extension to symmetry-breaking degeneracy relies on suppressed matrix elements between the distinct states. The conclusion is zero susceptibility at the specified chemical potential; it does not by itself prove a plateau on a finite interval or a gap to charged excitations. The converse fails: gapless neutral excitations can coexist with zero susceptibility or a magnetization plateau.","area":"Condensed matter theory / gaps and incompressibility","topic":"Physics","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"watanabe-neutral-gap-vanishing-charge-susceptibility-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1ecd24da-d962-4771-a7d1-3b0da09b1a02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07c0e79859ed8c5416508ef66916cd64b670c13862524879f81f4bc87b54323a"},"humans":["Haruki Watanabe"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"watanabe-neutral-gap-susceptibility-160909543v3","title":"Energy gap of neutral excitations implies vanishing charge susceptibility (arXiv1609.09543v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.09543v3","date":"2017-02-26"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"watanabe-neutral-gap-vanishing-charge-susceptibility-2016","entry_id":"watanabe-neutral-gap-vanishing-charge-susceptibility-2016","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1ecd24da-d962-4771-a7d1-3b0da09b1a02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07c0e79859ed8c5416508ef66916cd64b670c13862524879f81f4bc87b54323a"},"what_changed":"Watanabe connected a gap within a fixed conserved-charge sector to the static response of that charge at zero temperature. For local quantum systems with a U(1) symmetry, a subregion charge fluctuation creates a neutral variational excitation. The boundary cost of this excitation forces charge fluctuations per volume to vanish when the neutral gap stays positive. Combining this with a susceptibility bound gives zero charge susceptibility, without translation symmetry or a quasiparticle description. The result clarifies part of the connection between magnetization plateaus and neutral-excitation constraints.","scope":"Watanabe connected a gap within a fixed conserved-charge sector to the static response of that charge at zero temperature. For local quantum systems with a U(1) symmetry, a subregion charge fluctuation creates a neutral variational excitation. The boundary cost of this excitation forces charge fluctuations per volume to vanish when the neutral gap stays positive. Combining this with a susceptibility bound gives zero charge susceptibility, without translation symmetry or a quasiparticle description. The result clarifies part of the connection between magnetization plateaus and neutral-excitation constraints. The argument uses local Hamiltonian and charge densities, a well-defined reservoir and thermodynamic response limit, and a unique ground state within the selected charge sector. Its extension to symmetry-breaking degeneracy relies on suppressed matrix elements between the distinct states. The conclusion is zero susceptibility at the specified chemical potential; it does not by itself prove a plateau on a finite interval or a gap to charged excitations. The converse fails: gapless neutral excitations can coexist with zero susceptibility or a magnetization plateau.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1ecd24da-d962-4771-a7d1-3b0da09b1a02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:07c0e79859ed8c5416508ef66916cd64b670c13862524879f81f4bc87b54323a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yamamoto-generalized-bloch-ground-state-current-chiral-2015","title":"Gauge-based Bloch argument constrains equilibrium particle currents and chiral transport","summary":"Yamamoto extended the Bloch argument against spontaneous ground-state particle currents using the conserved U(1) vector current and a spatial phase variation. This formulation covers relativistic as well as nonrelativistic settings and clarifies why a homogeneous chiral magnetic transport current cannot be an equilibrium ground-state current in the thermodynamic limit. The paper contrasts this with a maintained chiral imbalance that supports a nonequilibrium current, and with an axial current that can represent spin polarization rather than forbidden vector transport.","boundary":"The argument concerns the conserved vector charge, admissible phase-twisted states and controlled energy expansions in the stated thermodynamic geometry. It does not forbid all local magnetization currents, finite-ring persistent currents, metastable supercurrents or nonequilibrium transport. Axial currents are outside this vector-gauge argument. The paper treats zero temperature; a general finite-temperature extension is proposed rather than proved here. Its time-crystal application covers persistent-current proposals, and its finite-size caveat prevents a blanket exclusion of the chiral vortical effect.","area":"Condensed matter and field theory / equilibrium currents","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"yamamoto-generalized-bloch-ground-state-current-chiral-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f8ae32b-e2fc-41d9-a409-12908538b4aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e1b74b080d24f81f2f03242ef6c1c6d4f9eebbe729098e2c6fc9b3080bd6684"},"humans":["Naoki Yamamoto"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"yamamoto-generalized-bloch-150201547v3","title":"Generalized Bloch theorem and chiral transport phenomena (arXiv1502.01547v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.01547v3","date":"2015-10-08"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"yamamoto-generalized-bloch-ground-state-current-chiral-2015","entry_id":"yamamoto-generalized-bloch-ground-state-current-chiral-2015","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f8ae32b-e2fc-41d9-a409-12908538b4aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e1b74b080d24f81f2f03242ef6c1c6d4f9eebbe729098e2c6fc9b3080bd6684"},"what_changed":"Yamamoto extended the Bloch argument against spontaneous ground-state particle currents using the conserved U(1) vector current and a spatial phase variation. This formulation covers relativistic as well as nonrelativistic settings and clarifies why a homogeneous chiral magnetic transport current cannot be an equilibrium ground-state current in the thermodynamic limit. The paper contrasts this with a maintained chiral imbalance that supports a nonequilibrium current, and with an axial current that can represent spin polarization rather than forbidden vector transport.","scope":"Yamamoto extended the Bloch argument against spontaneous ground-state particle currents using the conserved U(1) vector current and a spatial phase variation. This formulation covers relativistic as well as nonrelativistic settings and clarifies why a homogeneous chiral magnetic transport current cannot be an equilibrium ground-state current in the thermodynamic limit. The paper contrasts this with a maintained chiral imbalance that supports a nonequilibrium current, and with an axial current that can represent spin polarization rather than forbidden vector transport. The argument concerns the conserved vector charge, admissible phase-twisted states and controlled energy expansions in the stated thermodynamic geometry. It does not forbid all local magnetization currents, finite-ring persistent currents, metastable supercurrents or nonequilibrium transport. Axial currents are outside this vector-gauge argument. The paper treats zero temperature; a general finite-temperature extension is proposed rather than proved here. Its time-crystal application covers persistent-current proposals, and its finite-size caveat prevents a blanket exclusion of the chiral vortical effect.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8f8ae32b-e2fc-41d9-a409-12908538b4aa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9e1b74b080d24f81f2f03242ef6c1c6d4f9eebbe729098e2c6fc9b3080bd6684"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pollmann-turner-berg-oshikawa-haldane-entanglement-spectrum-2009","title":"Symmetry-protected entanglement degeneracy characterizes the Haldane phase","summary":"Pollmann, Turner, Berg and Oshikawa characterized the Haldane phase through an even degeneracy of its entire entanglement spectrum. Their matrix-product-state analysis relates this degeneracy to how symmetry acts on the Schmidt states. Bond-centered inversion, time reversal or the dihedral group of spin rotations can each protect the nontrivial structure. This identifies the phase even when conventional string order or zero-energy physical edge states are absent. Numerical spin-chain examples and a symmetry-preserving bond-weakening process illustrate the distinction from a trivial phase.","boundary":"The derivation uses a canonical pure matrix-product-state description with a unique leading transfer eigenvalue and the nontrivial symmetry sector. Preserving a symmetry alone does not force every state into the Haldane phase. Inversion protection refers to an inversion-symmetric cut; ordinary translation symmetry is not the essential protection. Bond weakening preserves an antisymmetric state sector and need not end in the absolute ground state of the disconnected halves. The numerical demonstrations use finite bond dimension, and the general classification of all one-dimensional gapped phases is deferred in this source.","area":"Condensed matter theory / one-dimensional symmetry-protected phases","topic":"Physics","year":2009,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"pollmann-turner-berg-oshikawa-haldane-entanglement-spectrum-2009","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9971e5d9-f72b-4071-aac5-4a67e0a15370","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:678f619a2dc381e733d83bd76c2bfe5219f959e165bdb0b7232f6c260a11a9a7"},"humans":["Frank Pollmann","Ari M. Turner","Erez Berg","Masaki Oshikawa"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pollmann-turner-berg-oshikawa-entanglement-09101811v2","title":"Entanglement spectrum of a topological phase in one dimension (arXiv0910.1811v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0910.1811v2","date":"2010-04-22"}],"points":"215000","published_grade":{"id":"pollmann-turner-berg-oshikawa-haldane-entanglement-spectrum-2009","entry_id":"pollmann-turner-berg-oshikawa-haldane-entanglement-spectrum-2009","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9971e5d9-f72b-4071-aac5-4a67e0a15370","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:678f619a2dc381e733d83bd76c2bfe5219f959e165bdb0b7232f6c260a11a9a7"},"what_changed":"Pollmann, Turner, Berg and Oshikawa characterized the Haldane phase through an even degeneracy of its entire entanglement spectrum. Their matrix-product-state analysis relates this degeneracy to how symmetry acts on the Schmidt states. Bond-centered inversion, time reversal or the dihedral group of spin rotations can each protect the nontrivial structure. This identifies the phase even when conventional string order or zero-energy physical edge states are absent. Numerical spin-chain examples and a symmetry-preserving bond-weakening process illustrate the distinction from a trivial phase.","scope":"Pollmann, Turner, Berg and Oshikawa characterized the Haldane phase through an even degeneracy of its entire entanglement spectrum. Their matrix-product-state analysis relates this degeneracy to how symmetry acts on the Schmidt states. Bond-centered inversion, time reversal or the dihedral group of spin rotations can each protect the nontrivial structure. This identifies the phase even when conventional string order or zero-energy physical edge states are absent. Numerical spin-chain examples and a symmetry-preserving bond-weakening process illustrate the distinction from a trivial phase. The derivation uses a canonical pure matrix-product-state description with a unique leading transfer eigenvalue and the nontrivial symmetry sector. Preserving a symmetry alone does not force every state into the Haldane phase. Inversion protection refers to an inversion-symmetric cut; ordinary translation symmetry is not the essential protection. Bond weakening preserves an antisymmetric state sector and need not end in the absolute ground state of the disconnected halves. The numerical demonstrations use finite bond dimension, and the general classification of all one-dimensional gapped phases is deferred in this source.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9971e5d9-f72b-4071-aac5-4a67e0a15370","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:678f619a2dc381e733d83bd76c2bfe5219f959e165bdb0b7232f6c260a11a9a7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bravyi-hastings-michalakis-topological-order-stability-2010","title":"Topological quantum order remains stable under sufficiently weak local perturbations","summary":"Bravyi, Hastings and Michalakis established a conditional stability result for certain topologically ordered quantum spin systems under sufficiently weak local perturbations. For their class of commuting-projector Hamiltonians, the low-energy spectral band remains separated from higher excitations under the stated conditions.","boundary":"The result assumes the paper’s topological-order conditions, local interactions and a sufficiently small perturbation. It is a zero-temperature mathematical statement; it does not itself establish an experimental quantum memory or a finite-temperature error-correction lifetime. Scientific correctness has not been independently certified here.","area":"Condensed matter theory / stability of topological phases","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"bravyi-hastings-michalakis-topological-order-stability-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55b5d234-dc35-401d-ad9f-00c51317b69e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c17456895dc185eb0f64a5f3de45bea7f78bc745cff2ac784c1a76a42541bab5"},"humans":["Sergey Bravyi","Matthew Hastings","Spyridon Michalakis"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":1,"source_name":"Matthew Hastings","person_id":"wrs-person-43a46c44621388a5d588b1cc","display_name":"Matthew B. Hastings","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Los Alamos publication list: Hastings on channel capacity and topological stability","url":"https://laro.lanl.gov/esploro/profile/matthew_hastings/output/publication.journalArticle?institution=01LANL_INST"},{"title":"Topological quantum order: stability under local perturbations (arXiv1001.0344v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1001.0344v1"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"bravyi-hastings-michalakis-tqo-stability-10010344v1","title":"Topological quantum order: stability under local perturbations (arXiv1001.0344v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1001.0344v1","date":"2010-01-03"},{"id":"bravyi-tqo-publisher-2010","title":"Topological quantum order: Stability under local perturbations","url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3490195"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"The cited source lists research affiliations in the United States. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1001.0344v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55b5d234-dc35-401d-ad9f-00c51317b69e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c17456895dc185eb0f64a5f3de45bea7f78bc745cff2ac784c1a76a42541bab5"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Topological quantum order: stability under local perturbations (arXiv1001.0344v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1001.0344v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"bravyi-hastings-michalakis-topological-order-stability-2010","entry_id":"bravyi-hastings-michalakis-topological-order-stability-2010","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55b5d234-dc35-401d-ad9f-00c51317b69e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c17456895dc185eb0f64a5f3de45bea7f78bc745cff2ac784c1a76a42541bab5"},"what_changed":"Bravyi, Hastings and Michalakis established a conditional stability result for certain topologically ordered quantum spin systems under sufficiently weak local perturbations. For their class of commuting-projector Hamiltonians, the low-energy spectral band remains separated from higher excitations under the stated conditions.","scope":"Bravyi, Hastings and Michalakis established a conditional stability result for certain topologically ordered quantum spin systems under sufficiently weak local perturbations. For their class of commuting-projector Hamiltonians, the low-energy spectral band remains separated from higher excitations under the stated conditions. The result assumes the paper’s topological-order conditions, local interactions and a sufficiently small perturbation. It is a zero-temperature mathematical statement; it does not itself establish an experimental quantum memory or a finite-temperature error-correction lifetime. Scientific correctness has not been independently certified here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:55b5d234-dc35-401d-ad9f-00c51317b69e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c17456895dc185eb0f64a5f3de45bea7f78bc745cff2ac784c1a76a42541bab5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"maldacena-single-field-inflation-three-point-correlations-2003","title":"Primordial three-point correlations in single-field inflation","summary":"Maldacena calculated leading three-point correlations of primordial scalar and tensor fluctuations in a single-field inflation model. He related a limit in which one wavelength is much longer than the others to the scale dependence of the two-point spectrum.","boundary":"The calculation depends on the paper’s single-field model, perturbative and slow-roll assumptions. It is a theoretical prediction rather than a detection of primordial non-Gaussianity, and it need not apply to every initial state or inflationary model. The examined 2005 revision corrects an earlier error; the journal article appeared in 2003.","area":"Cosmology / inflationary fluctuations","topic":"Physics","year":2003,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"maldacena-single-field-inflation-three-point-correlations-2003","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86e2e56c-73aa-4156-ac07-70022cfc3967","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2059df660b3addeaa1ed0974d8afffc20081872d7f1ae4807bee8c4acd4c619d"},"humans":["Juan Maldacena"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"Juan Maldacena","person_id":"wrs-person-18928f7aa9b05c0039174a3a","display_name":"Juan Martin Maldacena","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Pontifical Academy of Sciences publication list: both Maldacena papers","url":"https://www.pas.va/content/pas/en/academicians/ordinary/maldacena.pdf"},{"title":"Non-Gaussian features of primordial fluctuations in single field inflationary models (arXiv astro-ph/0210603v5)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0210603v5"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"maldacena-single-field-nongaussianity-astro-ph-0210603v5","title":"Non-Gaussian features of primordial fluctuations in single field inflationary models (arXiv astro-ph/0210603v5)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0210603v5","date":"2005-05-06"},{"id":"maldacena-jhep-publisher-2003","title":"Non-Gaussian features of primordial fluctuations in single field inflationary models","url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2003/05/013"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"The cited source lists research affiliations in the United States. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0210603v5","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86e2e56c-73aa-4156-ac07-70022cfc3967","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2059df660b3addeaa1ed0974d8afffc20081872d7f1ae4807bee8c4acd4c619d"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Non-Gaussian features of primordial fluctuations in single field inflationary models (arXiv astro-ph/0210603v5)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0210603v5"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"240000","published_grade":{"id":"maldacena-single-field-inflation-three-point-correlations-2003","entry_id":"maldacena-single-field-inflation-three-point-correlations-2003","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86e2e56c-73aa-4156-ac07-70022cfc3967","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2059df660b3addeaa1ed0974d8afffc20081872d7f1ae4807bee8c4acd4c619d"},"what_changed":"Maldacena calculated leading three-point correlations of primordial scalar and tensor fluctuations in a single-field inflation model. He related a limit in which one wavelength is much longer than the others to the scale dependence of the two-point spectrum.","scope":"Maldacena calculated leading three-point correlations of primordial scalar and tensor fluctuations in a single-field inflation model. He related a limit in which one wavelength is much longer than the others to the scale dependence of the two-point spectrum. The calculation depends on the paper’s single-field model, perturbative and slow-roll assumptions. It is a theoretical prediction rather than a detection of primordial non-Gaussianity, and it need not apply to every initial state or inflationary model. The examined 2005 revision corrects an earlier error; the journal article appeared in 2003.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:86e2e56c-73aa-4156-ac07-70022cfc3967","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2059df660b3addeaa1ed0974d8afffc20081872d7f1ae4807bee8c4acd4c619d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"huang-zhao-taas-angular-negative-magnetoresistance-2015","title":"Angular negative magnetoresistance in TaAs","summary":"Huang, Zhao and colleagues measured angle-sensitive negative longitudinal magnetoresistance in TaAs single crystals, alongside quantum oscillations and Hall transport. They interpreted the narrow aligned-field signal as evidence consistent with a chiral anomaly in a Weyl semimetal.","boundary":"The negative magnetoresistance is an observed transport feature under the stated sample and field conditions; attribution to the anomaly depends on modelling and control of possible current-distribution effects. The photoemission observation of Weyl band structure is a separate contribution. This preprint alone does not establish a unique mechanism or an independently replayed fit.","area":"Condensed matter and quantum materials","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"huang-zhao-taas-angular-negative-magnetoresistance-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc2e2342-4a5b-4433-a427-eb5d22a391b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f24a635ca76378e72eacdf0a72c934c1453e8c5804530356a5e1cd7d41635784"},"humans":["Xiaochun Huang","Lingxiao Zhao","Yujia Long","Peipei Wang","Dong Chen","Zhanhai Yang","Hui Liang","Mianqi Xue","Hongming Weng","Zhong Fang","Xi Dai","Genfu Chen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"huang-taas-1503-01304-v1","title":"Observation of the chiral anomaly induced negative magneto-resistance in 3D Weyl semi-metal TaAs (arXiv 1503.01304v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.01304v1","date":"2015-03-04"}],"points":"58000","published_grade":{"id":"huang-zhao-taas-angular-negative-magnetoresistance-2015","entry_id":"huang-zhao-taas-angular-negative-magnetoresistance-2015","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc2e2342-4a5b-4433-a427-eb5d22a391b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f24a635ca76378e72eacdf0a72c934c1453e8c5804530356a5e1cd7d41635784"},"what_changed":"Huang, Zhao and colleagues measured angle-sensitive negative longitudinal magnetoresistance in TaAs single crystals, alongside quantum oscillations and Hall transport. They interpreted the narrow aligned-field signal as evidence consistent with a chiral anomaly in a Weyl semimetal.","scope":"Huang, Zhao and colleagues measured angle-sensitive negative longitudinal magnetoresistance in TaAs single crystals, alongside quantum oscillations and Hall transport. They interpreted the narrow aligned-field signal as evidence consistent with a chiral anomaly in a Weyl semimetal. The negative magnetoresistance is an observed transport feature under the stated sample and field conditions; attribution to the anomaly depends on modelling and control of possible current-distribution effects. The photoemission observation of Weyl band structure is a separate contribution. This preprint alone does not establish a unique mechanism or an independently replayed fit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cc2e2342-4a5b-4433-a427-eb5d22a391b3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f24a635ca76378e72eacdf0a72c934c1453e8c5804530356a5e1cd7d41635784"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"drozdov-eremets-sulfur-hydride-high-pressure-superconductivity-2015","title":"High-temperature superconducting signatures in compressed sulfur hydride","summary":"Drozdov, Eremets and colleagues reported sharp resistance transitions, field dependence, isotope shifts and a magnetic response in compressed sulfur hydride, with a reported magnetic onset near 203 K at about 155 GPa. They interpreted the findings as high-temperature superconductivity and proposed a hydrogen-rich phase as the likely source.","boundary":"The reported onset occurs under extreme pressure, not at ambient pressure. The 203 K magnetic response and comparison resistance trace were taken at different pressures; chemical phase and electron-phonon mechanism were inferred in this original, not directly determined by these measurements. Background subtraction and raw magnetic signal require separate scrutiny. A later criticism challenges the interpretation of the subtracted magnetic signal; a later experimental-team response describes background limitations and further measurements. These positions have not been independently adjudicated.","area":"Condensed matter and superconductivity","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"drozdov-eremets-sulfur-hydride-high-pressure-superconductivity-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b4fab69-f4aa-457e-a0aa-a5d0bb41652c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b9f375960035a6428a2e23fcb9853991acb3d930820fb01fe5e887ffac66b9f5"},"humans":["A. P. Drozdov","M. I. Eremets","I. A. Troyan","V. Ksenofontov","S. I. Shylin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"drozdov-sulfur-hydride-1506-08190-v1","title":"Conventional superconductivity at 203 K at high pressures (arXiv 1506.08190v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.08190v1","date":"2015-06-26"},{"id":"hirsch-marsiglio-hydride-magnetic-critique-2103-00701v3","title":"Absence of magnetic evidence for superconductivity in hydrides under high pressure","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.00701v3","date":"2021-04-05"},{"id":"eremets-team-hydride-evidence-response-2201-05137v1","title":"High-temperature superconductivity in hydrides: experimental evidence and details","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.05137v1","date":"2022-01-13"}],"points":"185000","published_grade":{"id":"drozdov-eremets-sulfur-hydride-high-pressure-superconductivity-2015","entry_id":"drozdov-eremets-sulfur-hydride-high-pressure-superconductivity-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b4fab69-f4aa-457e-a0aa-a5d0bb41652c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b9f375960035a6428a2e23fcb9853991acb3d930820fb01fe5e887ffac66b9f5"},"what_changed":"Drozdov, Eremets and colleagues reported sharp resistance transitions, field dependence, isotope shifts and a magnetic response in compressed sulfur hydride, with a reported magnetic onset near 203 K at about 155 GPa. They interpreted the findings as high-temperature superconductivity and proposed a hydrogen-rich phase as the likely source.","scope":"Drozdov, Eremets and colleagues reported sharp resistance transitions, field dependence, isotope shifts and a magnetic response in compressed sulfur hydride, with a reported magnetic onset near 203 K at about 155 GPa. They interpreted the findings as high-temperature superconductivity and proposed a hydrogen-rich phase as the likely source. The reported onset occurs under extreme pressure, not at ambient pressure. The 203 K magnetic response and comparison resistance trace were taken at different pressures; chemical phase and electron-phonon mechanism were inferred in this original, not directly determined by these measurements. Background subtraction and raw magnetic signal require separate scrutiny. A later criticism challenges the interpretation of the subtracted magnetic signal; a later experimental-team response describes background limitations and further measurements. These positions have not been independently adjudicated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7b4fab69-f4aa-457e-a0aa-a5d0bb41652c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b9f375960035a6428a2e23fcb9853991acb3d930820fb01fe5e887ffac66b9f5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xiong-tao-plane-poiseuille-turbulent-band-simulation-2015","title":"Turbulent-band growth and splitting in channel-flow simulations","summary":"Xiong and colleagues simulated pressure-driven channel flow in wide periodic domains and followed localized disturbances into oblique turbulent bands. Their calculations showed band growth, break-up and splitting; near the lower end of their tested range an isolated seed could grow while interactions could still cause turbulence to decay. At higher Reynolds numbers splitting supported spreading in the finite simulations.","boundary":"This is numerical evidence for specified no-slip channel geometry, domain sizes, initial fields and finite simulation times. The reported approximately 660 threshold concerns growth of a particular isolated band seed; the authors place sustained spreading near 1000 under their studied conditions. These are different criteria, neither a universally exact transition nor a direct experimental determination. Periodic boundaries and band interactions affect survival; the lifetime sample contains only 20 initial states. No infinite-domain or infinite-time limit, raw simulation replay or universal directed-percolation exponent is established.","area":"Fluid dynamics and turbulence","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"xiong-tao-plane-poiseuille-turbulent-band-simulation-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4f036ac9-adc9-4d16-a60f-159197531a8e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:83dc6a9372a21bc46541cdaa70de15b1b86433cf066b870fff86a53590cc2b5f"},"humans":["Xiangming Xiong","Jianjun Tao","Shiyi Chen","Luca Brandt"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"xiong-tao-chen-brandt-channel-band-2015-041702","title":"Turbulent bands in plane-Poiseuille flow at moderate Reynolds numbers","url":"https://www.mech.kth.se/~luca/papers/PoF15-XTCB.pdf","date":"2015-04-07"}],"points":"35000","published_grade":{"id":"xiong-tao-plane-poiseuille-turbulent-band-simulation-2015","entry_id":"xiong-tao-plane-poiseuille-turbulent-band-simulation-2015","band":"B","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4f036ac9-adc9-4d16-a60f-159197531a8e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:83dc6a9372a21bc46541cdaa70de15b1b86433cf066b870fff86a53590cc2b5f"},"what_changed":"Xiong and colleagues simulated pressure-driven channel flow in wide periodic domains and followed localized disturbances into oblique turbulent bands. Their calculations showed band growth, break-up and splitting; near the lower end of their tested range an isolated seed could grow while interactions could still cause turbulence to decay. At higher Reynolds numbers splitting supported spreading in the finite simulations.","scope":"Xiong and colleagues simulated pressure-driven channel flow in wide periodic domains and followed localized disturbances into oblique turbulent bands. Their calculations showed band growth, break-up and splitting; near the lower end of their tested range an isolated seed could grow while interactions could still cause turbulence to decay. At higher Reynolds numbers splitting supported spreading in the finite simulations. This is numerical evidence for specified no-slip channel geometry, domain sizes, initial fields and finite simulation times. The reported approximately 660 threshold concerns growth of a particular isolated band seed; the authors place sustained spreading near 1000 under their studied conditions. These are different criteria, neither a universally exact transition nor a direct experimental determination. Periodic boundaries and band interactions affect survival; the lifetime sample contains only 20 initial states. No infinite-domain or infinite-time limit, raw simulation replay or universal directed-percolation exponent is established.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4f036ac9-adc9-4d16-a60f-159197531a8e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:83dc6a9372a21bc46541cdaa70de15b1b86433cf066b870fff86a53590cc2b5f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hanbury-brown-twiss-sirius-stellar-intensity-interferometry-1956","title":"Optical stellar intensity interferometry of Sirius","summary":"At Jodrell Bank Hanbury Brown and Twiss tested optical intensity interferometry on Sirius, observing a decrease in correlated intensity with projected baseline. A later participant account reproduces four observational signal-to-noise values and reports a best-fit angular diameter of 7.1 ± 0.55 milliarcseconds after a theoretical limb-darkening correction.","boundary":"Hanbury Brown and Twiss’s 1956 paper gives the original two-author attribution. The quoted 7.1 ± 0.55 milliarcsecond diameter and four signal-to-noise values come from Hanbury Brown’s later participant account and subsequent analysis; they should not be presented as a direct reanalysis of the original observations. Atmospheric scintillation, optical bandwidth, normalization and limb-darkening assumptions affect the result.","area":"Astronomical instrumentation and stellar measurements","topic":"Physics","year":1956,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"hanbury-brown-twiss-sirius-stellar-intensity-interferometry-1956","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7afd4cc3-3e39-47f4-ada3-10c7d2d9538a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c06d89d80bb4569a58b988cd99dc102904a1cd94a2a9340b045c4ba146edaf18"},"humans":["R. Hanbury Brown","R. Q. Twiss"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"hanbury-brown-intensity-interferometer-book-1974","title":"The Intensity Interferometer: Its Application to Astronomy","url":"https://electrooptical.net/hanbury/hanbury.pdf","date":"1974"},{"id":"hanbury-brown-twiss-sirius-stellar-interferometer-1956","title":"A Test of a New Type of Stellar Interferometer on Sirius","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/1781046a0","date":"1956-11-10"}],"points":"225000","published_grade":{"id":"hanbury-brown-twiss-sirius-stellar-intensity-interferometry-1956","entry_id":"hanbury-brown-twiss-sirius-stellar-intensity-interferometry-1956","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7afd4cc3-3e39-47f4-ada3-10c7d2d9538a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c06d89d80bb4569a58b988cd99dc102904a1cd94a2a9340b045c4ba146edaf18"},"what_changed":"At Jodrell Bank Hanbury Brown and Twiss tested optical intensity interferometry on Sirius, observing a decrease in correlated intensity with projected baseline. A later participant account reproduces four observational signal-to-noise values and reports a best-fit angular diameter of 7.1 ± 0.55 milliarcseconds after a theoretical limb-darkening correction.","scope":"At Jodrell Bank Hanbury Brown and Twiss tested optical intensity interferometry on Sirius, observing a decrease in correlated intensity with projected baseline. A later participant account reproduces four observational signal-to-noise values and reports a best-fit angular diameter of 7.1 ± 0.55 milliarcseconds after a theoretical limb-darkening correction. Hanbury Brown and Twiss’s 1956 paper gives the original two-author attribution. The quoted 7.1 ± 0.55 milliarcsecond diameter and four signal-to-noise values come from Hanbury Brown’s later participant account and subsequent analysis; they should not be presented as a direct reanalysis of the original observations. Atmospheric scintillation, optical bandwidth, normalization and limb-darkening assumptions affect the result.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7afd4cc3-3e39-47f4-ada3-10c7d2d9538a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c06d89d80bb4569a58b988cd99dc102904a1cd94a2a9340b045c4ba146edaf18"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ligo-virgo-gw170817-binary-neutron-star-inspiral-2017","title":"GW170817: gravitational waves from a binary-neutron-star inspiral","summary":"The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration reported GW170817, a long gravitational-wave inspiral signal detected by the two LIGO instruments and localized using Virgo data. Its masses and coincident electromagnetic observations support a binary-neutron-star interpretation, opening gravitational and electromagnetic study of the same compact merger.","boundary":"The gravitational-wave data alone do not exclude all more compact alternatives or a neutron-star–black-hole system; the binary-neutron-star interpretation combines mass estimates with electromagnetic evidence. Virgo chiefly improved localization, while search significance was estimated using LIGO data. The 2017 mass intervals depend on spin priors and waveform models; a detector glitch required mitigation. The Swope optical and Fermi gamma-ray measurements are contributions of separate teams; the gravitational-wave strain and associated raw data have not been independently reanalyzed. Complete individual author identity and contributions have not been reconciled.","area":"Gravitational-wave astronomy","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ligo-virgo-gw170817-binary-neutron-star-inspiral-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0e34c0dd-ecc5-424a-af9e-ccbf6269ea7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:933d741b3c21dcde639953efa21e62a12e865ce2eac171283e935742488051a2"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ligo-virgo-gw170817-prl-2017","title":"GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.05832v1","date":"2017-10-16"},{"id":"coulter-sss17a-optical-counterpart-2017-v1","title":"Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the Optical Counterpart to a Gravitational Wave Source","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.05452v1","date":"2017-10-16"},{"id":"goldstein-fermi-gbm-grb170817a-2017-v1","title":"An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi-GBM Detection of GRB 170817A","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.05446v1","date":"2017-10-16"}],"points":"280000","published_grade":{"id":"ligo-virgo-gw170817-binary-neutron-star-inspiral-2017","entry_id":"ligo-virgo-gw170817-binary-neutron-star-inspiral-2017","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0e34c0dd-ecc5-424a-af9e-ccbf6269ea7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:933d741b3c21dcde639953efa21e62a12e865ce2eac171283e935742488051a2"},"what_changed":"The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration reported GW170817, a long gravitational-wave inspiral signal detected by the two LIGO instruments and localized using Virgo data. Its masses and coincident electromagnetic observations support a binary-neutron-star interpretation, opening gravitational and electromagnetic study of the same compact merger.","scope":"The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration reported GW170817, a long gravitational-wave inspiral signal detected by the two LIGO instruments and localized using Virgo data. Its masses and coincident electromagnetic observations support a binary-neutron-star interpretation, opening gravitational and electromagnetic study of the same compact merger. The gravitational-wave data alone do not exclude all more compact alternatives or a neutron-star–black-hole system; the binary-neutron-star interpretation combines mass estimates with electromagnetic evidence. Virgo chiefly improved localization, while search significance was estimated using LIGO data. The 2017 mass intervals depend on spin priors and waveform models; a detector glitch required mitigation. The Swope optical and Fermi gamma-ray measurements are contributions of separate teams; the gravitational-wave strain and associated raw data have not been independently reanalyzed. Complete individual author identity and contributions have not been reconciled.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0e34c0dd-ecc5-424a-af9e-ccbf6269ea7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:933d741b3c21dcde639953efa21e62a12e865ce2eac171283e935742488051a2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lz-dark-matter-ws2024-shared-dataset-search-2025-2026","title":"LZ dark-matter searches: conventional limits and an extended-energy recoil candidate","summary":"The LZ collaboration combined 2022 and 2023–24 exposure in a conventional low-energy WIMP search, reporting no excess over expected backgrounds and setting model-dependent interaction limits. A later analysis of the overlapping 2023–24 data extended the recoil window and found one event compatible with a high-energy nuclear recoil; its model scan reported 2.6 sigma global and at most 3.4 sigma local tension with background.","boundary":"The 2025 conventional and 2026 extended-energy searches use overlapping data and different selections, fiducial volumes, signal hypotheses and analysis methods; they are not independent discoveries. The 2026 analysis is explicitly non-blind because its artificial-event procedure did not cover the relevant high-energy region. One candidate is not evidence establishing a dark-matter particle; response calibration, non-Gaussian background tails and tested model space remain material. The 2025 limits are conditional on the stated halo, interaction and statistical models and include a power constraint. The 2026 paper is an arXiv preprint, not independently replicated or established as published. A correction was published for the 2025 analysis; its effect on comparisons with the later analysis remains to be assessed.","area":"Particle astrophysics and dark matter","topic":"Physics","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lz-dark-matter-ws2024-shared-dataset-search-2025-2026","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:96badb53-1d42-4937-a519-b36a0c0b0081","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b90d05a1baf3449f554e9dc98fa1758937cfb57af7abd7b1e3b4167e0bedacd6"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lz-wimp-4p2-tonne-years-2025-v3","title":"Dark Matter Search Results from 4.2 Tonne-Years of Exposure of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.17036v3","date":"2025-07-01"},{"id":"lz-extended-recoil-window-2026-v1","title":"Search for dark matter particle interactions in an extended nuclear recoil energy window with the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.02823v1","date":"2026-09-02"}],"points":"48000","published_grade":{"id":"lz-dark-matter-ws2024-shared-dataset-search-2025-2026","entry_id":"lz-dark-matter-ws2024-shared-dataset-search-2025-2026","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:96badb53-1d42-4937-a519-b36a0c0b0081","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b90d05a1baf3449f554e9dc98fa1758937cfb57af7abd7b1e3b4167e0bedacd6"},"what_changed":"The LZ collaboration combined 2022 and 2023–24 exposure in a conventional low-energy WIMP search, reporting no excess over expected backgrounds and setting model-dependent interaction limits. A later analysis of the overlapping 2023–24 data extended the recoil window and found one event compatible with a high-energy nuclear recoil; its model scan reported 2.6 sigma global and at most 3.4 sigma local tension with background.","scope":"The LZ collaboration combined 2022 and 2023–24 exposure in a conventional low-energy WIMP search, reporting no excess over expected backgrounds and setting model-dependent interaction limits. A later analysis of the overlapping 2023–24 data extended the recoil window and found one event compatible with a high-energy nuclear recoil; its model scan reported 2.6 sigma global and at most 3.4 sigma local tension with background. The 2025 conventional and 2026 extended-energy searches use overlapping data and different selections, fiducial volumes, signal hypotheses and analysis methods; they are not independent discoveries. The 2026 analysis is explicitly non-blind because its artificial-event procedure did not cover the relevant high-energy region. One candidate is not evidence establishing a dark-matter particle; response calibration, non-Gaussian background tails and tested model space remain material. The 2025 limits are conditional on the stated halo, interaction and statistical models and include a power constraint. The 2026 paper is an arXiv preprint, not independently replicated or established as published. A correction was published for the 2025 analysis; its effect on comparisons with the later analysis remains to be assessed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:96badb53-1d42-4937-a519-b36a0c0b0081","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b90d05a1baf3449f554e9dc98fa1758937cfb57af7abd7b1e3b4167e0bedacd6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"donev-hough-zieve-superfluid-vortex-pinning-depinning-2001","title":"Temperature-dependent pinning and depinning of a single superfluid vortex","summary":"Donev, Hough and Zieve used a vibrating wire to follow a single partially attached vortex in superfluid helium. In their rougher cell, pinning became more frequent as temperature rose; a smoother cell showed much less pinning. Varying the wire motion changed the observed decay, and the authors proposed excitation of Kelvin waves as a mechanism that helps a vortex unpin.","boundary":"The result concerns the two specific cells and stationary post-rotation measurements. Pinning was inferred from the circulation signal, with limited event counts; the Kelvin-wave mechanism is the authors’ interpretation, not an independently isolated causal test. At elevated temperature noise obscured Kelvin oscillations and some decay rates could not be measured accurately. The article proposes further frequency-controlled and surface-characterization experiments. Its printed free-core radius uses 1.3 × 10⁻⁸ Å, a questionable unit that is not silently corrected here. The exact journal version and raw data were not reviewed.","area":"Superfluidity and quantum fluids","topic":"Physics","year":2001,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"donev-hough-zieve-superfluid-vortex-pinning-depinning-2001","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:08f7687b-7a0d-4ac2-a439-8894f90989d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a28b248a265dbb6b70c092247ce737475cad4b199c151db9917b8c2a5829e38b"},"humans":["L. A. K. Donev","L. Hough","R. J. Zieve"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"donev-hough-zieve-superfluid-vortex-depinning-arxiv-v2-2001","title":"Depinning of a superfluid vortex line by Kelvin waves","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0010240v2","date":"2001-10-19"}],"points":"40000","published_grade":{"id":"donev-hough-zieve-superfluid-vortex-pinning-depinning-2001","entry_id":"donev-hough-zieve-superfluid-vortex-pinning-depinning-2001","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:08f7687b-7a0d-4ac2-a439-8894f90989d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a28b248a265dbb6b70c092247ce737475cad4b199c151db9917b8c2a5829e38b"},"what_changed":"Donev, Hough and Zieve used a vibrating wire to follow a single partially attached vortex in superfluid helium. In their rougher cell, pinning became more frequent as temperature rose; a smoother cell showed much less pinning. Varying the wire motion changed the observed decay, and the authors proposed excitation of Kelvin waves as a mechanism that helps a vortex unpin.","scope":"Donev, Hough and Zieve used a vibrating wire to follow a single partially attached vortex in superfluid helium. In their rougher cell, pinning became more frequent as temperature rose; a smoother cell showed much less pinning. Varying the wire motion changed the observed decay, and the authors proposed excitation of Kelvin waves as a mechanism that helps a vortex unpin. The result concerns the two specific cells and stationary post-rotation measurements. Pinning was inferred from the circulation signal, with limited event counts; the Kelvin-wave mechanism is the authors’ interpretation, not an independently isolated causal test. At elevated temperature noise obscured Kelvin oscillations and some decay rates could not be measured accurately. The article proposes further frequency-controlled and surface-characterization experiments. Its printed free-core radius uses 1.3 × 10⁻⁸ Å, a questionable unit that is not silently corrected here. The exact journal version and raw data were not reviewed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:08f7687b-7a0d-4ac2-a439-8894f90989d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a28b248a265dbb6b70c092247ce737475cad4b199c151db9917b8c2a5829e38b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"albers-herbst-team-rubidium-potassium-free-fall-interferometry-2020","title":"Simultaneous rubidium and potassium atom-interferometer test of free fall","summary":"Albers and colleagues compared the free-fall acceleration of simultaneously operated rubidium-87 and potassium-39 matter-wave interferometers. After correcting estimated systematic shifts, they reported an Eötvös ratio of −1.9 × 10⁻⁷ with combined standard uncertainty 3.2 × 10⁻⁷, consistent with equal acceleration within that uncertainty.","boundary":"The experiment tests the particular atomic species and apparatus at the stated sensitivity; it does not prove the full equivalence principle or quantum gravity. The authors estimate a Zeeman correction of −1.3 × 10⁻⁶ and a dominant 3 × 10⁻⁷ wavefront-aberration uncertainty based on optical modeling; their reported combined uncertainty assumes systematic contributions are uncorrelated at the stated level. Statistical instability is 9 × 10⁻⁸ after 8192 seconds, not the total uncertainty. Earlier 2014 measurements with the same species and proposed future sensitivities are distinct from this improved 2020 result. Raw measurements and numerical sensitivity models were not independently replayed.","area":"Atom interferometry and gravitation","topic":"Physics","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"albers-herbst-team-rubidium-potassium-free-fall-interferometry-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bba699f7-44d7-4bd0-a859-5fbdf7203f89","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe43515a8931cde5df6452d1726f24ca09af15c60996bbb005b37d991301e33b"},"humans":["Henning Albers","Alexander Herbst","Logan L. Richardson","Hendrik Heine","Dipankar Nath","Jonas Hartwig","Christian Schubert","Christian Vogt","Marian Woltmann","Claus Lämmerzahl","Sven Herrmann","Wolfgang Ertmer","Ernst M. Rasel","Dennis Schlippert"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"albers-et-al-rubidium-potassium-uff-epjd-2020","title":"Quantum test of the Universality of Free Fall using rubidium and potassium","url":"https://d-nb.info/1222326159/34","date":"2020-07-07"}],"points":"46000","published_grade":{"id":"albers-herbst-team-rubidium-potassium-free-fall-interferometry-2020","entry_id":"albers-herbst-team-rubidium-potassium-free-fall-interferometry-2020","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bba699f7-44d7-4bd0-a859-5fbdf7203f89","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe43515a8931cde5df6452d1726f24ca09af15c60996bbb005b37d991301e33b"},"what_changed":"Albers and colleagues compared the free-fall acceleration of simultaneously operated rubidium-87 and potassium-39 matter-wave interferometers. After correcting estimated systematic shifts, they reported an Eötvös ratio of −1.9 × 10⁻⁷ with combined standard uncertainty 3.2 × 10⁻⁷, consistent with equal acceleration within that uncertainty.","scope":"Albers and colleagues compared the free-fall acceleration of simultaneously operated rubidium-87 and potassium-39 matter-wave interferometers. After correcting estimated systematic shifts, they reported an Eötvös ratio of −1.9 × 10⁻⁷ with combined standard uncertainty 3.2 × 10⁻⁷, consistent with equal acceleration within that uncertainty. The experiment tests the particular atomic species and apparatus at the stated sensitivity; it does not prove the full equivalence principle or quantum gravity. The authors estimate a Zeeman correction of −1.3 × 10⁻⁶ and a dominant 3 × 10⁻⁷ wavefront-aberration uncertainty based on optical modeling; their reported combined uncertainty assumes systematic contributions are uncorrelated at the stated level. Statistical instability is 9 × 10⁻⁸ after 8192 seconds, not the total uncertainty. Earlier 2014 measurements with the same species and proposed future sensitivities are distinct from this improved 2020 result. Raw measurements and numerical sensitivity models were not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bba699f7-44d7-4bd0-a859-5fbdf7203f89","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:fe43515a8931cde5df6452d1726f24ca09af15c60996bbb005b37d991301e33b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ua1-ua2-w-z-boson-collider-observations-1983","title":"UA1 and UA2 collider observations of W and Z bosons","summary":"In 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory.","boundary":"These are separate searches using two detectors at the same collider, not four different particles. The original samples were small, and their event selections and uncertainties differ. Later enlarged samples should not be substituted for the initial 1983 observations. The team-level attributions do not provide a complete list of individual authors.","area":"Experimental particle physics","topic":"Physics","year":1983,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ua1-ua2-w-z-boson-collider-observations-1983","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2525386d-0550-482e-aea6-c3ac7a104d78","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf3d6c244be881e92aaa68f20e68de3d06bc8a294cf0bcafb32cbe7bad4df39b"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"rubbia-ua1-w-z-nobel-lecture-1984","title":"Experimental Observation of the Intermediate Vector Bosons W+, W− and Z0","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/rubbia-lecture.pdf","date":"1984-12-08"},{"id":"ua1-original-w-1983","title":"UA1: isolated high-energy electrons with missing energy","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383911772","date":"1983-02-24"},{"id":"ua2-original-w-1983","title":"UA2: isolated electrons and missing transverse energy","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383916052","date":"1983-03-17"},{"id":"ua1-original-z-1983","title":"UA1: lepton pairs of invariant mass near 95 GeV","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383901880","date":"1983-07-07"},{"id":"ua2-original-z-1983","title":"UA2: evidence for Z⁰ decays to electron pairs","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037026938390744X","date":"1983-09-15"}],"points":"275000","published_grade":{"id":"ua1-ua2-w-z-boson-collider-observations-1983","entry_id":"ua1-ua2-w-z-boson-collider-observations-1983","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2525386d-0550-482e-aea6-c3ac7a104d78","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf3d6c244be881e92aaa68f20e68de3d06bc8a294cf0bcafb32cbe7bad4df39b"},"what_changed":"In 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory.","scope":"In 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory. These are separate searches using two detectors at the same collider, not four different particles. The original samples were small, and their event selections and uncertainties differ. Later enlarged samples should not be substituted for the initial 1983 observations. The team-level attributions do not provide a complete list of individual authors.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2525386d-0550-482e-aea6-c3ac7a104d78","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf3d6c244be881e92aaa68f20e68de3d06bc8a294cf0bcafb32cbe7bad4df39b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"herb-lederman-upsilon-dimuon-resonance-1977","title":"Fermilab observes a 9.5 GeV dimuon resonance","summary":"In 1977 Herb and colleagues observed a strong 9.5 GeV enhancement in opposite-sign dimuons from 400 GeV proton–nucleus collisions. In a subsequent analysis with approximately 26,000 dimuon events, Innes and colleagues reported two narrow peaks around 9.4 and 10.0 GeV, while treating a possible third near 10.4 GeV as unestablished.","boundary":"The July and September submitted papers analyze the same experiment with overlapping data, not independent discoveries. The initial broad enhancement was fitted with one or two Gaussians; the later study supports at least two narrow structures subject to detector resolution and continuum modeling, and explicitly leaves the third peak unestablished. The later authors compare a new quark–antiquark bound-state interpretation with model predictions; this is not a direct measurement of free quarks. Statistical and normalization uncertainties are separate. Both sources are submitted manuscripts; formal versions, the later paper’s published erratum and raw-data reanalysis remain open. Individual authorship differs by source: R. J. Fisk is listed only on the later paper.","area":"Experimental particle physics","topic":"Physics","year":1977,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"herb-lederman-upsilon-dimuon-resonance-1977","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c075faa-5d7b-450f-ac99-9552365ea22c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b25ae6bc5270f70e5a51d791c4366956b060b946786d957a28ab12f1188e42ef"},"humans":["S. W. Herb","D. C. Hom","L. M. Lederman","J. C. Sens","H. D. Snyder","J. K. Yoh","J. A. Appel","B. C. Brown","C. N. Brown","W. R. Innes","K. Ueno","T. Yamanouchi","A. S. Ito","H. Jöstlein","D. M. Kaplan","R. D. Kephart","R. J. Fisk"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"herb-etal-dimuon-resonance-fermilab-submitted-1977","title":"Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 GeV in 400 GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions","url":"https://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1977/pub/Pub-77-058-E.pdf","date":"1977-07-01"},{"id":"innes-etal-upsilon-structure-fermilab-submitted-1977","title":"Observation of Structure in the Upsilon Region","url":"https://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1977/pub/Pub-77-086-E.pdf","date":"1977-09-09"}],"points":"220000","published_grade":{"id":"herb-lederman-upsilon-dimuon-resonance-1977","entry_id":"herb-lederman-upsilon-dimuon-resonance-1977","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c075faa-5d7b-450f-ac99-9552365ea22c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b25ae6bc5270f70e5a51d791c4366956b060b946786d957a28ab12f1188e42ef"},"what_changed":"In 1977 Herb and colleagues observed a strong 9.5 GeV enhancement in opposite-sign dimuons from 400 GeV proton–nucleus collisions. In a subsequent analysis with approximately 26,000 dimuon events, Innes and colleagues reported two narrow peaks around 9.4 and 10.0 GeV, while treating a possible third near 10.4 GeV as unestablished.","scope":"In 1977 Herb and colleagues observed a strong 9.5 GeV enhancement in opposite-sign dimuons from 400 GeV proton–nucleus collisions. In a subsequent analysis with approximately 26,000 dimuon events, Innes and colleagues reported two narrow peaks around 9.4 and 10.0 GeV, while treating a possible third near 10.4 GeV as unestablished. The July and September submitted papers analyze the same experiment with overlapping data, not independent discoveries. The initial broad enhancement was fitted with one or two Gaussians; the later study supports at least two narrow structures subject to detector resolution and continuum modeling, and explicitly leaves the third peak unestablished. The later authors compare a new quark–antiquark bound-state interpretation with model predictions; this is not a direct measurement of free quarks. Statistical and normalization uncertainties are separate. Both sources are submitted manuscripts; formal versions, the later paper’s published erratum and raw-data reanalysis remain open. Individual authorship differs by source: R. J. Fisk is listed only on the later paper.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c075faa-5d7b-450f-ac99-9552365ea22c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b25ae6bc5270f70e5a51d791c4366956b060b946786d957a28ab12f1188e42ef"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wendelstein-7x-neoclassical-transport-optimization-experiment-2018","title":"Wendelstein 7-X tests optimized stellarator energy confinement","summary":"The Wendelstein 7-X team used pellet-fuelled 2018 stellarator discharges to test whether magnetic-field optimization reduced neoclassical energy transport. A team report describes one high-performance discharge with 4.5 MW heating and about 0.23 s energy confinement. From measured density and temperature profiles and modeled transport, the authors infer that similarly scaled less-optimized configurations would have required more heating to sustain the profiles. In a separate longer discharge, stable detached divertor operation with particle exhaust was maintained for over 26 seconds at 5 MW.","boundary":"The comparison of neoclassical losses uses measured profiles and modeled reference magnetic configurations, not direct simultaneous measurements in the other machines. The high-performance pellet-fuelled phase lasted less than a second; it is not the same demonstration as the longer detached discharge. Turbulent transport and impurity buildup remain concerns. This does not establish a sustained high-performance reactor or net electricity. The source is a 2021 team overview. The original journal analysis, its correction and the diagnostic data may add qualifications to the overview.","area":"Plasma and fusion physics","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"wendelstein-7x-neoclassical-transport-optimization-experiment-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fc6de522-5403-4324-aa7e-59a63ab63fe2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:39459a5121df25f7521a40de853d219f8ff46b3447bac3aa8169ba5a9a07988f"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pedersen-w7x-experimental-overview-arxiv-v1-2021","title":"Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.04002v1","date":"2021-05-09"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"wendelstein-7x-neoclassical-transport-optimization-experiment-2018","entry_id":"wendelstein-7x-neoclassical-transport-optimization-experiment-2018","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fc6de522-5403-4324-aa7e-59a63ab63fe2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:39459a5121df25f7521a40de853d219f8ff46b3447bac3aa8169ba5a9a07988f"},"what_changed":"The Wendelstein 7-X team used pellet-fuelled 2018 stellarator discharges to test whether magnetic-field optimization reduced neoclassical energy transport. A team report describes one high-performance discharge with 4.5 MW heating and about 0.23 s energy confinement. From measured density and temperature profiles and modeled transport, the authors infer that similarly scaled less-optimized configurations would have required more heating to sustain the profiles. In a separate longer discharge, stable detached divertor operation with particle exhaust was maintained for over 26 seconds at 5 MW.","scope":"The Wendelstein 7-X team used pellet-fuelled 2018 stellarator discharges to test whether magnetic-field optimization reduced neoclassical energy transport. A team report describes one high-performance discharge with 4.5 MW heating and about 0.23 s energy confinement. From measured density and temperature profiles and modeled transport, the authors infer that similarly scaled less-optimized configurations would have required more heating to sustain the profiles. In a separate longer discharge, stable detached divertor operation with particle exhaust was maintained for over 26 seconds at 5 MW. The comparison of neoclassical losses uses measured profiles and modeled reference magnetic configurations, not direct simultaneous measurements in the other machines. The high-performance pellet-fuelled phase lasted less than a second; it is not the same demonstration as the longer detached discharge. Turbulent transport and impurity buildup remain concerns. This does not establish a sustained high-performance reactor or net electricity. The source is a 2021 team overview. The original journal analysis, its correction and the diagnostic data may add qualifications to the overview.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fc6de522-5403-4324-aa7e-59a63ab63fe2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:39459a5121df25f7521a40de853d219f8ff46b3447bac3aa8169ba5a9a07988f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933","title":"Giauque and MacDougall demonstrate refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization","summary":"Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information.","boundary":"The indicated temperature depends on the magnetic thermometer and its calibration. The lower temperature of 0.004 kelvin mentioned in Giauque’s later lecture belongs to subsequent work by de Haas and Wiersma. Debye independently reached related cooling conclusions; this contribution is the named 1933 experiment, not sole invention of the underlying idea.","area":"Low-temperature and condensed-matter physics","topic":"Physics","year":1933,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"},"humans":["W. F. Giauque","D. P. MacDougall"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"giauque-magnetic-refrigeration-nobel-lecture-1949","title":"Some consequences of low temperature research in chemical thermodynamics","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/giauque-lecture.pdf","date":"1949-12-12"},{"id":"giauque-macdougall-demagnetization-refrigeration-1933","title":"Attainment of Temperatures Below 1° Absolute by Demagnetization","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.43.768","date":"1933-05-01"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933","entry_id":"giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"},"what_changed":"Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information.","scope":"Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information. The indicated temperature depends on the magnetic thermometer and its calibration. The lower temperature of 0.004 kelvin mentioned in Giauque’s later lecture belongs to subsequent work by de Haas and Wiersma. Debye independently reached related cooling conclusions; this contribution is the named 1933 experiment, not sole invention of the underlying idea.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"brockhouse-stewart-aluminium-phonon-neutron-spectroscopy-1955","title":"Neutron spectroscopy measures lattice vibration dispersion in aluminium","summary":"B. N. Brockhouse and A. T. Stewart used neutron spectroscopy on a single crystal of aluminium to probe lattice vibrations. In Brockhouse’s later account, energy-resolved neutron groups measured at different crystal orientations yielded phonon frequency and wave vector through conservation relations. Subsequent measurements and comparison with other laboratories produced dispersion curves along selected symmetry directions and exposed limitations in simple interatomic-force models.","boundary":"Brockhouse and Stewart’s 1955 paper is the original aluminium contribution. A later participant account combines measurements from several groups and later work in its dispersion figure, so the full plotted dataset is not attributable solely to the initial experiment. The germanium study with Iyengar is a distinct contribution; uncertainties and the assumptions of lattice models still matter.","area":"Condensed matter and neutron scattering","topic":"Physics","year":1955,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"brockhouse-stewart-aluminium-phonon-neutron-spectroscopy-1955","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc1c8684-2e49-4d20-acdd-4915f4263bf9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e4320d7f5f317ce57222f35ac12889adf03efc19c0cb9afc1993da058c89093"},"humans":["B. N. Brockhouse","A. T. Stewart"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"brockhouse-neutron-spectroscopy-nobel-lecture-1994","title":"Slow neutron spectroscopy and the grand atlas of the physical world","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/brockhouse-lecture.pdf","date":"1994-12-08"},{"id":"brockhouse-stewart-neutron-aluminium-phonons-1955","title":"Scattering of Neutrons by Phonons in an Aluminum Single Crystal","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.100.756","date":"1955-10-15"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"brockhouse-stewart-aluminium-phonon-neutron-spectroscopy-1955","entry_id":"brockhouse-stewart-aluminium-phonon-neutron-spectroscopy-1955","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc1c8684-2e49-4d20-acdd-4915f4263bf9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e4320d7f5f317ce57222f35ac12889adf03efc19c0cb9afc1993da058c89093"},"what_changed":"B. N. Brockhouse and A. T. Stewart used neutron spectroscopy on a single crystal of aluminium to probe lattice vibrations. In Brockhouse’s later account, energy-resolved neutron groups measured at different crystal orientations yielded phonon frequency and wave vector through conservation relations. Subsequent measurements and comparison with other laboratories produced dispersion curves along selected symmetry directions and exposed limitations in simple interatomic-force models.","scope":"B. N. Brockhouse and A. T. Stewart used neutron spectroscopy on a single crystal of aluminium to probe lattice vibrations. In Brockhouse’s later account, energy-resolved neutron groups measured at different crystal orientations yielded phonon frequency and wave vector through conservation relations. Subsequent measurements and comparison with other laboratories produced dispersion curves along selected symmetry directions and exposed limitations in simple interatomic-force models. Brockhouse and Stewart’s 1955 paper is the original aluminium contribution. A later participant account combines measurements from several groups and later work in its dispersion figure, so the full plotted dataset is not attributable solely to the initial experiment. The germanium study with Iyengar is a distinct contribution; uncertainties and the assumptions of lattice models still matter.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc1c8684-2e49-4d20-acdd-4915f4263bf9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e4320d7f5f317ce57222f35ac12889adf03efc19c0cb9afc1993da058c89093"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"geminga-xray-gamma-pulsar-identification-1992","title":"X-ray and gamma-ray pulsations identify Geminga as a neutron-star pulsar","summary":"An X-ray observation identified coherent pulsations with a period near 237 milliseconds from the source associated with Geminga. A subsequent EGRET analysis found gamma-ray pulses at the same period, linking the earlier high-energy gamma-ray source to a pulsar. A later NASA account reproduces a pulse-phase profile from the gamma-ray observations and attributes the X-ray and gamma-ray measurements to different teams.","boundary":"Halpern and Holt reported the soft X-ray pulsations; the gamma-ray timing analysis belongs to a different team. Geminga’s gamma-ray source had already been observed. The period derivative printed in the later NASA account is inconsistent with the original literature and is not used here. Pulsar properties depend on the timing interpretation.","area":"High-energy astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1992,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"geminga-xray-gamma-pulsar-identification-1992","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1a7c399-c035-4f4d-afe2-303153bdcf6b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:494236d3f4b6a3c6200d23a77565dd9368f001b69d89e7d3a746be701df44f5e"},"humans":["J. P. Halpern","S. S. Holt"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"fichtel-trombka-nasa-gamma-ray-astrophysics-1997","title":"Gamma-Ray Astrophysics: New Insight into the Universe, Second Edition","url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19980018116/downloads/19980018116.pdf","date":"1997-09-01"},{"id":"halpern-holt-geminga-soft-xray-pulsations-1992","title":"Discovery of soft X-ray pulsations from the γ-ray source Geminga","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/357222a0","date":"1992-05-21"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"geminga-xray-gamma-pulsar-identification-1992","entry_id":"geminga-xray-gamma-pulsar-identification-1992","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1a7c399-c035-4f4d-afe2-303153bdcf6b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:494236d3f4b6a3c6200d23a77565dd9368f001b69d89e7d3a746be701df44f5e"},"what_changed":"An X-ray observation identified coherent pulsations with a period near 237 milliseconds from the source associated with Geminga. A subsequent EGRET analysis found gamma-ray pulses at the same period, linking the earlier high-energy gamma-ray source to a pulsar. A later NASA account reproduces a pulse-phase profile from the gamma-ray observations and attributes the X-ray and gamma-ray measurements to different teams.","scope":"An X-ray observation identified coherent pulsations with a period near 237 milliseconds from the source associated with Geminga. A subsequent EGRET analysis found gamma-ray pulses at the same period, linking the earlier high-energy gamma-ray source to a pulsar. A later NASA account reproduces a pulse-phase profile from the gamma-ray observations and attributes the X-ray and gamma-ray measurements to different teams. Halpern and Holt reported the soft X-ray pulsations; the gamma-ray timing analysis belongs to a different team. Geminga’s gamma-ray source had already been observed. The period derivative printed in the later NASA account is inconsistent with the original literature and is not used here. Pulsar properties depend on the timing interpretation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b1a7c399-c035-4f4d-afe2-303153bdcf6b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:494236d3f4b6a3c6200d23a77565dd9368f001b69d89e7d3a746be701df44f5e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gaia-bh3-dormant-black-hole-astrometric-binary-2024","title":"Gaia identifies a massive dark companion in the BH3 binary","summary":"Gaia’s preliminary astrometric binary solution identified a metal-poor giant in an approximately 11.6-year orbit around an unseen massive companion. Gaia radial velocities and ground-based spectroscopy supported the orbital solution. Assuming the visible star’s modeled mass and a single dark companion, the team inferred a companion mass of 32.70±0.82 solar masses and identified a dormant black hole as the simplest explanation.","boundary":"The companion is inferred from orbital motion rather than directly imaged. The astrometric data span roughly half an orbit, use preliminary calibrations and have possible parallax bias; the authors employ a combined spectroscopic solution to mitigate its effect on the mass function. The stellar mass depends on isochrone and extinction models. A compact inner binary containing black holes is not excluded by the observations. Association with an old stellar stream and implications for black-hole formation are interpretations, not direct measurements of the progenitor. The cited preprint precedes the final publication. Credit here is to the Gaia Collaboration; its full list of individual contributors is not shown.","area":"Stellar and galactic astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gaia-bh3-dormant-black-hole-astrometric-binary-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df17458d-b2ee-45f7-ac9b-80a6ec095149","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb79f9ff99cebcc4f162a1fcca2d5f3cf977c6e5bc77d6320690f6b5e9470cb9"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"gaia-bh3-astrometric-binary-arxiv-v1-2024","title":"Discovery of a dormant 33 solar-mass black hole in pre-release Gaia astrometry","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.10486v1","date":"2024-04-16"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"gaia-bh3-dormant-black-hole-astrometric-binary-2024","entry_id":"gaia-bh3-dormant-black-hole-astrometric-binary-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df17458d-b2ee-45f7-ac9b-80a6ec095149","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb79f9ff99cebcc4f162a1fcca2d5f3cf977c6e5bc77d6320690f6b5e9470cb9"},"what_changed":"Gaia’s preliminary astrometric binary solution identified a metal-poor giant in an approximately 11.6-year orbit around an unseen massive companion. Gaia radial velocities and ground-based spectroscopy supported the orbital solution. Assuming the visible star’s modeled mass and a single dark companion, the team inferred a companion mass of 32.70±0.82 solar masses and identified a dormant black hole as the simplest explanation.","scope":"Gaia’s preliminary astrometric binary solution identified a metal-poor giant in an approximately 11.6-year orbit around an unseen massive companion. Gaia radial velocities and ground-based spectroscopy supported the orbital solution. Assuming the visible star’s modeled mass and a single dark companion, the team inferred a companion mass of 32.70±0.82 solar masses and identified a dormant black hole as the simplest explanation. The companion is inferred from orbital motion rather than directly imaged. The astrometric data span roughly half an orbit, use preliminary calibrations and have possible parallax bias; the authors employ a combined spectroscopic solution to mitigate its effect on the mass function. The stellar mass depends on isochrone and extinction models. A compact inner binary containing black holes is not excluded by the observations. Association with an old stellar stream and implications for black-hole formation are interpretations, not direct measurements of the progenitor. The cited preprint precedes the final publication. Credit here is to the Gaia Collaboration; its full list of individual contributors is not shown.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:df17458d-b2ee-45f7-ac9b-80a6ec095149","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb79f9ff99cebcc4f162a1fcca2d5f3cf977c6e5bc77d6320690f6b5e9470cb9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"physics-gaia-bh1-dark-companion-2022","title":"Gaia BH1: a Sun-like star orbiting a massive dark companion","summary":"Gaia DR3 astrometric selection and follow-up radial-velocity spectroscopy identified a Sun-like star with a massive, optically dark companion. The version-1 joint orbital fit estimated a companion mass of 9.78 ± 0.18 solar masses and a period of 185.63 ± 0.05 days, supporting a dormant black-hole interpretation.","boundary":"The companion was inferred dynamically rather than imaged. This estimate is specific to the September 2022 preprint and its stellar-mass and dark-companion model; Gaia epoch-level astrometry was unavailable and its observations covered roughly half the orbital phase. The radial-velocity mass function and spectroscopic limits provide additional checks, but later or published values were not independently reconciled. The authors discuss a single black hole or a close binary of compact objects containing at least one black hole; nature of the dark companion is inferred from orbital mass and luminosity constraints, not direct imaging. The proposed formation channels and population estimates depend on uncertain binary-evolution and Gaia selection models, and are not independently observed histories.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"physics-gaia-bh1-dark-companion-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a60195f7-9ce2-4477-a619-3906166b96b7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e68a673c655e27c570ad4f7f6b054993436263b5e2c3cc0ccb63250b3a2dc910"},"humans":["Kareem El-Badry","Hans-Walter Rix","Eliot Quataert","Andrew W. Howard","Howard Isaacson","Jim Fuller","Keith Hawkins","Katelyn Breivik","Kaze W. K. Wong","Antonio C. Rodriguez","Charlie Conroy","Sahar Shahaf","Tsevi Mazeh","Frédéric Arenou","Kevin B. Burdge","Dolev Bashi","Simchon Faigler","Daniel R. Weisz","Rhys Seeburger","Silvia Almada Monter","Jennifer Wojno"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"src-gaia-bh1-elbadry-2022-v1","title":"A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.06833v1","date":"2022-09-14"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"physics-gaia-bh1-dark-companion-2022","entry_id":"physics-gaia-bh1-dark-companion-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a60195f7-9ce2-4477-a619-3906166b96b7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e68a673c655e27c570ad4f7f6b054993436263b5e2c3cc0ccb63250b3a2dc910"},"what_changed":"Gaia DR3 astrometric selection and follow-up radial-velocity spectroscopy identified a Sun-like star with a massive, optically dark companion. The version-1 joint orbital fit estimated a companion mass of 9.78 ± 0.18 solar masses and a period of 185.63 ± 0.05 days, supporting a dormant black-hole interpretation.","scope":"Gaia DR3 astrometric selection and follow-up radial-velocity spectroscopy identified a Sun-like star with a massive, optically dark companion. The version-1 joint orbital fit estimated a companion mass of 9.78 ± 0.18 solar masses and a period of 185.63 ± 0.05 days, supporting a dormant black-hole interpretation. The companion was inferred dynamically rather than imaged. This estimate is specific to the September 2022 preprint and its stellar-mass and dark-companion model; Gaia epoch-level astrometry was unavailable and its observations covered roughly half the orbital phase. The radial-velocity mass function and spectroscopic limits provide additional checks, but later or published values were not independently reconciled. The authors discuss a single black hole or a close binary of compact objects containing at least one black hole; nature of the dark companion is inferred from orbital mass and luminosity constraints, not direct imaging. The proposed formation channels and population estimates depend on uncertain binary-evolution and Gaia selection models, and are not independently observed histories.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a60195f7-9ce2-4477-a619-3906166b96b7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e68a673c655e27c570ad4f7f6b054993436263b5e2c3cc0ccb63250b3a2dc910"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"boss-lyalpha-forest-bao-first-detection-2012","title":"BOSS detects an acoustic peak in the Lyman-alpha forest","summary":"Using spectra of 48,640 quasars from BOSS DR9, the analysis measured the three-dimensional correlation of Lyman-alpha forest transmission at mean absorber redshift about 2.3 and identified a peak near the expected baryon acoustic scale. This extended the acoustic-distance method to an intergalactic absorption tracer at high redshift.","boundary":"This v1 analysis estimates 3.0 or 4.2 sigma for two continuum methods under a specified fit, and reports strong dependence on fitting range; the 15 mock spectra do not reproduce all data characteristics. Its distance constraints are relative to a fiducial sound horizon, while precise H(z), deceleration and dark-energy statements use additional data and cosmological assumptions. A subsequent analysis uses the same DR9 sample and is not an independent new survey.","area":"Observational cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"boss-lyalpha-forest-bao-first-detection-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c707114-1964-4fb6-a77b-b13c035d9ccf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:df6c8e4693248302738cb19d865cff82f8378e3990b6b681ec64133535305529"},"humans":["Nicolás G. Busca"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"boss-lyalpha-bao-busca-arxiv-v1-2012","title":"Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the Lyα forest of BOSS quasars","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.2616v1","date":"2012-11-12"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"boss-lyalpha-forest-bao-first-detection-2012","entry_id":"boss-lyalpha-forest-bao-first-detection-2012","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c707114-1964-4fb6-a77b-b13c035d9ccf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:df6c8e4693248302738cb19d865cff82f8378e3990b6b681ec64133535305529"},"what_changed":"Using spectra of 48,640 quasars from BOSS DR9, the analysis measured the three-dimensional correlation of Lyman-alpha forest transmission at mean absorber redshift about 2.3 and identified a peak near the expected baryon acoustic scale. This extended the acoustic-distance method to an intergalactic absorption tracer at high redshift.","scope":"Using spectra of 48,640 quasars from BOSS DR9, the analysis measured the three-dimensional correlation of Lyman-alpha forest transmission at mean absorber redshift about 2.3 and identified a peak near the expected baryon acoustic scale. This extended the acoustic-distance method to an intergalactic absorption tracer at high redshift. This v1 analysis estimates 3.0 or 4.2 sigma for two continuum methods under a specified fit, and reports strong dependence on fitting range; the 15 mock spectra do not reproduce all data characteristics. Its distance constraints are relative to a fiducial sound horizon, while precise H(z), deceleration and dark-energy statements use additional data and cosmological assumptions. A subsequent analysis uses the same DR9 sample and is not an independent new survey.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4c707114-1964-4fb6-a77b-b13c035d9ccf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:df6c8e4693248302738cb19d865cff82f8378e3990b6b681ec64133535305529"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ewen-purcell-galactic-neutral-hydrogen-21cm-detection-1951","title":"Ewen and Purcell detect galactic hydrogen at the 21-centimeter line","summary":"Ewen and Purcell observed radio emission from neutral hydrogen in the Milky Way near the 21-centimetre wavelength. Their 1951 report describes a signal concentrated near the Galactic plane, with a measurable frequency shift consistent with relative motion. The result gave radio astronomers a way to study hydrogen beyond regions visible in ordinary light.","boundary":"The result concerns the reported fixed-beam observations and their frequency calibration. Dutch and Australian observations were separate follow-up reports. Inferring Galactic structure from the line requires additional observations and a model of gas motion.","area":"Radio astronomy","topic":"Physics","year":1951,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ewen-purcell-galactic-neutral-hydrogen-21cm-detection-1951","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5f1f232a-198d-4d8c-aec2-f8c32e1280b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c5833e468548f436c8dfd0adfaf5c004f8bfb0848af5dbb94dce22126a2b41a2"},"humans":["H. I. Ewen","E. M. Purcell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ewen-nrao-hydrogen-line-participant-account-2003","title":"Detecting the Interstellar Hydrogen Line, 1951","url":"https://www.nrao.edu/archives/static/Ewen/ewen_HI.shtml","date":"2003"},{"id":"ewen-purcell-galactic-hydrogen-line-1951","title":"Observation of a Line in the Galactic Radio Spectrum","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/168356a0","date":"1951-09-01"}],"points":"320000","published_grade":{"id":"ewen-purcell-galactic-neutral-hydrogen-21cm-detection-1951","entry_id":"ewen-purcell-galactic-neutral-hydrogen-21cm-detection-1951","band":"S","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5f1f232a-198d-4d8c-aec2-f8c32e1280b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c5833e468548f436c8dfd0adfaf5c004f8bfb0848af5dbb94dce22126a2b41a2"},"what_changed":"Ewen and Purcell observed radio emission from neutral hydrogen in the Milky Way near the 21-centimetre wavelength. Their 1951 report describes a signal concentrated near the Galactic plane, with a measurable frequency shift consistent with relative motion. The result gave radio astronomers a way to study hydrogen beyond regions visible in ordinary light.","scope":"Ewen and Purcell observed radio emission from neutral hydrogen in the Milky Way near the 21-centimetre wavelength. Their 1951 report describes a signal concentrated near the Galactic plane, with a measurable frequency shift consistent with relative motion. The result gave radio astronomers a way to study hydrogen beyond regions visible in ordinary light. The result concerns the reported fixed-beam observations and their frequency calibration. Dutch and Australian observations were separate follow-up reports. Inferring Galactic structure from the line requires additional observations and a model of gas motion.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5f1f232a-198d-4d8c-aec2-f8c32e1280b6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c5833e468548f436c8dfd0adfaf5c004f8bfb0848af5dbb94dce22126a2b41a2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wolszczan-frail-pulsar-planetary-system-1992","title":"Pulsar timing reveals a planetary system around PSR B1257+12","summary":"Arecibo timing of pulses from the millisecond pulsar PSR B1257+12 revealed periodic deviations consistent with two planetary companions, reported by Wolszczan and Frail in 1992. A later participant report describes an additional lower-amplitude periodicity and a fit to the predicted mutual perturbations of the two larger planets, strengthening the planetary interpretation. A 2003 timing analysis by Konacki and Wolszczan used a longer data span and an interaction model to infer the masses and inclinations of the two larger planets.","boundary":"Wolszczan and Frail reported the 1992 timing result; Konacki and Wolszczan’s later mass and inclination analysis is a separate contribution using an extended, overlapping observation series. Planet masses depend on pulsar-mass and orbital-model assumptions. Later signals and perturbation analyses should not be backdated to the first report; an orbital interpretation does not directly observe how the planets formed. The contributor list shown is for the 1992 discovery paper; later analyses have their own authors.","area":"Exoplanetary astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1992,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"wolszczan-frail-pulsar-planetary-system-1992","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36da06bb-884b-4be8-abdb-3a5f0bdab628","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c6a930b891430360373cfd642a6b3953beffd37384dbe98cecacc61a0116e03b"},"humans":["A. Wolszczan","D. A. Frail"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"Authors of the 1992 discovery paper; later follow-up papers have separate authors. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wolszczan-pulsar-planets-1996-participant-report","title":"Planets Around Pulsars","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7B596859D3BAF741C99BC8DFEEE6BD83/S0074180900055650a.pdf/planets-around-pulsars.pdf","date":"1996"},{"id":"konacki-wolszczan-pulsar-planets-masses-2003-v1","title":"Masses and orbital inclinations of planets in the PSR B1257+12 system","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0305536v1","date":"2003-05-28"},{"id":"wolszczan-frail-pulsar-planet-system-1992","title":"A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/355145a0","date":"1992-01-09"},{"id":"konacki-wolszczan-planet-masses-inclinations-2003-v1","title":"Masses and orbital inclinations of planets in the PSR B1257+12 system","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0305536v1","date":"2003-05-28"}],"points":"245000","published_grade":{"id":"wolszczan-frail-pulsar-planetary-system-1992","entry_id":"wolszczan-frail-pulsar-planetary-system-1992","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36da06bb-884b-4be8-abdb-3a5f0bdab628","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c6a930b891430360373cfd642a6b3953beffd37384dbe98cecacc61a0116e03b"},"what_changed":"Arecibo timing of pulses from the millisecond pulsar PSR B1257+12 revealed periodic deviations consistent with two planetary companions, reported by Wolszczan and Frail in 1992. A later participant report describes an additional lower-amplitude periodicity and a fit to the predicted mutual perturbations of the two larger planets, strengthening the planetary interpretation. A 2003 timing analysis by Konacki and Wolszczan used a longer data span and an interaction model to infer the masses and inclinations of the two larger planets.","scope":"Arecibo timing of pulses from the millisecond pulsar PSR B1257+12 revealed periodic deviations consistent with two planetary companions, reported by Wolszczan and Frail in 1992. A later participant report describes an additional lower-amplitude periodicity and a fit to the predicted mutual perturbations of the two larger planets, strengthening the planetary interpretation. A 2003 timing analysis by Konacki and Wolszczan used a longer data span and an interaction model to infer the masses and inclinations of the two larger planets. Wolszczan and Frail reported the 1992 timing result; Konacki and Wolszczan’s later mass and inclination analysis is a separate contribution using an extended, overlapping observation series. Planet masses depend on pulsar-mass and orbital-model assumptions. Later signals and perturbation analyses should not be backdated to the first report; an orbital interpretation does not directly observe how the planets formed. The contributor list shown is for the 1992 discovery paper; later analyses have their own authors.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36da06bb-884b-4be8-abdb-3a5f0bdab628","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c6a930b891430360373cfd642a6b3953beffd37384dbe98cecacc61a0116e03b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"batse-terrestrial-gamma-ray-flashes-1994","title":"Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes observed from orbit","summary":"The BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory detected brief, hard gamma-ray flashes from directions below the local horizon. The participant report describes at least a dozen events, time profiles and locations, with confirmation by another instrument on the same observatory.","boundary":"The report connects some event directions with weather systems but notes a shortage of concurrent weather observations; the thunderstorm-discharge origin and emission mechanism were still speculative. Its altitude estimate is an early inference, not an established universal lower bound. Same-spacecraft instrumental confirmation is distinct from independent ground-based attribution.","area":"High-energy atmospheric physics","topic":"Physics","year":1994,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"batse-terrestrial-gamma-ray-flashes-1994","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a54db2e8-8ca0-4a52-a759-e46f4bc9ea30","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aeca72a4c2b4a2f31cf795dc61c91cf013af23dc25bb54ccc9669eae34078b9d"},"humans":["G J Fishman","P N Bhat","R Mallozzi","J M Horack","T Koshut","C Kouveliotou","G N Pendleton","C A Meegan","R B Wilson","W S Paciesas","S J Goodman","H J Christian"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"fishman-nasa-terrestrial-gamma-flashes-1994","title":"Gamma-Ray Flashes of Atmospheric Origin","url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19960044571/downloads/19960044571.pdf","date":"1994"},{"id":"fishman-batse-atmospheric-gamma-flashes-1994","title":"Discovery of intense gamma-ray flashes of atmospheric origin","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17780850/","date":"1994-05-27"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"batse-terrestrial-gamma-ray-flashes-1994","entry_id":"batse-terrestrial-gamma-ray-flashes-1994","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a54db2e8-8ca0-4a52-a759-e46f4bc9ea30","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aeca72a4c2b4a2f31cf795dc61c91cf013af23dc25bb54ccc9669eae34078b9d"},"what_changed":"The BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory detected brief, hard gamma-ray flashes from directions below the local horizon. The participant report describes at least a dozen events, time profiles and locations, with confirmation by another instrument on the same observatory.","scope":"The BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory detected brief, hard gamma-ray flashes from directions below the local horizon. The participant report describes at least a dozen events, time profiles and locations, with confirmation by another instrument on the same observatory. The report connects some event directions with weather systems but notes a shortage of concurrent weather observations; the thunderstorm-discharge origin and emission mechanism were still speculative. Its altitude estimate is an early inference, not an established universal lower bound. Same-spacecraft instrumental confirmation is distinct from independent ground-based attribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a54db2e8-8ca0-4a52-a759-e46f4bc9ea30","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aeca72a4c2b4a2f31cf795dc61c91cf013af23dc25bb54ccc9669eae34078b9d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"de-gw170817-neutron-star-tidal-radius-2018","title":"Conditional neutron-star radius and tidal-deformability inference from GW170817","summary":"A Bayesian reanalysis of the GW170817 gravitational-wave signal constrained the binary tidal deformability and inferred an approximately common neutron-star radius. Under a shared equation-of-state approximation, electromagnetic location and distance, and three mass priors, the authors reported radius posteriors centered near 10.8 km; their appended erratum corrected the comparison of models with and without the common-equation-of-state constraint.","boundary":"The radius is a model-dependent inference from gravitational waves, not a direct image or a universal radius measurement. The analysis assumes approximately equal radii and a q⁶ deformability relation in the relevant mass range, a causal lower bound, low spins and a specific post-Newtonian waveform. The erratum withdraws the reported strong model preference: revised Bayes factors are of order unity, while the authors state their parameter estimates remain unchanged.","area":"Gravitational-wave astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"de-gw170817-neutron-star-tidal-radius-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:31e62e55-c9c7-422b-a823-fc41d6c98e97","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93cbb7c17cc2bc16ec08c1c449dd15f80820bdd3c97cd8b7a1497abd4cc9ae0f"},"humans":["Soumi De","Daniel Finstad","James M. Lattimer","Duncan A. Brown","Edo Berger","Christopher M. Biwer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"de-gw170817-neutron-star-radii-2018-v4","title":"Tidal Deformabilities and Radii of Neutron Stars from the Observation of GW170817, including Erratum","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.08583v4","date":"2018-10-30"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"de-gw170817-neutron-star-tidal-radius-2018","entry_id":"de-gw170817-neutron-star-tidal-radius-2018","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:31e62e55-c9c7-422b-a823-fc41d6c98e97","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93cbb7c17cc2bc16ec08c1c449dd15f80820bdd3c97cd8b7a1497abd4cc9ae0f"},"what_changed":"A Bayesian reanalysis of the GW170817 gravitational-wave signal constrained the binary tidal deformability and inferred an approximately common neutron-star radius. Under a shared equation-of-state approximation, electromagnetic location and distance, and three mass priors, the authors reported radius posteriors centered near 10.8 km; their appended erratum corrected the comparison of models with and without the common-equation-of-state constraint.","scope":"A Bayesian reanalysis of the GW170817 gravitational-wave signal constrained the binary tidal deformability and inferred an approximately common neutron-star radius. Under a shared equation-of-state approximation, electromagnetic location and distance, and three mass priors, the authors reported radius posteriors centered near 10.8 km; their appended erratum corrected the comparison of models with and without the common-equation-of-state constraint. The radius is a model-dependent inference from gravitational waves, not a direct image or a universal radius measurement. The analysis assumes approximately equal radii and a q⁶ deformability relation in the relevant mass range, a causal lower bound, low spins and a specific post-Newtonian waveform. The erratum withdraws the reported strong model preference: revised Bayes factors are of order unity, while the authors state their parameter estimates remain unchanged.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:31e62e55-c9c7-422b-a823-fc41d6c98e97","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:93cbb7c17cc2bc16ec08c1c449dd15f80820bdd3c97cd8b7a1497abd4cc9ae0f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"smith-zahn-dore-wmap-nvss-cmb-lensing-2007","title":"CMB gravitational lensing detected through WMAP and radio-galaxy cross-correlation","summary":"Smith, Zahn and Doré reconstructed a noisy gravitational-lensing potential from WMAP temperature maps and cross-correlated it with radio-source counts from the NVSS survey. They reported a 3.4σ lensing signal including their modeled systematic errors, an early observational detection of CMB lensing.","boundary":"The detection is a statistical cross-correlation using an external tracer, not a high-significance internal CMB-only lensing map. The quoted significance depends on the analysis and systematic-error model; the curl null test does not test every parity-symmetric contaminant. The authors did not infer a fully calibrated cosmological parameter constraint because source redshift distribution and galaxy bias were uncertain.","area":"Observational cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"smith-zahn-dore-wmap-nvss-cmb-lensing-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:209a4d10-9000-41cc-af65-80107caa39a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09deb335dbf178363872b80fe04b8c846a481c8b00403c7fb4afa726a2deebdf"},"humans":["Kendrick M. Smith","Oliver Zahn","Olivier Doré"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"smith-zahn-dore-wmap-nvss-cmb-lensing-2007-v1","title":"Detection of Gravitational Lensing in the Cosmic Microwave Background","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0705.3980v1","date":"2007-05-28"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"smith-zahn-dore-wmap-nvss-cmb-lensing-2007","entry_id":"smith-zahn-dore-wmap-nvss-cmb-lensing-2007","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:209a4d10-9000-41cc-af65-80107caa39a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09deb335dbf178363872b80fe04b8c846a481c8b00403c7fb4afa726a2deebdf"},"what_changed":"Smith, Zahn and Doré reconstructed a noisy gravitational-lensing potential from WMAP temperature maps and cross-correlated it with radio-source counts from the NVSS survey. They reported a 3.4σ lensing signal including their modeled systematic errors, an early observational detection of CMB lensing.","scope":"Smith, Zahn and Doré reconstructed a noisy gravitational-lensing potential from WMAP temperature maps and cross-correlated it with radio-source counts from the NVSS survey. They reported a 3.4σ lensing signal including their modeled systematic errors, an early observational detection of CMB lensing. The detection is a statistical cross-correlation using an external tracer, not a high-significance internal CMB-only lensing map. The quoted significance depends on the analysis and systematic-error model; the curl null test does not test every parity-symmetric contaminant. The authors did not infer a fully calibrated cosmological parameter constraint because source redshift distribution and galaxy bias were uncertain.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:209a4d10-9000-41cc-af65-80107caa39a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:09deb335dbf178363872b80fe04b8c846a481c8b00403c7fb4afa726a2deebdf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"planck-cmb-lensing-potential-spectrum-2013","title":"Planck reconstructs the CMB lensing potential and its power spectrum","summary":"The Planck Collaboration reconstructed a noisy sky map of the cosmic microwave background lensing potential from the first 15 months of temperature data and estimated its power spectrum. Combining the relevant angular scales, the authors reported a lensing signal above 25σ and an approximately 4% constraint on the fiducial spectrum amplitude; cross-correlations with other tracers were also measured.","boundary":"The 4% figure refers to a specified amplitude relative to a fiducial spectrum and is not a model-free four-percent measurement of every cosmological parameter. Each lensing-map mode is noise dominated. The main likelihood uses multipoles 40–400; low-multipole consistency failures and a higher-multipole channel discrepancy were reported outside that range.","area":"Observational cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2013,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"planck-cmb-lensing-potential-spectrum-2013","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:69344d8e-1b43-459d-ab49-4574515f1201","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb0587ef4801160b374207323e57fd35b13bec5e49884dde9c37a97d266b65a2"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"planck-2013-lensing-potential-arxiv-v1","title":"Planck 2013 results. XVII. Gravitational lensing by large-scale structure","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.5077v1","date":"2013-03-20"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"planck-cmb-lensing-potential-spectrum-2013","entry_id":"planck-cmb-lensing-potential-spectrum-2013","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:69344d8e-1b43-459d-ab49-4574515f1201","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb0587ef4801160b374207323e57fd35b13bec5e49884dde9c37a97d266b65a2"},"what_changed":"The Planck Collaboration reconstructed a noisy sky map of the cosmic microwave background lensing potential from the first 15 months of temperature data and estimated its power spectrum. Combining the relevant angular scales, the authors reported a lensing signal above 25σ and an approximately 4% constraint on the fiducial spectrum amplitude; cross-correlations with other tracers were also measured.","scope":"The Planck Collaboration reconstructed a noisy sky map of the cosmic microwave background lensing potential from the first 15 months of temperature data and estimated its power spectrum. Combining the relevant angular scales, the authors reported a lensing signal above 25σ and an approximately 4% constraint on the fiducial spectrum amplitude; cross-correlations with other tracers were also measured. The 4% figure refers to a specified amplitude relative to a fiducial spectrum and is not a model-free four-percent measurement of every cosmological parameter. Each lensing-map mode is noise dominated. The main likelihood uses multipoles 40–400; low-multipole consistency failures and a higher-multipole channel discrepancy were reported outside that range.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:69344d8e-1b43-459d-ab49-4574515f1201","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bb0587ef4801160b374207323e57fd35b13bec5e49884dde9c37a97d266b65a2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"huang-monolayer-cri3-layer-dependent-magnetism-2017","title":"Ferromagnetism in a monolayer of chromium triiodide","summary":"Polar magneto-optical Kerr microscopy of exfoliated chromium triiodide revealed hysteresis and remanent out-of-plane magnetization down to a single atomic layer. The authors reported an approximately 45 K monolayer ordering temperature and a distinct suppressed low-field signal in bilayer samples, consistent with antiferromagnetic interlayer alignment.","boundary":"The magnetic order is inferred from Kerr rotation and its layer-dependent optical response, which includes thin-film interference; it is not a direct spin-resolved image. The bilayer spin arrangement is an interpretation of the measured field-dependent response, and the mechanism of the interlayer coupling was left open. The finite anisotropy setting does not contradict the isotropic Mermin–Wagner result. The optical analysis models interference and fits an unknown complex magneto-optic parameter to trilayer and bulk data; the authors say it does not incorporate layer-dependent electronic-structure changes. The observed Kerr rotation is therefore not proportional to layer count or magnetization without qualification. The source includes supplementary derivations; the raw measurements and final journal version have not been independently reconciled here.","area":"Two-dimensional magnetism","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"huang-monolayer-cri3-layer-dependent-magnetism-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:243c9457-6095-470c-ab0e-35da190c9807","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6d0c766f1507fb227283193812d940cb2cca0294ad2853251524463e07c05e7a"},"humans":["Bevin Huang","Genevieve Clark","Efren Navarro-Moratalla","Dahlia R. Klein","Ran Cheng","Kyle L. Seyler","Ding Zhong","Emma Schmidgall","Michael A. McGuire","David H. Cobden","Wang Yao","Di Xiao","Pablo Jarillo-Herrero","Xiaodong Xu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"huang-monolayer-cri3-magnetism-2017-v1","title":"Layer-dependent Ferromagnetism in a van der Waals Crystal down to the Monolayer Limit","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.05892v1","date":"2017-03-17"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"huang-monolayer-cri3-layer-dependent-magnetism-2017","entry_id":"huang-monolayer-cri3-layer-dependent-magnetism-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:243c9457-6095-470c-ab0e-35da190c9807","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6d0c766f1507fb227283193812d940cb2cca0294ad2853251524463e07c05e7a"},"what_changed":"Polar magneto-optical Kerr microscopy of exfoliated chromium triiodide revealed hysteresis and remanent out-of-plane magnetization down to a single atomic layer. The authors reported an approximately 45 K monolayer ordering temperature and a distinct suppressed low-field signal in bilayer samples, consistent with antiferromagnetic interlayer alignment.","scope":"Polar magneto-optical Kerr microscopy of exfoliated chromium triiodide revealed hysteresis and remanent out-of-plane magnetization down to a single atomic layer. The authors reported an approximately 45 K monolayer ordering temperature and a distinct suppressed low-field signal in bilayer samples, consistent with antiferromagnetic interlayer alignment. The magnetic order is inferred from Kerr rotation and its layer-dependent optical response, which includes thin-film interference; it is not a direct spin-resolved image. The bilayer spin arrangement is an interpretation of the measured field-dependent response, and the mechanism of the interlayer coupling was left open. The finite anisotropy setting does not contradict the isotropic Mermin–Wagner result. The optical analysis models interference and fits an unknown complex magneto-optic parameter to trilayer and bulk data; the authors say it does not incorporate layer-dependent electronic-structure changes. The observed Kerr rotation is therefore not proportional to layer count or magnetization without qualification. The source includes supplementary derivations; the raw measurements and final journal version have not been independently reconciled here.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:243c9457-6095-470c-ab0e-35da190c9807","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6d0c766f1507fb227283193812d940cb2cca0294ad2853251524463e07c05e7a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gong-cr2ge2te6-few-layer-magnetism-2017","title":"Field-sensitive magnetism in few-layer Cr₂Ge₂Te₆","summary":"Kerr microscopy of thin Cr₂Ge₂Te₆ flakes revealed a strong thickness and magnetic-field dependence of the magnetic response. Measurements reached bilayer thickness; six-layer samples showed a small remanent Kerr signal, and the characteristic temperature inferred from bilayer response increased from about 28 K to 44 K as the applied field increased from 0.065 T to 0.3 T.","boundary":"The authors explicitly call the finite-field temperature a crossover between ferromagnetic-like and paramagnetic-like behavior; it is not automatically a zero-field thermodynamic critical temperature. Monolayers degraded and were not experimentally characterized, and bilayer and trilayer remanence was below their detection limit. The spin-wave interpretation uses approximate, rescaled exchange parameters.","area":"Two-dimensional magnetism","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gong-cr2ge2te6-few-layer-magnetism-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb93cc85-df5b-4ce9-a62d-0de210a40f99","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c08fef5d5fe2e2da42c6fda8589da6e1a499ddbd7fbf8950b2e95bddb10a715"},"humans":["Cheng Gong","Lin Li","Zhenglu Li","Huiwen Ji","Alex Stern","Yang Xia","Ting Cao","Wei Bao","Chenzhe Wang","Yuan Wang","Z. Q. Qiu","R. J. Cava","Steven G. Louie","Jing Xia","Xiang Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"gong-cr2ge2te6-few-layer-magnetism-2017-v1","title":"Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in 2D van der Waals crystals","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.05753v1","date":"2017-03-16"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"gong-cr2ge2te6-few-layer-magnetism-2017","entry_id":"gong-cr2ge2te6-few-layer-magnetism-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb93cc85-df5b-4ce9-a62d-0de210a40f99","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c08fef5d5fe2e2da42c6fda8589da6e1a499ddbd7fbf8950b2e95bddb10a715"},"what_changed":"Kerr microscopy of thin Cr₂Ge₂Te₆ flakes revealed a strong thickness and magnetic-field dependence of the magnetic response. Measurements reached bilayer thickness; six-layer samples showed a small remanent Kerr signal, and the characteristic temperature inferred from bilayer response increased from about 28 K to 44 K as the applied field increased from 0.065 T to 0.3 T.","scope":"Kerr microscopy of thin Cr₂Ge₂Te₆ flakes revealed a strong thickness and magnetic-field dependence of the magnetic response. Measurements reached bilayer thickness; six-layer samples showed a small remanent Kerr signal, and the characteristic temperature inferred from bilayer response increased from about 28 K to 44 K as the applied field increased from 0.065 T to 0.3 T. The authors explicitly call the finite-field temperature a crossover between ferromagnetic-like and paramagnetic-like behavior; it is not automatically a zero-field thermodynamic critical temperature. Monolayers degraded and were not experimentally characterized, and bilayer and trilayer remanence was below their detection limit. The spin-wave interpretation uses approximate, rescaled exchange parameters.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eb93cc85-df5b-4ce9-a62d-0de210a40f99","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4c08fef5d5fe2e2da42c6fda8589da6e1a499ddbd7fbf8950b2e95bddb10a715"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gliese-229b-photometry-1996","title":"Broadband photometry of the cool companion Gliese 229B","summary":"Following the 1995 discovery of the cool companion Gliese 229B, Matthews and colleagues measured and reassessed its broadband emission from 0.8 to 10.5 micrometres, revising earlier near-infrared photometry affected by scattered light from the primary star. The observed bands imply a luminosity of (4.9 ± 0.6) × 10⁻⁶ solar luminosities.","boundary":"The 1996 paper treated the companion as one object; its roughly 900 K effective temperature used an assumed radius and its 6.4 × 10⁻⁶ solar bolometric luminosity additionally used atmosphere-model extrapolation. These are historical combined-light inferences, not direct temperatures or luminosities of separately resolved components.","area":"Stellar astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gliese-229b-photometry-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f04ad40f-d5a5-4d30-ad22-dfa0d0db0812","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:919535d70b6dca7502c64398129402c3918d33a8bdd77fc31d3fe6ed555a8138"},"humans":["K. Matthews","T. Nakajima","S. R. Kulkarni","B. R. Oppenheimer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"gliese-229b-broadband-photometry-1996","title":"Spectral Energy Distribution and Bolometric Luminosity of the Cool Brown Dwarf Gliese 229B","url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19970022994/downloads/19970022994.pdf","date":"1996-10"}],"points":"48000","published_grade":{"id":"gliese-229b-photometry-1996","entry_id":"gliese-229b-photometry-1996","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f04ad40f-d5a5-4d30-ad22-dfa0d0db0812","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:919535d70b6dca7502c64398129402c3918d33a8bdd77fc31d3fe6ed555a8138"},"what_changed":"Following the 1995 discovery of the cool companion Gliese 229B, Matthews and colleagues measured and reassessed its broadband emission from 0.8 to 10.5 micrometres, revising earlier near-infrared photometry affected by scattered light from the primary star. The observed bands imply a luminosity of (4.9 ± 0.6) × 10⁻⁶ solar luminosities.","scope":"Following the 1995 discovery of the cool companion Gliese 229B, Matthews and colleagues measured and reassessed its broadband emission from 0.8 to 10.5 micrometres, revising earlier near-infrared photometry affected by scattered light from the primary star. The observed bands imply a luminosity of (4.9 ± 0.6) × 10⁻⁶ solar luminosities. The 1996 paper treated the companion as one object; its roughly 900 K effective temperature used an assumed radius and its 6.4 × 10⁻⁶ solar bolometric luminosity additionally used atmosphere-model extrapolation. These are historical combined-light inferences, not direct temperatures or luminosities of separately resolved components.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f04ad40f-d5a5-4d30-ad22-dfa0d0db0812","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:919535d70b6dca7502c64398129402c3918d33a8bdd77fc31d3fe6ed555a8138"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mesoscopic-klein-schwinger-graphene-2022","title":"Graphene transport reveals a mesoscopic analogue of strong-field pair creation","summary":"Schmitt and colleagues studied transport in six encapsulated graphene devices and reported conductance consistent with a one-dimensional Klein–Schwinger electron–hole pair-creation model near current saturation. Across the device series, a fitted linear extrapolation was approximately 0.18 mS, close to the model’s 0.186 mS value.","boundary":"The measured quantity is electrical conductance in graphene, not electron–positron creation from empty vacuum. The pair contribution is inferred using a device-dependent three-parameter subtraction of the intraband background; visibility varies and the effective gap and field profile involve modeling assumptions. The fitted zero-bias extrapolation is not a direct zero-bias conductance measurement. The supplemental device GrS1 has reduced mobility and accessible voltage range; its raw differential conductance shows no clear Schwinger signature, and the reported signal visibility is restored by subtracting a fitted Klein conductance. Other device-series interpretations similarly depend on this subtraction. The noise decomposition and small inferred Fano factor rely on the stated thermal and shot-noise model.","area":"Condensed matter physics","topic":"Physics","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"mesoscopic-klein-schwinger-graphene-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7515e273-469b-4d90-a3c7-67d886bc2a3b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e29d689f9a58be71e585938af00f2fba7d49adc4caf8b4c3b908db49351cb0e7"},"humans":["A. Schmitt","P. Vallet","D. Mele","M. Rosticher","T. Taniguchi","K. Watanabe","E. Bocquillon","G. Fève","J. M. Berroir","C. Voisin","J. Cayssol","M. O. Goerbig","J. Troost","E. Baudin","B. Plaçais"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"schmitt-mesoscopic-klein-schwinger-graphene-2022-v1","title":"Mesoscopic Klein-Schwinger effect in graphene","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.13400v1","date":"2022-07-27"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"mesoscopic-klein-schwinger-graphene-2022","entry_id":"mesoscopic-klein-schwinger-graphene-2022","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7515e273-469b-4d90-a3c7-67d886bc2a3b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e29d689f9a58be71e585938af00f2fba7d49adc4caf8b4c3b908db49351cb0e7"},"what_changed":"Schmitt and colleagues studied transport in six encapsulated graphene devices and reported conductance consistent with a one-dimensional Klein–Schwinger electron–hole pair-creation model near current saturation. Across the device series, a fitted linear extrapolation was approximately 0.18 mS, close to the model’s 0.186 mS value.","scope":"Schmitt and colleagues studied transport in six encapsulated graphene devices and reported conductance consistent with a one-dimensional Klein–Schwinger electron–hole pair-creation model near current saturation. Across the device series, a fitted linear extrapolation was approximately 0.18 mS, close to the model’s 0.186 mS value. The measured quantity is electrical conductance in graphene, not electron–positron creation from empty vacuum. The pair contribution is inferred using a device-dependent three-parameter subtraction of the intraband background; visibility varies and the effective gap and field profile involve modeling assumptions. The fitted zero-bias extrapolation is not a direct zero-bias conductance measurement. The supplemental device GrS1 has reduced mobility and accessible voltage range; its raw differential conductance shows no clear Schwinger signature, and the reported signal visibility is restored by subtracting a fitted Klein conductance. Other device-series interpretations similarly depend on this subtraction. The noise decomposition and small inferred Fano factor rely on the stated thermal and shot-noise model.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7515e273-469b-4d90-a3c7-67d886bc2a3b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e29d689f9a58be71e585938af00f2fba7d49adc4caf8b4c3b908db49351cb0e7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"eyal-mi-talanov-reppy-multimode-helium-2015","title":"Multiple-frequency tests of anomalous rotation in bulk solid helium","summary":"Eyal, Mi, Talanov and Reppy measured bulk solid helium with double- and triple-mode torsional oscillators, separating a dominant frequency-dependent period shift from a smaller extrapolated frequency-independent contribution in some samples. They considered the latter a possible supersolid signature and proposed further discriminating tests.","boundary":"The frequency-independent intercept is derived by extrapolation and relies on the oscillator model, background subtraction, shear-modulus and sample assumptions. It is not a direct observation of superflow or conclusive proof of a supersolid phase; the authors state that additional tests are required. Their results concern bulk helium samples, distinct from the 2012 confined-Vycor null result.","area":"Low-temperature physics","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"eyal-mi-talanov-reppy-multimode-helium-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d096b99-3a30-4bb3-a0de-5bd6ee565732","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e7f0a7230ee46d4657ae2c4160fe0dc747806bfad5060d3748f65b7fe66308e4"},"humans":["A. Eyal","X. Mi","A. V. Talanov","J. D. Reppy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"eyal-mi-talanov-reppy-multimode-helium-2015-v1","title":"Multiple Mode Torsional Oscillator Studies and Evidence for Supersolidity in Bulk ⁴He","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03401v1","date":"2015-11-11"}],"points":"55000","published_grade":{"id":"eyal-mi-talanov-reppy-multimode-helium-2015","entry_id":"eyal-mi-talanov-reppy-multimode-helium-2015","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d096b99-3a30-4bb3-a0de-5bd6ee565732","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e7f0a7230ee46d4657ae2c4160fe0dc747806bfad5060d3748f65b7fe66308e4"},"what_changed":"Eyal, Mi, Talanov and Reppy measured bulk solid helium with double- and triple-mode torsional oscillators, separating a dominant frequency-dependent period shift from a smaller extrapolated frequency-independent contribution in some samples. They considered the latter a possible supersolid signature and proposed further discriminating tests.","scope":"Eyal, Mi, Talanov and Reppy measured bulk solid helium with double- and triple-mode torsional oscillators, separating a dominant frequency-dependent period shift from a smaller extrapolated frequency-independent contribution in some samples. They considered the latter a possible supersolid signature and proposed further discriminating tests. The frequency-independent intercept is derived by extrapolation and relies on the oscillator model, background subtraction, shear-modulus and sample assumptions. It is not a direct observation of superflow or conclusive proof of a supersolid phase; the authors state that additional tests are required. Their results concern bulk helium samples, distinct from the 2012 confined-Vycor null result.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8d096b99-3a30-4bb3-a0de-5bd6ee565732","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e7f0a7230ee46d4657ae2c4160fe0dc747806bfad5060d3748f65b7fe66308e4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cast-solar-axion-helium-search-2015","title":"CAST searches for solar axions with helium-filled and vacuum helioscopes","summary":"CAST used a solar-tracking magnet to search for axion-to-photon conversion. A 2012 helium-buffer run improved limits in selected mass regions near 0.2 and 0.4 eV. Its 2013–2015 vacuum run found no significant excess and reported a 95% upper coupling limit of 0.66 × 10⁻¹⁰ GeV⁻¹ for masses below about 0.02 eV.","boundary":"Both results depend on the assumed solar axion flux and conversion model, detector backgrounds and a Bayesian posterior with a flat prior in the fourth power of the coupling. The helium and vacuum mass regions and datasets differ; neither result is an axion detection or an exclusion of all masses. The vacuum-run limit accounts primarily for statistical fluctuations; the authors estimate systematic effects below 10% rather than independently proving they vanish.","area":"Particle physics","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"cast-solar-axion-helium-search-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:33e3aecb-78fb-4785-a1a8-e16e5afde5a0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c942d1a9788cdee8823eddfb267830f44bff07076450079ef7e85764ed7537d"},"humans":["M. Arik","S. Aune","K. Barth","V. Anastassopoulos"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cast-solar-axion-helium-search-2015-v1","title":"New solar axion search in CAST with ⁴He filling","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.00610v1","date":"2015-03-02"},{"id":"cast-solar-axion-vacuum-search-2017-v1","title":"New CAST Limit on the Axion–Photon Interaction","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.02290v1","date":"2017-05-05"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"cast-solar-axion-helium-search-2015","entry_id":"cast-solar-axion-helium-search-2015","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:33e3aecb-78fb-4785-a1a8-e16e5afde5a0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c942d1a9788cdee8823eddfb267830f44bff07076450079ef7e85764ed7537d"},"what_changed":"CAST used a solar-tracking magnet to search for axion-to-photon conversion. A 2012 helium-buffer run improved limits in selected mass regions near 0.2 and 0.4 eV. Its 2013–2015 vacuum run found no significant excess and reported a 95% upper coupling limit of 0.66 × 10⁻¹⁰ GeV⁻¹ for masses below about 0.02 eV.","scope":"CAST used a solar-tracking magnet to search for axion-to-photon conversion. A 2012 helium-buffer run improved limits in selected mass regions near 0.2 and 0.4 eV. Its 2013–2015 vacuum run found no significant excess and reported a 95% upper coupling limit of 0.66 × 10⁻¹⁰ GeV⁻¹ for masses below about 0.02 eV. Both results depend on the assumed solar axion flux and conversion model, detector backgrounds and a Bayesian posterior with a flat prior in the fourth power of the coupling. The helium and vacuum mass regions and datasets differ; neither result is an axion detection or an exclusion of all masses. The vacuum-run limit accounts primarily for statistical fluctuations; the authors estimate systematic effects below 10% rather than independently proving they vanish.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:33e3aecb-78fb-4785-a1a8-e16e5afde5a0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c942d1a9788cdee8823eddfb267830f44bff07076450079ef7e85764ed7537d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"borexino-geoneutrino-mantle-analysis-2019","title":"Borexino constrains a mantle geoneutrino contribution","summary":"Borexino analyzed 3262.74 days of data and obtained a fitted geoneutrino signal of 47.0 terrestrial neutrino units, with approximately 18% total uncertainty under its assumed thorium-to-uranium ratio. Incorporating a model for the local and broader lithosphere, the authors reported a nonzero mantle contribution at 99% confidence.","boundary":"The analysis statistically separates spectral components and relies on detector efficiency, background models, neutrino oscillation parameters and local crust composition; it does not assign individual events to the mantle. The mantle significance is conditional on the lithospheric model. The total radiogenic-heat estimate additionally assumes a potassium contribution and mantle elemental distribution; it is not a direct calorimetric measurement.","area":"Neutrino physics","topic":"Physics","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"borexino-geoneutrino-mantle-analysis-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:923ace6e-6272-4b9e-a2ea-153c3a32e24e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71a8336788542d00bd502d67b36a08826022865bb1d92285e4002165a4b83c8f"},"humans":["M. Agostini","K. Altenmüller","S. Appel"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"borexino-geoneutrinos-comprehensive-2019-v1","title":"Comprehensive geoneutrino analysis with Borexino","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.02257v1","date":"2019-09-05"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"borexino-geoneutrino-mantle-analysis-2019","entry_id":"borexino-geoneutrino-mantle-analysis-2019","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:923ace6e-6272-4b9e-a2ea-153c3a32e24e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71a8336788542d00bd502d67b36a08826022865bb1d92285e4002165a4b83c8f"},"what_changed":"Borexino analyzed 3262.74 days of data and obtained a fitted geoneutrino signal of 47.0 terrestrial neutrino units, with approximately 18% total uncertainty under its assumed thorium-to-uranium ratio. Incorporating a model for the local and broader lithosphere, the authors reported a nonzero mantle contribution at 99% confidence.","scope":"Borexino analyzed 3262.74 days of data and obtained a fitted geoneutrino signal of 47.0 terrestrial neutrino units, with approximately 18% total uncertainty under its assumed thorium-to-uranium ratio. Incorporating a model for the local and broader lithosphere, the authors reported a nonzero mantle contribution at 99% confidence. The analysis statistically separates spectral components and relies on detector efficiency, background models, neutrino oscillation parameters and local crust composition; it does not assign individual events to the mantle. The mantle significance is conditional on the lithospheric model. The total radiogenic-heat estimate additionally assumes a potassium contribution and mantle elemental distribution; it is not a direct calorimetric measurement.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:923ace6e-6272-4b9e-a2ea-153c3a32e24e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71a8336788542d00bd502d67b36a08826022865bb1d92285e4002165a4b83c8f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bicep-keck-planck-foreground-tensor-analysis-2015","title":"BICEP/Keck and Planck foreground analysis and primordial B-mode constraints","summary":"A 2015 joint analysis of BICEP2/Keck and Planck polarization maps found substantial Galactic dust contribution to the observed B-mode power and set a model-dependent limit r at pivot 0.05 per Mpc below 0.12 at 95% confidence. A later BICEP/Keck analysis adding 2016–2018 data and using WMAP and Planck maps reported r below 0.036 at 95% under its stated foreground and cosmological model.","boundary":"Both limits depend on foreground and cosmological assumptions. The 2021 baseline removes the earlier external dust spectral-index prior but retains a parametric foreground model, assumptions about lensing and synchrotron, and systematic uncertainties; its data overlap earlier analyses. The 2015 approximately seven-sigma lensing B-mode detection is not a primordial gravitational-wave detection. Neither upper limit establishes primordial tensor modes.","area":"Cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"bicep-keck-planck-foreground-tensor-analysis-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ecd82142-c99b-4610-a918-ea81a3584e28","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:224656e29bad7b15f8486eb09ad35a4508341ff8a1ab7b33fb1ed72ff9be64da"},"humans":["P. A. R. Ade","N. Aghanim","Z. Ahmed","M. Amiri"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"bicep2-keck-planck-joint-2015-v1","title":"A Joint Analysis of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Data","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.00612v1","date":"2015-02-02"},{"id":"bicep-keck-bk18-2021-v1","title":"BICEP / Keck XIII: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.00483v1","date":"2021-10-01"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"bicep-keck-planck-foreground-tensor-analysis-2015","entry_id":"bicep-keck-planck-foreground-tensor-analysis-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ecd82142-c99b-4610-a918-ea81a3584e28","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:224656e29bad7b15f8486eb09ad35a4508341ff8a1ab7b33fb1ed72ff9be64da"},"what_changed":"A 2015 joint analysis of BICEP2/Keck and Planck polarization maps found substantial Galactic dust contribution to the observed B-mode power and set a model-dependent limit r at pivot 0.05 per Mpc below 0.12 at 95% confidence. A later BICEP/Keck analysis adding 2016–2018 data and using WMAP and Planck maps reported r below 0.036 at 95% under its stated foreground and cosmological model.","scope":"A 2015 joint analysis of BICEP2/Keck and Planck polarization maps found substantial Galactic dust contribution to the observed B-mode power and set a model-dependent limit r at pivot 0.05 per Mpc below 0.12 at 95% confidence. A later BICEP/Keck analysis adding 2016–2018 data and using WMAP and Planck maps reported r below 0.036 at 95% under its stated foreground and cosmological model. Both limits depend on foreground and cosmological assumptions. The 2021 baseline removes the earlier external dust spectral-index prior but retains a parametric foreground model, assumptions about lensing and synchrotron, and systematic uncertainties; its data overlap earlier analyses. The 2015 approximately seven-sigma lensing B-mode detection is not a primordial gravitational-wave detection. Neither upper limit establishes primordial tensor modes.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ecd82142-c99b-4610-a918-ea81a3584e28","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:224656e29bad7b15f8486eb09ad35a4508341ff8a1ab7b33fb1ed72ff9be64da"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"saras3-independent-test-edges-cosmic-dawn-profile","title":"SARAS 3 tests a reported cosmic-dawn absorption profile","summary":"The SARAS 3 radiometer measured a sky-averaged radio spectrum and compared it with the absorption profile previously reported by EDGES. With the paper’s foreground and calibration model, its fit disfavoured the earlier best-fitting profile at 95.3% confidence; the authors also tested the wider set of profiles allowed by EDGES.","boundary":"This is an independent observational challenge to a specific earlier best-fit profile, not a detection of the cosmic-dawn 21-cm signal or proof that every possible 21-cm absorption profile is absent. The reported 95.3% applies to one best-fit template; the paper gives 90.4% for the weighted set of allowed profiles. Results rely on the selected 55–85 MHz science band, sixth-order foreground model, assumed systematic-error treatment and finite sensitivity. The cause of the EDGES spectral feature is not independently identified. The EDGES report is recorded separately with its own authors.","area":"Observational cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"saras3-independent-test-edges-cosmic-dawn-profile","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9815bea1-80a6-4b4c-a57d-5a9f9b134bd7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:89be556e36da500f1ed332d136f1a7f745bc99f1fb5dac16103a2a92437a63c6"},"humans":["Saurabh Singh","Jishnu Nambissan T.","Ravi Subrahmanyan","N. Udaya Shankar","B. S. Girish","A. Raghunathan","R. Somashekar","K. S. Srivani","Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"saras3-cosmic-dawn-profile-test-2021-v1","title":"On the detection of a cosmic dawn signal in the radio background","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.06778v1","date":"2021-12-13"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"saras3-independent-test-edges-cosmic-dawn-profile","entry_id":"saras3-independent-test-edges-cosmic-dawn-profile","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9815bea1-80a6-4b4c-a57d-5a9f9b134bd7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:89be556e36da500f1ed332d136f1a7f745bc99f1fb5dac16103a2a92437a63c6"},"what_changed":"The SARAS 3 radiometer measured a sky-averaged radio spectrum and compared it with the absorption profile previously reported by EDGES. With the paper’s foreground and calibration model, its fit disfavoured the earlier best-fitting profile at 95.3% confidence; the authors also tested the wider set of profiles allowed by EDGES.","scope":"The SARAS 3 radiometer measured a sky-averaged radio spectrum and compared it with the absorption profile previously reported by EDGES. With the paper’s foreground and calibration model, its fit disfavoured the earlier best-fitting profile at 95.3% confidence; the authors also tested the wider set of profiles allowed by EDGES. This is an independent observational challenge to a specific earlier best-fit profile, not a detection of the cosmic-dawn 21-cm signal or proof that every possible 21-cm absorption profile is absent. The reported 95.3% applies to one best-fit template; the paper gives 90.4% for the weighted set of allowed profiles. Results rely on the selected 55–85 MHz science band, sixth-order foreground model, assumed systematic-error treatment and finite sensitivity. The cause of the EDGES spectral feature is not independently identified. The EDGES report is recorded separately with its own authors.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9815bea1-80a6-4b4c-a57d-5a9f9b134bd7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:89be556e36da500f1ed332d136f1a7f745bc99f1fb5dac16103a2a92437a63c6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"edges-low-band-78mhz-profile-report-2018","title":"EDGES reports a low-frequency sky-averaged absorption profile","summary":"Bowman and colleagues reported a fitted absorption-like feature in EDGES low-band radio observations centred near 78 MHz, with a best-fitting width near 19 MHz and amplitude around 0.5 K. The authors interpreted it as a possible redshifted hydrogen signal from cosmic dawn.","boundary":"The sky foreground is far stronger than the fitted feature; its recovery depends on foreground, beam and calibration models. The two similarly designed low-band instruments operated at the same site. The 2018 authors sought independent confirmation, and the independent SARAS 3 measurement subsequently challenged the EDGES best-fit profile with model-dependent confidence. The feature’s cosmological interpretation and proposed dark-matter explanation remain disputed, not established discoveries.","area":"Observational cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"edges-low-band-78mhz-profile-report-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:441ac06c-3855-4749-ac6a-4d558f3c18b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a4d2968f43f2f764296e3150438489aa4009fdf1533d500d44c122ec41643ed"},"humans":["Judd D. Bowman","Alan E. E. Rogers","Raul A. Monsalve","Thomas J. Mozdzen","Nivedita Mahesh"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"edges-78mhz-sky-averaged-profile-2018-v1","title":"An absorption profile centred at 78 MHz in the sky-averaged spectrum","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.05912v1","date":"2018-10-13"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"edges-low-band-78mhz-profile-report-2018","entry_id":"edges-low-band-78mhz-profile-report-2018","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:441ac06c-3855-4749-ac6a-4d558f3c18b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a4d2968f43f2f764296e3150438489aa4009fdf1533d500d44c122ec41643ed"},"what_changed":"Bowman and colleagues reported a fitted absorption-like feature in EDGES low-band radio observations centred near 78 MHz, with a best-fitting width near 19 MHz and amplitude around 0.5 K. The authors interpreted it as a possible redshifted hydrogen signal from cosmic dawn.","scope":"Bowman and colleagues reported a fitted absorption-like feature in EDGES low-band radio observations centred near 78 MHz, with a best-fitting width near 19 MHz and amplitude around 0.5 K. The authors interpreted it as a possible redshifted hydrogen signal from cosmic dawn. The sky foreground is far stronger than the fitted feature; its recovery depends on foreground, beam and calibration models. The two similarly designed low-band instruments operated at the same site. The 2018 authors sought independent confirmation, and the independent SARAS 3 measurement subsequently challenged the EDGES best-fit profile with model-dependent confidence. The feature’s cosmological interpretation and proposed dark-matter explanation remain disputed, not established discoveries.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:441ac06c-3855-4749-ac6a-4d558f3c18b1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7a4d2968f43f2f764296e3150438489aa4009fdf1533d500d44c122ec41643ed"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hera-phase-i-21cm-power-spectrum-94-nights-2022","title":"HERA constrains early-universe 21 cm fluctuations","summary":"HERA analyzed 94 selected nights of Phase I observations and reported 95% upper limits on the dimensionless 21 cm brightness-temperature fluctuation power of 457 mK² at redshift 7.9 and wave number 0.34 h/Mpc, and 3,496 mK² at redshift 10.4 and 0.36 h/Mpc. The analysis also explored implications for astrophysical heating under specified models.","boundary":"These are upper limits, not a positive detection of the 21 cm power spectrum. The 94 nights include the earlier 18-night sample; they are not independent observations for counting purposes. Foreground avoidance, calibration, crosstalk mitigation and estimated signal-loss corrections affect the result. Heating and reionization implications depend on model families, priors and external data; the power-spectrum upper limits and model-specific Bayesian credible limits are distinct. This interferometric fluctuation measurement is not the global-sky spectrum measured by EDGES or SARAS.","area":"Observational cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"hera-phase-i-21cm-power-spectrum-94-nights-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d39eae55-154d-4696-a5fd-2a077e32cf58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95457c53c20d303192156a24935b78d91be7b9048fb28d80337edb2668dbce3b"},"humans":["Zara Abdurashidova","Tyrone Adams","James E. Aguirre"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"hera-phase-i-94-night-21cm-power-2022-v1","title":"Improved Constraints on the 21 cm EoR Power Spectrum and the X-Ray Heating of the IGM with HERA Phase I Observations","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.04912v1","date":"2022-10-10"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"hera-phase-i-21cm-power-spectrum-94-nights-2022","entry_id":"hera-phase-i-21cm-power-spectrum-94-nights-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d39eae55-154d-4696-a5fd-2a077e32cf58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95457c53c20d303192156a24935b78d91be7b9048fb28d80337edb2668dbce3b"},"what_changed":"HERA analyzed 94 selected nights of Phase I observations and reported 95% upper limits on the dimensionless 21 cm brightness-temperature fluctuation power of 457 mK² at redshift 7.9 and wave number 0.34 h/Mpc, and 3,496 mK² at redshift 10.4 and 0.36 h/Mpc. The analysis also explored implications for astrophysical heating under specified models.","scope":"HERA analyzed 94 selected nights of Phase I observations and reported 95% upper limits on the dimensionless 21 cm brightness-temperature fluctuation power of 457 mK² at redshift 7.9 and wave number 0.34 h/Mpc, and 3,496 mK² at redshift 10.4 and 0.36 h/Mpc. The analysis also explored implications for astrophysical heating under specified models. These are upper limits, not a positive detection of the 21 cm power spectrum. The 94 nights include the earlier 18-night sample; they are not independent observations for counting purposes. Foreground avoidance, calibration, crosstalk mitigation and estimated signal-loss corrections affect the result. Heating and reionization implications depend on model families, priors and external data; the power-spectrum upper limits and model-specific Bayesian credible limits are distinct. This interferometric fluctuation measurement is not the global-sky spectrum measured by EDGES or SARAS.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d39eae55-154d-4696-a5fd-2a077e32cf58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:95457c53c20d303192156a24935b78d91be7b9048fb28d80337edb2668dbce3b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jimenez-galaxy-ages-cosmic-expansion-2003","title":"Galaxy ages trace the cosmic expansion history","summary":"Jimenez, Verde, Treu and Stern used the upper age envelope of selected SDSS galaxies to estimate the low-redshift expansion rate, finding H₀ = 69 ± 12 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹ in their 2003 analysis. Simon, Verde and Jimenez subsequently combined selected galaxy spectra, including previously analyzed objects and new survey data, to estimate H(z) at nine redshifts and fit a parameterized dark-energy potential; the resulting potential was consistent with a constant within the stated uncertainties.","boundary":"Stellar ages depend on population-synthesis fits, passive-evolution assumptions and galaxy selection, not direct clocks. The 2003 low-redshift fit extends to z = 0.17 at effective z = 0.09 and uses an approximately 4% extrapolation to H₀ in its reference cosmology. The later work reuses earlier galaxy data and the earlier low-redshift determination; the two are not independent detections. Its galaxy sample is small, and dark-energy potential reconstruction assumes spatial flatness, chosen parameterization and matter-density priors. Consistency with a constant potential does not exclude evolution. Forecasts for future surveys are not achieved results.","area":"Observational cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2003,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"jimenez-galaxy-ages-cosmic-expansion-2003","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b017e8c8-24cb-4000-ae39-477210ac7b59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ac8118dd53504a775719c97b955f348be0ac3cd9975991f2d894c6d60f78ed3"},"humans":["Raul Jimenez","Licia Verde","Tommaso Treu","Daniel Stern","Joan Simon"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"jimenez-verde-treu-stern-stellar-ages-cmb-2003-v1","title":"Constraints on the equation of state of dark energy and the Hubble constant from stellar ages and the CMB","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0302560v1","date":"2003-02-27"},{"id":"simon-verde-jimenez-galaxy-ages-2004-v1","title":"Constraints on the redshift dependence of the dark energy potential","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0412269v1","date":"2004-12-13"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"jimenez-galaxy-ages-cosmic-expansion-2003","entry_id":"jimenez-galaxy-ages-cosmic-expansion-2003","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b017e8c8-24cb-4000-ae39-477210ac7b59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ac8118dd53504a775719c97b955f348be0ac3cd9975991f2d894c6d60f78ed3"},"what_changed":"Jimenez, Verde, Treu and Stern used the upper age envelope of selected SDSS galaxies to estimate the low-redshift expansion rate, finding H₀ = 69 ± 12 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹ in their 2003 analysis. Simon, Verde and Jimenez subsequently combined selected galaxy spectra, including previously analyzed objects and new survey data, to estimate H(z) at nine redshifts and fit a parameterized dark-energy potential; the resulting potential was consistent with a constant within the stated uncertainties.","scope":"Jimenez, Verde, Treu and Stern used the upper age envelope of selected SDSS galaxies to estimate the low-redshift expansion rate, finding H₀ = 69 ± 12 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹ in their 2003 analysis. Simon, Verde and Jimenez subsequently combined selected galaxy spectra, including previously analyzed objects and new survey data, to estimate H(z) at nine redshifts and fit a parameterized dark-energy potential; the resulting potential was consistent with a constant within the stated uncertainties. Stellar ages depend on population-synthesis fits, passive-evolution assumptions and galaxy selection, not direct clocks. The 2003 low-redshift fit extends to z = 0.17 at effective z = 0.09 and uses an approximately 4% extrapolation to H₀ in its reference cosmology. The later work reuses earlier galaxy data and the earlier low-redshift determination; the two are not independent detections. Its galaxy sample is small, and dark-energy potential reconstruction assumes spatial flatness, chosen parameterization and matter-density priors. Consistency with a constant potential does not exclude evolution. Forecasts for future surveys are not achieved results.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b017e8c8-24cb-4000-ae39-477210ac7b59","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1ac8118dd53504a775719c97b955f348be0ac3cd9975991f2d894c6d60f78ed3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"refsdal-supernova-predicted-reappearance-2015","title":"A predicted gravitationally lensed supernova image reappears","summary":"After four images of supernova Refsdal were observed in 2014 behind galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223, five modeling teams used existing imaging and spectroscopy to construct seven lens models and predicted an additional image. Hubble observations on 11 December 2015 revealed a new source at the predicted location, interpreted as that fifth image. Its early brightness and timing allowed a blind comparison with prior lens-model predictions. A later blinded analysis of the extended light curves reported an SX–S1 delay of 376.0 days with a 16th–84th percentile interval of approximately −5.5 to +5.6 days, using a weighted combination of four fitting methods.","boundary":"This is a later image of the same explosion, not a new explosion. The seven forecasts share observational inputs and are not seven independent confirmations. In the October 2015 forecast most models predicted the peak in the first quarter of 2016; the December detection is an appearance, not the date of the peak. The early light curve constrains time delay and magnification jointly; full light-curve fitting and systematic errors including mass-sheet degeneracy and line-of-sight structure remained open. The pre-observation forecast and subsequent observation have distinct source-specific bylines. The later delay and its uncertainty depend on light-curve models, simulation-calibrated method weights and microlensing assumptions; a companion Hubble-constant inference is a separate analysis. In the v1 corner-plot figure, some short-delay labels differ from the primary delay table and figure; those values need reconciliation and are not exported.","area":"Observational astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"refsdal-supernova-predicted-reappearance-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88c34347-4c15-45b3-ac87-dc9dc93ceb13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e4b00dd26ad83e77bfe1dcefb44ebf5cd860d5245937ff90c39e213ca554076"},"humans":["P. L. Kelly","S. A. Rodney","T. Treu","G. Brammer","J. M. Diego"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"kelly-refsdal-reappearance-2015-v1","title":"Déjà Vu All Over Again: The Reappearance of Supernova Refsdal","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.04654v1","date":"2015-12-15"},{"id":"treu-refsdal-blind-forecast-2015-v1","title":"Refsdal meets Popper: comparing predictions of the re-appearance of the multiply imaged supernova behind MACSJ1149.5+2223","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.05750v1","date":"2015-10-20"},{"id":"kelly-refsdal-delay-magnification-2023-v1","title":"The Magnificent Five Images of Supernova Refsdal: Time Delay and Magnification Measurements","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.06377v1","date":"2023-05-10"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"refsdal-supernova-predicted-reappearance-2015","entry_id":"refsdal-supernova-predicted-reappearance-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88c34347-4c15-45b3-ac87-dc9dc93ceb13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e4b00dd26ad83e77bfe1dcefb44ebf5cd860d5245937ff90c39e213ca554076"},"what_changed":"After four images of supernova Refsdal were observed in 2014 behind galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223, five modeling teams used existing imaging and spectroscopy to construct seven lens models and predicted an additional image. Hubble observations on 11 December 2015 revealed a new source at the predicted location, interpreted as that fifth image. Its early brightness and timing allowed a blind comparison with prior lens-model predictions. A later blinded analysis of the extended light curves reported an SX–S1 delay of 376.0 days with a 16th–84th percentile interval of approximately −5.5 to +5.6 days, using a weighted combination of four fitting methods.","scope":"After four images of supernova Refsdal were observed in 2014 behind galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223, five modeling teams used existing imaging and spectroscopy to construct seven lens models and predicted an additional image. Hubble observations on 11 December 2015 revealed a new source at the predicted location, interpreted as that fifth image. Its early brightness and timing allowed a blind comparison with prior lens-model predictions. A later blinded analysis of the extended light curves reported an SX–S1 delay of 376.0 days with a 16th–84th percentile interval of approximately −5.5 to +5.6 days, using a weighted combination of four fitting methods. This is a later image of the same explosion, not a new explosion. The seven forecasts share observational inputs and are not seven independent confirmations. In the October 2015 forecast most models predicted the peak in the first quarter of 2016; the December detection is an appearance, not the date of the peak. The early light curve constrains time delay and magnification jointly; full light-curve fitting and systematic errors including mass-sheet degeneracy and line-of-sight structure remained open. The pre-observation forecast and subsequent observation have distinct source-specific bylines. The later delay and its uncertainty depend on light-curve models, simulation-calibrated method weights and microlensing assumptions; a companion Hubble-constant inference is a separate analysis. In the v1 corner-plot figure, some short-delay labels differ from the primary delay table and figure; those values need reconciliation and are not exported.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88c34347-4c15-45b3-ac87-dc9dc93ceb13","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e4b00dd26ad83e77bfe1dcefb44ebf5cd860d5245937ff90c39e213ca554076"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chang-ybco-charge-order-superconducting-competition-2012","title":"Complementary X-ray evidence of charge order competing with superconductivity in underdoped cuprates","summary":"In 2012 Chang and colleagues used nonresonant hard X-ray diffraction on an underdoped YBa₂Cu₃O₆.₆₇ crystal to identify incommensurate lattice-modulation peaks associated with charge order; the peak weakened below the superconducting transition and increased under an applied magnetic field. Separately, Ghiringhelli and colleagues used resonant soft X-ray scattering near the Cu L₃ edge on underdoped Y- and Nd-based 123 cuprates, identifying a quasi-elastic charge-associated peak near 0.31 reciprocal lattice units. Its intensity and correlation length rose on cooling toward the superconducting transition and fell below it, supporting competition between the measured charge correlations and superconductivity.","boundary":"The hard X-ray experiment primarily measures atomic displacements in one detwinned oxygen-ordered sample and cannot distinguish two coexisting wavevectors from separate domains. The resonant study probes the electronic response in selected samples, with peaks reported at hole dopings 0.09–0.13; its approximately 130 meV instrumental energy resolution does not resolve the low-energy fluctuation spectrum. Its interpretation of charge correlations uses polarization comparisons and model assumptions. The studies have distinct methods and source-specific author lists; these observations do not establish a universal mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity or prove Fermi-surface reconstruction.","area":"Condensed-matter physics","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"chang-ybco-charge-order-superconducting-competition-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f75a52de-36d8-4ae9-a485-ab57f6e361ca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f3035a1bd5165589e35141c9a26904dc0b8e08293f534648134b0a9de59da122"},"humans":["J. Chang","E. Blackburn","A. T. Holmes","N. B. Christensen","J. Larsen","J. Mesot","Ruixing Liang","D. A. Bonn","W. N. Hardy","A. Watenphul","M. v. Zimmermann","E. M. Forgan","S. M. Hayden","G. Ghiringhelli","M. Le Tacon","M. Minola"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"chang-blackburn-ybco-charge-order-2012-v1","title":"Direct observation of competition between superconductivity and charge density wave order in YBa2Cu3Oy","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.4333v1","date":"2012-06-19"},{"id":"ghiringhelli-resonant-charge-correlations-2012-v1","title":"Long-range incommensurate charge fluctuations in (Y,Nd)Ba2Cu3O6+x","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.0915v1","date":"2012-07-04"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"chang-ybco-charge-order-superconducting-competition-2012","entry_id":"chang-ybco-charge-order-superconducting-competition-2012","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f75a52de-36d8-4ae9-a485-ab57f6e361ca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f3035a1bd5165589e35141c9a26904dc0b8e08293f534648134b0a9de59da122"},"what_changed":"In 2012 Chang and colleagues used nonresonant hard X-ray diffraction on an underdoped YBa₂Cu₃O₆.₆₇ crystal to identify incommensurate lattice-modulation peaks associated with charge order; the peak weakened below the superconducting transition and increased under an applied magnetic field. Separately, Ghiringhelli and colleagues used resonant soft X-ray scattering near the Cu L₃ edge on underdoped Y- and Nd-based 123 cuprates, identifying a quasi-elastic charge-associated peak near 0.31 reciprocal lattice units. Its intensity and correlation length rose on cooling toward the superconducting transition and fell below it, supporting competition between the measured charge correlations and superconductivity.","scope":"In 2012 Chang and colleagues used nonresonant hard X-ray diffraction on an underdoped YBa₂Cu₃O₆.₆₇ crystal to identify incommensurate lattice-modulation peaks associated with charge order; the peak weakened below the superconducting transition and increased under an applied magnetic field. Separately, Ghiringhelli and colleagues used resonant soft X-ray scattering near the Cu L₃ edge on underdoped Y- and Nd-based 123 cuprates, identifying a quasi-elastic charge-associated peak near 0.31 reciprocal lattice units. Its intensity and correlation length rose on cooling toward the superconducting transition and fell below it, supporting competition between the measured charge correlations and superconductivity. The hard X-ray experiment primarily measures atomic displacements in one detwinned oxygen-ordered sample and cannot distinguish two coexisting wavevectors from separate domains. The resonant study probes the electronic response in selected samples, with peaks reported at hole dopings 0.09–0.13; its approximately 130 meV instrumental energy resolution does not resolve the low-energy fluctuation spectrum. Its interpretation of charge correlations uses polarization comparisons and model assumptions. The studies have distinct methods and source-specific author lists; these observations do not establish a universal mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity or prove Fermi-surface reconstruction.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f75a52de-36d8-4ae9-a485-ab57f6e361ca","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f3035a1bd5165589e35141c9a26904dc0b8e08293f534648134b0a9de59da122"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"herr-microresonator-dissipative-soliton-mode-locking-2012","title":"Temporal soliton mode locking in a nonlinear optical microresonator","summary":"Herr and colleagues reported pulse formation in a continuously driven magnesium-fluoride optical microresonator. Discrete transmission steps and a low-noise radio-frequency beat accompanied different optical spectra. Frequency-resolved optical gating reconstructed a single pulse of about 200 femtoseconds and resolved multiple pulses in other states. Coupled-mode simulations and an approximate driven nonlinear Schrödinger solution associated these states with temporal cavity solitons. The 2013 revised author version added an independent single-shot pulse-spacing check and described tuning and stability of the soliton states.","boundary":"The approximately 200-femtosecond pulse width is reconstructed after pump suppression, amplification and dispersion compensation. A separate single-shot temporal magnifier resolves pulse spacing but has approximately 2.5-picosecond resolution and does not itself determine pulse duration. The simulation neglects thermal effects and interactions with other mode families; the analytical soliton form is approximate. The reported stable operation requires a continuously driven, carefully tuned crystalline resonator and is not a guarantee for all platforms or conditions. The 2012 preprint and 2013 revision have different author lists; the final journal version may contain additional changes. Earlier frequency combs, cavity solitons and mode-locking work retain credit.","area":"Optical physics","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"herr-microresonator-dissipative-soliton-mode-locking-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:077539f7-292d-48ac-a8fd-f0c9a4784b48","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7d9c9b61f75affaa26e9c5bdb593084491422ae1a6d3e97d00b455e90049264"},"humans":["T. Herr","V. Brasch","M. L. Gorodetsky","T. J. Kippenberg","J. D. Jost","C. Y. Wang","N. M. Kondratiev"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"herr-microresonator-soliton-mode-locking-2012-v1","title":"Soliton mode-locking in optical microresonators","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.0733v1","date":"2012-11-04"},{"id":"herr-microresonator-temporal-solitons-2013-v3","title":"Temporal solitons in optical microresonators","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.0733v3","date":"2013-06-27"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"herr-microresonator-dissipative-soliton-mode-locking-2012","entry_id":"herr-microresonator-dissipative-soliton-mode-locking-2012","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:077539f7-292d-48ac-a8fd-f0c9a4784b48","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7d9c9b61f75affaa26e9c5bdb593084491422ae1a6d3e97d00b455e90049264"},"what_changed":"Herr and colleagues reported pulse formation in a continuously driven magnesium-fluoride optical microresonator. Discrete transmission steps and a low-noise radio-frequency beat accompanied different optical spectra. Frequency-resolved optical gating reconstructed a single pulse of about 200 femtoseconds and resolved multiple pulses in other states. Coupled-mode simulations and an approximate driven nonlinear Schrödinger solution associated these states with temporal cavity solitons. The 2013 revised author version added an independent single-shot pulse-spacing check and described tuning and stability of the soliton states.","scope":"Herr and colleagues reported pulse formation in a continuously driven magnesium-fluoride optical microresonator. Discrete transmission steps and a low-noise radio-frequency beat accompanied different optical spectra. Frequency-resolved optical gating reconstructed a single pulse of about 200 femtoseconds and resolved multiple pulses in other states. Coupled-mode simulations and an approximate driven nonlinear Schrödinger solution associated these states with temporal cavity solitons. The 2013 revised author version added an independent single-shot pulse-spacing check and described tuning and stability of the soliton states. The approximately 200-femtosecond pulse width is reconstructed after pump suppression, amplification and dispersion compensation. A separate single-shot temporal magnifier resolves pulse spacing but has approximately 2.5-picosecond resolution and does not itself determine pulse duration. The simulation neglects thermal effects and interactions with other mode families; the analytical soliton form is approximate. The reported stable operation requires a continuously driven, carefully tuned crystalline resonator and is not a guarantee for all platforms or conditions. The 2012 preprint and 2013 revision have different author lists; the final journal version may contain additional changes. Earlier frequency combs, cavity solitons and mode-locking work retain credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:077539f7-292d-48ac-a8fd-f0c9a4784b48","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b7d9c9b61f75affaa26e9c5bdb593084491422ae1a6d3e97d00b455e90049264"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ebbesen-metal-subwavelength-hole-array-transmission-1998","title":"Enhanced optical transmission through subwavelength hole arrays in metal films","summary":"Ebbesen and colleagues measured unexpectedly strong, wavelength-dependent transmission through periodic arrays of tiny holes in metal films. Sharp peaks appeared even when the wavelength was far larger than a hole; the patterns changed with the spacing, metal and illumination angle.","boundary":"The reported efficiency can exceed one because it is normalized to the area of the holes, not because the array emits more energy than falls on the whole illuminated region. The authors connected the effect to surface excitations but did not establish a complete microscopic coupling mechanism for every geometry.","area":"Optical physics","topic":"Physics","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ebbesen-metal-subwavelength-hole-array-transmission-1998","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78ab22a8-ee2a-41b9-aca8-81727ddb4585","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc2bba918f38af1930148ef75b29c9ded02d9ba91996695f72f641dde7aa92a6"},"humans":["T. W. Ebbesen","H. J. Lezec","H. F. Ghaemi","T. Thio","P. A. Wolff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ebbesen-extraordinary-hole-array-transmission-1998-published","title":"Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/ee349/Handouts/Nature02121998.pdf","date":"1998-02-12"},{"id":"ebbesen-nature-publisher-1998","title":"Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/35570","date":"1998-02-12"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US","FR","DE"],"location_basis":"NEC Research Institute, USA; Louis Pasteur University, France; Micrion Europe, Germany; MIT, USA. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/ee349/Handouts/Nature02121998.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78ab22a8-ee2a-41b9-aca8-81727ddb4585","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc2bba918f38af1930148ef75b29c9ded02d9ba91996695f72f641dde7aa92a6"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/ee349/Handouts/Nature02121998.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States","FR":"France","DE":"Germany"}},"points":"215000","published_grade":{"id":"ebbesen-metal-subwavelength-hole-array-transmission-1998","entry_id":"ebbesen-metal-subwavelength-hole-array-transmission-1998","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78ab22a8-ee2a-41b9-aca8-81727ddb4585","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc2bba918f38af1930148ef75b29c9ded02d9ba91996695f72f641dde7aa92a6"},"what_changed":"Ebbesen and colleagues measured unexpectedly strong, wavelength-dependent transmission through periodic arrays of tiny holes in metal films. Sharp peaks appeared even when the wavelength was far larger than a hole; the patterns changed with the spacing, metal and illumination angle.","scope":"Ebbesen and colleagues measured unexpectedly strong, wavelength-dependent transmission through periodic arrays of tiny holes in metal films. Sharp peaks appeared even when the wavelength was far larger than a hole; the patterns changed with the spacing, metal and illumination angle. The reported efficiency can exceed one because it is normalized to the area of the holes, not because the array emits more energy than falls on the whole illuminated region. The authors connected the effect to surface excitations but did not establish a complete microscopic coupling mechanism for every geometry.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:78ab22a8-ee2a-41b9-aca8-81727ddb4585","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bc2bba918f38af1930148ef75b29c9ded02d9ba91996695f72f641dde7aa92a6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gw150914-ringdown-overtone-analysis-dispute-2019","title":"GW150914 ringdown overtone fits and their statistical dispute","summary":"Isi and colleagues fit damped black-hole oscillation models to GW150914 data beginning near the waveform peak and reported evidence for a short-lived overtone together with a fundamental mode. A 2022 reanalysis by Cotesta and colleagues found much weaker overtone support and sensitivity to start time and noise. In 2023 Isi and Farr identified timing and analysis-duration problems in that reanalysis; Carullo and colleagues repeated their analysis with changes, reporting improved agreement for some estimates while maintaining that Bayesian evidence remained weak.","boundary":"All analyses concern the same gravitational-wave event and make assumptions about the waveform, starting time, noise, sampling, priors and mode content. A nonzero amplitude posterior and a Bayes factor answer different statistical questions. The teams disagree on the effects of corrections and peak-time uncertainty, and the physical interpretation of an early damped component is also disputed. Agreement of fitted remnant parameters under Kerr assumptions is a conditional consistency test, not an unrestricted proof of the no-hair theorem or an independently established overtone detection.","area":"Gravitational-wave astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gw150914-ringdown-overtone-analysis-dispute-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af0ed73a-6a8b-4167-a374-3d244649b791","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee2e6a21c4aefe986a25e5cf4f816f205fea847bc37dcac89b04b7b54ff7d28a"},"humans":["Maximiliano Isi","Matthew Giesler","Will M. Farr","Mark A. Scheel","Saul A. Teukolsky","Roberto Cotesta","Gregorio Carullo","Emanuele Berti","Vitor Cardoso"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"isi-gw150914-ringdown-2019-v1","title":"Testing the no-hair theorem with GW150914","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.00869v1","date":"2019-05-02"},{"id":"cotesta-gw150914-overtone-reanalysis-2022-v1","title":"On the detection of ringdown overtones in GW150914","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.00822v1","date":"2022-01-03"},{"id":"isi-farr-overtone-comment-2023-v1","title":"Comment on Analysis of Ringdown Overtones in GW150914","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.13869v1","date":"2023-10-21"},{"id":"carullo-overtone-reply-2023-v1","title":"Reply to Comment on Analysis of Ringdown Overtones in GW150914","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.20625v1","date":"2023-10-31"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"gw150914-ringdown-overtone-analysis-dispute-2019","entry_id":"gw150914-ringdown-overtone-analysis-dispute-2019","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af0ed73a-6a8b-4167-a374-3d244649b791","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee2e6a21c4aefe986a25e5cf4f816f205fea847bc37dcac89b04b7b54ff7d28a"},"what_changed":"Isi and colleagues fit damped black-hole oscillation models to GW150914 data beginning near the waveform peak and reported evidence for a short-lived overtone together with a fundamental mode. A 2022 reanalysis by Cotesta and colleagues found much weaker overtone support and sensitivity to start time and noise. In 2023 Isi and Farr identified timing and analysis-duration problems in that reanalysis; Carullo and colleagues repeated their analysis with changes, reporting improved agreement for some estimates while maintaining that Bayesian evidence remained weak.","scope":"Isi and colleagues fit damped black-hole oscillation models to GW150914 data beginning near the waveform peak and reported evidence for a short-lived overtone together with a fundamental mode. A 2022 reanalysis by Cotesta and colleagues found much weaker overtone support and sensitivity to start time and noise. In 2023 Isi and Farr identified timing and analysis-duration problems in that reanalysis; Carullo and colleagues repeated their analysis with changes, reporting improved agreement for some estimates while maintaining that Bayesian evidence remained weak. All analyses concern the same gravitational-wave event and make assumptions about the waveform, starting time, noise, sampling, priors and mode content. A nonzero amplitude posterior and a Bayes factor answer different statistical questions. The teams disagree on the effects of corrections and peak-time uncertainty, and the physical interpretation of an early damped component is also disputed. Agreement of fitted remnant parameters under Kerr assumptions is a conditional consistency test, not an unrestricted proof of the no-hair theorem or an independently established overtone detection.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af0ed73a-6a8b-4167-a374-3d244649b791","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee2e6a21c4aefe986a25e5cf4f816f205fea847bc37dcac89b04b7b54ff7d28a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shapiro-team-planetary-radar-delay-test-1971","title":"Planetary radar measurements test the solar gravitational time delay","summary":"Shapiro and colleagues tested the extra round-trip delay of radar signals passing near the Sun using planetary echoes. Their 1968 preliminary analysis combined orbital modeling with Mercury and Venus observations and reported agreement with the general-relativistic delay within the estimated experimental uncertainty. A later 1971 analysis combined further Haystack and Arecibo measurements and fitted a delay scale of about 1.02 relative to the general-relativistic prediction of 1, with an estimated 0.05 uncertainty including systematics.","boundary":"The measurements use joint orbital and timing models, rather than directly observing a coordinate-time quantity independent of model assumptions. In 1968 the authors report a hardware-processing defect requiring empirical correction and unresolved inter-observatory differences; they state raw measurements were not retained for complete reprocessing. The 1971 systematic estimate includes solar plasma and planetary topography. The 1968 report gives a delay coefficient of 0.9 ± 0.2, whereas the 1971 text cites 0.09 ± 0.2 for the earlier result; this conflicts with the earlier paper and adjacent conversion, and the effect of the 1968 erratum remains unresolved. These reports share observations and have distinct bylines; they are separate from the 1964 theoretical proposal and later spacecraft tests.","area":"Gravitational physics","topic":"Physics","year":1971,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"shapiro-team-planetary-radar-delay-test-1971","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:67cc9bca-f8ff-4a42-a720-b452e9f2c09c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08d25a0b6604806d1dfe35c01cd45b6ffc2aaeef1ff319cb5bf0d908da6552a8"},"humans":["Irwin I. Shapiro","Michael E. Ash","Richard P. Ingalls","William B. Smith","Donald B. Campbell","Rolf B. Dyce","Raymond F. Jurgens","Gordon H. Pettengill","Melvin L. Stone","Richard A. Brockelman"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"shapiro-planetary-radar-delay-1971-published","title":"Fourth Test of General Relativity: New Radar Result","url":"https://122.physics.ucdavis.edu/course/cosmology/sites/default/files/files/Shapiro-PRL.pdf","date":"1971-05-03"},{"id":"shapiro-planetary-radar-preliminary-1968-published","title":"Fourth Test of General Relativity: Preliminary Results","url":"https://cienciaescolar.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/034.pdf","date":"1968-05-27"}],"points":"165000","published_grade":{"id":"shapiro-team-planetary-radar-delay-test-1971","entry_id":"shapiro-team-planetary-radar-delay-test-1971","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:67cc9bca-f8ff-4a42-a720-b452e9f2c09c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08d25a0b6604806d1dfe35c01cd45b6ffc2aaeef1ff319cb5bf0d908da6552a8"},"what_changed":"Shapiro and colleagues tested the extra round-trip delay of radar signals passing near the Sun using planetary echoes. Their 1968 preliminary analysis combined orbital modeling with Mercury and Venus observations and reported agreement with the general-relativistic delay within the estimated experimental uncertainty. A later 1971 analysis combined further Haystack and Arecibo measurements and fitted a delay scale of about 1.02 relative to the general-relativistic prediction of 1, with an estimated 0.05 uncertainty including systematics.","scope":"Shapiro and colleagues tested the extra round-trip delay of radar signals passing near the Sun using planetary echoes. Their 1968 preliminary analysis combined orbital modeling with Mercury and Venus observations and reported agreement with the general-relativistic delay within the estimated experimental uncertainty. A later 1971 analysis combined further Haystack and Arecibo measurements and fitted a delay scale of about 1.02 relative to the general-relativistic prediction of 1, with an estimated 0.05 uncertainty including systematics. The measurements use joint orbital and timing models, rather than directly observing a coordinate-time quantity independent of model assumptions. In 1968 the authors report a hardware-processing defect requiring empirical correction and unresolved inter-observatory differences; they state raw measurements were not retained for complete reprocessing. The 1971 systematic estimate includes solar plasma and planetary topography. The 1968 report gives a delay coefficient of 0.9 ± 0.2, whereas the 1971 text cites 0.09 ± 0.2 for the earlier result; this conflicts with the earlier paper and adjacent conversion, and the effect of the 1968 erratum remains unresolved. These reports share observations and have distinct bylines; they are separate from the 1964 theoretical proposal and later spacecraft tests.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:67cc9bca-f8ff-4a42-a720-b452e9f2c09c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:08d25a0b6604806d1dfe35c01cd45b6ffc2aaeef1ff319cb5bf0d908da6552a8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"yu-fecosi-lorentz-tem-skyrmion-lattice-2010","title":"Real-space imaging of a skyrmion lattice in a thin magnetic film","summary":"Yu and colleagues used Lorentz transmission electron microscopy to image magnetic textures in a thin Fe₀.₅Co₀.₅Si film. Under a perpendicular magnetic field, they observed a hexagonal arrangement of swirling in-plane magnetization with roughly 90-nanometre spacing, and tracked its change with field and temperature. A two-dimensional spin-model Monte Carlo calculation supplied a comparison for the observed phase diagram.","boundary":"The technique and transport-of-intensity analysis reconstruct in-plane magnetization; the out-of-plane spin direction was inferred by comparison with the model and field, not directly resolved by the images. The experiment concerns an electron-transparent thin specimen and finite field-temperature conditions; the experimental phase region exceeds that of the simplified simulation. It is distinct from earlier reciprocal-space neutron scattering and does not itself establish a skyrmion-based device, a universal zero-temperature phase or direct measurement of the complete three-dimensional spin field. The TIE reconstruction uses three focus planes and small-angle and weak-phase approximations; the reported Monte Carlo comparisons use finite periodic two-dimensional grids. Independent raw-image and simulation replay remain open.","area":"Condensed-matter physics","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"yu-fecosi-lorentz-tem-skyrmion-lattice-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:575e88e5-0125-4a2f-ab65-ca0c7f35ca5e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4644a83886faae6dd4011e9b72655dab88baa6961cde33a14a4e2a17731666a0"},"humans":["X. Z. Yu","Y. Onose","N. Kanazawa","J. H. Park","J. H. Han","Y. Matsui","N. Nagaosa","Y. Tokura"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"yu-skyrmion-real-space-2010-published","title":"Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal","url":"https://www.if.ufrgs.br/~magusmao/FIP10604/RefsSemin/skyrmions1.pdf","date":"2010-06-17"},{"id":"yu-skyrmion-real-space-2010-supplement","title":"Supplementary information: Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal","url":"https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature09124/MediaObjects/41586_2010_BFnature09124_MOESM321_ESM.pdf","date":"2010-06-17"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"yu-fecosi-lorentz-tem-skyrmion-lattice-2010","entry_id":"yu-fecosi-lorentz-tem-skyrmion-lattice-2010","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:575e88e5-0125-4a2f-ab65-ca0c7f35ca5e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4644a83886faae6dd4011e9b72655dab88baa6961cde33a14a4e2a17731666a0"},"what_changed":"Yu and colleagues used Lorentz transmission electron microscopy to image magnetic textures in a thin Fe₀.₅Co₀.₅Si film. Under a perpendicular magnetic field, they observed a hexagonal arrangement of swirling in-plane magnetization with roughly 90-nanometre spacing, and tracked its change with field and temperature. A two-dimensional spin-model Monte Carlo calculation supplied a comparison for the observed phase diagram.","scope":"Yu and colleagues used Lorentz transmission electron microscopy to image magnetic textures in a thin Fe₀.₅Co₀.₅Si film. Under a perpendicular magnetic field, they observed a hexagonal arrangement of swirling in-plane magnetization with roughly 90-nanometre spacing, and tracked its change with field and temperature. A two-dimensional spin-model Monte Carlo calculation supplied a comparison for the observed phase diagram. The technique and transport-of-intensity analysis reconstruct in-plane magnetization; the out-of-plane spin direction was inferred by comparison with the model and field, not directly resolved by the images. The experiment concerns an electron-transparent thin specimen and finite field-temperature conditions; the experimental phase region exceeds that of the simplified simulation. It is distinct from earlier reciprocal-space neutron scattering and does not itself establish a skyrmion-based device, a universal zero-temperature phase or direct measurement of the complete three-dimensional spin field. The TIE reconstruction uses three focus planes and small-angle and weak-phase approximations; the reported Monte Carlo comparisons use finite periodic two-dimensional grids. Independent raw-image and simulation replay remain open.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:575e88e5-0125-4a2f-ab65-ca0c7f35ca5e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4644a83886faae6dd4011e9b72655dab88baa6961cde33a14a4e2a17731666a0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kamihara-iron-oxypnictide-laofep-superconductivity-2006","title":"Superconductivity in layered iron oxypnictide LaOFeP","summary":"Kamihara and colleagues reported superconducting behavior in the layered iron oxypnictide LaOFeP. At low temperatures the electrical resistance fell to the measurement limit and the material became diamagnetic; a fluorine-doped sample had a higher transition temperature.","boundary":"The result concerns the reported polycrystalline samples and measurement conditions. Shielding fractions were estimated from susceptibility and do not directly establish perfectly uniform superconducting volume. The mechanism and pairing symmetry were not determined; the later 2008 iron–arsenic compound is a distinct result.","area":"Condensed-matter physics","topic":"Physics","year":2006,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"kamihara-iron-oxypnictide-laofep-superconductivity-2006","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a468195b-7f0f-420e-aff1-d7aea0b5ff0a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bec9ce217b0300913482be6d48684429b3aff696cd7e498ca65355033b0409a"},"humans":["Yoichi Kamihara","Hidenori Hiramatsu","Masahiro Hirano","Ryuto Kawamura","Hiroshi Yanagi","Toshio Kamiya","Hideo Hosono"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"kamihara-laofep-superconductivity-2006-published","title":"Iron-Based Layered Superconductor: LaOFeP","url":"https://file1.lookchem.com/doi/2022/3/6/bd9dc262-ec33-40a9-a700-34a3d9f4f668.pdf","date":"2006-07-15"},{"id":"kamihara-jacs-publisher-2006","title":"Iron-Based Layered Superconductor: LaOFeP","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ja063355c","date":"2006-07-15"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["JP"],"location_basis":"Japan Science and Technology Agency and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://file1.lookchem.com/doi/2022/3/6/bd9dc262-ec33-40a9-a700-34a3d9f4f668.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a468195b-7f0f-420e-aff1-d7aea0b5ff0a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bec9ce217b0300913482be6d48684429b3aff696cd7e498ca65355033b0409a"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Iron-Based Layered Superconductor: LaOFeP","url":"https://file1.lookchem.com/doi/2022/3/6/bd9dc262-ec33-40a9-a700-34a3d9f4f668.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"JP":"Japan"}},"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"kamihara-iron-oxypnictide-laofep-superconductivity-2006","entry_id":"kamihara-iron-oxypnictide-laofep-superconductivity-2006","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a468195b-7f0f-420e-aff1-d7aea0b5ff0a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bec9ce217b0300913482be6d48684429b3aff696cd7e498ca65355033b0409a"},"what_changed":"Kamihara and colleagues reported superconducting behavior in the layered iron oxypnictide LaOFeP. At low temperatures the electrical resistance fell to the measurement limit and the material became diamagnetic; a fluorine-doped sample had a higher transition temperature.","scope":"Kamihara and colleagues reported superconducting behavior in the layered iron oxypnictide LaOFeP. At low temperatures the electrical resistance fell to the measurement limit and the material became diamagnetic; a fluorine-doped sample had a higher transition temperature. The result concerns the reported polycrystalline samples and measurement conditions. Shielding fractions were estimated from susceptibility and do not directly establish perfectly uniform superconducting volume. The mechanism and pairing symmetry were not determined; the later 2008 iron–arsenic compound is a distinct result.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a468195b-7f0f-420e-aff1-d7aea0b5ff0a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6bec9ce217b0300913482be6d48684429b3aff696cd7e498ca65355033b0409a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ren-sm-iron-arsenide-superconductivity-55k-2008","title":"Superconductivity near 55 K in fluorine-doped samarium iron oxypnictide","summary":"Ren and colleagues reported superconducting signatures in fluorine-doped samarium iron oxypnictide. Electrical resistivity began its transition at 55.0 kelvin and reached the reported zero-resistance level at 52.6 kelvin; magnetic susceptibility showed an onset of diamagnetic response at 54.6 kelvin. These observations extended the experimentally explored transition-temperature range of the layered iron-arsenide family.","boundary":"The reported 55 kelvin is a resistive onset, not the zero-resistance or susceptibility midpoint temperature. Diffraction indicated a principal target phase together with impurity phases; the authors cautioned that actual fluorine content could be substantially lower than the nominal composition. Measurements concern the reported polycrystalline sample, with no determination of pairing mechanism or universal temperature limit. Earlier lanthanum iron-arsenide superconductivity work is a separate contribution.","area":"Condensed-matter physics","topic":"Physics","year":2008,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ren-sm-iron-arsenide-superconductivity-55k-2008","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a80a95a9-bfb2-4f7a-a211-0a3d08dfe5a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8408462664dff7321911f5f6189c0ca604b84b895deddfdbd3b62fc35c1128e"},"humans":["Zhi-An Ren","Wei Lu","Jie Yang","Wei Yi","Xiao-Li Shen","Zheng-Cai Li","Guang-Can Che","Xiao-Li Dong","Li-Ling Sun","Fang Zhou","Zhong-Xian Zhao"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ren-sm-iron-arsenide-superconductivity-55k-2008-v1","title":"Superconductivity at 55 K in iron-based F-doped layered quaternary compound Sm[O1-xFx]FeAs","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.2053v1","date":"2008-04-13"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"ren-sm-iron-arsenide-superconductivity-55k-2008","entry_id":"ren-sm-iron-arsenide-superconductivity-55k-2008","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a80a95a9-bfb2-4f7a-a211-0a3d08dfe5a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8408462664dff7321911f5f6189c0ca604b84b895deddfdbd3b62fc35c1128e"},"what_changed":"Ren and colleagues reported superconducting signatures in fluorine-doped samarium iron oxypnictide. Electrical resistivity began its transition at 55.0 kelvin and reached the reported zero-resistance level at 52.6 kelvin; magnetic susceptibility showed an onset of diamagnetic response at 54.6 kelvin. These observations extended the experimentally explored transition-temperature range of the layered iron-arsenide family.","scope":"Ren and colleagues reported superconducting signatures in fluorine-doped samarium iron oxypnictide. Electrical resistivity began its transition at 55.0 kelvin and reached the reported zero-resistance level at 52.6 kelvin; magnetic susceptibility showed an onset of diamagnetic response at 54.6 kelvin. These observations extended the experimentally explored transition-temperature range of the layered iron-arsenide family. The reported 55 kelvin is a resistive onset, not the zero-resistance or susceptibility midpoint temperature. Diffraction indicated a principal target phase together with impurity phases; the authors cautioned that actual fluorine content could be substantially lower than the nominal composition. Measurements concern the reported polycrystalline sample, with no determination of pairing mechanism or universal temperature limit. Earlier lanthanum iron-arsenide superconductivity work is a separate contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a80a95a9-bfb2-4f7a-a211-0a3d08dfe5a8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8408462664dff7321911f5f6189c0ca604b84b895deddfdbd3b62fc35c1128e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"marois-hr8799-three-companions-direct-imaging-2008","title":"Direct imaging of the HR 8799 planetary system","summary":"Marois and colleagues used high-contrast near-infrared imaging at Gemini and Keck to resolve three faint companions of HR 8799. Multi-epoch positions supported common motion with the star and apparent orbital motion, while their colors and luminosities, together with a young system age and evolutionary models, supported planetary-mass interpretations. A later five-author report added images and measured motion of a fourth, closer companion, HR 8799 e.","boundary":"The original three reported separations and the fourth companion separation are projected distances, not directly measured orbital semimajor axes. Original orbital periods assumed circular, nearly face-on orbits. Stellar age, atmosphere models and initial conditions of evolutionary tracks affect inferred masses; the authors noted atmosphere models did not fit all photometry. The fourth companion had sparse wavelength coverage, so its luminosity and mass were inferred using assumptions informed by other companions. A preliminary stability search held the other orbits fixed and tested selected parameters; its few stable solutions do not establish a unique resonance or global stability. The images use starlight-subtraction processing and calibrated throughput; planetary surfaces are not resolved. The 2008 and 2010 reports have distinct bylines and observation sets.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2008,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"marois-hr8799-three-companions-direct-imaging-2008","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:00451af0-c55f-40d1-ae93-55947aa97f88","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48fda8c600fd8fc8862a2d28ebf6550e7b280e78cc262e416b33893e863412a9"},"humans":["Christian Marois","Bruce Macintosh","Travis Barman","B. Zuckerman","Inseok Song","Jennifer Patience","David Lafrenière","René Doyon","Quinn M. Konopacky"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"marois-hr8799-three-planets-imaging-2008-v1","title":"Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0811.2606v1","date":"2008-11-16"},{"id":"marois-hr8799-fourth-planet-2010-v1","title":"Images of a fourth planet orbiting HR 8799","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.4918v1","date":"2010-11-22"}],"points":"215000","published_grade":{"id":"marois-hr8799-three-companions-direct-imaging-2008","entry_id":"marois-hr8799-three-companions-direct-imaging-2008","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:00451af0-c55f-40d1-ae93-55947aa97f88","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48fda8c600fd8fc8862a2d28ebf6550e7b280e78cc262e416b33893e863412a9"},"what_changed":"Marois and colleagues used high-contrast near-infrared imaging at Gemini and Keck to resolve three faint companions of HR 8799. Multi-epoch positions supported common motion with the star and apparent orbital motion, while their colors and luminosities, together with a young system age and evolutionary models, supported planetary-mass interpretations. A later five-author report added images and measured motion of a fourth, closer companion, HR 8799 e.","scope":"Marois and colleagues used high-contrast near-infrared imaging at Gemini and Keck to resolve three faint companions of HR 8799. Multi-epoch positions supported common motion with the star and apparent orbital motion, while their colors and luminosities, together with a young system age and evolutionary models, supported planetary-mass interpretations. A later five-author report added images and measured motion of a fourth, closer companion, HR 8799 e. The original three reported separations and the fourth companion separation are projected distances, not directly measured orbital semimajor axes. Original orbital periods assumed circular, nearly face-on orbits. Stellar age, atmosphere models and initial conditions of evolutionary tracks affect inferred masses; the authors noted atmosphere models did not fit all photometry. The fourth companion had sparse wavelength coverage, so its luminosity and mass were inferred using assumptions informed by other companions. A preliminary stability search held the other orbits fixed and tested selected parameters; its few stable solutions do not establish a unique resonance or global stability. The images use starlight-subtraction processing and calibrated throughput; planetary surfaces are not resolved. The 2008 and 2010 reports have distinct bylines and observation sets.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:00451af0-c55f-40d1-ae93-55947aa97f88","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:48fda8c600fd8fc8862a2d28ebf6550e7b280e78cc262e416b33893e863412a9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bond-ogle-moa-planetary-microlensing-event-2004","title":"A planetary microlensing event detected by OGLE and MOA","summary":"Bond and colleagues analyzed an event independently observed by the OGLE and MOA surveys. Both light curves showed a roughly seven-day deviation from a single-lens profile, including a caustic feature. Their binary-lens fit favored an extreme mass ratio of about 0.0039, supporting a planetary companion to the foreground lens. A later Hubble analysis reported excess blended light and a color-dependent centroid shift consistent with a main-sequence lens star, and combined those data with the microlensing fit to estimate the system properties.","boundary":"The planet is inferred from a lensing light curve, not directly imaged. The original mass ratio was more directly constrained than individual masses; the original host and companion mass estimates assumed a main-sequence primary and Galactic model, while alternative primary types and another planetary fit were considered. The later Hubble source and lens were not separately resolved: both excess flux and centroid evidence were relatively weak, and a source companion and extinction were included in the Bayesian analysis. The later authors reported an error in the previous lens-mass range; neither estimate is a direct dynamical mass. Some mathematical symbols and signs in the later v1 render incompletely, so precise numerical transcription requires independent version or font verification. The reports have different author lists; the full list of individual contributors is not shown.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2004,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"bond-ogle-moa-planetary-microlensing-event-2004","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:94a74ef8-bd3f-48f8-a96a-308dff3f36dd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c679c330717bde13b2d5dbf6f52118673a1451f15f5b97d645b185d96406a055"},"humans":["I. A. Bond","A. Udalski","M. Jaroszyński","David P. Bennett","Jay Anderson","Andrew Gould"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"bond-ogle-moa-planetary-microlensing-2004-v1","title":"OGLE 2003–BLG–235/MOA 2003–BLG–53: A planetary microlensing event","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0404309v1","date":"2004-04-15"},{"id":"bennett-hst-microlens-host-2006-v1","title":"Identification of the OGLE-2003-BLG-235/MOA-2003-BLG-53 Planetary Host Star","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0606038v1","date":"2006-06-02"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"bond-ogle-moa-planetary-microlensing-event-2004","entry_id":"bond-ogle-moa-planetary-microlensing-event-2004","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:94a74ef8-bd3f-48f8-a96a-308dff3f36dd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c679c330717bde13b2d5dbf6f52118673a1451f15f5b97d645b185d96406a055"},"what_changed":"Bond and colleagues analyzed an event independently observed by the OGLE and MOA surveys. Both light curves showed a roughly seven-day deviation from a single-lens profile, including a caustic feature. Their binary-lens fit favored an extreme mass ratio of about 0.0039, supporting a planetary companion to the foreground lens. A later Hubble analysis reported excess blended light and a color-dependent centroid shift consistent with a main-sequence lens star, and combined those data with the microlensing fit to estimate the system properties.","scope":"Bond and colleagues analyzed an event independently observed by the OGLE and MOA surveys. Both light curves showed a roughly seven-day deviation from a single-lens profile, including a caustic feature. Their binary-lens fit favored an extreme mass ratio of about 0.0039, supporting a planetary companion to the foreground lens. A later Hubble analysis reported excess blended light and a color-dependent centroid shift consistent with a main-sequence lens star, and combined those data with the microlensing fit to estimate the system properties. The planet is inferred from a lensing light curve, not directly imaged. The original mass ratio was more directly constrained than individual masses; the original host and companion mass estimates assumed a main-sequence primary and Galactic model, while alternative primary types and another planetary fit were considered. The later Hubble source and lens were not separately resolved: both excess flux and centroid evidence were relatively weak, and a source companion and extinction were included in the Bayesian analysis. The later authors reported an error in the previous lens-mass range; neither estimate is a direct dynamical mass. Some mathematical symbols and signs in the later v1 render incompletely, so precise numerical transcription requires independent version or font verification. The reports have different author lists; the full list of individual contributors is not shown.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:94a74ef8-bd3f-48f8-a96a-308dff3f36dd","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c679c330717bde13b2d5dbf6f52118673a1451f15f5b97d645b185d96406a055"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"schoepe-rayfield-electron-bubble-tunneling-1973","title":"Electron escape from liquid-helium bubble states at a free surface","summary":"Rayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous.","boundary":"The measured observable is a decaying surface current, while tunneling, binding energies and radii are model interpretations. The model assumes a spherical bubble, a planar surface, an approximate potential and thermal equilibration. The 1971 estimate for the helium-4 radius (12.9 Å) was affected by a numerical error identified in the 1973 paper, whose revised 24.8 Å remained substantially larger than other estimates. The relative scaling agreed with a simple model; the mixture results were not explained. This extends earlier bubble and surface-escape experiments, not discovery of the bubble itself. The two papers reverse author order.","area":"Condensed Matter Physics","topic":"Physics","year":1971,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"schoepe-rayfield-electron-bubble-tunneling-1973","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:38c108e1-1bb1-4ea2-a797-34c478bb7146","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fb5e02fe0514a009d2e057da71b22c4b47cf3751ae60837cefdf74ce240b79b"},"humans":["W. Schoepe","G. W. Rayfield"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"schoepe-rayfield-liquid-helium-electron-escape-1973","title":"Tunneling from Electronic Bubble States in Liquid Helium through the Liquid-Vapor Interface","url":"https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18836/1/schoepe10.pdf","date":"1973-06-01"},{"id":"rayfield-schoepe-helium-bubble-tunneling-1971","title":"Tunneling from electronic bubble states through the liquid-vapor interface of He II","url":"https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18881/1/schoepe22.pdf","date":"1971-12-20"}],"points":"42000","published_grade":{"id":"schoepe-rayfield-electron-bubble-tunneling-1973","entry_id":"schoepe-rayfield-electron-bubble-tunneling-1973","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:38c108e1-1bb1-4ea2-a797-34c478bb7146","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fb5e02fe0514a009d2e057da71b22c4b47cf3751ae60837cefdf74ce240b79b"},"what_changed":"Rayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous.","scope":"Rayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous. The measured observable is a decaying surface current, while tunneling, binding energies and radii are model interpretations. The model assumes a spherical bubble, a planar surface, an approximate potential and thermal equilibration. The 1971 estimate for the helium-4 radius (12.9 Å) was affected by a numerical error identified in the 1973 paper, whose revised 24.8 Å remained substantially larger than other estimates. The relative scaling agreed with a simple model; the mixture results were not explained. This extends earlier bubble and surface-escape experiments, not discovery of the bubble itself. The two papers reverse author order.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:38c108e1-1bb1-4ea2-a797-34c478bb7146","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2fb5e02fe0514a009d2e057da71b22c4b47cf3751ae60837cefdf74ce240b79b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"clasie-collaboration-pion-electroproduction-nuclear-transparency-2007","title":"Nuclear transparency in pion electroproduction","summary":"Clasie and collaborators measured pion electroproduction on deuterium, carbon, aluminium, copper and gold targets over momentum transfers squared of approximately 1.1–4.7 (GeV/c)². Their extracted nuclear transparency and its target-mass dependence varied with momentum transfer, in better agreement with the specific calculations incorporating color transparency than with the displayed conventional calculations.","boundary":"Transparency is a model-dependent super-ratio involving a simulated reference without pion–nucleon final-state interactions, not a direct image of a small pion. Observations support the stated model comparison, not a unique proof of color transparency or QCD factorization. Model and point-to-point uncertainties are separate, the compared models share parameters, and the authors called for higher-momentum data. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete. Figure 2 labels aluminium as 29Al while the text identifies 27Al; preserve the original discrepancy pending verification.","area":"Nuclear Physics","topic":"Physics","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"clasie-collaboration-pion-electroproduction-nuclear-transparency-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd30f1db-708d-4aad-a505-f8aa241b59eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c066121426ce761d7deacd36ad7660d172383b2fa3b5c1a16c932050e6103113"},"humans":["B. Clasie","X. Qian","J. Arrington"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"clasie-pion-nuclear-transparency-2007-v1","title":"Measurement of Nuclear Transparency for the A(e,e′π+) Reaction","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0707.1481v1","date":"2007-07-10"}],"points":"48000","published_grade":{"id":"clasie-collaboration-pion-electroproduction-nuclear-transparency-2007","entry_id":"clasie-collaboration-pion-electroproduction-nuclear-transparency-2007","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd30f1db-708d-4aad-a505-f8aa241b59eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c066121426ce761d7deacd36ad7660d172383b2fa3b5c1a16c932050e6103113"},"what_changed":"Clasie and collaborators measured pion electroproduction on deuterium, carbon, aluminium, copper and gold targets over momentum transfers squared of approximately 1.1–4.7 (GeV/c)². Their extracted nuclear transparency and its target-mass dependence varied with momentum transfer, in better agreement with the specific calculations incorporating color transparency than with the displayed conventional calculations.","scope":"Clasie and collaborators measured pion electroproduction on deuterium, carbon, aluminium, copper and gold targets over momentum transfers squared of approximately 1.1–4.7 (GeV/c)². Their extracted nuclear transparency and its target-mass dependence varied with momentum transfer, in better agreement with the specific calculations incorporating color transparency than with the displayed conventional calculations. Transparency is a model-dependent super-ratio involving a simulated reference without pion–nucleon final-state interactions, not a direct image of a small pion. Observations support the stated model comparison, not a unique proof of color transparency or QCD factorization. Model and point-to-point uncertainties are separate, the compared models share parameters, and the authors called for higher-momentum data. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete. Figure 2 labels aluminium as 29Al while the text identifies 27Al; preserve the original discrepancy pending verification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fd30f1db-708d-4aad-a505-f8aa241b59eb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c066121426ce761d7deacd36ad7660d172383b2fa3b5c1a16c932050e6103113"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bale-parker-solar-probe-structured-slow-wind-2019","title":"Parker Solar Probe observes structured slow solar wind and magnetic reversals","summary":"During its first 2018 solar encounter, Parker Solar Probe measured slow solar wind with rapid, large magnetic-field reversals, velocity enhancements and plasma waves. Bale and colleagues compared the in-situ measurements with coronal field models and extreme-ultraviolet maps, associating the sampled stream with a small equatorial coronal hole. Their measurements reveal a highly structured near-Sun wind and motivate further study of its acceleration and heating.","boundary":"The probe directly measured local fields and plasma; tracing the wind to a coronal hole uses a simplified potential-field and ballistic mapping model and input magnetograms with limited coverage. The event-selection estimate of roughly six percent applies to full polarity reversals in a selected interval and misses smaller deflections. Alfvénic interpretation, reconnection origin and contribution to heating are model-dependent and not uniquely established. Isolated reversals had been reported previously farther from the Sun; this is not a claim that all reversals or solar-wind mechanisms were first discovered here. This early encounter is distinct from the later sub-Alfvénic corona crossing.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"bale-parker-solar-probe-structured-slow-wind-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:920fe974-5ea3-4ffb-a55c-9a4e828ce1d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c627339b797898f42e77a5cdd3de9d27011c1c3881c6ad928e53c1fd02126719"},"humans":["S. D. Bale","S. T. Badman","J. W. Bonnell"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"bale-team-psp-slow-wind-switchbacks-2019-manuscript","title":"Highly structured slow solar wind emerging from an equatorial coronal hole","url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10090127/1/Bale_Nature_FIELDS_co-authors.pdf","date":"2019-12-04"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"bale-parker-solar-probe-structured-slow-wind-2019","entry_id":"bale-parker-solar-probe-structured-slow-wind-2019","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:920fe974-5ea3-4ffb-a55c-9a4e828ce1d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c627339b797898f42e77a5cdd3de9d27011c1c3881c6ad928e53c1fd02126719"},"what_changed":"During its first 2018 solar encounter, Parker Solar Probe measured slow solar wind with rapid, large magnetic-field reversals, velocity enhancements and plasma waves. Bale and colleagues compared the in-situ measurements with coronal field models and extreme-ultraviolet maps, associating the sampled stream with a small equatorial coronal hole. Their measurements reveal a highly structured near-Sun wind and motivate further study of its acceleration and heating.","scope":"During its first 2018 solar encounter, Parker Solar Probe measured slow solar wind with rapid, large magnetic-field reversals, velocity enhancements and plasma waves. Bale and colleagues compared the in-situ measurements with coronal field models and extreme-ultraviolet maps, associating the sampled stream with a small equatorial coronal hole. Their measurements reveal a highly structured near-Sun wind and motivate further study of its acceleration and heating. The probe directly measured local fields and plasma; tracing the wind to a coronal hole uses a simplified potential-field and ballistic mapping model and input magnetograms with limited coverage. The event-selection estimate of roughly six percent applies to full polarity reversals in a selected interval and misses smaller deflections. Alfvénic interpretation, reconnection origin and contribution to heating are model-dependent and not uniquely established. Isolated reversals had been reported previously farther from the Sun; this is not a claim that all reversals or solar-wind mechanisms were first discovered here. This early encounter is distinct from the later sub-Alfvénic corona crossing.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:920fe974-5ea3-4ffb-a55c-9a4e828ce1d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c627339b797898f42e77a5cdd3de9d27011c1c3881c6ad928e53c1fd02126719"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"knutson-hd189733b-infrared-phase-map-2007","title":"Infrared day–night brightness mapping of HD 189733b","summary":"Knutson and colleagues used the Spitzer Space Telescope to measure an 8-micrometre phase curve of the transiting hot Jupiter HD 189733b over slightly more than half an orbit. They inferred a modest day–night brightness contrast and an eastward offset of the brightest hemisphere, consistent with atmospheric transport of heat. A regularized longitudinal-slice fit gave a coarse brightness map rather than a spatially resolved picture.","boundary":"The measured signal is combined star-plus-planet flux and depends on correction of an illumination-dependent detector ramp and potential stellar-spot variability. The reported 973 ± 33 K and 1212 ± 11 K are minimum and maximum hemisphere-averaged brightness temperatures at one wavelength, not full three-dimensional atmospheric temperatures. The phase-curve maximum is about 16° before opposition; the separately fitted brightest longitude slice is around 30° east of the substellar point. Latitude structure is assumed, not measured, and the map has coarse 30° longitudinal bins. Winds, heat redistribution and orbital eccentricity are interpretations subject to model and timing assumptions.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"knutson-hd189733b-infrared-phase-map-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:58c1f414-66d5-48d7-a423-f9633c95e387","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72454d2467ffc3f8fc3eddff53b62b99e0a82e3d44596ab38d00773c5b6bcba4"},"humans":["Heather A. Knutson","David Charbonneau","Lori E. Allen","Jonathan J. Fortney","Eric Agol","Nicolas B. Cowan","Adam P. Showman","Curtis S. Cooper","S. Thomas Megeath"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"knutson-hd189733b-8micron-phase-map-2007","title":"A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b","url":"https://www.ucolick.org/~jfortney/papers/Knutson07.pdf","date":"2007-05-10"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"knutson-hd189733b-infrared-phase-map-2007","entry_id":"knutson-hd189733b-infrared-phase-map-2007","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:58c1f414-66d5-48d7-a423-f9633c95e387","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72454d2467ffc3f8fc3eddff53b62b99e0a82e3d44596ab38d00773c5b6bcba4"},"what_changed":"Knutson and colleagues used the Spitzer Space Telescope to measure an 8-micrometre phase curve of the transiting hot Jupiter HD 189733b over slightly more than half an orbit. They inferred a modest day–night brightness contrast and an eastward offset of the brightest hemisphere, consistent with atmospheric transport of heat. A regularized longitudinal-slice fit gave a coarse brightness map rather than a spatially resolved picture.","scope":"Knutson and colleagues used the Spitzer Space Telescope to measure an 8-micrometre phase curve of the transiting hot Jupiter HD 189733b over slightly more than half an orbit. They inferred a modest day–night brightness contrast and an eastward offset of the brightest hemisphere, consistent with atmospheric transport of heat. A regularized longitudinal-slice fit gave a coarse brightness map rather than a spatially resolved picture. The measured signal is combined star-plus-planet flux and depends on correction of an illumination-dependent detector ramp and potential stellar-spot variability. The reported 973 ± 33 K and 1212 ± 11 K are minimum and maximum hemisphere-averaged brightness temperatures at one wavelength, not full three-dimensional atmospheric temperatures. The phase-curve maximum is about 16° before opposition; the separately fitted brightest longitude slice is around 30° east of the substellar point. Latitude structure is assumed, not measured, and the map has coarse 30° longitudinal bins. Winds, heat redistribution and orbital eccentricity are interpretations subject to model and timing assumptions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:58c1f414-66d5-48d7-a423-f9633c95e387","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72454d2467ffc3f8fc3eddff53b62b99e0a82e3d44596ab38d00773c5b6bcba4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"hauser-dirbe-cosmic-infrared-background-1998","title":"COBE observations of the cosmic infrared background","summary":"Hauser and colleagues analyzed ten COBE DIRBE infrared bands after modeling local foregrounds, reporting isotropic residuals consistent with a cosmic infrared background at 140 and 240 micrometres and upper limits at shorter wavelengths. Fixsen and colleagues used COBE FIRAS spectra and three foreground-separation approaches to estimate the far-infrared background spectrum from 125 to 2000 micrometres, finding consistency with the DIRBE measurements within their stated calibration uncertainties.","boundary":"The DIRBE values depend on foreground subtraction and selected low-foreground regions; isotropy tests cover approximately 2% of the sky, and systematic foreground uncertainties dominate. The FIRAS methods share data, use a DIRBE zodiacal-light model and one explicitly assumes the DIRBE background; their agreement is therefore not three fully independent confirmations. The color method assumes an invariant Galactic spectrum and the line-template method has uncertain nonlinear foreground relationships. Derived spectral-fit parameters have strongly correlated uncertainties. Both teams credit a 1996 tentative FIRAS result by Puget and colleagues; the 1998 papers describe significant differences in inferred spectra. Extragalactic origin and implications for dust-obscured stellar history depend on models. The DIRBE contributor list shown here is incomplete.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"hauser-dirbe-cosmic-infrared-background-1998","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:690b87fc-2881-485e-a5ab-2c9e6f63d609","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbe0d8f593c8a799043e36cd29cdabb1fdcd4c4bf1dac330970016b97e73245a"},"humans":["M. G. Hauser","R. G. Arendt","T. Kelsall","D. J. Fixsen","E. Dwek","J. C. Mather","C. L. Bennett","R. A. Shafer"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"hauser-cobe-dirbe-infrared-background-1998-v1","title":"The COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment Search for the Cosmic Infrared Background: I. Limits and Detections","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9806167v1","date":"1998-06-11"},{"id":"fixsen-firas-far-infrared-background-spectrum-1998-v1","title":"The Spectrum of the Extragalactic Far Infrared Background from the COBE FIRAS Observations","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9803021v1","date":"1998-03-03"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"hauser-dirbe-cosmic-infrared-background-1998","entry_id":"hauser-dirbe-cosmic-infrared-background-1998","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:690b87fc-2881-485e-a5ab-2c9e6f63d609","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbe0d8f593c8a799043e36cd29cdabb1fdcd4c4bf1dac330970016b97e73245a"},"what_changed":"Hauser and colleagues analyzed ten COBE DIRBE infrared bands after modeling local foregrounds, reporting isotropic residuals consistent with a cosmic infrared background at 140 and 240 micrometres and upper limits at shorter wavelengths. Fixsen and colleagues used COBE FIRAS spectra and three foreground-separation approaches to estimate the far-infrared background spectrum from 125 to 2000 micrometres, finding consistency with the DIRBE measurements within their stated calibration uncertainties.","scope":"Hauser and colleagues analyzed ten COBE DIRBE infrared bands after modeling local foregrounds, reporting isotropic residuals consistent with a cosmic infrared background at 140 and 240 micrometres and upper limits at shorter wavelengths. Fixsen and colleagues used COBE FIRAS spectra and three foreground-separation approaches to estimate the far-infrared background spectrum from 125 to 2000 micrometres, finding consistency with the DIRBE measurements within their stated calibration uncertainties. The DIRBE values depend on foreground subtraction and selected low-foreground regions; isotropy tests cover approximately 2% of the sky, and systematic foreground uncertainties dominate. The FIRAS methods share data, use a DIRBE zodiacal-light model and one explicitly assumes the DIRBE background; their agreement is therefore not three fully independent confirmations. The color method assumes an invariant Galactic spectrum and the line-template method has uncertain nonlinear foreground relationships. Derived spectral-fit parameters have strongly correlated uncertainties. Both teams credit a 1996 tentative FIRAS result by Puget and colleagues; the 1998 papers describe significant differences in inferred spectra. Extragalactic origin and implications for dust-obscured stellar history depend on models. The DIRBE contributor list shown here is incomplete.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:690b87fc-2881-485e-a5ab-2c9e6f63d609","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dbe0d8f593c8a799043e36cd29cdabb1fdcd4c4bf1dac330970016b97e73245a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"macho-lmc-candidate-microlensing-1993","title":"A candidate gravitational microlensing event toward the Large Magellanic Cloud","summary":"The MACHO collaboration monitored approximately 1.8 million Large Magellanic Cloud stars and reported a brightening event whose two-color light curve was broadly consistent with gravitational microlensing. Its fitted amplification and approximately month-long characteristic time illustrated the observational search for compact lensing objects suggested by Paczyński.","boundary":"The 1993 report described a candidate, not conclusive identification of the lens or proof that compact objects dominate the Galactic dark halo. Lens mass, distance and transverse velocity are degenerate; its approximate 0.1-solar-mass estimate depends on a halo population model and neglected full detection efficiencies. The authors note an unexplained discrepancy near the peak and possible intrinsic stellar variability, with no source spectrum yet. The EROS collaboration also reported distinct candidate events; its results and authors are not attributed to the MACHO paper. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1993,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"macho-lmc-candidate-microlensing-1993","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:58b99a94-9ae8-4407-abdf-ee62f039ee7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebfe357625c6a3cdf40ccafe86b710caf32efe4c58c20b64ea30cc4d0c5f3e98"},"humans":["C. Alcock","C. W. Akerlof","R. A. Allsman"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"alcock-macho-lmc-first-candidate-1993-v1","title":"Possible gravitational microlensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9309052v1","date":"1993-09-29"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"macho-lmc-candidate-microlensing-1993","entry_id":"macho-lmc-candidate-microlensing-1993","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:58b99a94-9ae8-4407-abdf-ee62f039ee7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebfe357625c6a3cdf40ccafe86b710caf32efe4c58c20b64ea30cc4d0c5f3e98"},"what_changed":"The MACHO collaboration monitored approximately 1.8 million Large Magellanic Cloud stars and reported a brightening event whose two-color light curve was broadly consistent with gravitational microlensing. Its fitted amplification and approximately month-long characteristic time illustrated the observational search for compact lensing objects suggested by Paczyński.","scope":"The MACHO collaboration monitored approximately 1.8 million Large Magellanic Cloud stars and reported a brightening event whose two-color light curve was broadly consistent with gravitational microlensing. Its fitted amplification and approximately month-long characteristic time illustrated the observational search for compact lensing objects suggested by Paczyński. The 1993 report described a candidate, not conclusive identification of the lens or proof that compact objects dominate the Galactic dark halo. Lens mass, distance and transverse velocity are degenerate; its approximate 0.1-solar-mass estimate depends on a halo population model and neglected full detection efficiencies. The authors note an unexplained discrepancy near the peak and possible intrinsic stellar variability, with no source spectrum yet. The EROS collaboration also reported distinct candidate events; its results and authors are not attributed to the MACHO paper. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:58b99a94-9ae8-4407-abdf-ee62f039ee7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebfe357625c6a3cdf40ccafe86b710caf32efe4c58c20b64ea30cc4d0c5f3e98"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ogle-first-galactic-bulge-microlensing-candidate-1993","title":"A candidate microlensing event toward the Galactic bulge","summary":"The OGLE team reported a candidate microlensing event toward the Galactic bulge after surveying approximately 650,000 stars. The selected star brightened and returned to its previous level; a single-lens model fit its light curve with an estimated Einstein-radius crossing time of 23.8 ± 0.9 days. This was a separate direction and event from contemporaneous Large Magellanic Cloud searches.","boundary":"The rising light curve was poorly sampled and the observers could not test achromaticity during the event because V-band coverage was sparse. The paper treats the event as a candidate and cannot exclude an unusual variable star. Its likely approximately 0.3-solar-mass disk-lens estimate is conditional on a population and geometry model, not a direct mass or lens-type measurement. The distinct MACHO and EROS event teams retain their own credits; do not equate their timescale definitions or samples.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1993,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ogle-first-galactic-bulge-microlensing-candidate-1993","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5b2c6def-f401-4d70-aefb-0c0fa03cc83e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8982ffdc2c403164774bbab343b7b081d72c92b455f963d5954cfe4291a359c8"},"humans":["A. Udalski","M. Szymański","J. Kałużny","M. Kubiak","W. Krzemiński","M. Mateo","G. W. Preston","B. Paczyński"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"udalski-ogle-bulge-first-candidate-1993","title":"The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment: Discovery of the First Candidate Microlensing Event in the Direction of the Galactic Bulge","url":"https://acta.astrouw.edu.pl/Vol43/n3/pap_43_3_7.pdf","date":"1993"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"ogle-first-galactic-bulge-microlensing-candidate-1993","entry_id":"ogle-first-galactic-bulge-microlensing-candidate-1993","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5b2c6def-f401-4d70-aefb-0c0fa03cc83e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8982ffdc2c403164774bbab343b7b081d72c92b455f963d5954cfe4291a359c8"},"what_changed":"The OGLE team reported a candidate microlensing event toward the Galactic bulge after surveying approximately 650,000 stars. The selected star brightened and returned to its previous level; a single-lens model fit its light curve with an estimated Einstein-radius crossing time of 23.8 ± 0.9 days. This was a separate direction and event from contemporaneous Large Magellanic Cloud searches.","scope":"The OGLE team reported a candidate microlensing event toward the Galactic bulge after surveying approximately 650,000 stars. The selected star brightened and returned to its previous level; a single-lens model fit its light curve with an estimated Einstein-radius crossing time of 23.8 ± 0.9 days. This was a separate direction and event from contemporaneous Large Magellanic Cloud searches. The rising light curve was poorly sampled and the observers could not test achromaticity during the event because V-band coverage was sparse. The paper treats the event as a candidate and cannot exclude an unusual variable star. Its likely approximately 0.3-solar-mass disk-lens estimate is conditional on a population and geometry model, not a direct mass or lens-type measurement. The distinct MACHO and EROS event teams retain their own credits; do not equate their timescale definitions or samples.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5b2c6def-f401-4d70-aefb-0c0fa03cc83e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8982ffdc2c403164774bbab343b7b081d72c92b455f963d5954cfe4291a359c8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sandilands-alpha-rucl3-raman-scattering-continuum-2015","title":"Raman and neutron evidence for unusual magnetic excitations in α-RuCl3","summary":"Sandilands and colleagues measured a broad Raman continuum and anomalous phonon line shapes in α-RuCl3. In a separate neutron study, Banerjee and colleagues reported magnetic ordering and an excitation spectrum whose broad component persisted above the ordering temperature. Both teams compared their observations with predictions for proximity to a Kitaev spin-liquid regime.","boundary":"The Raman continuum and neutron spectra are observations; attribution to fractionalized Majorana excitations and proximity to a spin liquid is an interpretation based on models, not a unique identification. Both papers identify magnetic order at low temperatures and consider limitations of simple spin-wave descriptions. Raman alternatives include damped two-magnon scattering and stacking disorder; neutron spectra are powder averaged and competing Hamiltonians, resolution and sample structure remain relevant. The neutron preprint refers to separate supplementary material. Its individual contributor list shown here is incomplete. The Raman supplement contains a Fano formula requiring literal and fit-code reconciliation. The independent 2018 thermal-Hall HOLD is not resolved by these earlier measurements.","area":"Condensed Matter Physics","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"sandilands-alpha-rucl3-raman-scattering-continuum-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:32514f24-1a2b-4cdb-ab46-538d5a05e654","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de4fc9c771445c7e224b5c84f79adb23f1e238921e4f93ff2b77f10165e834a6"},"humans":["Luke J. Sandilands","Yao Tian","Kemp W. Plumb","Young-June Kim","Kenneth S. Burch","A. Banerjee","C. A. Bridges","J-Q. Yan"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"sandilands-alpha-rucl3-raman-continuum-2015","title":"Scattering Continuum and Possible Fractionalized Excitations in α-RuCl3","url":"https://sites.bc.edu/lins2/wp-content/uploads/sites/180/2015/04/PhysRevLett.114.147201.pdf","date":"2015-04-06"},{"id":"banerjee-rucl3-neutron-scattering-2015-v1","title":"Proximate Kitaev Quantum Spin Liquid Behavior in α-RuCl3","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.08037v1","date":"2015-04-29"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"sandilands-alpha-rucl3-raman-scattering-continuum-2015","entry_id":"sandilands-alpha-rucl3-raman-scattering-continuum-2015","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:32514f24-1a2b-4cdb-ab46-538d5a05e654","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de4fc9c771445c7e224b5c84f79adb23f1e238921e4f93ff2b77f10165e834a6"},"what_changed":"Sandilands and colleagues measured a broad Raman continuum and anomalous phonon line shapes in α-RuCl3. In a separate neutron study, Banerjee and colleagues reported magnetic ordering and an excitation spectrum whose broad component persisted above the ordering temperature. Both teams compared their observations with predictions for proximity to a Kitaev spin-liquid regime.","scope":"Sandilands and colleagues measured a broad Raman continuum and anomalous phonon line shapes in α-RuCl3. In a separate neutron study, Banerjee and colleagues reported magnetic ordering and an excitation spectrum whose broad component persisted above the ordering temperature. Both teams compared their observations with predictions for proximity to a Kitaev spin-liquid regime. The Raman continuum and neutron spectra are observations; attribution to fractionalized Majorana excitations and proximity to a spin liquid is an interpretation based on models, not a unique identification. Both papers identify magnetic order at low temperatures and consider limitations of simple spin-wave descriptions. Raman alternatives include damped two-magnon scattering and stacking disorder; neutron spectra are powder averaged and competing Hamiltonians, resolution and sample structure remain relevant. The neutron preprint refers to separate supplementary material. Its individual contributor list shown here is incomplete. The Raman supplement contains a Fano formula requiring literal and fit-code reconciliation. The independent 2018 thermal-Hall HOLD is not resolved by these earlier measurements.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:32514f24-1a2b-4cdb-ab46-538d5a05e654","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:de4fc9c771445c7e224b5c84f79adb23f1e238921e4f93ff2b77f10165e834a6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jones-self-referenced-comb-carrier-envelope-phase-control-2000","title":"Self-referenced optical comb controls pulse-to-pulse carrier-envelope phase","summary":"Jones and colleagues used an octave-spanning mode-locked laser spectrum and self-referencing to stabilize the pulse-to-pulse carrier-envelope phase and the optical frequency comb. They checked relative phase control with a time-domain cross-correlator and measured a rubidium optical reference against a microwave clock.","boundary":"The measured quantity is the relative carrier-envelope phase from pulse to pulse, not an independently determined absolute phase. Time-domain correlation had a phase offset attributed by the authors to correlator asymmetry and substantially greater measurement uncertainty than the frequency-domain method. The optical frequency measurement depends on the microwave reference and prior line identification. Four printed authors were marked as equal contributors. A separately recorded microwave–optical frequency-link demonstration shares related comb methods; this record concerns carrier-envelope phase stabilization and does not claim the full later frequency-metrology programme.","area":"Optics and photonics","topic":"Physics","year":2000,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"jones-self-referenced-comb-carrier-envelope-phase-control-2000","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7688bd2b-9324-4095-a581-74e2991479ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6e11542d9a6d6a8e925646c9cb577386ee4faf0977e168dc00e92b94773680a1"},"humans":["David J. Jones","Scott A. Diddams","Jinendra K. Ranka","Andrew Stentz","Robert S. Windeler","John L. Hall","Steven T. Cundiff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":["diddams-femtosecond-frequency-comb-2000"],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"jones-diddams-carrier-envelope-self-reference-2000-science","title":"Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis","url":"https://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/1933.pdf","date":"2000-04-28"}],"points":"235000","published_grade":{"id":"jones-self-referenced-comb-carrier-envelope-phase-control-2000","entry_id":"jones-self-referenced-comb-carrier-envelope-phase-control-2000","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7688bd2b-9324-4095-a581-74e2991479ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6e11542d9a6d6a8e925646c9cb577386ee4faf0977e168dc00e92b94773680a1"},"what_changed":"Jones and colleagues used an octave-spanning mode-locked laser spectrum and self-referencing to stabilize the pulse-to-pulse carrier-envelope phase and the optical frequency comb. They checked relative phase control with a time-domain cross-correlator and measured a rubidium optical reference against a microwave clock.","scope":"Jones and colleagues used an octave-spanning mode-locked laser spectrum and self-referencing to stabilize the pulse-to-pulse carrier-envelope phase and the optical frequency comb. They checked relative phase control with a time-domain cross-correlator and measured a rubidium optical reference against a microwave clock. The measured quantity is the relative carrier-envelope phase from pulse to pulse, not an independently determined absolute phase. Time-domain correlation had a phase offset attributed by the authors to correlator asymmetry and substantially greater measurement uncertainty than the frequency-domain method. The optical frequency measurement depends on the microwave reference and prior line identification. Four printed authors were marked as equal contributors. A separately recorded microwave–optical frequency-link demonstration shares related comb methods; this record concerns carrier-envelope phase stabilization and does not claim the full later frequency-metrology programme.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7688bd2b-9324-4095-a581-74e2991479ff","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6e11542d9a6d6a8e925646c9cb577386ee4faf0977e168dc00e92b94773680a1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kalas-fomalhaut-cs2-transient-imaging-2025","title":"A new transient source appears in the Fomalhaut debris system","summary":"Kalas and colleagues reported a new compact source in 2023 Hubble images of the Fomalhaut debris system and compared it with an earlier source first reported in 2008. They interpreted the new source and the earlier object as light scattered by dust from separate planetesimal collisions. In 2020 Gáspár and Rieke had reanalysed the earlier Fomalhaut b observations, interpreting the source as an expanding collision-generated dust cloud. The original 2008 report measured the earlier compact source in 2004 and 2006 Hubble images and presented it as an exoplanet candidate. In a 2013 analysis of 2010 and 2012 Hubble images, Kalas and colleagues recovered the earlier source and revised the orbital interpretation using four observing epochs.","boundary":"The 2023 point source is an imaging detection; a collision, dust properties and parent bodies are model-dependent interpretations, not a directly filmed impact. The weak proposed 2024 counterpart remains tentative. Four processing methods use the same exposures, not independent observations. For the earlier Fomalhaut source, the 2020 and 2025 analyses disagree: the former reports 2010-2013 fading, increasing extent and a 2014 nondetection; the latter finds no significant fading and a point-like source in 2013 from overlapping HST data. Both discuss changed position, while collision mechanisms and event rates remain model dependent. The 2008 report used an optical source and planet-belt model to infer a planet candidate but did not determine its full orbit and discussed transient dust as an alternative. In the 2013 preprint, artificial-source injections showed that residual speckles could mimic extension and large photometric errors; earlier claimed brightness variability was unconfirmed by other reductions. Its bound Keplerian orbit assumes particular errors and priors, with no detected acceleration. Instruments, reductions and data overlap limit comparisons. A supplementary table labels failed visits as 2013 among 2023 visits; that date needs clarification.","area":"Observational astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"kalas-fomalhaut-cs2-transient-imaging-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:051e6bd3-e468-4666-a949-e355d3d83690","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:23bdfff825e77ef54fb2be1178ee0bf90bf525a8fb6aae27225b5d2535af6216"},"humans":["Paul Kalas","Jason J. Wang","Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer","Bin B. Ren","Mark C. Wyatt","Grant M. Kennedy","Maximilian Sommer","Thomas M. Esposito","Robert J. De Rosa","Michael Fitzgerald","András Gáspár","George H. Rieke","James R. Graham","Eugene Chiang"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"kalas-fomalhaut-cs2-2025-science-preprint","title":"A second planetesimal collision in the Fomalhaut system","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.15861v1","date":"2025-12-18"},{"id":"gaspar-rieke-fomalhaut-evolution-2020-v1","title":"New HST data and modeling reveal a massive planetesimal collision around Fomalhaut","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.08736v1","date":"2020-04-19"},{"id":"kalas-fomalhaut-b-optical-imaging-2008-v1","title":"Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light Years from Earth","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0811.1994v1","date":"2008-11-13"},{"id":"kalas-fomalhaut-stis-reanalysis-2013-v1","title":"STIS Coronagraphic Imaging of Fomalhaut: Main Belt Structure and the Orbit of Fomalhaut b","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.2222v1","date":"2013-05-09"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"kalas-fomalhaut-cs2-transient-imaging-2025","entry_id":"kalas-fomalhaut-cs2-transient-imaging-2025","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:051e6bd3-e468-4666-a949-e355d3d83690","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:23bdfff825e77ef54fb2be1178ee0bf90bf525a8fb6aae27225b5d2535af6216"},"what_changed":"Kalas and colleagues reported a new compact source in 2023 Hubble images of the Fomalhaut debris system and compared it with an earlier source first reported in 2008. They interpreted the new source and the earlier object as light scattered by dust from separate planetesimal collisions. In 2020 Gáspár and Rieke had reanalysed the earlier Fomalhaut b observations, interpreting the source as an expanding collision-generated dust cloud. The original 2008 report measured the earlier compact source in 2004 and 2006 Hubble images and presented it as an exoplanet candidate. In a 2013 analysis of 2010 and 2012 Hubble images, Kalas and colleagues recovered the earlier source and revised the orbital interpretation using four observing epochs.","scope":"Kalas and colleagues reported a new compact source in 2023 Hubble images of the Fomalhaut debris system and compared it with an earlier source first reported in 2008. They interpreted the new source and the earlier object as light scattered by dust from separate planetesimal collisions. In 2020 Gáspár and Rieke had reanalysed the earlier Fomalhaut b observations, interpreting the source as an expanding collision-generated dust cloud. The original 2008 report measured the earlier compact source in 2004 and 2006 Hubble images and presented it as an exoplanet candidate. In a 2013 analysis of 2010 and 2012 Hubble images, Kalas and colleagues recovered the earlier source and revised the orbital interpretation using four observing epochs. The 2023 point source is an imaging detection; a collision, dust properties and parent bodies are model-dependent interpretations, not a directly filmed impact. The weak proposed 2024 counterpart remains tentative. Four processing methods use the same exposures, not independent observations. For the earlier Fomalhaut source, the 2020 and 2025 analyses disagree: the former reports 2010-2013 fading, increasing extent and a 2014 nondetection; the latter finds no significant fading and a point-like source in 2013 from overlapping HST data. Both discuss changed position, while collision mechanisms and event rates remain model dependent. The 2008 report used an optical source and planet-belt model to infer a planet candidate but did not determine its full orbit and discussed transient dust as an alternative. In the 2013 preprint, artificial-source injections showed that residual speckles could mimic extension and large photometric errors; earlier claimed brightness variability was unconfirmed by other reductions. Its bound Keplerian orbit assumes particular errors and priors, with no detected acceleration. Instruments, reductions and data overlap limit comparisons. A supplementary table labels failed visits as 2013 among 2023 visits; that date needs clarification.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:051e6bd3-e468-4666-a949-e355d3d83690","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:23bdfff825e77ef54fb2be1178ee0bf90bf525a8fb6aae27225b5d2535af6216"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"biedermann-team-horizontal-atom-gravity-gradiometer-2014","title":"A horizontal atom gradiometer tests gravity while suppressing beam-steering noise","summary":"Biedermann and colleagues built a horizontal, dual-cesium-atom interferometer and reduced differential noise caused by beam steering through air by enclosing the optical path at low pressure. Moving nearby source masses modulated the measured gravity signal; the authors reported a proof-of-concept sensitivity corresponding to a relative statistical precision of 3 × 10⁻⁴ for a gravitational-constant measurement.","boundary":"The reported proof of concept characterizes signal precision; the paper does not supply a calibrated numerical value of G. Its source-mass data use a 2.6-day series, detrending and removal of noisy periods; short-term noise is subject to the stated outlier treatment. The paper models a possible inverse-square-law test rather than presenting a completed independent fifth-force exclusion experiment: the abstract refers to a 10 cm scale, whereas its discussion and figure describe a predicted constraint near 20 cm. Improved 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶ levels require future apparatus changes and are forecasts. Prior 2001 vertical gradiometry and 2007/2014 G measurements remain separately credited. Raw data, simulations and final publication have not been independently reviewed.","area":"Atomic interferometry and gravitation","topic":"Physics","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"biedermann-team-horizontal-atom-gravity-gradiometer-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c875a3f-97bd-4a0a-a395-acc1ae7e973d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9eab5696497a36ce4fb4172ca3f83a5ce1fef7f325d9066a8cc3052a065002e0"},"humans":["G. W. Biedermann","X. Wu","L. Deslauriers","S. Roy","C. Mahadeswaraswamy","M. A. Kasevich"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"biedermann-team-horizontal-atom-gradiometer-2014-v1","title":"Testing Gravity with Cold-Atom Interferometers","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.3210v1","date":"2014-12-10"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"biedermann-team-horizontal-atom-gravity-gradiometer-2014","entry_id":"biedermann-team-horizontal-atom-gravity-gradiometer-2014","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c875a3f-97bd-4a0a-a395-acc1ae7e973d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9eab5696497a36ce4fb4172ca3f83a5ce1fef7f325d9066a8cc3052a065002e0"},"what_changed":"Biedermann and colleagues built a horizontal, dual-cesium-atom interferometer and reduced differential noise caused by beam steering through air by enclosing the optical path at low pressure. Moving nearby source masses modulated the measured gravity signal; the authors reported a proof-of-concept sensitivity corresponding to a relative statistical precision of 3 × 10⁻⁴ for a gravitational-constant measurement.","scope":"Biedermann and colleagues built a horizontal, dual-cesium-atom interferometer and reduced differential noise caused by beam steering through air by enclosing the optical path at low pressure. Moving nearby source masses modulated the measured gravity signal; the authors reported a proof-of-concept sensitivity corresponding to a relative statistical precision of 3 × 10⁻⁴ for a gravitational-constant measurement. The reported proof of concept characterizes signal precision; the paper does not supply a calibrated numerical value of G. Its source-mass data use a 2.6-day series, detrending and removal of noisy periods; short-term noise is subject to the stated outlier treatment. The paper models a possible inverse-square-law test rather than presenting a completed independent fifth-force exclusion experiment: the abstract refers to a 10 cm scale, whereas its discussion and figure describe a predicted constraint near 20 cm. Improved 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶ levels require future apparatus changes and are forecasts. Prior 2001 vertical gradiometry and 2007/2014 G measurements remain separately credited. Raw data, simulations and final publication have not been independently reviewed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5c875a3f-97bd-4a0a-a395-acc1ae7e973d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:9eab5696497a36ce4fb4172ca3f83a5ce1fef7f325d9066a8cc3052a065002e0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"veissier-team-orbital-light-memory-cold-ensemble-2012","title":"Cold atoms store and retrieve weak light pulses carrying orbital angular momentum","summary":"Veissier and colleagues used electromagnetically induced transparency in cold cesium atoms to store and retrieve weak light pulses in two opposite orbital-angular-momentum modes. Mode-selective detection showed that the retrieved light retained the input mode labels; the authors also tested an equal-weight spatial-mode input. In a later related experiment, Nicolas and colleagues measured coherence and performed tomography on stored orbital-mode qubits, reporting fidelities above a benchmark that accounts for weak coherent inputs and the measured retrieval efficiency.","boundary":"Inputs were weak coherent pulses with mean 0.6 photons per pulse, not certified single-photon Fock states. Reported storage and retrieval efficiency was 16 ± 2% for the two modes and the illustrated delay was 1 microsecond. The two detection channels showed a 9% imbalance for the superposition input, and the authors explicitly state that the coherences and full process fidelity had not been measured. The experiment therefore does not itself establish faithful storage of an arbitrary quantum superposition, entanglement preservation or a higher-dimensional quantum network. Prior bright-beam orbital storage, generic EIT-based storage and the 2001 orbital-entanglement experiment remain separately credited. The 2013 follow-up has its own six-author byline and reports a 1 microsecond storage time, weak coherent pulses of mean 0.6 photons for the tabulated states and approximately 15% retrieval efficiency. It reports 92.5 ± 2% average raw fidelity and 98 ± 1% after background subtraction for those states; its classical benchmark depends on the efficiency and input-photon statistics. This is the later coherence test, not a retroactive claim that the earlier 2012 paper measured coherence. It does not demonstrate storage of entanglement between remote nodes or arbitrary higher-dimensional states. Journal supplementary comparison and raw-data replay remain open. A related 2013 conference abstract gives full names and affiliations; its author order differs from those of the two research papers.","area":"Quantum optics and atomic ensembles","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"veissier-team-orbital-light-memory-cold-ensemble-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8ebeafd4-a9b1-4564-a76c-42ac05732440","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5d2bd1254bc6e1dc08228ab077efa1ed25d7674df41a3b73be21902069dffe4"},"humans":["Lucile Veissier","Adrien Nicolas","Lambert Giner","Dominik Maxein","Alexandra S. Sheremet","Elisabeth Giacobino","Julien Laurat"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"veissier-team-orbital-light-memory-2012-v1","title":"A reversible optical memory for twisted photons","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1212.2382v1","date":"2012-12-11"},{"id":"nicolas-team-oam-qubit-memory-2013-v1","title":"A quantum memory for orbital angular momentum photonic qubits","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.0238v1","date":"2013-08-01"},{"id":"maxein-team-dpg-orbital-memory-2013-abstract","title":"A reversible optical memory for twisted photons, DPG Q32.7","url":"https://www.dpg-verhandlungen.de/2013/hannover/q32.pdf","date":"2013-03-19"}],"points":"60000","published_grade":{"id":"veissier-team-orbital-light-memory-cold-ensemble-2012","entry_id":"veissier-team-orbital-light-memory-cold-ensemble-2012","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8ebeafd4-a9b1-4564-a76c-42ac05732440","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5d2bd1254bc6e1dc08228ab077efa1ed25d7674df41a3b73be21902069dffe4"},"what_changed":"Veissier and colleagues used electromagnetically induced transparency in cold cesium atoms to store and retrieve weak light pulses in two opposite orbital-angular-momentum modes. Mode-selective detection showed that the retrieved light retained the input mode labels; the authors also tested an equal-weight spatial-mode input. In a later related experiment, Nicolas and colleagues measured coherence and performed tomography on stored orbital-mode qubits, reporting fidelities above a benchmark that accounts for weak coherent inputs and the measured retrieval efficiency.","scope":"Veissier and colleagues used electromagnetically induced transparency in cold cesium atoms to store and retrieve weak light pulses in two opposite orbital-angular-momentum modes. Mode-selective detection showed that the retrieved light retained the input mode labels; the authors also tested an equal-weight spatial-mode input. In a later related experiment, Nicolas and colleagues measured coherence and performed tomography on stored orbital-mode qubits, reporting fidelities above a benchmark that accounts for weak coherent inputs and the measured retrieval efficiency. Inputs were weak coherent pulses with mean 0.6 photons per pulse, not certified single-photon Fock states. Reported storage and retrieval efficiency was 16 ± 2% for the two modes and the illustrated delay was 1 microsecond. The two detection channels showed a 9% imbalance for the superposition input, and the authors explicitly state that the coherences and full process fidelity had not been measured. The experiment therefore does not itself establish faithful storage of an arbitrary quantum superposition, entanglement preservation or a higher-dimensional quantum network. Prior bright-beam orbital storage, generic EIT-based storage and the 2001 orbital-entanglement experiment remain separately credited. The 2013 follow-up has its own six-author byline and reports a 1 microsecond storage time, weak coherent pulses of mean 0.6 photons for the tabulated states and approximately 15% retrieval efficiency. It reports 92.5 ± 2% average raw fidelity and 98 ± 1% after background subtraction for those states; its classical benchmark depends on the efficiency and input-photon statistics. This is the later coherence test, not a retroactive claim that the earlier 2012 paper measured coherence. It does not demonstrate storage of entanglement between remote nodes or arbitrary higher-dimensional states. Journal supplementary comparison and raw-data replay remain open. A related 2013 conference abstract gives full names and affiliations; its author order differs from those of the two research papers.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8ebeafd4-a9b1-4564-a76c-42ac05732440","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f5d2bd1254bc6e1dc08228ab077efa1ed25d7674df41a3b73be21902069dffe4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"carniani-jades-z14-two-galaxy-spectroscopy-2024","title":"JWST spectroscopy identifies two luminous galaxies at redshifts near 14","summary":"Carniani and collaborators used JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy and NIRCam imaging to examine two early galaxy candidates. Both spectra show strong continuum breaks interpreted as Lyman-alpha breaks, yielding model-fitted redshifts near 14.32 and 13.90 in the first author preprint; the brighter object is spatially extended in the imaging. In a later ALMA follow-up, Schouws and colleagues detected a far-infrared oxygen line from the brighter source and obtained a more precise, consistent redshift.","boundary":"The redshifts are fitted from the break shape with assumptions about neutral hydrogen absorption and possible emission. The 3.6-sigma candidate CIII] line for the brighter source was tentative in v1, not a secure line detection; a third target was not spectroscopically confirmed. A close foreground galaxy required contamination and lensing corrections. The inferred stellar mass, star-formation history and dust content depend on population and spectral models, and cosmological ages depend on adopted parameters. The first-preprint values and 2024-era comparison are not a claim of today’s distance record or a direct contradiction of cosmology. The separate ALMA paper reports an [O III] 88-micrometre line at 6.6 sigma and z = 14.1793 ± 0.0007, for JADES-GS-z14-0 only; its [O III] line is not the same as the earlier tentative 3.6-sigma C III] feature. The authors regard their consistency as supporting the earlier interpretation, but this does not by itself reproduce the earlier spectrum. Their dust continuum was not detected, and dust and metallicity inferences depend on temperature, lensing and emission models. The follow-up quotes two different uncertainties for the earlier tentative line (0.003 in its main text and 0.013 elsewhere); the prior source gives 0.013. Earlier and follow-up author groups are separately attributed.","area":"Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"carniani-jades-z14-two-galaxy-spectroscopy-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed1bf3cf-74b6-4d40-af8e-c4059cf9f75d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f3a4bf151c2a867e5578b5856c18357d0e6307a99ebfc73a76ddd8349b5948f3"},"humans":["Stefano Carniani","Kevin Hainline","Francesco D’Eugenio","Daniel J. Eisenstein","Peter Jakobsen","Joris Witstok","Benjamin D. Johnson","Jacopo Chevallard","Roberto Maiolino","Jakob M. Helton","Chris Willott","Brant Robertson","Stacey Alberts","Santiago Arribas","William M. Baker","Rachana Bhatawdekar","Kristan Boyett","Andrew J. Bunker","Alex J. Cameron","Phillip A. Cargile","Stéphane Charlot","Mirko Curti","Emma Curtis-Lake","Eiichi Egami","Giovanna Giardino","Kate Isaak","Zhiyuan Ji","Gareth C. Jones","Michael V. Maseda","Eleonora Parlanti","Tim Rawle","George Rieke","Marcia Rieke","Bruno Rodríguez Del Pino","Aayush Saxena","Jan Scholtz","Renske Smit","Fengwu Sun","Sandro Tacchella","Hannah Übler","Giacomo Venturi","Christina C. Williams","Christopher N. A. Willmer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"carniani-jades-two-z14-galaxies-2024-v1","title":"A shining cosmic dawn: spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at z approximately 14","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.18485v1","date":"2024-05-28"},{"id":"schouws-team-jades-z14-alma-oxygen-2024-v1","title":"Detection of [OIII] 88 micrometre emission in JADES-GS-z14-0 at z=14.1793","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.20549v1","date":"2024-09-30"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"carniani-jades-z14-two-galaxy-spectroscopy-2024","entry_id":"carniani-jades-z14-two-galaxy-spectroscopy-2024","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed1bf3cf-74b6-4d40-af8e-c4059cf9f75d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f3a4bf151c2a867e5578b5856c18357d0e6307a99ebfc73a76ddd8349b5948f3"},"what_changed":"Carniani and collaborators used JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy and NIRCam imaging to examine two early galaxy candidates. Both spectra show strong continuum breaks interpreted as Lyman-alpha breaks, yielding model-fitted redshifts near 14.32 and 13.90 in the first author preprint; the brighter object is spatially extended in the imaging. In a later ALMA follow-up, Schouws and colleagues detected a far-infrared oxygen line from the brighter source and obtained a more precise, consistent redshift.","scope":"Carniani and collaborators used JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy and NIRCam imaging to examine two early galaxy candidates. Both spectra show strong continuum breaks interpreted as Lyman-alpha breaks, yielding model-fitted redshifts near 14.32 and 13.90 in the first author preprint; the brighter object is spatially extended in the imaging. In a later ALMA follow-up, Schouws and colleagues detected a far-infrared oxygen line from the brighter source and obtained a more precise, consistent redshift. The redshifts are fitted from the break shape with assumptions about neutral hydrogen absorption and possible emission. The 3.6-sigma candidate CIII] line for the brighter source was tentative in v1, not a secure line detection; a third target was not spectroscopically confirmed. A close foreground galaxy required contamination and lensing corrections. The inferred stellar mass, star-formation history and dust content depend on population and spectral models, and cosmological ages depend on adopted parameters. The first-preprint values and 2024-era comparison are not a claim of today’s distance record or a direct contradiction of cosmology. The separate ALMA paper reports an [O III] 88-micrometre line at 6.6 sigma and z = 14.1793 ± 0.0007, for JADES-GS-z14-0 only; its [O III] line is not the same as the earlier tentative 3.6-sigma C III] feature. The authors regard their consistency as supporting the earlier interpretation, but this does not by itself reproduce the earlier spectrum. Their dust continuum was not detected, and dust and metallicity inferences depend on temperature, lensing and emission models. The follow-up quotes two different uncertainties for the earlier tentative line (0.003 in its main text and 0.013 elsewhere); the prior source gives 0.013. Earlier and follow-up author groups are separately attributed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ed1bf3cf-74b6-4d40-af8e-c4059cf9f75d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f3a4bf151c2a867e5578b5856c18357d0e6307a99ebfc73a76ddd8349b5948f3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"qian-liu-fu-li-1tprime-tmd-topological-phase-prediction-2014","title":"Predicted topological electronic phases in 1T′ transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers","summary":"Qian, Liu, Fu and Li used first-principles electronic-structure and edge-state calculations to predict nontrivial band topology in six distorted 1T′ transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers. They calculated a field-driven topological phase transition for monolayer MoS₂ and proposed a layered field-effect device exploiting the predicted edge channels.","boundary":"This is a calculation and device proposal, not an experimentally built transistor or a universal room-temperature demonstration. In the cited v1, the computed MoTe₂ and WTe₂ bands overlap and are described as semimetallic; the authors proposed strain to lift the overlap. Inverted gaps at a specific momentum must not be confused with global fundamental insulating gaps. Predictions depend on structural, G₀W₀ and tight-binding approximations. The later WTe₂ short-edge transport measurement is a separate contribution; not all predicted compounds or device claims were thereby validated.","area":"Condensed matter theory and topological materials","topic":"Physics","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"qian-liu-fu-li-1tprime-tmd-topological-phase-prediction-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3e087f1-615e-4830-a540-50779273e78b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bbc6017fb55a0af2689f578075053c4939abd62c8ff30c0a8756b48900fd2eb7"},"humans":["Xiaofeng Qian","Junwei Liu","Liang Fu","Ju Li"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"qian-liu-fu-li-1tprime-tmd-topology-2014-v1","title":"Quantum Spin Hall Effect and Topological Field Effect Transistor in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.2749v1","date":"2014-06-11"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"qian-liu-fu-li-1tprime-tmd-topological-phase-prediction-2014","entry_id":"qian-liu-fu-li-1tprime-tmd-topological-phase-prediction-2014","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3e087f1-615e-4830-a540-50779273e78b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bbc6017fb55a0af2689f578075053c4939abd62c8ff30c0a8756b48900fd2eb7"},"what_changed":"Qian, Liu, Fu and Li used first-principles electronic-structure and edge-state calculations to predict nontrivial band topology in six distorted 1T′ transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers. They calculated a field-driven topological phase transition for monolayer MoS₂ and proposed a layered field-effect device exploiting the predicted edge channels.","scope":"Qian, Liu, Fu and Li used first-principles electronic-structure and edge-state calculations to predict nontrivial band topology in six distorted 1T′ transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers. They calculated a field-driven topological phase transition for monolayer MoS₂ and proposed a layered field-effect device exploiting the predicted edge channels. This is a calculation and device proposal, not an experimentally built transistor or a universal room-temperature demonstration. In the cited v1, the computed MoTe₂ and WTe₂ bands overlap and are described as semimetallic; the authors proposed strain to lift the overlap. Inverted gaps at a specific momentum must not be confused with global fundamental insulating gaps. Predictions depend on structural, G₀W₀ and tight-binding approximations. The later WTe₂ short-edge transport measurement is a separate contribution; not all predicted compounds or device claims were thereby validated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3e087f1-615e-4830-a540-50779273e78b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bbc6017fb55a0af2689f578075053c4939abd62c8ff30c0a8756b48900fd2eb7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"planck-2018-full-mission-cosmological-parameter-analysis","title":"Planck full-mission cosmic microwave background cosmological parameter analysis","summary":"The Planck Collaboration combined final full-mission cosmic microwave background temperature and polarization power spectra with its lensing reconstruction to constrain parameters of the spatially flat six-parameter base Lambda-CDM model. For the combined Planck TT,TE,EE+lowE+lensing likelihood, the paper gives H0 = 67.36 ± 0.54 km/s/Mpc and matter fraction 0.3153 ± 0.0073, at 68% confidence.","boundary":"These late-universe parameters are inferred under the specified cosmological model, not direct local measurements of H0. The analysis assumes a power-law adiabatic primordial spectrum and baseline neutrino model; alternative cosmological models, priors and input data alter results. Improved polarization and residual calibration modelling are important; Plik versus CamSpec comparisons indicate residual parameter modelling effects of order 0.5 sigma. With external BAO and a one-parameter neutrino-mass extension the paper reports sum of neutrino masses < 0.12 eV at 95%, not a Planck-only measurement. Earlier Planck releases share mission data and are not independent experiments. Corrected v4 includes a corrigendum to the high-redshift reionization optical-depth limits; this should not be confused with the base-parameter estimates. The CMB lensing-amplitude discrepancy and historical Hubble comparisons are not a proof of new physics or resolution of present tensions.","area":"Cosmology and cosmic microwave background","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"planck-2018-full-mission-cosmological-parameter-analysis","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc9cd805-a99a-4dfb-a18a-2a329b3ce693","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb75a03665a895c8de93ed0cd9bd438c2009191e8bf4e9450e21147521fe8780"},"humans":["N. Aghanim","Y. Akrami","M. Ashdown"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"planck-2018-cosmological-parameters-v4","title":"Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.06209v4","date":"2021-08-09"}],"points":"215000","published_grade":{"id":"planck-2018-full-mission-cosmological-parameter-analysis","entry_id":"planck-2018-full-mission-cosmological-parameter-analysis","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc9cd805-a99a-4dfb-a18a-2a329b3ce693","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb75a03665a895c8de93ed0cd9bd438c2009191e8bf4e9450e21147521fe8780"},"what_changed":"The Planck Collaboration combined final full-mission cosmic microwave background temperature and polarization power spectra with its lensing reconstruction to constrain parameters of the spatially flat six-parameter base Lambda-CDM model. For the combined Planck TT,TE,EE+lowE+lensing likelihood, the paper gives H0 = 67.36 ± 0.54 km/s/Mpc and matter fraction 0.3153 ± 0.0073, at 68% confidence.","scope":"The Planck Collaboration combined final full-mission cosmic microwave background temperature and polarization power spectra with its lensing reconstruction to constrain parameters of the spatially flat six-parameter base Lambda-CDM model. For the combined Planck TT,TE,EE+lowE+lensing likelihood, the paper gives H0 = 67.36 ± 0.54 km/s/Mpc and matter fraction 0.3153 ± 0.0073, at 68% confidence. These late-universe parameters are inferred under the specified cosmological model, not direct local measurements of H0. The analysis assumes a power-law adiabatic primordial spectrum and baseline neutrino model; alternative cosmological models, priors and input data alter results. Improved polarization and residual calibration modelling are important; Plik versus CamSpec comparisons indicate residual parameter modelling effects of order 0.5 sigma. With external BAO and a one-parameter neutrino-mass extension the paper reports sum of neutrino masses < 0.12 eV at 95%, not a Planck-only measurement. Earlier Planck releases share mission data and are not independent experiments. Corrected v4 includes a corrigendum to the high-redshift reionization optical-depth limits; this should not be confused with the base-parameter estimates. The CMB lensing-amplitude discrepancy and historical Hubble comparisons are not a proof of new physics or resolution of present tensions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dc9cd805-a99a-4dfb-a18a-2a329b3ce693","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cb75a03665a895c8de93ed0cd9bd438c2009191e8bf4e9450e21147521fe8780"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wahl-juno-jupiter-gravity-dilute-core-models-2017","title":"Juno gravity motivates model-dependent Jupiter interior profiles with a dilute core","summary":"Wahl and colleagues compared numerical interior structure models against Jupiter’s even gravitational moments from Juno’s first two close orbits. In their model families an extended heavy-element-enriched core, mixed with hydrogen and helium, can improve agreement with the measurements; the authors explored how equations of state and envelope composition change the inferred core and gravitational moments.","boundary":"This is a model-based interpretation of existing Juno measurements, not direct imaging of a core or proof that it must be dilute. The paper finds compact-core solutions with a different equation of state or perturbed model; the tested reference model remains discrepant, and matching the gravity data can require changes to outer-envelope density or composition. Dynamic wind contributions increase the effective uncertainty. The abstract reports 7–25 Earth masses of heavy elements in the core while the body describes an approximate 6–25 bracket, so no sharper universal interval is claimed. Hydrogen-helium equation of state, assumed equilibrium, temperature/composition profiles and core erosion history are material limitations. Distinct later 2018 deep-jet inversion and 2021 vortex depth papers remain unverified HOLDs, not resolved by this source.","area":"Planetary physics and gravitation","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"wahl-juno-jupiter-gravity-dilute-core-models-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1f15d8a-fc09-440c-a335-68a67e90f69f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f95bc37fe8e1fc641ff51073c162b89a52d689f7616403793815e0e3e35bf825"},"humans":["S. M. Wahl","W. B. Hubbard","B. Militzer","T. Guillot","Y. Miguel","N. Movshovitz","Y. Kaspi","R. Helled","D. Reese","E. Galanti","S. Levin","J. E. Connerney","S. J. Bolton"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wahl-juno-jupiter-interior-dilute-core-2017-v1","title":"Comparing Jupiter interior structure models to Juno gravity measurements and the role of a dilute core","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.01997v1","date":"2017-07-07"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"wahl-juno-jupiter-gravity-dilute-core-models-2017","entry_id":"wahl-juno-jupiter-gravity-dilute-core-models-2017","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1f15d8a-fc09-440c-a335-68a67e90f69f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f95bc37fe8e1fc641ff51073c162b89a52d689f7616403793815e0e3e35bf825"},"what_changed":"Wahl and colleagues compared numerical interior structure models against Jupiter’s even gravitational moments from Juno’s first two close orbits. In their model families an extended heavy-element-enriched core, mixed with hydrogen and helium, can improve agreement with the measurements; the authors explored how equations of state and envelope composition change the inferred core and gravitational moments.","scope":"Wahl and colleagues compared numerical interior structure models against Jupiter’s even gravitational moments from Juno’s first two close orbits. In their model families an extended heavy-element-enriched core, mixed with hydrogen and helium, can improve agreement with the measurements; the authors explored how equations of state and envelope composition change the inferred core and gravitational moments. This is a model-based interpretation of existing Juno measurements, not direct imaging of a core or proof that it must be dilute. The paper finds compact-core solutions with a different equation of state or perturbed model; the tested reference model remains discrepant, and matching the gravity data can require changes to outer-envelope density or composition. Dynamic wind contributions increase the effective uncertainty. The abstract reports 7–25 Earth masses of heavy elements in the core while the body describes an approximate 6–25 bracket, so no sharper universal interval is claimed. Hydrogen-helium equation of state, assumed equilibrium, temperature/composition profiles and core erosion history are material limitations. Distinct later 2018 deep-jet inversion and 2021 vortex depth papers remain unverified HOLDs, not resolved by this source.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c1f15d8a-fc09-440c-a335-68a67e90f69f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f95bc37fe8e1fc641ff51073c162b89a52d689f7616403793815e0e3e35bf825"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sahu-stein2051b-white-dwarf-astrometric-lensing-2017","title":"Astrometric microlensing measures the mass of white dwarf Stein 2051 B","summary":"Sahu and colleagues used Hubble observations of the apparent positional shift of a background star as the nearby white dwarf Stein 2051 B passed in front of it. Fitting the astrometric microlensing model and parallax gave a lens mass of 0.675 ± 0.051 solar masses, providing a comparison point for white-dwarf mass–radius models.","boundary":"The lensing mass uses general relativity and modeled source/lens motion and distances; this is not an independent measurement of the relativistic deflection coefficient or a proof of every white-dwarf mass–radius relation. Of eight observing epochs, only four entered the deflection fit because glare and diffraction compromised source measurements close to the white dwarf. Point-spread-function subtraction and the astrometric reference frame contribute uncertainty. The radius comparison uses photometry and a helium-atmosphere model. The supplementary text prints 52 pc where the main text gives 5.52 pc and the quoted 181 mas parallax implies approximately 5.52 pc; this apparent typo is retained for review. The astrometric result relies on the authors’ image reduction; independent reanalysis would be needed to test it.","area":"Gravitational lensing and stellar physics","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"sahu-stein2051b-white-dwarf-astrometric-lensing-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f021baeb-94fa-4d92-a530-62e369d15cbf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c3f11a0d259fd5ecda5bf34dd6a21beeffa197da623a070c2b46471ef7b003d"},"humans":["Kailash C. Sahu","Jay Anderson","Stefano Casertano","Howard E. Bond","Pierre Bergeron","Edmund P. Nelan","Laurent Pueyo","Thomas M. Brown","Andrea Bellini","Zoltan G. Levay","Joshua Sokol","Martin Dominik","Annalisa Calamida","Noé Kains","Mario Livio"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"sahu-stein2051b-astrometric-lensing-2017-v1","title":"Relativistic deflection of background starlight measures the mass of a nearby white dwarf star","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.02037v1","date":"2017-06-07"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"sahu-stein2051b-white-dwarf-astrometric-lensing-2017","entry_id":"sahu-stein2051b-white-dwarf-astrometric-lensing-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f021baeb-94fa-4d92-a530-62e369d15cbf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c3f11a0d259fd5ecda5bf34dd6a21beeffa197da623a070c2b46471ef7b003d"},"what_changed":"Sahu and colleagues used Hubble observations of the apparent positional shift of a background star as the nearby white dwarf Stein 2051 B passed in front of it. Fitting the astrometric microlensing model and parallax gave a lens mass of 0.675 ± 0.051 solar masses, providing a comparison point for white-dwarf mass–radius models.","scope":"Sahu and colleagues used Hubble observations of the apparent positional shift of a background star as the nearby white dwarf Stein 2051 B passed in front of it. Fitting the astrometric microlensing model and parallax gave a lens mass of 0.675 ± 0.051 solar masses, providing a comparison point for white-dwarf mass–radius models. The lensing mass uses general relativity and modeled source/lens motion and distances; this is not an independent measurement of the relativistic deflection coefficient or a proof of every white-dwarf mass–radius relation. Of eight observing epochs, only four entered the deflection fit because glare and diffraction compromised source measurements close to the white dwarf. Point-spread-function subtraction and the astrometric reference frame contribute uncertainty. The radius comparison uses photometry and a helium-atmosphere model. The supplementary text prints 52 pc where the main text gives 5.52 pc and the quoted 181 mas parallax implies approximately 5.52 pc; this apparent typo is retained for review. The astrometric result relies on the authors’ image reduction; independent reanalysis would be needed to test it.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f021baeb-94fa-4d92-a530-62e369d15cbf","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5c3f11a0d259fd5ecda5bf34dd6a21beeffa197da623a070c2b46471ef7b003d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"dama-libra-phase2-annual-modulation-2018","title":"DAMA/LIBRA annual modulation and a later same-target COSINE-100 test","summary":"DAMA/LIBRA phase 2 reported an annual modulation of low-energy single-hit events in six annual cycles, with an exposure of 1.13 tonne-years. A phase-fixed 1–6 keV fit gave 0.0105 ± 0.0011 counts per day per kilogram per keV. A later COSINE-100 analysis with an independent sodium-iodide detector reported a phase-fixed 1–6 keV electron-equivalent amplitude of 0.0017 ± 0.0029 over 6.4 years of operation and compared its results with DAMA/LIBRA. Two additional annual cycles extended the phase-2 dataset to eight cycles and 1.53 tonne-years; the independent COSINE comparison used this later DAMA analysis.","boundary":"DAMA’s modulation is an experiment-specific observed signal and model-based statistical inference, not a confirmed detection of dark matter particles. Its 2018 12.9σ figure includes 20 cumulative annual cycles, including older DAMA data, and is not independent evidence from the six new cycles alone. COSINE analyzes five selected crystals with effective mass 61.3 kg and about 5.84 good-data years, rather than 106 kg for all 6.4 years. Its comparison uses fitted background models, calibration choices and quenching-factor assumptions. The authors report 3.57σ tension for 1–3 keV electron-equivalent and 3.25σ for a specified sodium nuclear-recoil comparison in the body; the summary prints 3.23σ for the latter. These are comparisons of specified signal models, not universal exclusion of dark matter. The later DAMA journal original reports eight phase-2 cycles with 1.53 tonne-years; its fixed-phase 1–3 keV amplitude is 0.0191 ± 0.0020, while 1–6 keV is 0.01048 ± 0.00090. Its 13.7σ for 2–6 keV uses 2.86 tonne-years including earlier DAMA/NaI and phase 1, with free fitted phase and period; this is not independent of the earlier result. COSINE compares against this later paper under specified calibration and analysis assumptions. The journal volume is dated 2021; journal metadata gives publication on 4 June 2022, and the paper states receipt on 15 December 2021. The two collaborations have distinct bylines; COSINE author transcription is partial. Raw detector events, full calibration and later published versions were not independently replayed.","area":"Dark matter detection and particle astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"dama-libra-phase2-annual-modulation-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fb98591-917d-41d1-a8f5-0abfffb305d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f6b9a40c728a359cfdc7070f5591b1b80ecca318fb900100ced5c0ca23dbd3f"},"humans":["R. Bernabei","P. Belli","A. Bussolotti","F. Cappella","V. Caracciolo","R. Cerulli","C. J. Dai","A. d’Angelo","A. Di Marco","H. L. He","A. Incicchitti","X. H. Ma","A. Mattei","V. Merlo","F. Montecchia","X. D. Sheng","Z. P. Ye"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"dama-libra-phase2-2018-v1","title":"First model independent results from DAMA/LIBRA–phase2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.10486v1","date":"2018-05-26"},{"id":"cosine100-full-dataset-modulation-2024-v1","title":"COSINE-100 Full Dataset Challenges the Annual Modulation Signal of DAMA/LIBRA","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.13226v1","date":"2024-09-20"},{"id":"dama-libra-phase2-eight-cycles-journal-2022","title":"Further results from DAMA/LIBRA-phase2 and perspectives","url":"https://jnpae.kinr.kyiv.ua/22.4/Articles_PDF/jnpae-2021-22-0329-Bernabei.pdf","date":"2022-06-04"}],"points":"65000","published_grade":{"id":"dama-libra-phase2-annual-modulation-2018","entry_id":"dama-libra-phase2-annual-modulation-2018","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fb98591-917d-41d1-a8f5-0abfffb305d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f6b9a40c728a359cfdc7070f5591b1b80ecca318fb900100ced5c0ca23dbd3f"},"what_changed":"DAMA/LIBRA phase 2 reported an annual modulation of low-energy single-hit events in six annual cycles, with an exposure of 1.13 tonne-years. A phase-fixed 1–6 keV fit gave 0.0105 ± 0.0011 counts per day per kilogram per keV. A later COSINE-100 analysis with an independent sodium-iodide detector reported a phase-fixed 1–6 keV electron-equivalent amplitude of 0.0017 ± 0.0029 over 6.4 years of operation and compared its results with DAMA/LIBRA. Two additional annual cycles extended the phase-2 dataset to eight cycles and 1.53 tonne-years; the independent COSINE comparison used this later DAMA analysis.","scope":"DAMA/LIBRA phase 2 reported an annual modulation of low-energy single-hit events in six annual cycles, with an exposure of 1.13 tonne-years. A phase-fixed 1–6 keV fit gave 0.0105 ± 0.0011 counts per day per kilogram per keV. A later COSINE-100 analysis with an independent sodium-iodide detector reported a phase-fixed 1–6 keV electron-equivalent amplitude of 0.0017 ± 0.0029 over 6.4 years of operation and compared its results with DAMA/LIBRA. Two additional annual cycles extended the phase-2 dataset to eight cycles and 1.53 tonne-years; the independent COSINE comparison used this later DAMA analysis. DAMA’s modulation is an experiment-specific observed signal and model-based statistical inference, not a confirmed detection of dark matter particles. Its 2018 12.9σ figure includes 20 cumulative annual cycles, including older DAMA data, and is not independent evidence from the six new cycles alone. COSINE analyzes five selected crystals with effective mass 61.3 kg and about 5.84 good-data years, rather than 106 kg for all 6.4 years. Its comparison uses fitted background models, calibration choices and quenching-factor assumptions. The authors report 3.57σ tension for 1–3 keV electron-equivalent and 3.25σ for a specified sodium nuclear-recoil comparison in the body; the summary prints 3.23σ for the latter. These are comparisons of specified signal models, not universal exclusion of dark matter. The later DAMA journal original reports eight phase-2 cycles with 1.53 tonne-years; its fixed-phase 1–3 keV amplitude is 0.0191 ± 0.0020, while 1–6 keV is 0.01048 ± 0.00090. Its 13.7σ for 2–6 keV uses 2.86 tonne-years including earlier DAMA/NaI and phase 1, with free fitted phase and period; this is not independent of the earlier result. COSINE compares against this later paper under specified calibration and analysis assumptions. The journal volume is dated 2021; journal metadata gives publication on 4 June 2022, and the paper states receipt on 15 December 2021. The two collaborations have distinct bylines; COSINE author transcription is partial. Raw detector events, full calibration and later published versions were not independently replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0fb98591-917d-41d1-a8f5-0abfffb305d9","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f6b9a40c728a359cfdc7070f5591b1b80ecca318fb900100ced5c0ca23dbd3f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"krishna-kumar-graphene-brown-zak-high-temperature-oscillations-2017","title":"Brown–Zak quantum oscillations persist above room temperature in graphene superlattices","summary":"Transport measurements in aligned graphene–hexagonal-boron-nitride superlattices revealed oscillations periodic in inverse magnetic field that remained visible at 373 K in fields of a few tesla. Their principal maxima followed one flux quantum per integer number of superlattice cells, with a period largely independent of carrier density. Comparison with misaligned devices, capacitance measurements and magnetic-miniband modelling supported an interpretation through recurring Bloch states rather than thermally resolved Landau gaps.","boundary":"The measured result concerns the investigated graphene superlattices and accessible carrier densities, temperatures and fields. Higher-temperature estimates and extensions to other materials are predictions. The relaxation-time model is qualitative; transport observations do not directly measure every miniband or prove the mechanism uniquely. The 2017 thesis reproduces the Science article and supplementary information; raw data have not been independently reanalyzed.","area":"Graphene superlattices and quantum magnetotransport","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"krishna-kumar-graphene-brown-zak-high-temperature-oscillations-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7afba464-6d6c-419d-abb1-d0a1c245427f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8a03d5b57c32f6a57ba9d1ddc5ba15d14400e7c85eb705ebce8735a225324b2e"},"humans":["R. Krishna Kumar","X. Chen","G. H. Auton","A. Mishchenko","D. A. Bandurin","S. V. Morozov","Y. Cao","E. Khestanova","M. Ben Shalom","A. V. Kretinin","K. S. Novoselov","L. Eaves","I. V. Grigorieva","L. A. Ponomarenko","V. I. Fal’ko","A. K. Geim"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"krishna-kumar-thesis-embedded-brown-zak-formal-2017","title":"High-temperature quantum oscillations caused by recurring Bloch states in graphene superlattices — complete Science original and SI embedded in author thesis","url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/88867/1/High_temperature_quantum_transport_in_graphenehexagonal_boron_nitride_heterostructures.pdf","date":"2017-07-14"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"krishna-kumar-graphene-brown-zak-high-temperature-oscillations-2017","entry_id":"krishna-kumar-graphene-brown-zak-high-temperature-oscillations-2017","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7afba464-6d6c-419d-abb1-d0a1c245427f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8a03d5b57c32f6a57ba9d1ddc5ba15d14400e7c85eb705ebce8735a225324b2e"},"what_changed":"Transport measurements in aligned graphene–hexagonal-boron-nitride superlattices revealed oscillations periodic in inverse magnetic field that remained visible at 373 K in fields of a few tesla. Their principal maxima followed one flux quantum per integer number of superlattice cells, with a period largely independent of carrier density. Comparison with misaligned devices, capacitance measurements and magnetic-miniband modelling supported an interpretation through recurring Bloch states rather than thermally resolved Landau gaps.","scope":"Transport measurements in aligned graphene–hexagonal-boron-nitride superlattices revealed oscillations periodic in inverse magnetic field that remained visible at 373 K in fields of a few tesla. Their principal maxima followed one flux quantum per integer number of superlattice cells, with a period largely independent of carrier density. Comparison with misaligned devices, capacitance measurements and magnetic-miniband modelling supported an interpretation through recurring Bloch states rather than thermally resolved Landau gaps. The measured result concerns the investigated graphene superlattices and accessible carrier densities, temperatures and fields. Higher-temperature estimates and extensions to other materials are predictions. The relaxation-time model is qualitative; transport observations do not directly measure every miniband or prove the mechanism uniquely. The 2017 thesis reproduces the Science article and supplementary information; raw data have not been independently reanalyzed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7afba464-6d6c-419d-abb1-d0a1c245427f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8a03d5b57c32f6a57ba9d1ddc5ba15d14400e7c85eb705ebce8735a225324b2e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lafarge-team-equilibrium-single-electron-box-charge-quantization-1991","title":"An electron box reveals gate-controlled quantization of average island charge","summary":"Lafarge and colleagues used a capacitively coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer to measure charge changes in a small metallic electron box. Varying the gate voltage produced the sawtooth response expected when the island exchanges electrons in discrete units, with thermal rounding that agreed with a charging-energy model above about 100 mK. The experiment resolved charge quantization in an equilibrium solid-state circuit, including an electron-periodic response when its aluminium electrodes were superconducting.","boundary":"The measurement reconstructs mean island charging through a calibrated electrometer; it is not a time-resolved count of every tunnelling event or a new determination of the elementary charge. Excess rounding at the lowest temperatures was not explained in the reported manuscript. Electron-periodic superconducting data do not demonstrate two-electron transfer. The complete source is the author’s manuscript reproduced with an acknowledged figure-caption correction in a1993 thesis, rather than the untouched1991 publisher version.","area":"Single-electron charging and mesoscopic electrometry","topic":"Physics","year":1991,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lafarge-team-equilibrium-single-electron-box-charge-quantization-1991","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90564b24-03b4-4c3e-a571-1d8c4a84f276","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aacab70fc6aecb1f7991d26328b6980698a3cb9a466ee25450597ab9cc1f0ca6"},"humans":["P. Lafarge","H. Pothier","E. R. Williams","D. Esteve","C. Urbina","M. H. Devoret"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lafarge-thesis-1993-embedded-1991-charge-quantization-original","title":"Direct observation of macroscopic charge quantization — complete original author manuscript with acknowledged caption correction in Lafarge1993 thesis","url":"https://iramis.cea.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/GQ_Thesis_Lafarge.pdf","date":"1993-11-30"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"lafarge-team-equilibrium-single-electron-box-charge-quantization-1991","entry_id":"lafarge-team-equilibrium-single-electron-box-charge-quantization-1991","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90564b24-03b4-4c3e-a571-1d8c4a84f276","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aacab70fc6aecb1f7991d26328b6980698a3cb9a466ee25450597ab9cc1f0ca6"},"what_changed":"Lafarge and colleagues used a capacitively coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer to measure charge changes in a small metallic electron box. Varying the gate voltage produced the sawtooth response expected when the island exchanges electrons in discrete units, with thermal rounding that agreed with a charging-energy model above about 100 mK. The experiment resolved charge quantization in an equilibrium solid-state circuit, including an electron-periodic response when its aluminium electrodes were superconducting.","scope":"Lafarge and colleagues used a capacitively coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer to measure charge changes in a small metallic electron box. Varying the gate voltage produced the sawtooth response expected when the island exchanges electrons in discrete units, with thermal rounding that agreed with a charging-energy model above about 100 mK. The experiment resolved charge quantization in an equilibrium solid-state circuit, including an electron-periodic response when its aluminium electrodes were superconducting. The measurement reconstructs mean island charging through a calibrated electrometer; it is not a time-resolved count of every tunnelling event or a new determination of the elementary charge. Excess rounding at the lowest temperatures was not explained in the reported manuscript. Electron-periodic superconducting data do not demonstrate two-electron transfer. The complete source is the author’s manuscript reproduced with an acknowledged figure-caption correction in a1993 thesis, rather than the untouched1991 publisher version.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:90564b24-03b4-4c3e-a571-1d8c4a84f276","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aacab70fc6aecb1f7991d26328b6980698a3cb9a466ee25450597ab9cc1f0ca6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lafarge-joyez-team-superconducting-island-parity-and-two-electron-charge-1993","title":"Electron parity controls charge addition to a superconducting island","summary":"Lafarge, Joyez and colleagues used Coulomb-blockade electrometry to measure how electron-number parity changes the free energy of a small superconducting island. In one device, unequal widths of successive charge steps gave the temperature-dependent cost of an unpaired electron. A later device with a larger superconducting gap relative to its charging energy showed charge steps of two electrons at low temperature and field; increasing either restored intermediate or single-electron steps.","boundary":"The two experiments used different samples and charging regimes. Two-electron periodicity alone does not establish two-electron charge quantization. The inference relies on calibrated mean-charge measurements, weak tunnelling and equilibrium models; low-temperature deviations and a fitted mean-free-path discrepancy retain their source-level uncertainty. These observations do not demonstrate an operating Cooper-pair pump, a coherent qubit or universal parity protection. The cited manuscripts are reproduced in a 1993 thesis; their wording may differ from the journal versions.","area":"Superconducting parity and two-electron charge quantization","topic":"Physics","year":1993,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lafarge-joyez-team-superconducting-island-parity-and-two-electron-charge-1993","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b8d6461-cd8d-4413-a391-8ad90e9b491a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2c3a6212321bc11c9547b68054bd5dd9622369b8e91b441c21526a55d9734edf"},"humans":["P. Lafarge","P. Joyez","D. Esteve","C. Urbina","M. H. Devoret"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lafarge-thesis-1993-embedded-parity-and-two-electron-originals","title":"Measurement of the even-odd free-energy difference of an isolated superconductor; Two-electron quantization of the charge on a superconductor — complete author manuscripts in Lafarge thesis","url":"https://iramis.cea.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/GQ_Thesis_Lafarge.pdf","date":"1993-11-30"}],"points":"82000","published_grade":{"id":"lafarge-joyez-team-superconducting-island-parity-and-two-electron-charge-1993","entry_id":"lafarge-joyez-team-superconducting-island-parity-and-two-electron-charge-1993","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b8d6461-cd8d-4413-a391-8ad90e9b491a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2c3a6212321bc11c9547b68054bd5dd9622369b8e91b441c21526a55d9734edf"},"what_changed":"Lafarge, Joyez and colleagues used Coulomb-blockade electrometry to measure how electron-number parity changes the free energy of a small superconducting island. In one device, unequal widths of successive charge steps gave the temperature-dependent cost of an unpaired electron. A later device with a larger superconducting gap relative to its charging energy showed charge steps of two electrons at low temperature and field; increasing either restored intermediate or single-electron steps.","scope":"Lafarge, Joyez and colleagues used Coulomb-blockade electrometry to measure how electron-number parity changes the free energy of a small superconducting island. In one device, unequal widths of successive charge steps gave the temperature-dependent cost of an unpaired electron. A later device with a larger superconducting gap relative to its charging energy showed charge steps of two electrons at low temperature and field; increasing either restored intermediate or single-electron steps. The two experiments used different samples and charging regimes. Two-electron periodicity alone does not establish two-electron charge quantization. The inference relies on calibrated mean-charge measurements, weak tunnelling and equilibrium models; low-temperature deviations and a fitted mean-free-path discrepancy retain their source-level uncertainty. These observations do not demonstrate an operating Cooper-pair pump, a coherent qubit or universal parity protection. The cited manuscripts are reproduced in a 1993 thesis; their wording may differ from the journal versions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2b8d6461-cd8d-4413-a391-8ad90e9b491a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2c3a6212321bc11c9547b68054bd5dd9622369b8e91b441c21526a55d9734edf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lafarge-team-time-resolved-single-electron-charge-switching-1992","title":"An electrometer resolves individual electron-charge jumps on a metallic island","summary":"Lafarge and colleagues monitored a metallic island connected to a reservoir through four tunnel junctions. A coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer resolved discrete potential jumps as individual electrons entered or left the island, with charge remaining fixed between resolved events. Gate sweeps produced a hysteretic charge staircase. The measured switching rate greatly exceeded the simple cotunnelling prediction, exposing a limitation relevant to proposed precision charge-transfer devices.","boundary":"The observations concern a cryogenic device, calibrated charge increments and finite measurement bandwidth. They do not establish a new value of the elementary charge, error-free pumping or a universal metrological limit. The origin of the excess switching rate remained unresolved; superconducting measurements showed single-electron rather than two-electron jumps. The cited 1992 author manuscript is reproduced in a 1993 thesis.","area":"Time-resolved single-electron charging and tunnelling","topic":"Physics","year":1992,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lafarge-team-time-resolved-single-electron-charge-switching-1992","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f55c42c6-fa8d-41ac-a481-ccbdd38d706f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71350c0bc3d4027af3539db148bc09683bfdac6307ecde87abb4b9bbfe7854c8"},"humans":["Philippe Lafarge","Philippe Joyez","Hugues Pothier","Andrew Cleland","Thorsten Holst","Daniel Esteve","Cristian Urbina","Michel H. Devoret"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lafarge-thesis-1993-embedded-1992-individual-charge-original","title":"Observation directe de la quantification de la charge macroscopique: une expérience de Millikan dans un dispositif électronique submicronique — complete1992 author manuscript in Lafarge thesis","url":"https://iramis.cea.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/GQ_Thesis_Lafarge.pdf","date":"1993-11-30"}],"points":"98000","published_grade":{"id":"lafarge-team-time-resolved-single-electron-charge-switching-1992","entry_id":"lafarge-team-time-resolved-single-electron-charge-switching-1992","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f55c42c6-fa8d-41ac-a481-ccbdd38d706f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71350c0bc3d4027af3539db148bc09683bfdac6307ecde87abb4b9bbfe7854c8"},"what_changed":"Lafarge and colleagues monitored a metallic island connected to a reservoir through four tunnel junctions. A coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer resolved discrete potential jumps as individual electrons entered or left the island, with charge remaining fixed between resolved events. Gate sweeps produced a hysteretic charge staircase. The measured switching rate greatly exceeded the simple cotunnelling prediction, exposing a limitation relevant to proposed precision charge-transfer devices.","scope":"Lafarge and colleagues monitored a metallic island connected to a reservoir through four tunnel junctions. A coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer resolved discrete potential jumps as individual electrons entered or left the island, with charge remaining fixed between resolved events. Gate sweeps produced a hysteretic charge staircase. The measured switching rate greatly exceeded the simple cotunnelling prediction, exposing a limitation relevant to proposed precision charge-transfer devices. The observations concern a cryogenic device, calibrated charge increments and finite measurement bandwidth. They do not establish a new value of the elementary charge, error-free pumping or a universal metrological limit. The origin of the excess switching rate remained unresolved; superconducting measurements showed single-electron rather than two-electron jumps. The cited 1992 author manuscript is reproduced in a 1993 thesis.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f55c42c6-fa8d-41ac-a481-ccbdd38d706f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71350c0bc3d4027af3539db148bc09683bfdac6307ecde87abb4b9bbfe7854c8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"zhang-nagata-team-density-enhanced-coherent-atom-molecule-reactions-2022","title":"Density-enhanced collective oscillations couple atomic and molecular condensates","summary":"Zhang, Nagata and colleagues observed collective atom–molecule reaction dynamics in an ultracold cesium gas near a narrow Feshbach resonance. After rapid molecule formation and heating, the atomic and molecular populations oscillated for several milliseconds. Higher condensate densities produced faster oscillations. The density scaling and an approximately 20 percent molecular fraction supported a model dominated by coherent three-body recombination. The family was first reported in 2022 and published in 2023.","boundary":"The mechanism is inferred from finite-time population measurements and comparisons with approximate few-mode models, with losses, calibration uncertainty and trap-dependent density estimates. It does not establish that all reactions accelerate on cooling: the measured initial formation-rate coefficient fell below the condensation temperature. Earlier molecule condensation and reactive-coupling theories are inherited; entanglement and loss-free transfer were not demonstrated here. Exact2023 publication differences and quantitative model-prefactor discrepancies remain unresolved.","area":"Ultracold quantum gases and collective atom–molecule dynamics","topic":"Physics","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"zhang-nagata-team-density-enhanced-coherent-atom-molecule-reactions-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da35b693-1ae7-4436-a8dd-83f4718eef2b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f43f22a637b1daaa6611ebdedd277f97e6c9ac2c9e3561fd0d06c99dac9e80e"},"humans":["Zhendong Zhang","Shu Nagata","Kaixuan Yao","Cheng Chin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"zhang-nagata-many-body-reactions-arxiv-2207-08295v2","title":"Many-body Chemical Reactions in a Quantum Degenerate Gas — author preprint v2 and complete supplementary material","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.08295v2","date":"2022-08-10"}],"points":"78000","published_grade":{"id":"zhang-nagata-team-density-enhanced-coherent-atom-molecule-reactions-2022","entry_id":"zhang-nagata-team-density-enhanced-coherent-atom-molecule-reactions-2022","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da35b693-1ae7-4436-a8dd-83f4718eef2b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f43f22a637b1daaa6611ebdedd277f97e6c9ac2c9e3561fd0d06c99dac9e80e"},"what_changed":"Zhang, Nagata and colleagues observed collective atom–molecule reaction dynamics in an ultracold cesium gas near a narrow Feshbach resonance. After rapid molecule formation and heating, the atomic and molecular populations oscillated for several milliseconds. Higher condensate densities produced faster oscillations. The density scaling and an approximately 20 percent molecular fraction supported a model dominated by coherent three-body recombination. The family was first reported in 2022 and published in 2023.","scope":"Zhang, Nagata and colleagues observed collective atom–molecule reaction dynamics in an ultracold cesium gas near a narrow Feshbach resonance. After rapid molecule formation and heating, the atomic and molecular populations oscillated for several milliseconds. Higher condensate densities produced faster oscillations. The density scaling and an approximately 20 percent molecular fraction supported a model dominated by coherent three-body recombination. The family was first reported in 2022 and published in 2023. The mechanism is inferred from finite-time population measurements and comparisons with approximate few-mode models, with losses, calibration uncertainty and trap-dependent density estimates. It does not establish that all reactions accelerate on cooling: the measured initial formation-rate coefficient fell below the condensation temperature. Earlier molecule condensation and reactive-coupling theories are inherited; entanglement and loss-free transfer were not demonstrated here. Exact2023 publication differences and quantitative model-prefactor discrepancies remain unresolved.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:da35b693-1ae7-4436-a8dd-83f4718eef2b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:8f43f22a637b1daaa6611ebdedd277f97e6c9ac2c9e3561fd0d06c99dac9e80e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"geroch-weatherall-stress-energy-tracking-geodesic-and-wave-packet-limits-2017","title":"Tracking stress-energy connects small bodies to geodesic and Lorentz-force limits","summary":"Geroch and Weatherall introduced a stress-energy tracking condition that connects smooth extended bodies to point-particle limits. A conserved collection satisfying the dominant energy condition and tracking a timelike curve contains a rescaled sequence converging to a point-mass distribution; the curve is therefore geodesic. A charged extension with uniformly bounded charge-to-mass ratio yields a Lorentz-force limit. Applications characterize optical limits of source-free Maxwell fields and distinguish fixed-parameter Klein–Gordon packets from classical limits allowing their mass parameter to vary.","boundary":"The results require precise energy, conservation and tracking hypotheses on a fixed background. They do not supply finite-body trajectory errors or self-force corrections. The Klein–Gordon timelike result allows varying mass parameters; it does not hold for one fixed positive parameter. Exact charged-packet classification inside the permitted charge-to-mass interval, general forces, Yang–Mills and Dirac extensions remain partly open. Earlier geodesic principles and self-gravitating limits are credited separately.","area":"Relativistic field theory and classical particle limits","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"geroch-weatherall-stress-energy-tracking-geodesic-and-wave-packet-limits-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3694685a-6ced-4d80-a6ce-f061ea4cfa95","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1487a9ef9f3a891320b96a67cdb6cc9f052ed940f5aaf2bc838af01f4d54b9a"},"humans":["Robert Geroch","James Owen Weatherall"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"geroch-weatherall-motion-small-bodies-arxiv-1707-04222v2","title":"The Motion of Small Bodies in Space-time — exact2018 arXivv2 of2017 work","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.04222v2","date":"2018-09-03"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"geroch-weatherall-stress-energy-tracking-geodesic-and-wave-packet-limits-2017","entry_id":"geroch-weatherall-stress-energy-tracking-geodesic-and-wave-packet-limits-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3694685a-6ced-4d80-a6ce-f061ea4cfa95","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1487a9ef9f3a891320b96a67cdb6cc9f052ed940f5aaf2bc838af01f4d54b9a"},"what_changed":"Geroch and Weatherall introduced a stress-energy tracking condition that connects smooth extended bodies to point-particle limits. A conserved collection satisfying the dominant energy condition and tracking a timelike curve contains a rescaled sequence converging to a point-mass distribution; the curve is therefore geodesic. A charged extension with uniformly bounded charge-to-mass ratio yields a Lorentz-force limit. Applications characterize optical limits of source-free Maxwell fields and distinguish fixed-parameter Klein–Gordon packets from classical limits allowing their mass parameter to vary.","scope":"Geroch and Weatherall introduced a stress-energy tracking condition that connects smooth extended bodies to point-particle limits. A conserved collection satisfying the dominant energy condition and tracking a timelike curve contains a rescaled sequence converging to a point-mass distribution; the curve is therefore geodesic. A charged extension with uniformly bounded charge-to-mass ratio yields a Lorentz-force limit. Applications characterize optical limits of source-free Maxwell fields and distinguish fixed-parameter Klein–Gordon packets from classical limits allowing their mass parameter to vary. The results require precise energy, conservation and tracking hypotheses on a fixed background. They do not supply finite-body trajectory errors or self-force corrections. The Klein–Gordon timelike result allows varying mass parameters; it does not hold for one fixed positive parameter. Exact charged-packet classification inside the permitted charge-to-mass interval, general forces, Yang–Mills and Dirac extensions remain partly open. Earlier geodesic principles and self-gravitating limits are credited separately.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3694685a-6ced-4d80-a6ce-f061ea4cfa95","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c1487a9ef9f3a891320b96a67cdb6cc9f052ed940f5aaf2bc838af01f4d54b9a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fitzpatrick-team-driven-microwave-chain-metastable-switching-2016","title":"Long-lived switching and hysteresis in a driven microwave cavity chain","summary":"Fitzpatrick and colleagues drove a fabricated72-cavity superconducting microwave chain and observed an abrupt transmission change, hysteresis and stochastic switching between long-lived metastable states. Dwell-time statistics gave switching times up to about 60 ms. In a two-state rate model, the inferred slow decay rate reached roughly 10 Hz, far below intrinsic photon and qubit decay rates. Broadband emission and photon bunching further distinguished the regimes. These finite-device observations provided evidence for an approach to a dissipative phase transition.","boundary":"The experiment did not demonstrate exact gap closure in a thermodynamic limit. Its slow decay rate was inferred through thresholded trajectories and a two-state model, rather than a reconstruction of the full Liouvillian spectrum. Mean-field calculations explained qualitative features but missed switching fluctuations and strong bunching. The device had72 fabricated cavities; post-experiment inspection did not verify72 functioning qubits. The source is the complete2016 preprint, before the 2017 publication.","area":"Nonequilibrium photonic matter and dissipative dynamics","topic":"Physics","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"fitzpatrick-team-driven-microwave-chain-metastable-switching-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:38abd17a-4b13-40f6-a9ae-77875e0cc9ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b16be2c40026b5329879b83c917a9be3444fc9bffcfc55125d56e801759af071"},"humans":["Mattias Fitzpatrick","Neereja M. Sundaresan","Andy C. Y. Li","Jens Koch","A. A. Houck"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"fitzpatrick-dissipative-chain-arxiv-1607-06895v1","title":"Observation of a dissipative phase transition in a one-dimensional circuit QED lattice — complete2016preprint andSI","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.06895v1","date":"2016-07-23"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"fitzpatrick-team-driven-microwave-chain-metastable-switching-2016","entry_id":"fitzpatrick-team-driven-microwave-chain-metastable-switching-2016","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:38abd17a-4b13-40f6-a9ae-77875e0cc9ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b16be2c40026b5329879b83c917a9be3444fc9bffcfc55125d56e801759af071"},"what_changed":"Fitzpatrick and colleagues drove a fabricated72-cavity superconducting microwave chain and observed an abrupt transmission change, hysteresis and stochastic switching between long-lived metastable states. Dwell-time statistics gave switching times up to about 60 ms. In a two-state rate model, the inferred slow decay rate reached roughly 10 Hz, far below intrinsic photon and qubit decay rates. Broadband emission and photon bunching further distinguished the regimes. These finite-device observations provided evidence for an approach to a dissipative phase transition.","scope":"Fitzpatrick and colleagues drove a fabricated72-cavity superconducting microwave chain and observed an abrupt transmission change, hysteresis and stochastic switching between long-lived metastable states. Dwell-time statistics gave switching times up to about 60 ms. In a two-state rate model, the inferred slow decay rate reached roughly 10 Hz, far below intrinsic photon and qubit decay rates. Broadband emission and photon bunching further distinguished the regimes. These finite-device observations provided evidence for an approach to a dissipative phase transition. The experiment did not demonstrate exact gap closure in a thermodynamic limit. Its slow decay rate was inferred through thresholded trajectories and a two-state model, rather than a reconstruction of the full Liouvillian spectrum. Mean-field calculations explained qualitative features but missed switching fluctuations and strong bunching. The device had72 fabricated cavities; post-experiment inspection did not verify72 functioning qubits. The source is the complete2016 preprint, before the 2017 publication.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:38abd17a-4b13-40f6-a9ae-77875e0cc9ec","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b16be2c40026b5329879b83c917a9be3444fc9bffcfc55125d56e801759af071"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"aritome-team-cooled-positive-muon-radiofrequency-acceleration-2024","title":"Radiofrequency acceleration of cooled positive muons to 100 keV","summary":"Aritome and colleagues combined thermal-muonium production, laser ionization and electrostatic extraction with a radiofrequency quadrupole to accelerate positive muons to 100 keV. Time-of-flight signals appeared with both resonant laser excitation and radiofrequency power, and quadrupole scans measured the transverse beam emittance. The reported horizontal and vertical normalized emittances were about 0.85 and 0.32 pi millimetre milliradian, respectively, more than two orders of magnitude below simulated incoming-beam values.","boundary":"This was a low-rate demonstration of positive-muon acceleration after cooling, distinct from earlier acceleration of negative muonium ions and from MICE ionization cooling. Emittance reduction compares measured outgoing values with a simulated incoming beam and includes strong particle losses and selection. Longitudinal phase space was not diagnosed. High-intensity beams, higher-energy acceleration, precision magnetic-moment measurements and proposed colliders were future applications in this paper.","area":"Particle physics / low-emittance muon beams","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"aritome-team-cooled-positive-muon-radiofrequency-acceleration-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce4476be-4906-451b-a43d-0cec3afc6177","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69545abee2e66f06e037826abd7ad8bcb38c9bfd58666956c94d90536dda41e0"},"humans":["S. Aritome","K. Futatsukawa","H. Hara","K. Hayasaka","Y. Ibaraki","T. Ichikawa","T. Iijima","H. Iinuma","Y. Ikedo","Y. Imai","K. Inami","K. Ishida","S. Kamal","S. Kamioka","N. Kawamura","M. Kimura","A. Koda","S. Koji","K. Kojima","A. Kondo","Y. Kondo","M. Kuzuba","R. Matsushita","T. Mibe","Y. Miyamoto","J. G. Nakamura","Y. Nakazawa","S. Ogawa","Y. Okazaki","A. Olin","M. Otani","S. Oyama","N. Saito","H. Sato","T. Sato","Y. Sato","K. Shimomura","Z. Shioya","P. Strasser","S. Sugiyama","K. Sumi","K. Suzuki","Y. Takeuchi","M. Tanida","J. Tojo","K. Ueda","S. Uetake","X. H. Xie","M. Yamada","S. Yamamoto","T. Yamazaki","K. Yamura","M. Yoshida","T. Yoshioka","M. Yotsuzuka"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"aritome-team-positive-muon-radiofrequency-acceleration-arxiv241011367v2","title":"Acceleration of Positive Muons by a Radio Frequency Cavity (arXiv2410.11367v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.11367v2","date":"2025-06-18"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"aritome-team-cooled-positive-muon-radiofrequency-acceleration-2024","entry_id":"aritome-team-cooled-positive-muon-radiofrequency-acceleration-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce4476be-4906-451b-a43d-0cec3afc6177","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69545abee2e66f06e037826abd7ad8bcb38c9bfd58666956c94d90536dda41e0"},"what_changed":"Aritome and colleagues combined thermal-muonium production, laser ionization and electrostatic extraction with a radiofrequency quadrupole to accelerate positive muons to 100 keV. Time-of-flight signals appeared with both resonant laser excitation and radiofrequency power, and quadrupole scans measured the transverse beam emittance. The reported horizontal and vertical normalized emittances were about 0.85 and 0.32 pi millimetre milliradian, respectively, more than two orders of magnitude below simulated incoming-beam values.","scope":"Aritome and colleagues combined thermal-muonium production, laser ionization and electrostatic extraction with a radiofrequency quadrupole to accelerate positive muons to 100 keV. Time-of-flight signals appeared with both resonant laser excitation and radiofrequency power, and quadrupole scans measured the transverse beam emittance. The reported horizontal and vertical normalized emittances were about 0.85 and 0.32 pi millimetre milliradian, respectively, more than two orders of magnitude below simulated incoming-beam values. This was a low-rate demonstration of positive-muon acceleration after cooling, distinct from earlier acceleration of negative muonium ions and from MICE ionization cooling. Emittance reduction compares measured outgoing values with a simulated incoming beam and includes strong particle losses and selection. Longitudinal phase space was not diagnosed. High-intensity beams, higher-energy acceleration, precision magnetic-moment measurements and proposed colliders were future applications in this paper.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ce4476be-4906-451b-a43d-0cec3afc6177","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:69545abee2e66f06e037826abd7ad8bcb38c9bfd58666956c94d90536dda41e0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"latacz-team-fast-subthermal-antiproton-cyclotron-cooling-2024","title":"Fast subthermal cyclotron preparation and improved antiproton spin readout","summary":"Latacz and the BASE team implemented a double-Penning-trap procedure that repeatedly thermalizes an antiproton’s modified cyclotron motion and measures its energy, stopping when a cold state is found. They reported preparation below an energy-equivalent temperature of 200 millikelvin in about 500 seconds, with a measured thermalization time constant of 4.7±0.4 seconds. A colder prepared antiproton showed clearly separated spin-transition signals, improving nondestructive spin-state identification.","boundary":"Subthermal preparation selects low-energy outcomes from repeated thermalization with an approximately four-kelvin circuit; it does not cool that entire bath to 200 millikelvin or establish the ground state of every motional mode. Spin-identification error estimates depend on thresholds and fitted noise distributions. This paper demonstrated preparation and incoherent spin-transition readout, while stronger magnetic-moment precision, coherent antiproton control and complete matter–antimatter symmetry tests require further experiments.","area":"Fundamental physics / trapped antimatter and precision spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"latacz-team-fast-subthermal-antiproton-cyclotron-cooling-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f7d51762-f0e2-48fd-a8d3-1187faa53c39","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5959d73555ae804849041a3fae3b88af67fcf5c6da40adcb9ab41737e63788b4"},"humans":["B. M. Latacz","M. Fleck","J. I. Jäger","G. Umbrazunas","B. P. Arndt","S. R. Erlewein","E. J. Wursten","J. A. Devlin","P. Micke","F. Abbass","D. Schweitzer","M. Wiesinger","C. Will","H. Yildiz","K. Blaum","Y. Matsuda","A. Mooser","C. Ospelkaus","C. Smorra","A. Soter","W. Quint","J. Walz","Y. Yamazaki","S. Ulmer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"latacz-team-subthermal-antiproton-cyclotron-cooling-arxiv240407928v1","title":"Orders of Magnitude Improved Cyclotron-Mode Cooling for Non-Destructive Spin Quantum Transition Spectroscopy with Single Trapped Antiprotons (arXiv2404.07928v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.07928v1","date":"2024-04-11"}],"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"latacz-team-fast-subthermal-antiproton-cyclotron-cooling-2024","entry_id":"latacz-team-fast-subthermal-antiproton-cyclotron-cooling-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f7d51762-f0e2-48fd-a8d3-1187faa53c39","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5959d73555ae804849041a3fae3b88af67fcf5c6da40adcb9ab41737e63788b4"},"what_changed":"Latacz and the BASE team implemented a double-Penning-trap procedure that repeatedly thermalizes an antiproton’s modified cyclotron motion and measures its energy, stopping when a cold state is found. They reported preparation below an energy-equivalent temperature of 200 millikelvin in about 500 seconds, with a measured thermalization time constant of 4.7±0.4 seconds. A colder prepared antiproton showed clearly separated spin-transition signals, improving nondestructive spin-state identification.","scope":"Latacz and the BASE team implemented a double-Penning-trap procedure that repeatedly thermalizes an antiproton’s modified cyclotron motion and measures its energy, stopping when a cold state is found. They reported preparation below an energy-equivalent temperature of 200 millikelvin in about 500 seconds, with a measured thermalization time constant of 4.7±0.4 seconds. A colder prepared antiproton showed clearly separated spin-transition signals, improving nondestructive spin-state identification. Subthermal preparation selects low-energy outcomes from repeated thermalization with an approximately four-kelvin circuit; it does not cool that entire bath to 200 millikelvin or establish the ground state of every motional mode. Spin-identification error estimates depend on thresholds and fitted noise distributions. This paper demonstrated preparation and incoherent spin-transition readout, while stronger magnetic-moment precision, coherent antiproton control and complete matter–antimatter symmetry tests require further experiments.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f7d51762-f0e2-48fd-a8d3-1187faa53c39","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5959d73555ae804849041a3fae3b88af67fcf5c6da40adcb9ab41737e63788b4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bohman-team-remote-proton-sympathetic-cooling-lc-circuit-2021","title":"Remote sympathetic cooling of a trapped proton through a superconducting circuit","summary":"Bohman and the BASE team sympathetically cooled a single proton by coupling it through a superconducting resonant circuit to laser-cooled beryllium ions in a separate Penning trap about nine centimetres away. Frequency spectra and controlled remote heating demonstrated energy exchange. Measurements of energy-dependent proton frequency shifts then showed a temperature reduction reaching 14.4±0.7 kelvin, relative to an effective circuit-noise temperature near 17 kelvin. The experiment extended sympathetic cooling beyond direct short-range Coulomb coupling.","boundary":"The experiment measured the proton’s axial mode using calibrated, model-dependent frequency shifts. The quoted absolute final temperature, 2.6±2.5 kelvin, has much larger uncertainty than the temperature reduction. Other motional modes, antiproton cooling, ground-state preparation and improved fundamental-constant measurements were proposed extensions. The macroscopic circuit mode and trapped-particle motion were cooled; this does not mean the whole apparatus reached the inferred particle temperature.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / remote ion cooling","topic":"Physics","year":2021,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"bohman-team-remote-proton-sympathetic-cooling-lc-circuit-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:854c5095-6713-4529-a502-8bb61bdb5810","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3dc591222b1e1bf2b043ba4918b6be4260a2c2a681bbe0ce37bf8401802588e0"},"humans":["M. Bohman","V. Grunhofer","C. Smorra","M. Wiesinger","C. Will","M. J. Borchert","J. A. Devlin","S. Erlewein","M. Fleck","S. Gavranovic","J. Harrington","B. Latacz","A. Mooser","D. Popper","E. Wursten","K. Blaum","Y. Matsuda","C. Ospelkaus","W. Quint","J. Walz","S. Ulmer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"bohman-base-proton-lc-sympathetic-cooling-arxiv210812725v1","title":"Sympathetic cooling of a trapped proton mediated by an LC circuit (Nature-layout reproduction deposited as arXiv2108.12725v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.12725v1","date":"2021-08-29"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"bohman-team-remote-proton-sympathetic-cooling-lc-circuit-2021","entry_id":"bohman-team-remote-proton-sympathetic-cooling-lc-circuit-2021","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:854c5095-6713-4529-a502-8bb61bdb5810","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3dc591222b1e1bf2b043ba4918b6be4260a2c2a681bbe0ce37bf8401802588e0"},"what_changed":"Bohman and the BASE team sympathetically cooled a single proton by coupling it through a superconducting resonant circuit to laser-cooled beryllium ions in a separate Penning trap about nine centimetres away. Frequency spectra and controlled remote heating demonstrated energy exchange. Measurements of energy-dependent proton frequency shifts then showed a temperature reduction reaching 14.4±0.7 kelvin, relative to an effective circuit-noise temperature near 17 kelvin. The experiment extended sympathetic cooling beyond direct short-range Coulomb coupling.","scope":"Bohman and the BASE team sympathetically cooled a single proton by coupling it through a superconducting resonant circuit to laser-cooled beryllium ions in a separate Penning trap about nine centimetres away. Frequency spectra and controlled remote heating demonstrated energy exchange. Measurements of energy-dependent proton frequency shifts then showed a temperature reduction reaching 14.4±0.7 kelvin, relative to an effective circuit-noise temperature near 17 kelvin. The experiment extended sympathetic cooling beyond direct short-range Coulomb coupling. The experiment measured the proton’s axial mode using calibrated, model-dependent frequency shifts. The quoted absolute final temperature, 2.6±2.5 kelvin, has much larger uncertainty than the temperature reduction. Other motional modes, antiproton cooling, ground-state preparation and improved fundamental-constant measurements were proposed extensions. The macroscopic circuit mode and trapped-particle motion were cooled; this does not mean the whole apparatus reached the inferred particle temperature.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:854c5095-6713-4529-a502-8bb61bdb5810","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3dc591222b1e1bf2b043ba4918b6be4260a2c2a681bbe0ce37bf8401802588e0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"meyer-team-muonium-one-s-two-s-transition-frequency-1999","title":"Precision two-photon measurement of the muonium 1s–2s interval","summary":"Meyer and colleagues measured the muonium 1s–2s interval using counterpropagating two-photon laser excitation, photoionization and muon detection. Pulse-by-pulse laser diagnostics, an iodine frequency reference and deuterium control measurements supported the analysis of 99 muonium events. After correcting to the hyperfine centroid, they reported a transition frequency of 2,455,528,941.0±9.8 MHz. Comparisons with bound-state quantum electrodynamics provided conditional determinations of the positive-muon mass and constraints on the muon–electron charge ratio.","boundary":"The measured line centre depends on pulse-dependent lineshape modelling, reference calibration and Doppler and hyperfine corrections. Mass-ratio extraction uses QED and equal-magnitude charges; interpreting the same spectrum as a charge-ratio constraint instead uses external mass information. These are distinct conditional interpretations, not independent simultaneous measurements of both unknown ratios. The historical result and its uncertainty do not establish exact charge equality, exclude every new interaction or replace later theoretical updates.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / muonium spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":1999,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"meyer-team-muonium-one-s-two-s-transition-frequency-1999","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a514fbd7-c313-4818-a075-ffbf0b4d5e44","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72517949526869b9adfbb48c14621bd5e867a023506c3055ad9655918eca8a8f"},"humans":["V. Meyer","S. N. Bagayev","P. E. G. Baird","P. Bakule","M. G. Boshier","A. Breitrück","S. L. Cornish","S. Dychkov","G. H. Eaton","A. Grossmann","D. Hübl","V. W. Hughes","K. Jungmann","I. C. Lane","Yi-Wei Liu","D. Lucas","Y. Matyugin","J. Merkel","G. zu Putlitz","I. Reinhard","P. G. H. Sandars","R. Santra","P. Schmidt","C. A. Scott","W. T. Toner","M. Towrie","K. Träger","L. Willmann","V. Yakhontov"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"meyer-team-muonium-1s2s-interval-arxivhepex9907013v1","title":"Measurement of the 1s-2s energy interval in muonium (arXivhep-ex9907013v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ex/9907013v1","date":"1999-07-12"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"meyer-team-muonium-one-s-two-s-transition-frequency-1999","entry_id":"meyer-team-muonium-one-s-two-s-transition-frequency-1999","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a514fbd7-c313-4818-a075-ffbf0b4d5e44","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72517949526869b9adfbb48c14621bd5e867a023506c3055ad9655918eca8a8f"},"what_changed":"Meyer and colleagues measured the muonium 1s–2s interval using counterpropagating two-photon laser excitation, photoionization and muon detection. Pulse-by-pulse laser diagnostics, an iodine frequency reference and deuterium control measurements supported the analysis of 99 muonium events. After correcting to the hyperfine centroid, they reported a transition frequency of 2,455,528,941.0±9.8 MHz. Comparisons with bound-state quantum electrodynamics provided conditional determinations of the positive-muon mass and constraints on the muon–electron charge ratio.","scope":"Meyer and colleagues measured the muonium 1s–2s interval using counterpropagating two-photon laser excitation, photoionization and muon detection. Pulse-by-pulse laser diagnostics, an iodine frequency reference and deuterium control measurements supported the analysis of 99 muonium events. After correcting to the hyperfine centroid, they reported a transition frequency of 2,455,528,941.0±9.8 MHz. Comparisons with bound-state quantum electrodynamics provided conditional determinations of the positive-muon mass and constraints on the muon–electron charge ratio. The measured line centre depends on pulse-dependent lineshape modelling, reference calibration and Doppler and hyperfine corrections. Mass-ratio extraction uses QED and equal-magnitude charges; interpreting the same spectrum as a charge-ratio constraint instead uses external mass information. These are distinct conditional interpretations, not independent simultaneous measurements of both unknown ratios. The historical result and its uncertainty do not establish exact charge equality, exclude every new interaction or replace later theoretical updates.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a514fbd7-c313-4818-a075-ffbf0b4d5e44","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:72517949526869b9adfbb48c14621bd5e867a023506c3055ad9655918eca8a8f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"borges-team-positronium-continuous-wave-1s2s-spectroscopy-2025","title":"Continuous-wave two-photon positronium 1S–2S spectroscopy with coincidence detection","summary":"De Sousa Borges and colleagues measured the positronium 1³S₁ → 2³S₁ interval with continuous-wave two-photon excitation and photoionization by the same laser. Coincidence detection of the released positron and two annihilation photons suppressed background; 1124 selected events from about 12 days supported a transition frequency of 1,233,607,224.1±6.0 MHz, or 4.9 parts per billion. They also developed an approximate semi-analytical line-shape model and compared its fitted centres with their Monte Carlo model and the measured spectrum.","boundary":"The interval inference depends on the assumed positronium velocity and spatial distributions, line-shape simulation and laser-frequency calibration. A frequency comb was unavailable during data collection; wavemeter metrology dominated the uncertainty. Agreement between the two fits uses the same experiment and related model inputs and is not an independent replication. The semi-analytical expression uses perturbative depletion and fitted profile approximations, with visible deviations at high power and low speed. Some printed formula and correction conventions remain unresolved. This record describes the 2025 preprint; a later journal publication may differ. Sub-ppb or few-ppt precision remained prospective.","area":"Atomic and fundamental physics / precision positronium laser spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"borges-team-positronium-continuous-wave-1s2s-spectroscopy-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1295f004-67a9-47c6-ab4d-2e5ff1dedae1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32587e14519b6a25c38cf6f9e6315423c80caa4c9fd7afbb5c4293ee04cb4420"},"humans":["Lucas de Sousa Borges","Edward Thorpe-Woods","Evans Javary","Paolo Crivelli"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"borges-team-positronium-cw-1s2s-arxiv251216018v1","title":"Precision continuous-wave laser measurement of the 1tripletS1 to2tripletS1 interval in positronium (arXiv2512.16018v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.16018v1","date":"2025-12-17"}],"points":"72000","published_grade":{"id":"borges-team-positronium-continuous-wave-1s2s-spectroscopy-2025","entry_id":"borges-team-positronium-continuous-wave-1s2s-spectroscopy-2025","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1295f004-67a9-47c6-ab4d-2e5ff1dedae1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32587e14519b6a25c38cf6f9e6315423c80caa4c9fd7afbb5c4293ee04cb4420"},"what_changed":"De Sousa Borges and colleagues measured the positronium 1³S₁ → 2³S₁ interval with continuous-wave two-photon excitation and photoionization by the same laser. Coincidence detection of the released positron and two annihilation photons suppressed background; 1124 selected events from about 12 days supported a transition frequency of 1,233,607,224.1±6.0 MHz, or 4.9 parts per billion. They also developed an approximate semi-analytical line-shape model and compared its fitted centres with their Monte Carlo model and the measured spectrum.","scope":"De Sousa Borges and colleagues measured the positronium 1³S₁ → 2³S₁ interval with continuous-wave two-photon excitation and photoionization by the same laser. Coincidence detection of the released positron and two annihilation photons suppressed background; 1124 selected events from about 12 days supported a transition frequency of 1,233,607,224.1±6.0 MHz, or 4.9 parts per billion. They also developed an approximate semi-analytical line-shape model and compared its fitted centres with their Monte Carlo model and the measured spectrum. The interval inference depends on the assumed positronium velocity and spatial distributions, line-shape simulation and laser-frequency calibration. A frequency comb was unavailable during data collection; wavemeter metrology dominated the uncertainty. Agreement between the two fits uses the same experiment and related model inputs and is not an independent replication. The semi-analytical expression uses perturbative depletion and fitted profile approximations, with visible deviations at high power and low speed. Some printed formula and correction conventions remain unresolved. This record describes the 2025 preprint; a later journal publication may differ. Sub-ppb or few-ppt precision remained prospective.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:1295f004-67a9-47c6-ab4d-2e5ff1dedae1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32587e14519b6a25c38cf6f9e6315423c80caa4c9fd7afbb5c4293ee04cb4420"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kang-team-mote2-fractional-spin-hall-transport-2024","title":"Fractional spin-Hall transport and low-field symmetry diagnostics in twisted MoTe₂","summary":"Kang and colleagues measured local and nonlocal transport in small-angle twisted MoTe₂, finding connection-dependent conductance plateaus consistent with integer and fractional spin-Hall edge transport. At filling 3, the inferred edge contribution was near 3e²/(2h). Follow-up measurements on the same transport device resolved a finite hysteretic Hall response below about 20 mT, despite an almost zero response at larger fields. Magnetic circular dichroism in a nearby region supplied complementary evidence of spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking, narrowing interpretations of the fractional state.","boundary":"Fractional edge transport is inferred using contact-resistance calibration and a Landauer–Büttiker equilibration model; nonlocal signals depart from ideal values and bulk conduction can contribute. The optical probe samples a different region, with a slightly smaller twist angle and a higher base temperature, than the transport channel. Low-field hysteresis changes the early time-reversal-symmetric interpretation but does not identify a unique microscopic topological order. Fractional quasiparticle charge, non-Abelian statistics and protected computation were not directly demonstrated. The 2024 and 2025 preprints have different author lists; the final published version may contain additional changes.","area":"Condensed matter physics / correlated moiré electronic transport","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"kang-team-mote2-fractional-spin-hall-transport-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:15f10b13-953c-4d12-ac51-174c45d5c709","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:647cad8860ea70b069db277262838d4825cb688bfc0aa12d4c382da1358c30e0"},"humans":["Kaifei Kang","Bowen Shen","Yichen Qiu","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","Jie Shan","Kin Fai Mak","Kihong Lee","Zhengchao Xia","Yihang Zeng"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"kang-team-mote2-fractional-spin-hall-arxiv240203294v2","title":"Observation of the fractional quantum spin Hall effect in moiré MoTe2 (arXiv2402.03294v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.03294v2","date":"2024-02-12"},{"id":"kang-team-mote2-spin-hall-symmetry-diagnostic-arxiv250102525v3","title":"Time-reversal symmetry breaking fractional quantum spin Hall insulator in moiré MoTe2 (arXiv2501.02525v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.02525v3","date":"2025-01-12"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"kang-team-mote2-fractional-spin-hall-transport-2024","entry_id":"kang-team-mote2-fractional-spin-hall-transport-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:15f10b13-953c-4d12-ac51-174c45d5c709","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:647cad8860ea70b069db277262838d4825cb688bfc0aa12d4c382da1358c30e0"},"what_changed":"Kang and colleagues measured local and nonlocal transport in small-angle twisted MoTe₂, finding connection-dependent conductance plateaus consistent with integer and fractional spin-Hall edge transport. At filling 3, the inferred edge contribution was near 3e²/(2h). Follow-up measurements on the same transport device resolved a finite hysteretic Hall response below about 20 mT, despite an almost zero response at larger fields. Magnetic circular dichroism in a nearby region supplied complementary evidence of spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking, narrowing interpretations of the fractional state.","scope":"Kang and colleagues measured local and nonlocal transport in small-angle twisted MoTe₂, finding connection-dependent conductance plateaus consistent with integer and fractional spin-Hall edge transport. At filling 3, the inferred edge contribution was near 3e²/(2h). Follow-up measurements on the same transport device resolved a finite hysteretic Hall response below about 20 mT, despite an almost zero response at larger fields. Magnetic circular dichroism in a nearby region supplied complementary evidence of spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking, narrowing interpretations of the fractional state. Fractional edge transport is inferred using contact-resistance calibration and a Landauer–Büttiker equilibration model; nonlocal signals depart from ideal values and bulk conduction can contribute. The optical probe samples a different region, with a slightly smaller twist angle and a higher base temperature, than the transport channel. Low-field hysteresis changes the early time-reversal-symmetric interpretation but does not identify a unique microscopic topological order. Fractional quasiparticle charge, non-Abelian statistics and protected computation were not directly demonstrated. The 2024 and 2025 preprints have different author lists; the final published version may contain additional changes.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:15f10b13-953c-4d12-ac51-174c45d5c709","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:647cad8860ea70b069db277262838d4825cb688bfc0aa12d4c382da1358c30e0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cms-top-quark-threshold-parton-entanglement-2024","title":"Parton-level top-quark spin entanglement near production threshold","summary":"The CMS Collaboration extracted a top-quark spin-entanglement witness from opposite-charge dilepton events in 13 TeV proton collisions, using 36.3 inverse femtobarns of 2016 data. In the selected threshold region, a profile-likelihood analysis corrected for detector effects gave D = −0.480 with total uncertainties of +0.026 and −0.029. This crossed the D = −1/3 separability-witness boundary with an author-reported significance of 5.1 sigma under a signal model including a predicted toponium contribution. The measurement supplies a separate detector and parton-level determination alongside the earlier ATLAS result.","boundary":"The result applies to the selected parton-level phase space and uses standard-model decay analyzers, simulated acceptance and migration, and signal/background templates. The assumed toponium component changes the extraction and significance; including it does not establish discovery of that state. This is a spin-entanglement witness rather than a Bell-inequality or loophole-free nonlocality test. Literal sign inconsistencies in the source explanation are retained for clarification. Raw event fitting and independent statistical validation were not repeated.","area":"Particle physics / collider spin correlations","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"cms-top-quark-threshold-parton-entanglement-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cafd91a3-917e-44c5-a172-6b69340f07f8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:85b9d70108e936a1d085d6797bf0d014917d3ec5c3540d59a7f1aca5dd84229b"},"humans":["A. Hayrapetyan","A. Tumasyan","W. Adam","J. W. Andrejkovic","T. Bergauer","S. Chatterjee","K. Damanakis","M. Dragicevic","A. Hoang","P. S. Hussain","M. Jeitler","N. Krammer","A. Li","D. Liko","I. Mikulec","J. Schieck","R. Schöfbeck","D. Schwarz","M. Sonawane","S. Templ","W. Waltenberger","C.-E. Wulz","T. Janssen","T. Van Laer","P. Van Mechelen","N. Breugelmans","J. D’Hondt","S. Dansana","A. De Moor","M. Delcourt","F. Heyen","S. Lowette","I. Makarenko","D. Müller","S. Tavernier","M. Tytgat","G. P. Van Onsem","S. Van Putte","D. Vannerom","B. Bilin","B. Clerbaux","A. K. Das","G. De Lentdecker","H. Evard","L. Favart","P. Gianneios","J. Jaramillo","A. Khalilzadeh","F. A. Khan","K. Lee","M. Mahdavikhorrami","A. Malara","S. Paredes","M. A. Shahzad","L. Thomas","M. Vanden Bemden","C. Vander Velde","P. Vanlaer","M. De Coen","D. Dobur","G. Gokbulut","Y. Hong","J. Knolle","L. Lambrecht","D. Marckx","K. Mota Amarilo","A. Samalan","K. Skovpen","N. Van Den Bossche","J. van der Linden","L. Wezenbeek","A. Benecke","A. Bethani","G. Bruno","C. Caputo","J. De Favereau De Jeneret","C. Delaere","I. S. Donertas","A. Giammanco","A. O. Guzel","Sa. Jain","V. Lemaitre","J. Lidrych","P. Mastrapasqua","T. T. Tran","S. Wertz","G. A. Alves","M. Alves Gallo Pereira","E. Coelho","G. Correia Silva","C. Hensel","T. Menezes De Oliveira","C. Mora Herrera","A. Moraes","P. Rebello Teles","M. Soeiro","A. Vilela Pereira","W. L. Aldá Júnior","M. Barroso Ferreira Filho","H. Brandao Malbouisson","W. Carvalho","J. Chinellato","E. M. Da Costa","G. G. 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Scham","S. Schnake","P. Schütze","C. Schwanenberger","D. Selivanova","K. Sharko","M. Shchedrolosiev","D. Stafford","F. Vazzoler","A. Ventura Barroso","R. Walsh","Q. Wang","Y. Wen","K. Wichmann","L. Wiens","C. Wissing","Y. Yang","A. Zimermmane Castro Santos","A. Albrecht","S. Albrecht","M. Antonello","S. Bein","L. Benato","S. Bollweg","M. Bonanomi","P. Connor","K. El Morabit","Y. Fischer","E. Garutti","A. Grohsjean","J. Haller","H. R. Jabusch","G. Kasieczka","P. Keicher","R. Klanner","W. Korcari","T. Kramer","C.c. Kuo","V. Kutzner","F. Labe","J. Lange","A. Lobanov","C. Matthies","L. Moureaux","M. Mrowietz","A. Nigamova","Y. Nissan","A. Paasch","K. J. Pena Rodriguez","T. Quadfasel","B. Raciti","M. Rieger","D. Savoiu","J. Schindler","P. Schleper","M. Schröder","J. Schwandt","M. Sommerhalder","H. Stadie","G. Steinbrück","A. Tews","M. Wolf","S. Brommer","M. Burkart","E. Butz","T. Chwalek","A. Dierlamm","A. Droll","U. Elicabuk","N. Faltermann","M. Giffels","A. Gottmann","F. Hartmann","R. Hofsaess","M. Horzela","U. Husemann","J. Kieseler","M. Klute","R. Koppenhöfer","J. M. Lawhorn","M. Link","A. Lintuluoto","B. Maier","S. Maier","S. Mitra","M. Mormile","Th. Müller","M. Neukum","M. Oh","E. Pfeffer","M. Presilla","G. Quast","K. Rabbertz","B. Regnery","N. Shadskiy","I. Shvetsov","H. J. Simonis","L. Sowa","L. Stockmeier","K. Tauqeer","M. Toms","N. Trevisani","R. F. Von Cube","M. Wassmer","S. Wieland","F. Wittig","R. Wolf","X. Zuo","G. Anagnostou","G. Daskalakis","A. Kyriakis","A. Papadopoulos","A. Stakia","P. Kontaxakis","G. Melachroinos","Z. Painesis","I. Papavergou","I. Paraskevas","N. Saoulidou","K. Theofilatos","E. Tziaferi","K. Vellidis","I. Zisopoulos","G. Bakas","T. Chatzistavrou","G. Karapostoli","K. Kousouris","I. Papakrivopoulos","E. Siamarkou","G. Tsipolitis","A. Zacharopoulou","K. Adamidis","I. Bestintzanos","I. Evangelou","C. Foudas","C. Kamtsikis","P. Katsoulis","P. Kokkas","P. G. Kosmoglou Kioseoglou","N. Manthos","I. Papadopoulos","J. Strologas","C. Hajdu","D. Horvath","K. Márton","A. J. Rádl","F. Sikler","V. Veszpremi","M. Csanád","K. Farkas","A. Fehérkuti","M. M. A. Gadallah","Á. Kadlecsik","P. Major","G. Pásztor","G. I. Veres","B. Ujvari","G. Zilizi","G. Bencze","S. Czellar","J. Molnar","Z. Szillasi","F. Nemes","T. Novak","S. Bansal","S. B. Beri","V. Bhatnagar","G. Chaudhary","S. Chauhan","N. Dhingra","A. Kaur","H. Kaur","M. Kaur","S. Kumar","K. Sandeep","T. Sheokand","J. B. Singh","A. Singla","A. Ahmed","A. Bhardwaj","A. Chhetri","B. C. Choudhary","A. Kumar","M. Naimuddin","K. Ranjan","M. K. Saini","S. Saumya","S. Baradia","S. Barman","S. Bhattacharya","S. Das Gupta","S. Dutta","S. Sarkar","M. M. Ameen","P. K. Behera","S. C. Behera","G. Dash","P. Jana","P. Kalbhor","S. Kamble","J. R. Komaragiri","D. Kumar","P. R. Pujahari","N. R. Saha","A. K. Sikdar","R. K. Singh","P. Verma","S. Verma","A. Vijay","S. Dugad","G. B. Mohanty","B. Parida","M. Shelake","P. Suryadevara","A. Bala","S. Banerjee","R. M. Chatterjee","M. Guchait","Sh. Jain","A. Jaiswal","G. Majumder","K. Mazumdar","S. Parolia","A. Thachayath","S. Bahinipati","C. Kar","D. Maity","P. Mal","T. Mishra","V. K. Muraleedharan Nair Bindhu","K. Naskar","A. Nayak","S. Nayak","K. Pal","P. Sadangi","S. K. Swain","S. Varghese","D. Vats","S. Acharya","A. Alpana","S. Dube","B. Gomber","P. Hazarika","B. Kansal","A. Laha","B. Sahu","S. Sharma","K. Y. Vaish","H. Bakhshiansohi","A. Jafari","M. Zeinali","S. Bashiri","S. Chenarani","S. M. Etesami","Y. Hosseini","M. Khakzad","E. Khazaie","M. Mohammadi Najafabadi","S. Tizchang","M. Felcini","M. Grunewald","M. Abbrescia","A. Colaleo","D. Creanza","B. D’Anzi","N. De Filippis","M. De Palma","W. Elmetenawee","L. Fiore","G. Iaselli","L. Longo","M. Louka","G. Maggi","M. Maggi","I. Margjeka","V. Mastrapasqua","S. My","S. Nuzzo","A. Pellecchia","A. Pompili","G. Pugliese","R. Radogna","D. Ramos","A. Ranieri","L. Silvestris","F. M. Simone","Ü. Sözbilir","A. Stamerra","D. Troiano","R. Venditti","P. Verwilligen","A. Zaza","G. Abbiendi","C. Battilana","D. Bonacorsi","P. Capiluppi","A. Castro","F. R. Cavallo","M. Cuffiani","G. M. Dallavalle","T. Diotalevi","F. Fabbri","A. Fanfani","D. Fasanella","P. Giacomelli","L. Giommi","C. Grandi","L. Guiducci","S. Lo Meo","M. Lorusso","L. Lunerti","S. Marcellini","G. Masetti","F. L. Navarria","G. Paggi","A. Perrotta","F. Primavera","A. M. Rossi","S. Rossi Tisbeni","T. Rovelli","G. P. Siroli","S. Costa","A. Di Mattia","A. Lapertosa","R. Potenza","A. Tricomi","C. Tuve","P. Assiouras","G. Barbagli","G. Bardelli","B. Camaiani","A. Cassese","R. Ceccarelli","V. Ciulli","C. Civinini","R. D’Alessandro","E. Focardi","T. Kello","G. Latino","P. Lenzi","M. Lizzo","M. Meschini","S. Paoletti","A. Papanastassiou","G. Sguazzoni","L. Viliani","L. Benussi","S. Bianco","S. Meola","D. Piccolo","P. Chatagnon","F. Ferro","E. Robutti","S. Tosi","A. Benaglia","F. Brivio","F. Cetorelli","F. De Guio","M. E. Dinardo","P. Dini","S. Gennai","R. Gerosa","A. Ghezzi","P. Govoni","L. Guzzi","M. T. Lucchini","M. Malberti","S. Malvezzi","A. Massironi","D. Menasce","L. Moroni","M. Paganoni","S. Palluotto","D. Pedrini","A. Perego","B. S. Pinolini","G. Pizzati","S. Ragazzi","T. Tabarelli de Fatis","S. Buontempo","A. Cagnotta","F. Carnevali","N. Cavallo","F. Fabozzi","A. O. M. Iorio","L. Lista","P. Paolucci","B. Rossi","R. Ardino","P. Azzi","N. Bacchetta","P. Bortignon","G. Bortolato","A. Bragagnolo","A. C. M. Bulla","R. Carlin","P. Checchia","T. Dorigo","U. Gasparini","F. Gonella","A. Gozzelino","E. Lusiani","M. Margoni","A. T. Meneguzzo","M. Migliorini","J. Pazzini","P. Ronchese","R. Rossin","F. Simonetto","M. Tosi","A. Triossi","S. Ventura","M. Zanetti","P. Zotto","A. Zucchetta","G. Zumerle","C. Aimè","A. Braghieri","S. Calzaferri","D. Fiorina","P. Montagna","V. Re","C. Riccardi","P. Salvini","I. Vai","P. Vitulo","S. Ajmal","M. E. Ascioti","G. M. Bilei","C. Carrivale","D. Ciangottini","L. Fanò","M. Magherini","V. Mariani","M. Menichelli","F. Moscatelli","A. Rossi","A. Santocchia","D. Spiga","T. Tedeschi","C. A. Alexe","P. Asenov","P. Azzurri","G. Bagliesi","R. Bhattacharya","L. Bianchini","T. Boccali","E. Bossini","D. Bruschini","R. Castaldi","M. A. Ciocci","M. Cipriani","V. D’Amante","R. Dell’Orso","S. Donato","A. Giassi","F. Ligabue","A. C. Marini","D. Matos Figueiredo","A. Messineo","M. Musich","F. Palla","A. Rizzi","G. Rolandi","S. Roy Chowdhury","T. Sarkar","A. Scribano","P. Spagnolo","R. Tenchini","G. Tonelli","N. Turini","F. Vaselli","A. Venturi","P. G. Verdini","C. Baldenegro Barrera","P. Barria","C. Basile","M. Campana","F. Cavallari","L. Cunqueiro Mendez","D. Del Re","E. Di Marco","M. Diemoz","F. Errico","E. Longo","J. Mijuskovic","G. Organtini","F. Pandolfi","R. Paramatti","C. Quaranta","S. Rahatlou","C. Rovelli","F. Santanastasio","L. Soffi","N. Amapane","R. Arcidiacono","S. Argiro","M. Arneodo","N. Bartosik","R. Bellan","A. Bellora","C. Biino","C. Borca","N. Cartiglia","M. Costa","R. Covarelli","N. Demaria","L. Finco","M. Grippo","B. Kiani","F. Legger","F. Luongo","C. Mariotti","L. Markovic","S. Maselli","A. Mecca","L. Menzio","P. Meridiani","E. Migliore","M. Monteno","R. Mulargia","M. M. Obertino","G. Ortona","L. Pacher","N. Pastrone","M. Pelliccioni","M. Ruspa","F. Siviero","V. Sola","A. Solano","A. Staiano","C. Tarricone","D. Trocino","G. Umoret","R. White","J. Babbar","S. Belforte","V. Candelise","M. Casarsa","F. Cossutti","K. De Leo","G. Della Ricca","S. Dogra","J. Hong","C. Huh","B. Kim","J. Kim","D. Lee","H. Lee","S. W. Lee","C. S. Moon","Y. D. Oh","M. S. Ryu","S. Sekmen","B. Tae","Y. C. Yang","M. S. Kim","G. Bak","P. Gwak","H. Kim","D. H. Moon","E. Asilar","J. Choi","D. Kim","T. J. Kim","J. A. Merlin","Y. Ryou","S. Choi","S. Han","B. Hong","K. S. Lee","S. Lee","J. Yoo","J. Goh","H. S. Kim","Y. Kim","J. Almond","J. H. Bhyun","W. Jun","S. Ko","H. Kwon","J. Lee","B. H. Oh","S. B. Oh","H. Seo","U. K. Yang","I. Yoon","W. Jang","D. Y. Kang","Y. Kang","S. Kim","B. Ko","J. S. H. Lee","Y. Lee","I. C. Park","Y. Roh","I. J. Watson","S. Ha","H. D. Yoo","M. Choi","M. R. Kim","I. Yu","T. Beyrouthy","Y. Gharbia","K. Dreimanis","A. Gaile","C. Munoz Diaz","D. Osite","G. Pikurs","A. Potrebko","M. Seidel","D. Sidiropoulos Kontos","N. R. Strautnieks","M. Ambrozas","A. Juodagalvis","A. Rinkevicius","G. Tamulaitis","I. Yusuff","Z. Zolkapli","J. F. Benitez","A. Castaneda Hernandez","H. A. Encinas Acosta","L. G. Gallegos Maríñez","M. León Coello","J. A. Murillo Quijada","A. Sehrawat","L. Valencia Palomo","G. Ayala","H. Castilla-Valdez","H. Crotte Ledesma","E. De La Cruz-Burelo","I. Heredia-De La Cruz","R. Lopez-Fernandez","J. Mejia Guisao","C. A. Mondragon Herrera","A. Sánchez Hernández","C. Oropeza Barrera","D. L. Ramirez Guadarrama","M. Ramírez García","I. Bautista","I. Pedraza","H. A. Salazar Ibarguen","C. Uribe Estrada","I. Bubanja","N. Raicevic","P. H. Butler","A. Ahmad","M. I. Asghar","A. Awais","M. I. M. Awan","H. R. Hoorani","W. A. Khan","V. Avati","L. Grzanka","M. Malawski","H. Bialkowska","M. Bluj","M. Górski","M. Kazana","M. Szleper","P. Zalewski","K. Bunkowski","K. Doroba","A. Kalinowski","M. Konecki","J. Krolikowski","A. Muhammad","K. Pozniak","W. Zabolotny","M. Araujo","D. Bastos","C. Beirão Da Cruz E Silva","A. Boletti","M. Bozzo","T. Camporesi","G. Da Molin","P. Faccioli","M. Gallinaro","J. Hollar","N. Leonardo","G. B. Marozzo","T. Niknejad","A. Petrilli","M. Pisano","J. Seixas","J. Varela","J. W. Wulff","P. Adzic","P. Milenovic","M. Dordevic","J. Milosevic","V. Rekovic","J. Alcaraz Maestre","Cristina F. Bedoya","Oliver M. Carretero","M. Cepeda","M. Cerrada","N. Colino","B. De La Cruz","A. Delgado Peris","A. Escalante Del Valle","D. Fernández Del Val","J. P. Fernández Ramos","J. Flix","M. C. Fouz","O. Gonzalez Lopez","S. Goy Lopez","J. M. Hernandez","M. I. Josa","E. Martin Viscasillas","D. Moran","C. M. Morcillo Perez","Á. Navarro Tobar","C. Perez Dengra","A. Pérez-Calero Yzquierdo","J. Puerta Pelayo","I. Redondo","S. Sánchez Navas","J. Sastre","J. Vazquez Escobar","J. F. de Trocóniz","B. Alvarez Gonzalez","J. Cuevas","J. Fernandez Menendez","S. Folgueras","I. Gonzalez Caballero","J. R. González Fernández","P. Leguina","E. Palencia Cortezon","J. Prado Pico","C. RamónÁlvarez","V. Rodríguez Bouza","A. Soto Rodríguez","A. Trapote","C. Vico Villalba","P. Vischia","S. Bhowmik","S. Blanco Fernández","J. A. Brochero Cifuentes","I. J. Cabrillo","A. Calderon","J. Duarte Campderros","M. Fernandez","G. Gomez","C. Lasaosa García","R. Lopez Ruiz","C. Martinez Rivero","P. Martinez Ruiz del Arbol","F. Matorras","P. Matorras Cuevas","E. Navarrete Ramos","J. Piedra Gomez","L. Scodellaro","I. Vila","J. M. Vizan Garcia","B. Kailasapathy","D. D. C. Wickramarathna","W. G. D. Dharmaratna","K. Liyanage","N. Perera","D. Abbaneo","C. Amendola","E. Auffray","G. Auzinger","J. Baechler","D. Barney","A. Bermúdez Martínez","M. Bianco","A. A. Bin Anuar","A. Bocci","L. Borgonovi","C. Botta","E. Brondolin","C. Caillol","G. Cerminara","N. Chernyavskaya","D. d’Enterria","A. Dabrowski","A. David","A. De Roeck","M. M. Defranchis","M. Deile","M. Dobson","G. Franzoni","W. Funk","S. Giani","D. Gigi","K. Gill","F. Glege","J. Hegeman","J. K. Heikkilä","B. Huber","V. Innocente","T. James","P. Janot","O. Kaluzinska","O. Karacheban","S. Laurila","P. Lecoq","E. Leutgeb","C. Lourenço","L. Malgeri","M. Mannelli","M. Matthewman","A. Mehta","F. Meijers","S. Mersi","E. Meschi","V. Milosevic","F. Monti","F. Moortgat","M. Mulders","I. Neutelings","S. Orfanelli","F. Pantaleo","G. Petrucciani","A. Pfeiffer","M. Pierini","H. Qu","D. Rabady","B. Ribeiro Lopes","M. Rovere","H. Sakulin","S. Sanchez Cruz","S. Scarfi","C. Schwick","M. Selvaggi","K. Shchelina","P. Silva","P. Sphicas","A. G. Stahl Leiton","A. Steen","S. Summers","D. Treille","P. Tropea","D. Walter","J. Wanczyk","K. A. Wozniak","S. Wuchterl","P. Zehetner","P. Zejdl","W. D. Zeuner","T. Bevilacqua","L. Caminada","A. Ebrahimi","W. Erdmann","R. Horisberger","Q. Ingram","H. C. Kaestli","D. Kotlinski","C. Lange","M. Missiroli","L. Noehte","T. Rohe","T. K. Aarrestad","K. Androsov","M. Backhaus","G. Bonomelli","A. Calandri","C. Cazzaniga","K. Datta","P. De Bryas Dexmiers D‘archiac","A. De Cosa","G. Dissertori","M. Dittmar","M. Donegà","F. Eble","M. Galli","K. Gedia","F. Glessgen","C. Grab","N. Härringer","T. G. Harte","D. Hits","W. Lustermann","A.-M. Lyon","R. A. Manzoni","M. Marchegiani","L. Marchese","C. Martin Perez","A. Mascellani","F. Nessi-Tedaldi","F. Pauss","V. Perovic","S. Pigazzini","C. Reissel","B. Ristic","F. Riti","R. Seidita","J. Steggemann","A. Tarabini","D. Valsecchi","R. Wallny","C. Amsler","P. Bärtschi","M. F. Canelli","K. Cormier","M. Huwiler","W. Jin","A. Jofrehei","B. Kilminster","S. Leontsinis","S. P. Liechti","A. Macchiolo","P. Meiring","F. Meng","U. Molinatti","J. Motta","A. Reimers","P. Robmann","M. Senger","E. Shokr","F. Stäger","R. Tramontano","C. Adloff","D. Bhowmik","C. M. Kuo","W. Lin","P. K. Rout","P. C. Tiwari","S. S. Yu","L. Ceard","K. F. Chen","P.s. Chen","Z.g. Chen","A. De Iorio","W.-S. Hou","T.h. Hsu","Y.w. Kao","S. Karmakar","G. Kole","Y.y. Li","R.-S. Lu","E. Paganis","X.f. Su","J. Thomas-Wilsker","L.s. Tsai","D. Tsionou","H.y. Wu","E. Yazgan","C. Asawatangtrakuldee","N. Srimanobhas","V. Wachirapusitanand","D. Agyel","F. Boran","F. Dolek","I. Dumanoglu","E. Eskut","Y. Guler","E. Gurpinar Guler","C. Isik","O. Kara","A. Kayis Topaksu","U. Kiminsu","G. Onengut","K. Ozdemir","A. Polatoz","B. Tali","U. G. Tok","S. Turkcapar","E. Uslan","I. S. Zorbakir","G. Sokmen","M. Yalvac","B. Akgun","I. O. Atakisi","E. Gülmez","M. Kaya","O. Kaya","S. Tekten","A. Cakir","K. Cankocak","G. G. Dincer","Y. Komurcu","S. Sen","O. Aydilek","B. Hacisahinoglu","I. Hos","B. Kaynak","S. Ozkorucuklu","O. Potok","H. Sert","C. Simsek","C. Zorbilmez","S. Cerci","B. Isildak","D. Sunar Cerci","T. Yetkin","A. Boyaryntsev","B. Grynyov","L. Levchuk","D. Anthony","J. J. Brooke","A. Bundock","F. Bury","E. Clement","D. Cussans","H. Flacher","M. Glowacki","J. Goldstein","H. F. Heath","M.-L. Holmberg","L. Kreczko","S. Paramesvaran","L. Robertshaw","S. Seif El Nasr-Storey","V. J. Smith","N. Stylianou","K. Walkingshaw Pass","A. H. Ball","K. W. Bell","A. Belyaev","C. Brew","R. M. Brown","D. J. A. Cockerill","C. Cooke","A. Elliot","K. V. Ellis","K. Harder","S. Harper","J. Linacre","K. Manolopoulos","D. M. Newbold","E. Olaiya","D. Petyt","T. Reis","A. R. Sahasransu","G. Salvi","T. Schuh","C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous","I. R. Tomalin","K. C. Whalen","T. Williams","I. Andreou","R. Bainbridge","P. Bloch","C. E. Brown","O. Buchmuller","V. Cacchio","C. A. Carrillo Montoya","G. S. Chahal","D. Colling","J. S. Dancu","I. Das","P. Dauncey","G. Davies","J. Davies","M. Della Negra","S. Fayer","G. Fedi","G. Hall","M. H. Hassanshahi","A. Howard","G. Iles","C. R. Knight","J. Langford","J. León Holgado","L. Lyons","A.-M. Magnan","S. Mallios","M. Mieskolainen","J. Nash","M. Pesaresi","P. B. Pradeep","B. C. Radburn-Smith","A. Richards","A. Rose","K. Savva","C. Seez","R. Shukla","A. Tapper","K. Uchida","G. P. Uttley","L. H. Vage","T. Virdee","M. Vojinovic","N. Wardle","D. Winterbottom","K. Coldham","J. E. Cole","A. Khan","P. Kyberd","I. D. Reid","S. Abdullin","A. Brinkerhoff","E. Collins","M. R. Darwish","J. Dittmann","K. Hatakeyama","J. Hiltbrand","B. McMaster","J. Samudio","S. Sawant","C. Sutantawibul","J. Wilson","R. Bartek","A. Dominguez","C. Huerta Escamilla","A. E. Simsek","R. Uniyal","A. M. Vargas Hernandez","B. Bam","A. Buchot Perraguin","R. Chudasama","S. I. Cooper","C. Crovella","S. V. Gleyzer","E. Pearson","C. U. Perez","P. Rumerio","E. Usai","R. Yi","A. Akpinar","C. Cosby","G. De Castro","Z. Demiragli","C. Erice","C. Fangmeier","C. Fernandez Madrazo","E. Fontanesi","D. Gastler","F. Golf","S. Jeon","J. O‘cain","I. Reed","J. Rohlf","K. Salyer","D. Sperka","D. Spitzbart","I. Suarez","A. Tsatsos","A. G. Zecchinelli","G. Benelli","D. Cutts","L. Gouskos","M. Hadley","U. Heintz","J. M. Hogan","T. 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Zhokin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cms-top-threshold-entanglement-240603976v2","title":"Observation of quantum entanglement in top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=13TeV (arXiv2406.03976v2,published replacement)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.03976v2","date":"2024-10-29"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"cms-top-quark-threshold-parton-entanglement-2024","entry_id":"cms-top-quark-threshold-parton-entanglement-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cafd91a3-917e-44c5-a172-6b69340f07f8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:85b9d70108e936a1d085d6797bf0d014917d3ec5c3540d59a7f1aca5dd84229b"},"what_changed":"The CMS Collaboration extracted a top-quark spin-entanglement witness from opposite-charge dilepton events in 13 TeV proton collisions, using 36.3 inverse femtobarns of 2016 data. In the selected threshold region, a profile-likelihood analysis corrected for detector effects gave D = −0.480 with total uncertainties of +0.026 and −0.029. This crossed the D = −1/3 separability-witness boundary with an author-reported significance of 5.1 sigma under a signal model including a predicted toponium contribution. The measurement supplies a separate detector and parton-level determination alongside the earlier ATLAS result.","scope":"The CMS Collaboration extracted a top-quark spin-entanglement witness from opposite-charge dilepton events in 13 TeV proton collisions, using 36.3 inverse femtobarns of 2016 data. In the selected threshold region, a profile-likelihood analysis corrected for detector effects gave D = −0.480 with total uncertainties of +0.026 and −0.029. This crossed the D = −1/3 separability-witness boundary with an author-reported significance of 5.1 sigma under a signal model including a predicted toponium contribution. The measurement supplies a separate detector and parton-level determination alongside the earlier ATLAS result. The result applies to the selected parton-level phase space and uses standard-model decay analyzers, simulated acceptance and migration, and signal/background templates. The assumed toponium component changes the extraction and significance; including it does not establish discovery of that state. This is a spin-entanglement witness rather than a Bell-inequality or loophole-free nonlocality test. Literal sign inconsistencies in the source explanation are retained for clarification. Raw event fitting and independent statistical validation were not repeated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cafd91a3-917e-44c5-a172-6b69340f07f8","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:85b9d70108e936a1d085d6797bf0d014917d3ec5c3540d59a7f1aca5dd84229b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cms-top-high-mass-lepton-jets-entanglement-2024","title":"High-mass top-quark entanglement and full spin-matrix measurement","summary":"The CMS Collaboration measured all 15 top-quark polarization and spin-correlation coefficients in lepton-plus-jets events from 13 TeV proton collisions, using 138 inverse femtobarns of 2016–2018 data. In events with top-pair mass above 800 GeV and absolute scattering-angle cosine below 0.4, the fitted correlation matrix gave an entanglement witness of 2.03 ± 0.15, above the separability boundary of 1 with an author-reported significance of 6.7 sigma. A complementary angular estimator supported the same high-mass result. The measurement extended collider spin-entanglement evidence beyond the production-threshold regime.","boundary":"The inference assumes quantum mechanics and standard-model decay analyzers, and uses simulated acceptance, reconstruction, migrations and signal/background templates. The high-mass phase-space and angular cuts are essential. The approximately 90 percent space-like decay fraction is simulation-derived; the associated stronger witness has additional stated assumptions. Complementary estimators share events. This was not an active-setting Bell test or a loophole-free rejection of local hidden variables. Independent event fitting was not repeated.","area":"Particle physics / collider spin correlations","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"cms-top-high-mass-lepton-jets-entanglement-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cbd67ede-4dd2-4a65-af9b-e27ad0e11e50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b79327b082adce2938cae7f48a48504606e0cc1a47e7113feac91a7bf17ced1b"},"humans":["A. Hayrapetyan","A. Tumasyan","W. Adam","J. W. Andrejkovic","L. Benato","T. Bergauer","S. Chatterjee","K. Damanakis","M. Dragicevic","P. S. Hussain","M. Jeitler","N. Krammer","A. Li","D. Liko","I. Mikulec","J. Schieck","R. Schöfbeck","D. Schwarz","M. Sonawane","W. Waltenberger","C.-E. Wulz","T. Janssen","T. Van Laer","P. Van Mechelen","N. Breugelmans","J. D’Hondt","S. Dansana","A. De Moor","M. Delcourt","F. Heyen","S. Lowette","I. Makarenko","D. Müller","S. Tavernier","M. Tytgat","G. P. Van Onsem","S. Van Putte","D. Vannerom","B. Bilin","B. Clerbaux","A. K. Das","I. De Bruyn","G. 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Lehti","T. Lindén","M. Myllymäki","M.m. Rantanen","H. Siikonen","J. Tuominiemi","P. Luukka","H. Petrow","M. Besancon","F. Couderc","M. Dejardin","D. Denegri","J. L. Faure","F. Ferri","S. Ganjour","P. Gras","G. Hamel de Monchenault","M. Kumar","V. Lohezic","J. Malcles","F. Orlandi","L. Portales","A. Rosowsky","M.Ö. Sahin","A. Savoy-Navarro","P. Simkina","M. Titov","M. Tornago","F. Beaudette","G. Boldrini","P. Busson","A. Cappati","C. Charlot","M. Chiusi","T. D. Cuisset","F. Damas","O. Davignon","A. De Wit","I. T. Ehle","B. A. Fontana Santos Alves","S. Ghosh","A. Gilbert","R. Granier de Cassagnac","A. Hakimi","B. Harikrishnan","L. Kalipoliti","G. Liu","M. Nguyen","C. Ochando","R. Salerno","J. B. Sauvan","Y. Sirois","L. Urda Gómez","E. Vernazza","A. Zabi","A. Zghiche","J.-L. Agram","J. Andrea","D. Apparu","D. Bloch","J.-M. Brom","E. C. Chabert","C. Collard","S. Falke","U. Goerlach","R. Haeberle","A.-C. Le Bihan","M. Meena","O. Poncet","G. Saha","M. A. Sessini","P. Van Hove","P. Vaucelle","A. Di Florio","D. Amram","S. Beauceron","B. Blancon","G. Boudoul","N. Chanon","D. Contardo","P. Depasse","C. Dozen","H. El Mamouni","J. Fay","S. Gascon","M. Gouzevitch","C. Greenberg","G. Grenier","B. Ille","E. Jourd‘huy","M. Lethuillier","L. Mirabito","S. Perries","A. Purohit","M. Vander Donckt","P. Verdier","J. Xiao","A. Khvedelidze","I. Lomidze","Z. Tsamalaidze","V. Botta","S. Consuegra Rodríguez","L. Feld","K. Klein","M. Lipinski","D. Meuser","A. Pauls","D. Pérez Adán","N. Röwert","M. Teroerde","S. Diekmann","A. Dodonova","N. Eich","D. Eliseev","F. Engelke","J. Erdmann","M. Erdmann","P. Fackeldey","B. Fischer","T. Hebbeker","K. Hoepfner","F. Ivone","A. Jung","M.y. Lee","F. Mausolf","M. Merschmeyer","A. Meyer","S. Mukherjee","D. Noll","F. Nowotny","A. Pozdnyakov","Y. Rath","W. Redjeb","F. Rehm","H. Reithler","V. Sarkisovi","A. Schmidt","C. Seth","A. Sharma","J. L. Spah","A. Stein","F. Torres Da Silva De Araujo","S. Wiedenbeck","S. Zaleski","C. Dziwok","G. Flügge","T. Kress","A. Nowack","O. Pooth","A. Stahl","T. Ziemons","A. Zotz","H. Aarup Petersen","M. Aldaya Martin","J. Alimena","S. Amoroso","Y. An","J. Bach","S. Baxter","M. Bayatmakou","H. Becerril Gonzalez","O. Behnke","A. Belvedere","F. Blekman","K. Borras","A. Campbell","A. Cardini","C. Cheng","F. Colombina","G. Eckerlin","D. Eckstein","L. I. Estevez Banos","E. Gallo","A. Geiser","V. Guglielmi","M. Guthoff","A. Hinzmann","L. Jeppe","B. Kaech","M. Kasemann","C. Kleinwort","R. Kogler","M. Komm","D. Krücker","W. Lange","D. Leyva Pernia","K. Lipka","W. Lohmann","F. Lorkowski","R. Mankel","I.-A. Melzer-Pellmann","M. Mendizabal Morentin","A. B. Meyer","G. Milella","K. Moral Figueroa","A. Mussgiller","L. P. Nair","J. Niedziela","A. Nürnberg","Y. Otarid","J. Park","E. Ranken","A. Raspereza","D. Rastorguev","J. Rübenach","L. Rygaard","A. Saggio","M. Scham","S. Schnake","P. Schütze","C. Schwanenberger","D. Selivanova","K. Sharko","M. Shchedrolosiev","D. Stafford","F. Vazzoler","A. Ventura Barroso","R. Walsh","Q. Wang","K. Wichmann","L. Wiens","C. Wissing","Y. Yang","A. Zimermmane Castro Santos","A. Albrecht","S. Albrecht","M. Antonello","S. Bein","S. Bollweg","M. Bonanomi","P. Connor","K. El Morabit","Y. Fischer","E. Garutti","A. Grohsjean","J. Haller","D. Hundhausen","H. R. Jabusch","G. Kasieczka","P. Keicher","R. Klanner","W. Korcari","T. Kramer","C.c. Kuo","V. Kutzner","F. Labe","J. Lange","A. Lobanov","C. Matthies","L. Moureaux","M. Mrowietz","A. Nigamova","Y. Nissan","A. Paasch","K. J. Pena Rodriguez","T. Quadfasel","B. Raciti","M. Rieger","D. Savoiu","J. Schindler","P. Schleper","M. Schröder","J. Schwandt","M. Sommerhalder","H. Stadie","G. Steinbrück","A. Tews","B. Wiederspan","M. Wolf","S. Brommer","E. Butz","T. Chwalek","A. Dierlamm","A. Droll","U. Elicabuk","N. Faltermann","M. Giffels","A. Gottmann","F. Hartmann","R. Hofsaess","M. Horzela","U. Husemann","J. Kieseler","M. Klute","R. Koppenhöfer","O. Lavoryk","J. M. Lawhorn","M. Link","A. Lintuluoto","S. Maier","S. Mitra","M. Mormile","Th. Müller","M. Neukum","M. Oh","E. Pfeffer","M. Presilla","G. Quast","K. Rabbertz","B. Regnery","N. Shadskiy","I. Shvetsov","H. J. Simonis","L. Sowa","L. Stockmeier","K. Tauqeer","M. Toms","N. Trevisani","R. F. Von Cube","M. Wassmer","S. Wieland","F. Wittig","R. Wolf","X. Zuo","G. Anagnostou","G. Daskalakis","A. Kyriakis","A. Papadopoulos","A. Stakia","P. Kontaxakis","G. Melachroinos","Z. Painesis","I. Papavergou","I. Paraskevas","N. Saoulidou","K. Theofilatos","E. Tziaferi","K. Vellidis","I. Zisopoulos","G. Bakas","T. Chatzistavrou","G. Karapostoli","K. Kousouris","I. Papakrivopoulos","E. Siamarkou","G. Tsipolitis","A. Zacharopoulou","I. Bestintzanos","I. Evangelou","C. Foudas","C. Kamtsikis","P. Katsoulis","P. Kokkas","P. G. Kosmoglou Kioseoglou","N. Manthos","I. Papadopoulos","J. Strologas","C. Hajdu","D. Horvath","K. Márton","A. J. Rádl","F. Sikler","V. Veszpremi","M. Csanád","K. Farkas","A. Fehérkuti","M. M. A. Gadallah","Á. Kadlecsik","P. Major","G. Pásztor","G. I. Veres","B. Ujvari","G. Zilizi","G. Bencze","S. Czellar","J. Molnar","Z. Szillasi","F. Nemes","T. Novak","S. Bansal","S. B. Beri","V. Bhatnagar","G. Chaudhary","S. Chauhan","N. Dhingra","A. Kaur","H. Kaur","M. Kaur","S. Kumar","T. Sheokand","J. B. Singh","A. Singla","A. Ahmed","A. Bhardwaj","A. Chhetri","B. C. Choudhary","A. Kumar","M. Naimuddin","K. Ranjan","M. K. Saini","S. Saumya","S. Baradia","S. Barman","S. Bhattacharya","S. Das Gupta","S. Dutta","S. Sarkar","M. M. Ameen","P. K. Behera","S. C. Behera","G. Dash","P. Jana","P. Kalbhor","S. Kamble","J. R. Komaragiri","D. Kumar","T. Mishra","B. Parida","P. R. Pujahari","N. R. Saha","A. K. Sikdar","R. K. Singh","P. Verma","S. Verma","A. Vijay","S. Dugad","G. B. Mohanty","M. Shelake","P. Suryadevara","A. Bala","S. Banerjee","R. M. Chatterjee","M. Guchait","Sh. Jain","A. Jaiswal","G. Majumder","K. Mazumdar","S. Parolia","A. Thachayath","S. Bahinipati","C. Kar","D. Maity","P. Mal","K. Naskar","A. Nayak","S. Nayak","K. Pal","P. Sadangi","S. K. Swain","S. Varghese","D. Vats","S. Acharya","A. Alpana","S. Dube","B. Gomber","P. Hazarika","B. Kansal","A. Laha","B. Sahu","S. Sharma","K. Y. Vaish","H. Bakhshiansohi","A. Jafari","M. Zeinali","S. Bashiri","S. Chenarani","S. M. Etesami","Y. Hosseini","M. Khakzad","E. Khazaie","M. Mohammadi Najafabadi","S. Tizchang","M. Felcini","M. Grunewald","M. Abbrescia","A. Colaleo","D. Creanza","B. D’Anzi","N. De Filippis","M. De Palma","W. Elmetenawee","N. Ferrara","L. Fiore","G. Iaselli","L. Longo","M. Louka","G. Maggi","M. Maggi","I. Margjeka","V. Mastrapasqua","S. My","S. Nuzzo","A. Pellecchia","A. Pompili","G. Pugliese","R. Radogna","D. Ramos","A. Ranieri","L. Silvestris","F. M. Simone","Ü. Sözbilir","A. Stamerra","D. Troiano","R. Venditti","P. Verwilligen","A. Zaza","G. Abbiendi","C. Battilana","D. Bonacorsi","P. Capiluppi","A. Castro","F. R. Cavallo","M. Cuffiani","G. M. Dallavalle","T. Diotalevi","F. Fabbri","A. Fanfani","D. Fasanella","P. Giacomelli","L. Giommi","C. Grandi","L. Guiducci","S. Lo Meo","M. Lorusso","L. Lunerti","S. Marcellini","G. Masetti","F. L. Navarria","G. Paggi","A. Perrotta","F. Primavera","A. M. Rossi","S. Rossi Tisbeni","T. Rovelli","G. P. Siroli","S. Costa","A. Di Mattia","A. Lapertosa","R. Potenza","A. Tricomi","C. Tuve","P. Assiouras","G. Barbagli","G. Bardelli","B. Camaiani","A. Cassese","R. Ceccarelli","V. Ciulli","C. Civinini","R. D’Alessandro","E. Focardi","T. Kello","G. Latino","P. Lenzi","M. Lizzo","M. Meschini","S. Paoletti","A. Papanastassiou","G. Sguazzoni","L. Viliani","L. Benussi","S. Bianco","S. Meola","D. Piccolo","M. Alves Gallo Pereira","F. Ferro","E. Robutti","S. Tosi","A. Benaglia","F. Brivio","F. Cetorelli","F. De Guio","M. E. Dinardo","P. Dini","S. Gennai","R. Gerosa","A. Ghezzi","P. Govoni","L. Guzzi","M. T. Lucchini","M. Malberti","S. Malvezzi","A. Massironi","D. Menasce","L. Moroni","M. Paganoni","S. Palluotto","D. Pedrini","A. Perego","B. S. Pinolini","G. Pizzati","S. Ragazzi","T. Tabarelli de Fatis","S. Buontempo","A. Cagnotta","F. Carnevali","N. Cavallo","F. Fabozzi","A. O. M. Iorio","L. Lista","P. Paolucci","B. Rossi","R. Ardino","P. Azzi","N. Bacchetta","D. Bisello","P. Bortignon","G. Bortolato","A. Bragagnolo","A. C. M. Bulla","R. Carlin","T. Dorigo","F. Gasparini","U. Gasparini","S. Giorgetti","M. Gulmini","E. Lusiani","M. Margoni","A. T. Meneguzzo","M. Migliorini","J. Pazzini","P. Ronchese","R. Rossin","F. Simonetto","M. Tosi","A. Triossi","S. Ventura","M. Zanetti","P. Zotto","A. Zucchetta","G. Zumerle","A. Braghieri","S. Calzaferri","D. Fiorina","P. Montagna","V. Re","C. Riccardi","P. Salvini","I. Vai","P. Vitulo","S. Ajmal","M. E. Ascioti","G. M. Bilei","C. Carrivale","D. Ciangottini","L. Fanò","M. Magherini","V. Mariani","M. Menichelli","F. Moscatelli","A. Rossi","A. Santocchia","D. Spiga","T. Tedeschi","C. Aimè","C. A. Alexe","P. Asenov","P. Azzurri","G. Bagliesi","R. Bhattacharya","L. Bianchini","T. Boccali","E. Bossini","D. Bruschini","R. Castaldi","M. A. Ciocci","M. Cipriani","V. D’Amante","R. Dell’Orso","S. Donato","A. Giassi","F. Ligabue","A. C. Marini","D. Matos Figueiredo","A. Messineo","S. Mishra","V. K. Muraleedharan Nair Bindhu","M. Musich","F. Palla","A. Rizzi","G. Rolandi","S. Roy Chowdhury","T. Sarkar","A. Scribano","P. Spagnolo","R. Tenchini","G. Tonelli","N. Turini","F. Vaselli","A. Venturi","P. G. Verdini","C. Baldenegro Barrera","P. Barria","C. Basile","F. Cavallari","L. Cunqueiro Mendez","D. Del Re","E. Di Marco","M. Diemoz","F. Errico","R. Gargiulo","E. Longo","L. Martikainen","J. Mijuskovic","G. Organtini","F. Pandolfi","R. Paramatti","C. Quaranta","S. Rahatlou","C. Rovelli","F. Santanastasio","L. Soffi","V. Vladimirov","N. Amapane","R. Arcidiacono","S. Argiro","M. Arneodo","N. Bartosik","R. Bellan","A. Bellora","C. Biino","C. Borca","N. Cartiglia","M. Costa","R. Covarelli","N. Demaria","L. Finco","M. Grippo","B. Kiani","F. Legger","F. Luongo","C. Mariotti","L. Markovic","S. Maselli","A. Mecca","L. Menzio","P. Meridiani","E. Migliore","M. Monteno","R. Mulargia","M. M. Obertino","G. Ortona","L. Pacher","N. Pastrone","M. Pelliccioni","M. Ruspa","F. Siviero","V. Sola","A. Solano","A. Staiano","C. Tarricone","D. Trocino","G. Umoret","R. White","J. Babbar","S. Belforte","V. Candelise","M. Casarsa","F. Cossutti","K. De Leo","G. Della Ricca","S. Dogra","J. Hong","B. Kim","J. Kim","D. Lee","H. Lee","S. W. Lee","C. S. Moon","Y. D. Oh","M. S. Ryu","S. Sekmen","B. Tae","Y. C. Yang","M. S. Kim","G. Bak","P. Gwak","H. Kim","D. H. Moon","E. Asilar","J. Choi","D. Kim","T. J. Kim","J. A. Merlin","Y. Ryou","S. Choi","S. Han","B. Hong","K. S. Lee","S. Lee","J. Yoo","J. Goh","H. S. Kim","Y. Kim","J. Almond","J. H. Bhyun","W. Jun","Y. W. Kim","S. Ko","H. Kwon","J. Lee","B. H. Oh","S. B. Oh","H. Seo","U. K. Yang","I. Yoon","W. Jang","D. Y. Kang","Y. Kang","S. Kim","B. Ko","J. S. H. Lee","Y. Lee","I. C. Park","Y. Roh","I. J. Watson","S. Ha","K. Hwang","H. D. Yoo","M. Choi","M. R. Kim","I. Yu","T. Beyrouthy","Y. Gharbia","F. Alazemi","K. Dreimanis","A. Gaile","C. Munoz Diaz","D. Osite","G. Pikurs","A. Potrebko","M. Seidel","D. Sidiropoulos Kontos","N. R. Strautnieks","M. Ambrozas","A. Juodagalvis","A. Rinkevicius","G. Tamulaitis","I. Yusuff","Z. Zolkapli","J. F. Benitez","A. Castaneda Hernandez","H. A. Encinas Acosta","L. G. Gallegos Maríñez","M. León Coello","J. A. Murillo Quijada","A. Sehrawat","L. Valencia Palomo","G. Ayala","H. Castilla-Valdez","H. Crotte Ledesma","E. De La Cruz-Burelo","I. Heredia-De La Cruz","R. Lopez-Fernandez","J. Mejia Guisao","C. A. Mondragon Herrera","A. Sánchez Hernández","C. Oropeza Barrera","D. L. Ramirez Guadarrama","M. Ramírez García","I. Bautista","I. Pedraza","H. A. Salazar Ibarguen","C. Uribe Estrada","I. Bubanja","N. Raicevic","P. H. Butler","A. Ahmad","M. I. Asghar","A. Awais","M. I. M. Awan","H. R. Hoorani","W. A. Khan","V. Avati","L. Grzanka","M. Malawski","H. Bialkowska","M. Bluj","M. Górski","M. Kazana","M. Szleper","P. Zalewski","K. Bunkowski","K. Doroba","A. Kalinowski","M. Konecki","J. Krolikowski","A. Muhammad","P. Fokow","K. Pozniak","W. Zabolotny","M. Araujo","D. Bastos","C. Beirão Da Cruz E Silva","A. Boletti","M. Bozzo","T. Camporesi","G. Da Molin","P. Faccioli","M. Gallinaro","J. Hollar","N. Leonardo","G. B. Marozzo","A. Petrilli","M. Pisano","J. Seixas","J. Varela","J. W. Wulff","P. Adzic","P. Milenovic","D. Devetak","M. Dordevic","J. Milosevic","L. Nadderd","V. Rekovic","J. Alcaraz Maestre","Cristina F. Bedoya","J. A. Brochero Cifuentes","Oliver M. Carretero","M. Cepeda","M. Cerrada","N. Colino","B. De La Cruz","A. Delgado Peris","A. Escalante Del Valle","D. Fernández Del Val","J. P. Fernández Ramos","J. Flix","M. C. Fouz","O. Gonzalez Lopez","S. Goy Lopez","J. M. Hernandez","M. I. Josa","J. Llorente Merino","C. Martin Perez","E. Martin Viscasillas","D. Moran","C. M. Morcillo Perez","Á. Navarro Tobar","C. Perez Dengra","A. Pérez-Calero Yzquierdo","J. Puerta Pelayo","I. Redondo","S. Sánchez Navas","J. Sastre","J. Vazquez Escobar","J. F. de Trocóniz","B. Alvarez Gonzalez","J. Cuevas","J. Fernandez Menendez","S. Folgueras","I. Gonzalez Caballero","P. Leguina","E. Palencia Cortezon","J. Prado Pico","C. RamónÁlvarez","V. Rodríguez Bouza","A. Soto Rodríguez","A. Trapote","C. Vico Villalba","P. Vischia","S. Bhowmik","S. Blanco Fernández","I. J. Cabrillo","A. Calderon","J. Duarte Campderros","M. Fernandez","G. Gomez","C. Lasaosa García","R. Lopez Ruiz","C. Martinez Rivero","P. Martinez Ruiz del Arbol","F. Matorras","P. Matorras Cuevas","E. Navarrete Ramos","J. Piedra Gomez","L. Scodellaro","I. Vila","J. M. Vizan Garcia","B. Kailasapathy","D. D. C. Wickramarathna","W. G. D. Dharmaratna","K. Liyanage","N. Perera","D. Abbaneo","C. Amendola","E. Auffray","G. Auzinger","J. Baechler","D. Barney","A. Bermúdez Martínez","M. Bianco","A. A. Bin Anuar","A. Bocci","L. Borgonovi","C. Botta","E. Brondolin","C. Caillol","G. Cerminara","N. Chernyavskaya","D. d’Enterria","A. Dabrowski","A. David","A. De Roeck","M. M. Defranchis","M. Deile","M. Dobson","G. Franzoni","W. Funk","S. Giani","D. Gigi","K. Gill","F. Glege","J. Hegeman","J. K. Heikkilä","B. Huber","V. Innocente","T. James","P. Janot","O. Kaluzinska","O. Karacheban","S. Laurila","P. Lecoq","E. Leutgeb","C. Lourenço","L. Malgeri","M. Mannelli","M. Matthewman","A. Mehta","F. Meijers","S. Mersi","E. Meschi","V. Milosevic","F. Monti","F. Moortgat","M. Mulders","I. Neutelings","S. Orfanelli","F. Pantaleo","G. Petrucciani","A. Pfeiffer","M. Pierini","H. Qu","D. Rabady","B. Ribeiro Lopes","F. Riti","M. Rovere","H. Sakulin","R. Salvatico","S. Sanchez Cruz","S. Scarfi","C. Schwick","M. Selvaggi","K. Shchelina","P. Silva","P. Sphicas","A. G. Stahl Leiton","A. Steen","S. Summers","D. Treille","P. Tropea","D. Walter","J. Wanczyk","K. A. Wozniak","S. Wuchterl","P. Zehetner","P. Zejdl","W. D. Zeuner","T. Bevilacqua","L. Caminada","A. Ebrahimi","W. Erdmann","R. Horisberger","Q. Ingram","H. C. Kaestli","D. Kotlinski","C. Lange","M. Missiroli","L. Noehte","T. Rohe","A. Samalan","T. K. Aarrestad","M. Backhaus","G. Bonomelli","A. Calandri","C. Cazzaniga","K. Datta","P. De Bryas Dexmiers D‘archiac","A. De Cosa","G. Dissertori","M. Dittmar","M. Donegà","F. Eble","M. Galli","K. Gedia","F. Glessgen","C. Grab","N. Härringer","T. G. Harte","D. Hits","W. Lustermann","A.-M. Lyon","R. A. Manzoni","M. Marchegiani","L. Marchese","A. Mascellani","F. Nessi-Tedaldi","F. Pauss","V. Perovic","S. Pigazzini","B. Ristic","R. Seidita","J. Steggemann","A. Tarabini","D. Valsecchi","R. Wallny","C. Amsler","P. Bärtschi","M. F. Canelli","K. Cormier","M. Huwiler","W. Jin","A. Jofrehei","B. Kilminster","S. Leontsinis","S. P. Liechti","A. Macchiolo","P. Meiring","F. Meng","J. Motta","A. Reimers","P. Robmann","M. Senger","E. Shokr","F. Stäger","R. Tramontano","C. Adloff","D. Bhowmik","C. M. Kuo","W. Lin","P. K. Rout","P. C. Tiwari","L. Ceard","K. F. Chen","Z.g. Chen","A. De Iorio","W.-S. Hou","T.h. Hsu","Y.w. Kao","S. Karmakar","G. Kole","Y.y. Li","R.-S. Lu","E. Paganis","X.f. Su","J. Thomas-Wilsker","L.s. Tsai","D. Tsionou","H.y. Wu","E. Yazgan","C. Asawatangtrakuldee","N. Srimanobhas","V. Wachirapusitanand","D. Agyel","F. Boran","F. Dolek","I. Dumanoglu","E. Eskut","Y. Guler","E. Gurpinar Guler","C. Isik","O. Kara","A. Kayis Topaksu","U. Kiminsu","Y. Komurcu","G. Onengut","K. Ozdemir","A. Polatoz","B. Tali","U. G. Tok","E. Uslan","I. S. Zorbakir","G. Sokmen","M. Yalvac","B. Akgun","I. O. Atakisi","E. Gülmez","M. Kaya","O. Kaya","S. Tekten","A. Cakir","K. Cankocak","G. G. Dincer","S. Sen","O. Aydilek","B. Hacisahinoglu","I. Hos","B. Kaynak","S. Ozkorucuklu","O. Potok","H. Sert","C. Simsek","C. Zorbilmez","S. Cerci","B. Isildak","D. Sunar Cerci","T. Yetkin","A. Boyaryntsev","B. Grynyov","L. Levchuk","D. Anthony","J. J. Brooke","A. Bundock","F. Bury","E. Clement","D. Cussans","H. Flacher","M. Glowacki","J. Goldstein","H. F. Heath","M.-L. Holmberg","L. Kreczko","S. Paramesvaran","L. Robertshaw","V. J. Smith","K. Walkingshaw Pass","A. H. Ball","K. W. Bell","A. Belyaev","C. Brew","R. M. Brown","D. J. A. Cockerill","C. Cooke","A. Elliot","K. V. Ellis","K. Harder","S. Harper","J. Linacre","K. Manolopoulos","D. M. Newbold","E. Olaiya","D. Petyt","T. Reis","A. R. Sahasransu","G. Salvi","T. Schuh","C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous","I. R. Tomalin","K. C. Whalen","T. Williams","I. Andreou","R. Bainbridge","P. Bloch","C. E. Brown","O. Buchmuller","C. A. Carrillo Montoya","G. S. Chahal","D. Colling","J. S. Dancu","I. Das","P. Dauncey","G. Davies","M. Della Negra","S. Fayer","G. Fedi","G. Hall","A. Howard","G. Iles","C. R. Knight","P. Krueper","J. Langford","K. H. Law","J. León Holgado","L. Lyons","A.-M. Magnan","B. Maier","S. Mallios","M. Mieskolainen","J. Nash","M. Pesaresi","P. B. Pradeep","B. C. Radburn-Smith","A. Richards","A. Rose","K. Savva","C. Seez","R. Shukla","A. Tapper","K. Uchida","G. P. Uttley","T. Virdee","M. Vojinovic","N. Wardle","D. Winterbottom","J. E. Cole","A. Khan","P. Kyberd","I. D. 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Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cms-top-highmass-spin-matrix-240911067v2","title":"Measurements of polarization and spin correlation and observation of entanglement in top quark pairs using lepton+jets events from proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=13 TeV (arXiv2409.11067v2, published replacement)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.11067v2","date":"2025-01-08"}],"points":"82000","published_grade":{"id":"cms-top-high-mass-lepton-jets-entanglement-2024","entry_id":"cms-top-high-mass-lepton-jets-entanglement-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cbd67ede-4dd2-4a65-af9b-e27ad0e11e50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b79327b082adce2938cae7f48a48504606e0cc1a47e7113feac91a7bf17ced1b"},"what_changed":"The CMS Collaboration measured all 15 top-quark polarization and spin-correlation coefficients in lepton-plus-jets events from 13 TeV proton collisions, using 138 inverse femtobarns of 2016–2018 data. In events with top-pair mass above 800 GeV and absolute scattering-angle cosine below 0.4, the fitted correlation matrix gave an entanglement witness of 2.03 ± 0.15, above the separability boundary of 1 with an author-reported significance of 6.7 sigma. A complementary angular estimator supported the same high-mass result. The measurement extended collider spin-entanglement evidence beyond the production-threshold regime.","scope":"The CMS Collaboration measured all 15 top-quark polarization and spin-correlation coefficients in lepton-plus-jets events from 13 TeV proton collisions, using 138 inverse femtobarns of 2016–2018 data. In events with top-pair mass above 800 GeV and absolute scattering-angle cosine below 0.4, the fitted correlation matrix gave an entanglement witness of 2.03 ± 0.15, above the separability boundary of 1 with an author-reported significance of 6.7 sigma. A complementary angular estimator supported the same high-mass result. The measurement extended collider spin-entanglement evidence beyond the production-threshold regime. The inference assumes quantum mechanics and standard-model decay analyzers, and uses simulated acceptance, reconstruction, migrations and signal/background templates. The high-mass phase-space and angular cuts are essential. The approximately 90 percent space-like decay fraction is simulation-derived; the associated stronger witness has additional stated assumptions. Complementary estimators share events. This was not an active-setting Bell test or a loophole-free rejection of local hidden variables. Independent event fitting was not repeated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cbd67ede-4dd2-4a65-af9b-e27ad0e11e50","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b79327b082adce2938cae7f48a48504606e0cc1a47e7113feac91a7bf17ced1b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kang-double-quantum-spin-hall-wse2-2024","title":"Double quantum spin-Hall transport in twisted bilayer WSe2","summary":"Kang and colleagues combined local and nonlocal transport with penetration-capacitance measurements in twisted bilayer WSe2. Near hole fillings 2 and 4, local resistances approached h/(2e²) and h/(4e²), while nonlocal responses and bulk incompressibility supported one and two pairs of helical edge channels. The transport changed much more strongly under in-plane than out-of-plane magnetic fields, consistent with approximate spin-conservation protection of a double quantum spin-Hall phase at filling 4.","boundary":"The evidence is from the February 2024 preprint and selected uniform regions of finite devices. Local resistance exceeded ideal values by about 10–15 percent, and nonlocal resistance was substantially below ideal edge-only predictions. Bulk capacitance and transport came from different devices. Spin Chern numbers and protection are interpreted using a continuum model and approximate Ising spin conservation; exact spin-resolved quantization, arbitrary-disorder robustness and dissipation-free device operation were not established.","area":"Condensed matter / symmetry-protected electronic transport","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"kang-double-quantum-spin-hall-wse2-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80cdd6d3-98c8-4bd7-a303-6b83d11d1a5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:606c2af9fffdc85928c41f6bc3402a0aec10ccf35d8e14bd948a6e1320ac83e2"},"humans":["Kaifei Kang","Yichen Qiu","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","Jie Shan","Kin Fai Mak"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"kang-double-quantum-spin-hall-wse2-240204196v1","title":"Observation of the double quantum spin Hall phase in moiré WSe2 (arXiv2402.04196v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.04196v1","date":"2024-02-06"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"kang-double-quantum-spin-hall-wse2-2024","entry_id":"kang-double-quantum-spin-hall-wse2-2024","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80cdd6d3-98c8-4bd7-a303-6b83d11d1a5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:606c2af9fffdc85928c41f6bc3402a0aec10ccf35d8e14bd948a6e1320ac83e2"},"what_changed":"Kang and colleagues combined local and nonlocal transport with penetration-capacitance measurements in twisted bilayer WSe2. Near hole fillings 2 and 4, local resistances approached h/(2e²) and h/(4e²), while nonlocal responses and bulk incompressibility supported one and two pairs of helical edge channels. The transport changed much more strongly under in-plane than out-of-plane magnetic fields, consistent with approximate spin-conservation protection of a double quantum spin-Hall phase at filling 4.","scope":"Kang and colleagues combined local and nonlocal transport with penetration-capacitance measurements in twisted bilayer WSe2. Near hole fillings 2 and 4, local resistances approached h/(2e²) and h/(4e²), while nonlocal responses and bulk incompressibility supported one and two pairs of helical edge channels. The transport changed much more strongly under in-plane than out-of-plane magnetic fields, consistent with approximate spin-conservation protection of a double quantum spin-Hall phase at filling 4. The evidence is from the February 2024 preprint and selected uniform regions of finite devices. Local resistance exceeded ideal values by about 10–15 percent, and nonlocal resistance was substantially below ideal edge-only predictions. Bulk capacitance and transport came from different devices. Spin Chern numbers and protection are interpreted using a continuum model and approximate Ising spin conservation; exact spin-resolved quantization, arbitrary-disorder robustness and dissipation-free device operation were not established.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:80cdd6d3-98c8-4bd7-a303-6b83d11d1a5a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:606c2af9fffdc85928c41f6bc3402a0aec10ccf35d8e14bd948a6e1320ac83e2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"xia-wse2-superconductivity-2024","title":"Superconductivity in twisted bilayer WSe2","summary":"Separate experiments by Xia and Han and colleagues and by Guo and colleagues observed superconducting transport in twisted bilayer WSe2. In a 3.65-degree device, Xia and Han and colleagues found zero resistance near half-band filling, a BKT transition near 180 mK and an electric-field-tuned boundary toward a correlated insulator. In a distinct 5.0-degree device, Guo and colleagues found zero resistance, nonlinear current response, a BKT scale near 395 mK and a 50-percent normal-resistance transition near 426 mK. The latter superconducting pocket lay adjacent to anomalous metallic transport interpreted as magnetic reconstruction.","boundary":"The two experiments used different twist angles, devices, temperature definitions and band regimes; their numbers should not be pooled. The reported superconducting signatures concern those devices and conditions. Magnetic order and pairing mechanisms are inferred from transport and modelling rather than directly observed.","area":"Condensed matter / moiré superconductivity","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"xia-wse2-superconductivity-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cdc8b41-1f14-421f-a360-c73bfddfd9cb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1b58cf38d109d9ddc85f44a82b4f199898d445681d83dd851c8f96b78e574963"},"humans":["Yiyu Xia","Zhongdong Han","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","Jie Shan","Kin Fai Mak","Yinjie Guo","Jordan Pack","Joshua Swann","Luke Holtzman","Matthew Cothrine","David Mandrus","Katayun Barmak","James Hone","Andrew J. Millis","Abhay N. Pasupathy","Cory R. Dean"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"xia-wse2-superconductivity-240514784v1","title":"Unconventional superconductivity in twisted bilayer WSe2 (arXiv2405.14784v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.14784v1","date":"2024-05-23"},{"id":"guo-wse2-superconductivity-240603418v1","title":"Superconductivity in twisted bilayer WSe2 (arXiv2406.03418v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.03418v1","date":"2024-06-05"},{"id":"guo-twist-bilayer-wse2-superconductivity-2024-v1","title":"Superconductivity in twisted bilayer WSe₂","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.03418v1","date":"2024-06-05"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"xia-wse2-superconductivity-2024","entry_id":"xia-wse2-superconductivity-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cdc8b41-1f14-421f-a360-c73bfddfd9cb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1b58cf38d109d9ddc85f44a82b4f199898d445681d83dd851c8f96b78e574963"},"what_changed":"Separate experiments by Xia and Han and colleagues and by Guo and colleagues observed superconducting transport in twisted bilayer WSe2. In a 3.65-degree device, Xia and Han and colleagues found zero resistance near half-band filling, a BKT transition near 180 mK and an electric-field-tuned boundary toward a correlated insulator. In a distinct 5.0-degree device, Guo and colleagues found zero resistance, nonlinear current response, a BKT scale near 395 mK and a 50-percent normal-resistance transition near 426 mK. The latter superconducting pocket lay adjacent to anomalous metallic transport interpreted as magnetic reconstruction.","scope":"Separate experiments by Xia and Han and colleagues and by Guo and colleagues observed superconducting transport in twisted bilayer WSe2. In a 3.65-degree device, Xia and Han and colleagues found zero resistance near half-band filling, a BKT transition near 180 mK and an electric-field-tuned boundary toward a correlated insulator. In a distinct 5.0-degree device, Guo and colleagues found zero resistance, nonlinear current response, a BKT scale near 395 mK and a 50-percent normal-resistance transition near 426 mK. The latter superconducting pocket lay adjacent to anomalous metallic transport interpreted as magnetic reconstruction. The two experiments used different twist angles, devices, temperature definitions and band regimes; their numbers should not be pooled. The reported superconducting signatures concern those devices and conditions. Magnetic order and pairing mechanisms are inferred from transport and modelling rather than directly observed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:7cdc8b41-1f14-421f-a360-c73bfddfd9cb","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1b58cf38d109d9ddc85f44a82b4f199898d445681d83dd851c8f96b78e574963"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"second-moire-band-ferromagnetism-topology-mote2-2024","title":"Ferromagnetism and tunable topology in the second moiré band of MoTe2","summary":"Separate experiments by Park and colleagues and by Fan Xu and colleagues used magnetotransport and magnetic circular dichroism to study the second moiré band of twisted bilayer MoTe2. Both found ferromagnetic responses near three holes per moiré cell and magnetic-field-induced Chern states. Park and colleagues compared twist angles and observed a high-field Chern-number −2 state near filling −2. Fan Xu and colleagues mapped intermediate-angle devices and found an additional resistance upturn near filling −5/2 that was strongly suppressed by perpendicular field.","boundary":"The two experiments used different devices and analysis conventions. Zero-field transport near filling −3 was not fully quantized; Chern assignments combine Hall response, density-field slopes and calculations. Neither study established a fractional Chern state or non-Abelian anyons in the second band. Twist thresholds, magnetic mechanisms and the interpretation of the resistance upturn remain dependent on finite-device evidence and theoretical models.","area":"Condensed matter / correlated topological bands","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"second-moire-band-ferromagnetism-topology-mote2-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e2742b52-92c0-483e-a1ce-a1a6c9bb7c6f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b634e6d5660e7ea43eabbd46e26ddfd47a34629ae60cd644b76408d9686d8eb0"},"humans":["Heonjoon Park","Jiaqi Cai","Eric Anderson","Xiao-Wei Zhang","Xiaoyu Liu","William Holtzmann","Weijie Li","Chong Wang","Chaowei Hu","Yuzhou Zhao","Takashi Taniguchi","Kenji Watanabe","Jihui Yang","David Cobden","Jiun-haw Chu","Nicolas Regnault","B. Andrei Bernevig","Liang Fu","Ting Cao","Di Xiao","Xiaodong Xu","Fan Xu","Xumin Chang","Jiayong Xiao","Yixin Zhang","Feng Liu","Zheng Sun","Ning Mao","Nikolai Peshcherenko","Jiayi Li","Bingbing Tong","Li Lu","Jinfeng Jia","Dong Qian","Zhiwen Shi","Yang Zhang","Xiaoxue Liu","Shengwei Jiang","Tingxin Li"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"park-second-moire-band-240609591v2","title":"Ferromagnetism and Topology of the Higher Flat Band in a Fractional Chern Insulator (arXiv2406.09591v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.09591v2","date":"2024-12-16"},{"id":"xu-second-moire-band-240609687v2","title":"Interplay between topology and correlations in the second moiré band of twisted bilayer MoTe2 (arXiv2406.09687v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.09687v2","date":"2024-12-03"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"second-moire-band-ferromagnetism-topology-mote2-2024","entry_id":"second-moire-band-ferromagnetism-topology-mote2-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e2742b52-92c0-483e-a1ce-a1a6c9bb7c6f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b634e6d5660e7ea43eabbd46e26ddfd47a34629ae60cd644b76408d9686d8eb0"},"what_changed":"Separate experiments by Park and colleagues and by Fan Xu and colleagues used magnetotransport and magnetic circular dichroism to study the second moiré band of twisted bilayer MoTe2. Both found ferromagnetic responses near three holes per moiré cell and magnetic-field-induced Chern states. Park and colleagues compared twist angles and observed a high-field Chern-number −2 state near filling −2. Fan Xu and colleagues mapped intermediate-angle devices and found an additional resistance upturn near filling −5/2 that was strongly suppressed by perpendicular field.","scope":"Separate experiments by Park and colleagues and by Fan Xu and colleagues used magnetotransport and magnetic circular dichroism to study the second moiré band of twisted bilayer MoTe2. Both found ferromagnetic responses near three holes per moiré cell and magnetic-field-induced Chern states. Park and colleagues compared twist angles and observed a high-field Chern-number −2 state near filling −2. Fan Xu and colleagues mapped intermediate-angle devices and found an additional resistance upturn near filling −5/2 that was strongly suppressed by perpendicular field. The two experiments used different devices and analysis conventions. Zero-field transport near filling −3 was not fully quantized; Chern assignments combine Hall response, density-field slopes and calculations. Neither study established a fractional Chern state or non-Abelian anyons in the second band. Twist thresholds, magnetic mechanisms and the interpretation of the resistance upturn remain dependent on finite-device evidence and theoretical models.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e2742b52-92c0-483e-a1ce-a1a6c9bb7c6f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b634e6d5660e7ea43eabbd46e26ddfd47a34629ae60cd644b76408d9686d8eb0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ghiotto-wse2-reentrant-insulator-fermi-surface-2024","title":"Fermi-surface reconstruction and a high-field re-entrant insulator in twisted WSe2","summary":"Ghiotto, Wei, Song and colleagues mapped longitudinal and Hall transport in a 4.2-degree twisted bilayer WSe2 device. They found an enhanced low-field Hall response away from exact half filling, consistent with reconstructed small Fermi pockets. Near one hole per moiré cell, a low-field correlated insulator gave way to metallic transport around 5 T and a second insulating region above about 24 T. Temperature dependence, Hall sign changes and Landau-level trajectories motivated interpretations in terms of antiferromagnetic reconstruction and a high-field Ising excitonic insulator.","boundary":"The observed contributions are finite-device transport patterns and fitted activation scales. Antiferromagnetic order, spin-density-wave structure and electron-hole binding are theoretical interpretations rather than direct measurements of the microscopic order. High-field Hall plateaus do not by themselves establish an exciton condensate, superfluidity or a uniquely identified topological excitonic phase. The entry follows the May 2024 preprint, including its two supplementary figures.","area":"Condensed matter / magnetic and excitonic correlations","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ghiotto-wse2-reentrant-insulator-fermi-surface-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:218966b6-9c58-44ab-abc0-31043d702f2c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dc5650f9c9313b6d808912e5ef8842c7a3189ad9a1e4bd32e0304c2c5fba0c32"},"humans":["Augusto Ghiotto","LingNan Wei","Larry Song","Jiawei Zang","Aya Batoul Tazi","Daniel Ostrom","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","James C. Hone","Daniel A. Rhodes","Andrew J. Millis","Cory R. Dean","Lei Wang","Abhay N. Pasupathy"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ghiotto-stoner-ising-excitonic-240517316v1","title":"Stoner instabilities and Ising excitonic states in twisted transition metal dichalcogenides (arXiv2405.17316v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.17316v1","date":"2024-05-27"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"ghiotto-wse2-reentrant-insulator-fermi-surface-2024","entry_id":"ghiotto-wse2-reentrant-insulator-fermi-surface-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:218966b6-9c58-44ab-abc0-31043d702f2c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dc5650f9c9313b6d808912e5ef8842c7a3189ad9a1e4bd32e0304c2c5fba0c32"},"what_changed":"Ghiotto, Wei, Song and colleagues mapped longitudinal and Hall transport in a 4.2-degree twisted bilayer WSe2 device. They found an enhanced low-field Hall response away from exact half filling, consistent with reconstructed small Fermi pockets. Near one hole per moiré cell, a low-field correlated insulator gave way to metallic transport around 5 T and a second insulating region above about 24 T. Temperature dependence, Hall sign changes and Landau-level trajectories motivated interpretations in terms of antiferromagnetic reconstruction and a high-field Ising excitonic insulator.","scope":"Ghiotto, Wei, Song and colleagues mapped longitudinal and Hall transport in a 4.2-degree twisted bilayer WSe2 device. They found an enhanced low-field Hall response away from exact half filling, consistent with reconstructed small Fermi pockets. Near one hole per moiré cell, a low-field correlated insulator gave way to metallic transport around 5 T and a second insulating region above about 24 T. Temperature dependence, Hall sign changes and Landau-level trajectories motivated interpretations in terms of antiferromagnetic reconstruction and a high-field Ising excitonic insulator. The observed contributions are finite-device transport patterns and fitted activation scales. Antiferromagnetic order, spin-density-wave structure and electron-hole binding are theoretical interpretations rather than direct measurements of the microscopic order. High-field Hall plateaus do not by themselves establish an exciton condensate, superfluidity or a uniquely identified topological excitonic phase. The entry follows the May 2024 preprint, including its two supplementary figures.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:218966b6-9c58-44ab-abc0-31043d702f2c","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dc5650f9c9313b6d808912e5ef8842c7a3189ad9a1e4bd32e0304c2c5fba0c32"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"foutty-wse2-twist-tuned-multiband-topology-2024","title":"Twist-tuned multiband topology mapped by local compressibility in bilayer WSe2","summary":"Foutty, Kometter and colleagues used a scanning single-electron transistor to map electronic compressibility in small-angle twisted bilayer WSe2. Near a local twist angle of 1.23 degrees, insulating gaps at one and three holes per moiré cell followed magnetic-field trajectories corresponding to Chern number +1, while the even-filling gaps had total Chern number zero. Measurements across regions with different twist angles revealed a narrow topological window, and the probe-induced displacement field switched the one-hole state between topological and trivial responses. The work linked local thermodynamic measurements to tunable multiband topology in a semiconductor moiré system.","boundary":"Chern assignments use density–field slopes and the Streda relation, rather than direct quantized Hall transport. The main angle comparison samples different locations in one device; a second device probes smaller angles outside the reported topological window. Spin ordering, the topology of each underlying band and the microscopic nature of even-filling states require additional interpretation. Hartree–Fock calculations provide a model comparison, not an exact many-body solution or an independent observation.","area":"Condensed matter / moiré topology and thermodynamics","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"foutty-wse2-twist-tuned-multiband-topology-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dac52883-34f1-49f2-a77d-3621e7caabf2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80b814e7571e4984f6d4b23e29e9db6bf58a19c43be283a0a2626a807a4fcd2f"},"humans":["Benjamin A. Foutty","Carlos R. Kometter","Trithep Devakul","Aidan P. Reddy","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","Liang Fu","Benjamin E. Feldman"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"foutty-twist-multiband-wse2-230409808v3","title":"Mapping twist-tuned multiband topology in bilayer WSe2 (arXiv2304.09808v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.09808v3","date":"2024-04-29"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"foutty-wse2-twist-tuned-multiband-topology-2024","entry_id":"foutty-wse2-twist-tuned-multiband-topology-2024","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dac52883-34f1-49f2-a77d-3621e7caabf2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80b814e7571e4984f6d4b23e29e9db6bf58a19c43be283a0a2626a807a4fcd2f"},"what_changed":"Foutty, Kometter and colleagues used a scanning single-electron transistor to map electronic compressibility in small-angle twisted bilayer WSe2. Near a local twist angle of 1.23 degrees, insulating gaps at one and three holes per moiré cell followed magnetic-field trajectories corresponding to Chern number +1, while the even-filling gaps had total Chern number zero. Measurements across regions with different twist angles revealed a narrow topological window, and the probe-induced displacement field switched the one-hole state between topological and trivial responses. The work linked local thermodynamic measurements to tunable multiband topology in a semiconductor moiré system.","scope":"Foutty, Kometter and colleagues used a scanning single-electron transistor to map electronic compressibility in small-angle twisted bilayer WSe2. Near a local twist angle of 1.23 degrees, insulating gaps at one and three holes per moiré cell followed magnetic-field trajectories corresponding to Chern number +1, while the even-filling gaps had total Chern number zero. Measurements across regions with different twist angles revealed a narrow topological window, and the probe-induced displacement field switched the one-hole state between topological and trivial responses. The work linked local thermodynamic measurements to tunable multiband topology in a semiconductor moiré system. Chern assignments use density–field slopes and the Streda relation, rather than direct quantized Hall transport. The main angle comparison samples different locations in one device; a second device probes smaller angles outside the reported topological window. Spin ordering, the topology of each underlying band and the microscopic nature of even-filling states require additional interpretation. Hartree–Fock calculations provide a model comparison, not an exact many-body solution or an independent observation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dac52883-34f1-49f2-a77d-3621e7caabf2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:80b814e7571e4984f6d4b23e29e9db6bf58a19c43be283a0a2626a807a4fcd2f"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nmr-ion-quantum-work-distribution-fluctuation-tests-2014","title":"Early quantum work-distribution measurements in NMR and a trapped ion","summary":"Two teams developed complementary experimental routes to quantum work statistics. Batalhão and colleagues mapped a driven carbon nuclear spin’s work characteristic function onto a hydrogen-spin interferometer and reconstructed forward and backward work distributions. An and colleagues measured initial phonon statistics, prepared corresponding number states and inferred driven transitions of a trapped ytterbium ion from sideband signals. The experiments compared reconstructed work statistics with quantum fluctuation relations; the ion study reported Jarzynski estimates consistent with zero dissipated-work bias over three temperatures and three drive durations.","boundary":"The NMR experiment uses normalized signals from effective thermal spin states in a room-temperature ensemble. The ion experiment combines initial-state statistics with separately prepared number states and fitted final populations, rather than recording complete pairs of energy outcomes along every trajectory. Effective rotating-frame energies, finite-state truncation, calibration and heating enter the analysis. The NMR preprint contains unresolved formula discrepancies; the ion paper also has separate supplementary material. These are scoped experimental tests of inherited relations, not new proofs, universal work measurements or violations of the second law.","area":"Quantum physics / nonequilibrium thermodynamics","topic":"Physics","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"nmr-ion-quantum-work-distribution-fluctuation-tests-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13eaa600-f78d-4ccc-a117-c22c228035d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2ad475be67591d42c49692fce14fa849126698c89ff99e21234d0ad64b68499"},"humans":["Tiago Batalhão","Alexandre M. Souza","Laura Mazzola","Ruben Auccaise","Roberto S. Sarthour","Ivan S. Oliveira","John Goold","Gabriele De Chiara","Mauro Paternostro","Roberto M. Serra","Shuoming An","Jing-Ning Zhang","Mark Um","Dingshun Lv","Yao Lu","Junhua Zhang","Zhang-qi Yin","H. T. Quan","Kihwan Kim"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"batalhao-quantum-work-fluctuations-13083241v1","title":"Experimental reconstruction of work distribution and verification of fluctuation relations at the full quantum level (arXiv1308.3241v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.3241v1","date":"2013-08-14"},{"id":"an-trapped-ion-quantum-jarzynski-14094485v2","title":"Experimental Test of Quantum Jarzynski Equality with a Trapped Ion System (arXiv1409.4485v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.4485v2","date":"2014-09-18"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"nmr-ion-quantum-work-distribution-fluctuation-tests-2014","entry_id":"nmr-ion-quantum-work-distribution-fluctuation-tests-2014","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13eaa600-f78d-4ccc-a117-c22c228035d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2ad475be67591d42c49692fce14fa849126698c89ff99e21234d0ad64b68499"},"what_changed":"Two teams developed complementary experimental routes to quantum work statistics. Batalhão and colleagues mapped a driven carbon nuclear spin’s work characteristic function onto a hydrogen-spin interferometer and reconstructed forward and backward work distributions. An and colleagues measured initial phonon statistics, prepared corresponding number states and inferred driven transitions of a trapped ytterbium ion from sideband signals. The experiments compared reconstructed work statistics with quantum fluctuation relations; the ion study reported Jarzynski estimates consistent with zero dissipated-work bias over three temperatures and three drive durations.","scope":"Two teams developed complementary experimental routes to quantum work statistics. Batalhão and colleagues mapped a driven carbon nuclear spin’s work characteristic function onto a hydrogen-spin interferometer and reconstructed forward and backward work distributions. An and colleagues measured initial phonon statistics, prepared corresponding number states and inferred driven transitions of a trapped ytterbium ion from sideband signals. The experiments compared reconstructed work statistics with quantum fluctuation relations; the ion study reported Jarzynski estimates consistent with zero dissipated-work bias over three temperatures and three drive durations. The NMR experiment uses normalized signals from effective thermal spin states in a room-temperature ensemble. The ion experiment combines initial-state statistics with separately prepared number states and fitted final populations, rather than recording complete pairs of energy outcomes along every trajectory. Effective rotating-frame energies, finite-state truncation, calibration and heating enter the analysis. The NMR preprint contains unresolved formula discrepancies; the ion paper also has separate supplementary material. These are scoped experimental tests of inherited relations, not new proofs, universal work measurements or violations of the second law.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:13eaa600-f78d-4ccc-a117-c22c228035d0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c2ad475be67591d42c49692fce14fa849126698c89ff99e21234d0ad64b68499"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liao-1d-imbalanced-fermi-gas-phase-separation-2010","title":"Spin-dependent phase separation in a one-dimensional Fermi gas","summary":"Liao, Rittner and colleagues measured spin-resolved density profiles of an attractively interacting lithium-6 gas confined to an array of narrow tubes. Unlike the paired central region familiar from three-dimensional experiments, their partially polarized core was surrounded by paired or fully polarized wings as the spin imbalance changed. The measured radii mapped a phase-separation diagram and were compared with finite-temperature thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz calculations. The experiment supplied a controlled setting in which theories predict one-dimensional FFLO-like pairing correlations.","boundary":"The measurement resolves the tube bundle, with central-tube properties inferred through symmetry assumptions, inverse Abel analysis and a model-supported relation between the bundle and central radii. Temperature and theoretical phase boundaries rely on a quasi-one-dimensional model with confinement corrections. Density agreement does not directly measure finite-momentum pairs, an oscillating order parameter, superfluid coherence or FFLO correlations; the authors explicitly leave such observations for later work.","area":"Atomic physics / one-dimensional quantum gases","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"liao-1d-imbalanced-fermi-gas-phase-separation-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4650be70-936d-4b9b-a1ac-5df2db057daa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f8bdc22f2a1044b847527ccaa105f5edd078e11aba45d3e3217ee069c2ae532"},"humans":["Yean-an Liao","Ann Sophie C. Rittner","Tobias Paprotta","Wenhui Li","Guthrie B. Partridge","Randall G. Hulet","Stefan K. Baur","Erich J. Mueller"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"liao-spin-imbalance-1d-fermi-09120092v2","title":"Spin-imbalance in a one-dimensional Fermi gas (arXiv0912.0092v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0912.0092v2","date":"2010-07-21"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"liao-1d-imbalanced-fermi-gas-phase-separation-2010","entry_id":"liao-1d-imbalanced-fermi-gas-phase-separation-2010","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4650be70-936d-4b9b-a1ac-5df2db057daa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f8bdc22f2a1044b847527ccaa105f5edd078e11aba45d3e3217ee069c2ae532"},"what_changed":"Liao, Rittner and colleagues measured spin-resolved density profiles of an attractively interacting lithium-6 gas confined to an array of narrow tubes. Unlike the paired central region familiar from three-dimensional experiments, their partially polarized core was surrounded by paired or fully polarized wings as the spin imbalance changed. The measured radii mapped a phase-separation diagram and were compared with finite-temperature thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz calculations. The experiment supplied a controlled setting in which theories predict one-dimensional FFLO-like pairing correlations.","scope":"Liao, Rittner and colleagues measured spin-resolved density profiles of an attractively interacting lithium-6 gas confined to an array of narrow tubes. Unlike the paired central region familiar from three-dimensional experiments, their partially polarized core was surrounded by paired or fully polarized wings as the spin imbalance changed. The measured radii mapped a phase-separation diagram and were compared with finite-temperature thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz calculations. The experiment supplied a controlled setting in which theories predict one-dimensional FFLO-like pairing correlations. The measurement resolves the tube bundle, with central-tube properties inferred through symmetry assumptions, inverse Abel analysis and a model-supported relation between the bundle and central radii. Temperature and theoretical phase boundaries rely on a quasi-one-dimensional model with confinement corrections. Density agreement does not directly measure finite-momentum pairs, an oscillating order parameter, superfluid coherence or FFLO correlations; the authors explicitly leave such observations for later work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:4650be70-936d-4b9b-a1ac-5df2db057daa","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1f8bdc22f2a1044b847527ccaa105f5edd078e11aba45d3e3217ee069c2ae532"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nascimbene-navon-pressure-profile-fermi-gas-thermodynamics-2010","title":"Pressure profiles map Fermi-gas thermodynamics across tunable interactions","summary":"Nascimbène, Navon and colleagues used images of trapped lithium atoms to reconstruct local pressure and the equation of state of a strongly interacting Fermi gas. At unitarity, their measurements mapped temperature dependence and the change between normal and superfluid behavior. They then varied the interaction strength across the BEC–BCS crossover, measuring balanced-superfluid thermodynamics and phase boundaries in spin-imbalanced gases. The data quantitatively tested beyond-mean-field corrections and many-body calculations, while identifying where a simple gas of polarons ceased to describe the normal phase.","boundary":"Local homogeneous properties are inferred from trapped density profiles using equilibrium, a local-density approximation, trap calibration and reference equations of state. The low-temperature crossover data approximate zero temperature; interpolation and limiting expansions constrain parts of the reported surface. Fitted coefficients and phase boundaries retain their stated uncertainties and model inputs. These experiments do not measure every temperature and spin imbalance, prove exact many-body formulas or directly observe a microscopic pairing mechanism.","area":"Ultracold gases / local thermodynamics","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"nascimbene-navon-pressure-profile-fermi-gas-thermodynamics-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ee0cbe1-49c3-4069-a18c-ebb4d19e73a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1fc3a4441b4ff883cde1e22659b1afbf5cb4cf1fe8885c3d1ef00c27702c1a15"},"humans":["Sylvain Nascimbène","Nir Navon","Kaijun Jiang","Frédéric Chevy","Christophe Salomon"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"nascimbene-local-unitary-pressure-09110747v2","title":"Exploring the thermodynamics of a two-component Fermi gas with universal interactions (arXiv0911.0747v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0911.0747v2","date":"2009-11-04"},{"id":"navon-bec-bcs-equation-state-10041465v1","title":"The Equation of State of a Low-Temperature Fermi Gas with Tunable Interactions (arXiv1004.1465v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1004.1465v1","date":"2010-04-09"},{"id":"nascimbene-universal-fermi-gas-2010-v2","title":"Exploring the Thermodynamics of a Universal Fermi Gas","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.0747v2","date":"2010-05-31"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"nascimbene-navon-pressure-profile-fermi-gas-thermodynamics-2010","entry_id":"nascimbene-navon-pressure-profile-fermi-gas-thermodynamics-2010","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ee0cbe1-49c3-4069-a18c-ebb4d19e73a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1fc3a4441b4ff883cde1e22659b1afbf5cb4cf1fe8885c3d1ef00c27702c1a15"},"what_changed":"Nascimbène, Navon and colleagues used images of trapped lithium atoms to reconstruct local pressure and the equation of state of a strongly interacting Fermi gas. At unitarity, their measurements mapped temperature dependence and the change between normal and superfluid behavior. They then varied the interaction strength across the BEC–BCS crossover, measuring balanced-superfluid thermodynamics and phase boundaries in spin-imbalanced gases. The data quantitatively tested beyond-mean-field corrections and many-body calculations, while identifying where a simple gas of polarons ceased to describe the normal phase.","scope":"Nascimbène, Navon and colleagues used images of trapped lithium atoms to reconstruct local pressure and the equation of state of a strongly interacting Fermi gas. At unitarity, their measurements mapped temperature dependence and the change between normal and superfluid behavior. They then varied the interaction strength across the BEC–BCS crossover, measuring balanced-superfluid thermodynamics and phase boundaries in spin-imbalanced gases. The data quantitatively tested beyond-mean-field corrections and many-body calculations, while identifying where a simple gas of polarons ceased to describe the normal phase. Local homogeneous properties are inferred from trapped density profiles using equilibrium, a local-density approximation, trap calibration and reference equations of state. The low-temperature crossover data approximate zero temperature; interpolation and limiting expansions constrain parts of the reported surface. Fitted coefficients and phase boundaries retain their stated uncertainties and model inputs. These experiments do not measure every temperature and spin imbalance, prove exact many-body formulas or directly observe a microscopic pairing mechanism.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:0ee0cbe1-49c3-4069-a18c-ebb4d19e73a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1fc3a4441b4ff883cde1e22659b1afbf5cb4cf1fe8885c3d1ef00c27702c1a15"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ospelkaus-ni-ultracold-molecular-quantum-dipolar-collisions-2010","title":"Quantum states and dipoles control ultracold molecular collisions","summary":"Ospelkaus, Ni and colleagues showed that quantum statistics and electric dipoles strongly affect collisions in an ultracold gas of potassium–rubidium molecules. Molecules in one internal state had slow, temperature-dependent loss consistent with a p-wave collision barrier; mixing internal states produced much faster loss when s-wave scattering became allowed. In a follow-up study, increasing the induced dipole moment strongly increased molecular loss and produced anisotropic heating, revealing how the long-range interaction controls access to short-range reactive processes.","boundary":"The experiments infer reactive collisions from molecular loss, state preparation, energetics and scattering models; they do not directly resolve the reaction products. Near-unity short-range loss is a model assumption supported imperfectly by rate comparisons, rather than an independently measured universal probability. The gas was near, rather than deeply within, quantum degeneracy. Anisotropic loss can mimic rethermalization, limiting extraction of elastic cross sections. No molecular many-body phase, general reaction-control law or successful evaporative cooling was demonstrated.","area":"Atomic and molecular physics / quantum scattering","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ospelkaus-ni-ultracold-molecular-quantum-dipolar-collisions-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54948df5-116a-4b81-ab9b-9affacf9d963","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7dffdbcb279a282968b9864ae767a7cc0717e2ef280c06e95d8f96ea29840cef"},"humans":["S. Ospelkaus","K.-K. Ni","D. Wang","M. H. G. de Miranda","B. Neyenhuis","G. Quéméner","P. S. Julienne","J. L. Bohn","D. S. Jin","J. Ye"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ospelkaus-quantum-state-collisions-09123854v1","title":"Quantum-State Controlled Chemical Reactions of Ultracold KRb Molecules (arXiv0912.3854v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0912.3854v1","date":"2009-12-19"},{"id":"ni-dipolar-molecular-collisions-10012809v1","title":"Dipolar collisions of polar molecules in the quantum regime (arXiv1001.2809v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1001.2809v1","date":"2010-01-16"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"ospelkaus-ni-ultracold-molecular-quantum-dipolar-collisions-2010","entry_id":"ospelkaus-ni-ultracold-molecular-quantum-dipolar-collisions-2010","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54948df5-116a-4b81-ab9b-9affacf9d963","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7dffdbcb279a282968b9864ae767a7cc0717e2ef280c06e95d8f96ea29840cef"},"what_changed":"Ospelkaus, Ni and colleagues showed that quantum statistics and electric dipoles strongly affect collisions in an ultracold gas of potassium–rubidium molecules. Molecules in one internal state had slow, temperature-dependent loss consistent with a p-wave collision barrier; mixing internal states produced much faster loss when s-wave scattering became allowed. In a follow-up study, increasing the induced dipole moment strongly increased molecular loss and produced anisotropic heating, revealing how the long-range interaction controls access to short-range reactive processes.","scope":"Ospelkaus, Ni and colleagues showed that quantum statistics and electric dipoles strongly affect collisions in an ultracold gas of potassium–rubidium molecules. Molecules in one internal state had slow, temperature-dependent loss consistent with a p-wave collision barrier; mixing internal states produced much faster loss when s-wave scattering became allowed. In a follow-up study, increasing the induced dipole moment strongly increased molecular loss and produced anisotropic heating, revealing how the long-range interaction controls access to short-range reactive processes. The experiments infer reactive collisions from molecular loss, state preparation, energetics and scattering models; they do not directly resolve the reaction products. Near-unity short-range loss is a model assumption supported imperfectly by rate comparisons, rather than an independently measured universal probability. The gas was near, rather than deeply within, quantum degeneracy. Anisotropic loss can mimic rethermalization, limiting extraction of elastic cross sections. No molecular many-body phase, general reaction-control law or successful evaporative cooling was demonstrated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:54948df5-116a-4b81-ab9b-9affacf9d963","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7dffdbcb279a282968b9864ae767a7cc0717e2ef280c06e95d8f96ea29840cef"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lu-bao-molecular-raman-sideband-cooling-2023","title":"Raman sideband cooling reduces molecular motion toward the quantum ground state","summary":"Two teams demonstrated Raman sideband cooling of individual calcium monofluoride molecules in optical tweezers. Lu and colleagues used low magnetic fields and alternating trap depths to reduce motion along all three axes, with a radial ground-state fraction reaching about 79%. Bao and colleagues used a high-field scheme and resolved sidebands along each axis, inferring a three-dimensional motional ground-state probability of 54±18% for molecules retained in the selected internal-state manifold. Both experiments extended molecular cooling beyond optical molasses.","boundary":"The two experiments used different schemes and reached different states. The lowest radial and axial occupations reported by Lu occurred after different cooling sequences; that experiment did not establish the same three-dimensional ground-state fraction as Bao. Bao’s fraction applies to the selected internal-state population, with substantial leakage to other states. Thermometry assumes specified motional distributions and calibrated spectra. Quantum gates, bulk quantum degeneracy and applicability to arbitrary molecules were prospective uses.","area":"Atomic and molecular physics / quantum motional cooling","topic":"Physics","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lu-bao-molecular-raman-sideband-cooling-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2776b5f1-1f09-4cef-aac4-a1beed8bec64","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be4ed91fbc4260db99bd6691fec598e83db8a44464a066a6b4cffde5741d46e2"},"humans":["Yukai Lu","Samuel J. Li","Connor M. Holland","Lawrence W. Cheuk","Yicheng Bao","Scarlett S. Yu","Jiaqi You","Loïc Anderegg","Eunmi Chae","Wolfgang Ketterle","Kang-Kuen Ni","John M. Doyle"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lu-caf-raman-sideband-cooling-230602455v1","title":"Raman Sideband Cooling of Molecules in an Optical Tweezer Array (arXiv2306.02455v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.02455v1","date":"2023-06-04"},{"id":"bao-caf-3d-groundstate-230908706v1","title":"Raman sideband cooling of molecules in an optical tweezer array to the3-D motional ground state (arXiv2309.08706v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.08706v1","date":"2023-09-15"}],"points":"112000","published_grade":{"id":"lu-bao-molecular-raman-sideband-cooling-2023","entry_id":"lu-bao-molecular-raman-sideband-cooling-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2776b5f1-1f09-4cef-aac4-a1beed8bec64","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be4ed91fbc4260db99bd6691fec598e83db8a44464a066a6b4cffde5741d46e2"},"what_changed":"Two teams demonstrated Raman sideband cooling of individual calcium monofluoride molecules in optical tweezers. Lu and colleagues used low magnetic fields and alternating trap depths to reduce motion along all three axes, with a radial ground-state fraction reaching about 79%. Bao and colleagues used a high-field scheme and resolved sidebands along each axis, inferring a three-dimensional motional ground-state probability of 54±18% for molecules retained in the selected internal-state manifold. Both experiments extended molecular cooling beyond optical molasses.","scope":"Two teams demonstrated Raman sideband cooling of individual calcium monofluoride molecules in optical tweezers. Lu and colleagues used low magnetic fields and alternating trap depths to reduce motion along all three axes, with a radial ground-state fraction reaching about 79%. Bao and colleagues used a high-field scheme and resolved sidebands along each axis, inferring a three-dimensional motional ground-state probability of 54±18% for molecules retained in the selected internal-state manifold. Both experiments extended molecular cooling beyond optical molasses. The two experiments used different schemes and reached different states. The lowest radial and axial occupations reported by Lu occurred after different cooling sequences; that experiment did not establish the same three-dimensional ground-state fraction as Bao. Bao’s fraction applies to the selected internal-state population, with substantial leakage to other states. Thermometry assumes specified motional distributions and calibrated spectra. Quantum gates, bulk quantum degeneracy and applicability to arbitrary molecules were prospective uses.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:2776b5f1-1f09-4cef-aac4-a1beed8bec64","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:be4ed91fbc4260db99bd6691fec598e83db8a44464a066a6b4cffde5741d46e2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gao-jafferis-wall-double-trace-traversable-wormhole-2016","title":"Traversable BTZ wormhole from a two-boundary interaction","summary":"Gao, Jafferis and Wall described a theoretical model in which an interaction coupling two boundaries of an eternal BTZ black hole changes the quantum stress tensor and makes the corresponding bridge traversable in that model.","boundary":"The calculation assumes the specified anti-de Sitter setting, quantum state and boundary coupling. It is not an observation or a method for building a wormhole, and the authors’ construction does not violate causality or demonstrate faster-than-light messaging. The 2016 first preprint predates the examined 2019 revision.","area":"Gravitation / quantum fields in curved spacetime","topic":"Physics","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"gao-jafferis-wall-double-trace-traversable-wormhole-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03f5cab7-d27c-4af0-a871-eac0729f772a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65b3a70b2bb9bf3ae465ef948b854840020792a949894d2ab97b169057427466"},"humans":["Ping Gao","Daniel Louis Jafferis","Aron C. Wall"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"gao-jafferis-wall-traversable-wormholes-1608-05687v3","title":"Traversable Wormholes via a Double Trace Deformation (arXiv 1608.05687v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.05687v3","date":"2019-09-24"},{"id":"gao-jhep-publisher-2017","title":"Traversable Wormholes via a Double Trace Deformation","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2017)151"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"The cited source lists research affiliations in the United States. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.05687v3","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03f5cab7-d27c-4af0-a871-eac0729f772a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65b3a70b2bb9bf3ae465ef948b854840020792a949894d2ab97b169057427466"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Traversable Wormholes via a Double Trace Deformation (arXiv 1608.05687v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.05687v3"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"gao-jafferis-wall-double-trace-traversable-wormhole-2016","entry_id":"gao-jafferis-wall-double-trace-traversable-wormhole-2016","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03f5cab7-d27c-4af0-a871-eac0729f772a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65b3a70b2bb9bf3ae465ef948b854840020792a949894d2ab97b169057427466"},"what_changed":"Gao, Jafferis and Wall described a theoretical model in which an interaction coupling two boundaries of an eternal BTZ black hole changes the quantum stress tensor and makes the corresponding bridge traversable in that model.","scope":"Gao, Jafferis and Wall described a theoretical model in which an interaction coupling two boundaries of an eternal BTZ black hole changes the quantum stress tensor and makes the corresponding bridge traversable in that model. The calculation assumes the specified anti-de Sitter setting, quantum state and boundary coupling. It is not an observation or a method for building a wormhole, and the authors’ construction does not violate causality or demonstrate faster-than-light messaging. The 2016 first preprint predates the examined 2019 revision.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:03f5cab7-d27c-4af0-a871-eac0729f772a","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:65b3a70b2bb9bf3ae465ef948b854840020792a949894d2ab97b169057427466"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sorce-wald-second-order-kerr-newman-censorship-test-2017","title":"Second-order analysis of attempts to overcharge or overspin Kerr–Newman black holes","summary":"Sorce and Wald analyzed thought experiments in which matter carrying charge or angular momentum enters a Kerr–Newman black hole. Their perturbative analysis incorporates second-order effects that can be missed by a first-order test-body treatment.","boundary":"The conclusions require the paper’s assumptions on the matter, energy condition and settling of perturbations, and concern a particular four-dimensional setting and perturbative regime. They are not a general proof of cosmic censorship or an empirical observation.","area":"Gravitation / black-hole perturbation theory","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"sorce-wald-second-order-kerr-newman-censorship-test-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:85f5d568-6beb-441a-a548-27ad7b829350","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d47c4b59584077904a676eb2e2d87414f6adc55bbbd73889106390e0ffff4053"},"humans":["Jonathan Sorce","Robert M. Wald"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"sorce-wald-gedanken-kerr-newman-1707-05862v3","title":"Gedanken Experiments to Destroy a Black Hole II: Kerr-Newman Black Holes Cannot be Over-Charged or Over-Spun (arXiv 1707.05862v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.05862v3","date":"2017-11-08"},{"id":"sorce-wald-prd-publisher-2017","title":"Gedanken Experiments to Destroy a Black Hole II","url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.104014"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"The cited source lists research affiliations in the United States. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.05862v3","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:85f5d568-6beb-441a-a548-27ad7b829350","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d47c4b59584077904a676eb2e2d87414f6adc55bbbd73889106390e0ffff4053"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Gedanken Experiments to Destroy a Black Hole II: Kerr-Newman Black Holes Cannot be Over-Charged or Over-Spun (arXiv 1707.05862v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.05862v3"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"sorce-wald-second-order-kerr-newman-censorship-test-2017","entry_id":"sorce-wald-second-order-kerr-newman-censorship-test-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:85f5d568-6beb-441a-a548-27ad7b829350","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d47c4b59584077904a676eb2e2d87414f6adc55bbbd73889106390e0ffff4053"},"what_changed":"Sorce and Wald analyzed thought experiments in which matter carrying charge or angular momentum enters a Kerr–Newman black hole. Their perturbative analysis incorporates second-order effects that can be missed by a first-order test-body treatment.","scope":"Sorce and Wald analyzed thought experiments in which matter carrying charge or angular momentum enters a Kerr–Newman black hole. Their perturbative analysis incorporates second-order effects that can be missed by a first-order test-body treatment. The conclusions require the paper’s assumptions on the matter, energy condition and settling of perturbations, and concern a particular four-dimensional setting and perturbative regime. They are not a general proof of cosmic censorship or an empirical observation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:85f5d568-6beb-441a-a548-27ad7b829350","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d47c4b59584077904a676eb2e2d87414f6adc55bbbd73889106390e0ffff4053"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"aretakis-extremal-black-hole-horizon-instability-2012","title":"Horizon instability of extremal black holes","summary":"Aretakis established conserved horizon quantities for linear massless scalar waves on a class of smooth extremal axisymmetric black hole backgrounds and derived horizon non-decay; under additional geometric and decay conditions, higher transverse derivatives become unbounded. The extremal Kerr specialization gives explicit generic growth bounds.","boundary":"Fixed-background linear scalar waves on the stated extremal geometries; the general derivative blow-up result has additional assumptions and the Kerr growth result uses a nonzero conserved horizon charge. This is not a proof of nonlinear gravitational instability or an astronomical observation.","area":"General relativity and black holes","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"aretakis-extremal-black-hole-horizon-instability-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b6c2767-abb8-4c51-a442-f2050270cb51","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b24e6070c73195d420e7250d120d3f3d5d4a2bb296b319db2b3b2cec6ee1dc73"},"humans":["Stefanos Aretakis"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"aretakis-1206-6598-v2","title":"Horizon Instability of Extremal Black Holes (arXiv 1206.6598v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.6598v2","date":"2013-03-12"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"aretakis-extremal-black-hole-horizon-instability-2012","entry_id":"aretakis-extremal-black-hole-horizon-instability-2012","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b6c2767-abb8-4c51-a442-f2050270cb51","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b24e6070c73195d420e7250d120d3f3d5d4a2bb296b319db2b3b2cec6ee1dc73"},"what_changed":"Aretakis established conserved horizon quantities for linear massless scalar waves on a class of smooth extremal axisymmetric black hole backgrounds and derived horizon non-decay; under additional geometric and decay conditions, higher transverse derivatives become unbounded. The extremal Kerr specialization gives explicit generic growth bounds.","scope":"Aretakis established conserved horizon quantities for linear massless scalar waves on a class of smooth extremal axisymmetric black hole backgrounds and derived horizon non-decay; under additional geometric and decay conditions, higher transverse derivatives become unbounded. The extremal Kerr specialization gives explicit generic growth bounds. Fixed-background linear scalar waves on the stated extremal geometries; the general derivative blow-up result has additional assumptions and the Kerr growth result uses a nonzero conserved horizon charge. This is not a proof of nonlinear gravitational instability or an astronomical observation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9b6c2767-abb8-4c51-a442-f2050270cb51","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b24e6070c73195d420e7250d120d3f3d5d4a2bb296b319db2b3b2cec6ee1dc73"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liu-suh-holographic-entanglement-tsunami-2013","title":"Entanglement growth after a holographic quantum quench","summary":"Liu and Suh analyzed entanglement entropy after a homogeneous global quench in a strongly coupled holographic system, identifying early quadratic growth and a later linear growth regime for large regions, followed by shape-dependent saturation. They described the linear regime using a geometrical entanglement-tsunami picture.","boundary":"The results concern the specified large-region, thin-shell holographic model and its stated metric and energy assumptions. The proposed general relativistic upper bound and extrapolations to generic shapes or initial states are conjectural; the wavefront is an interpretive model, not an observed physical wave.","area":"Quantum many-body physics and gravity","topic":"Physics","year":2013,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"liu-suh-holographic-entanglement-tsunami-2013","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:74272707-9d7d-44af-a285-e72f1ab3a49d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3649775b7f506b0951773cd7c6b22282a527002087eb128ef80cb3a33dbe7b54"},"humans":["Hong Liu","S. Josephine Suh"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"liu-suh-1305-7244-v2","title":"Entanglement Tsunami: Universal Scaling in Holographic Thermalization (arXiv 1305.7244v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.7244v2","date":"2013-06-27"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"liu-suh-holographic-entanglement-tsunami-2013","entry_id":"liu-suh-holographic-entanglement-tsunami-2013","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:74272707-9d7d-44af-a285-e72f1ab3a49d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3649775b7f506b0951773cd7c6b22282a527002087eb128ef80cb3a33dbe7b54"},"what_changed":"Liu and Suh analyzed entanglement entropy after a homogeneous global quench in a strongly coupled holographic system, identifying early quadratic growth and a later linear growth regime for large regions, followed by shape-dependent saturation. They described the linear regime using a geometrical entanglement-tsunami picture.","scope":"Liu and Suh analyzed entanglement entropy after a homogeneous global quench in a strongly coupled holographic system, identifying early quadratic growth and a later linear growth regime for large regions, followed by shape-dependent saturation. They described the linear regime using a geometrical entanglement-tsunami picture. The results concern the specified large-region, thin-shell holographic model and its stated metric and energy assumptions. The proposed general relativistic upper bound and extrapolations to generic shapes or initial states are conjectural; the wavefront is an interpretive model, not an observed physical wave.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:74272707-9d7d-44af-a285-e72f1ab3a49d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3649775b7f506b0951773cd7c6b22282a527002087eb128ef80cb3a33dbe7b54"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lu-team-pentalayer-graphene-fractional-anomalous-hall-2023","title":"Fractional anomalous Hall transport in pentalayer graphene","summary":"Lu and colleagues measured magnetotransport in rhombohedral five-layer graphene aligned with hexagonal boron nitride. In two devices they reported integer and fractional anomalous Hall signatures; selected zero-field Hall-resistance plateaus at fractional fillings on both sides of one half accompanied dips in longitudinal resistance. Field sweeps showed hysteresis, and the density–field slopes were compared with fractional Hall-state expectations. Near half filling, a continuously varying Hall response resembled a composite Fermi liquid.","boundary":"The main data shown are from one selected device at millikelvin temperatures and tuned density and displacement field; the second-device data are referenced in extended figures absent from this preprint. Phase maps use symmetrized and antisymmetrized measurements at ±0.1 T, while hysteresis traces include zero field after field sweeps. Fractional plateau precision and longitudinal dissipation vary with filling; a dip does not prove exactly zero dissipation. Half-filling composite-Fermi-liquid and continuous-transition identifications are interpretations, not unique direct proofs. The four-figure manuscript does not contain the cited Methods or extended data; calibration, second-device evidence and raw-data replay remain open. It does not observe fractional charge or braiding statistics.","area":"Condensed matter and topological phases","topic":"Physics","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lu-team-pentalayer-graphene-fractional-anomalous-hall-2023","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:935a6e7e-7362-434b-a921-6eb5f5b3d14f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1c9383505fbd31daadf590722806f983f2adb626cd39b3bb9bcad029fd789935"},"humans":["Zhengguang Lu","Tonghang Han","Yuxuan Yao","Aidan P. Reddy","Jixiang Yang","Junseok Seo","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","Liang Fu","Long Ju"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lu-han-graphene-fractional-anomalous-hall-2309-17436v4","title":"Fractional Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Multilayer Graphene","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.17436v4","date":"2023-12-26"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"lu-team-pentalayer-graphene-fractional-anomalous-hall-2023","entry_id":"lu-team-pentalayer-graphene-fractional-anomalous-hall-2023","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:935a6e7e-7362-434b-a921-6eb5f5b3d14f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1c9383505fbd31daadf590722806f983f2adb626cd39b3bb9bcad029fd789935"},"what_changed":"Lu and colleagues measured magnetotransport in rhombohedral five-layer graphene aligned with hexagonal boron nitride. In two devices they reported integer and fractional anomalous Hall signatures; selected zero-field Hall-resistance plateaus at fractional fillings on both sides of one half accompanied dips in longitudinal resistance. Field sweeps showed hysteresis, and the density–field slopes were compared with fractional Hall-state expectations. Near half filling, a continuously varying Hall response resembled a composite Fermi liquid.","scope":"Lu and colleagues measured magnetotransport in rhombohedral five-layer graphene aligned with hexagonal boron nitride. In two devices they reported integer and fractional anomalous Hall signatures; selected zero-field Hall-resistance plateaus at fractional fillings on both sides of one half accompanied dips in longitudinal resistance. Field sweeps showed hysteresis, and the density–field slopes were compared with fractional Hall-state expectations. Near half filling, a continuously varying Hall response resembled a composite Fermi liquid. The main data shown are from one selected device at millikelvin temperatures and tuned density and displacement field; the second-device data are referenced in extended figures absent from this preprint. Phase maps use symmetrized and antisymmetrized measurements at ±0.1 T, while hysteresis traces include zero field after field sweeps. Fractional plateau precision and longitudinal dissipation vary with filling; a dip does not prove exactly zero dissipation. Half-filling composite-Fermi-liquid and continuous-transition identifications are interpretations, not unique direct proofs. The four-figure manuscript does not contain the cited Methods or extended data; calibration, second-device evidence and raw-data replay remain open. It does not observe fractional charge or braiding statistics.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:935a6e7e-7362-434b-a921-6eb5f5b3d14f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1c9383505fbd31daadf590722806f983f2adb626cd39b3bb9bcad029fd789935"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chantry-tuckerman-barkley-waleffe-turbulence-scaling-2017","title":"Large-domain shear-flow simulation and turbulence-transition scaling","summary":"Chantry, Tuckerman and Barkley simulated large domains of stress-free, sinusoidally forced Waleffe shear flow using four wall-normal modes. Near a fitted transition they found a growing turbulent fraction and gap statistics broadly consistent with directed-percolation scaling. A smaller simulated domain instead displayed long-lived transients and an apparent jump, illustrating how finite size can change the observed transition.","boundary":"This is numerical evidence for a particular truncated, drag-modified flow, not a proof of universal behavior of all wall-bounded or channel flows. The streamwise gap distribution near the chosen threshold did not exhibit the expected extended power law; the authors used an alternative correlation-length comparison and suggested finite distance from criticality. Some data collapses use directed-percolation exponents, and exponent relations make several comparisons non-independent. Threshold and exponent come from selected fits, not exact infinite-time results. The supplementary movie, raw simulations and independent fit replay were not examined.","area":"Fluid dynamics and statistical physics","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"chantry-tuckerman-barkley-waleffe-turbulence-scaling-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93f95553-9c2c-4c95-aa5b-8db8a7d2dc80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d75b2cfac48e7e5925959c16e00b2b3a3c718b1c60af40bbc3546ca96b6f66cb"},"humans":["Matthew Chantry","Laurette S. Tuckerman","Dwight Barkley"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"chantry-tuckerman-barkley-waleffe-2017-jfm-405","title":"Universal continuous transition to turbulence in a planar shear flow","url":"https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/maths/people/staff/dwight_barkley/home_page/papers/chantry_-_2017_-_journal_of_fluid_mechanics.pdf","date":"2017"}],"points":"50000","published_grade":{"id":"chantry-tuckerman-barkley-waleffe-turbulence-scaling-2017","entry_id":"chantry-tuckerman-barkley-waleffe-turbulence-scaling-2017","band":"B","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93f95553-9c2c-4c95-aa5b-8db8a7d2dc80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d75b2cfac48e7e5925959c16e00b2b3a3c718b1c60af40bbc3546ca96b6f66cb"},"what_changed":"Chantry, Tuckerman and Barkley simulated large domains of stress-free, sinusoidally forced Waleffe shear flow using four wall-normal modes. Near a fitted transition they found a growing turbulent fraction and gap statistics broadly consistent with directed-percolation scaling. A smaller simulated domain instead displayed long-lived transients and an apparent jump, illustrating how finite size can change the observed transition.","scope":"Chantry, Tuckerman and Barkley simulated large domains of stress-free, sinusoidally forced Waleffe shear flow using four wall-normal modes. Near a fitted transition they found a growing turbulent fraction and gap statistics broadly consistent with directed-percolation scaling. A smaller simulated domain instead displayed long-lived transients and an apparent jump, illustrating how finite size can change the observed transition. This is numerical evidence for a particular truncated, drag-modified flow, not a proof of universal behavior of all wall-bounded or channel flows. The streamwise gap distribution near the chosen threshold did not exhibit the expected extended power law; the authors used an alternative correlation-length comparison and suggested finite distance from criticality. Some data collapses use directed-percolation exponents, and exponent relations make several comparisons non-independent. Threshold and exponent come from selected fits, not exact infinite-time results. The supplementary movie, raw simulations and independent fit replay were not examined.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93f95553-9c2c-4c95-aa5b-8db8a7d2dc80","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d75b2cfac48e7e5925959c16e00b2b3a3c718b1c60af40bbc3546ca96b6f66cb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"coulter-team-sss17a-gw170817-optical-counterpart-2017","title":"Swope identifies the optical counterpart of GW170817","summary":"The 1M2H team used the Swope telescope to find a new optical transient in NGC 4993, SSS17a, in an exposure beginning 10.9 hours after the GW170817 trigger. Subsequent photometry showed rapid fading, and its location and timing supported association with the gravitational-wave event. Other teams independently observed the same transient.","boundary":"This paper reports the Swope observation and its own search; it cites later independent teams, whose original observations were not reviewed here. The first image was obtained at 23:33 UT and the source identified by visual inspection at 23:59 UT. The 95.3% value describes probability under the team’s galaxy-targeting algorithm, not the fraction of the full sky-localization probability; its reported 2D coverage is 26.9%. Association and kilonova interpretation use multiple observations and modeling, not direct isotope identification. The arXiv PDF announces Figure S6 but does not contain it. Raw images and independent analyses were not replayed.","area":"Multimessenger astronomy","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"coulter-team-sss17a-gw170817-optical-counterpart-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcbb45f0-fd1a-4873-ae56-893e84d4055b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e8603720ebc2c5e0366f0495621517cfa61780d79ce229b92113c7ff533d8844"},"humans":["D. A. Coulter","R. J. Foley","C. D. Kilpatrick","M. R. Drout","A. L. Piro","B. J. Shappee","M. R. Siebert","J. D. Simon","N. Ulloa","D. Kasen","B. F. Madore","A. Murguia-Berthier","Y.-C. Pan","J. X. Prochaska","E. Ramirez-Ruiz","A. Rest","C. Rojas-Bravo"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"coulter-sss17a-optical-counterpart-2017-v1","title":"Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the Optical Counterpart to a Gravitational Wave Source","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.05452v1","date":"2017-10-16"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"coulter-team-sss17a-gw170817-optical-counterpart-2017","entry_id":"coulter-team-sss17a-gw170817-optical-counterpart-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcbb45f0-fd1a-4873-ae56-893e84d4055b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e8603720ebc2c5e0366f0495621517cfa61780d79ce229b92113c7ff533d8844"},"what_changed":"The 1M2H team used the Swope telescope to find a new optical transient in NGC 4993, SSS17a, in an exposure beginning 10.9 hours after the GW170817 trigger. Subsequent photometry showed rapid fading, and its location and timing supported association with the gravitational-wave event. Other teams independently observed the same transient.","scope":"The 1M2H team used the Swope telescope to find a new optical transient in NGC 4993, SSS17a, in an exposure beginning 10.9 hours after the GW170817 trigger. Subsequent photometry showed rapid fading, and its location and timing supported association with the gravitational-wave event. Other teams independently observed the same transient. This paper reports the Swope observation and its own search; it cites later independent teams, whose original observations were not reviewed here. The first image was obtained at 23:33 UT and the source identified by visual inspection at 23:59 UT. The 95.3% value describes probability under the team’s galaxy-targeting algorithm, not the fraction of the full sky-localization probability; its reported 2D coverage is 26.9%. Association and kilonova interpretation use multiple observations and modeling, not direct isotope identification. The arXiv PDF announces Figure S6 but does not contain it. Raw images and independent analyses were not replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:fcbb45f0-fd1a-4873-ae56-893e84d4055b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e8603720ebc2c5e0366f0495621517cfa61780d79ce229b92113c7ff533d8844"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"goldstein-fermi-gbm-grb170817a-detection-2017","title":"Fermi-GBM detects the gamma-ray burst associated with GW170817","summary":"Fermi’s Gamma-ray Burst Monitor triggered on GRB 170817A, a weak gamma-ray transient following the GW170817 inspiral by roughly 1.7 seconds. Its time and sky position supported a joint gravitational-wave and electromagnetic association; the GBM team measured the burst duration and spectrum, finding properties more consistent with a short gamma-ray burst in their population model.","boundary":"The association and binary-neutron-star interpretation combine observations from separate teams. The quoted 4.82-sigma onboard value is for one detector, interval and energy band, not the full joint significance. Estimated T90 of 2.0 ± 0.5 s and short-class probability depend on energy band, background, detector response and the two-population model. The soft tail, possible thermal spectrum and cocoon explanation are not uniquely established. INTEGRAL detection is cited but its independent original paper was not reviewed here; raw data and the companion gravity-speed analysis were not reanalyzed.","area":"Multimessenger astronomy","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"goldstein-fermi-gbm-grb170817a-detection-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:294cb32e-e8b7-4398-a2c3-643fd02dee07","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14fdfc579386e39753f4dffcc963052fccf52fe7840181b06b3afb7db3602b72"},"humans":["A. Goldstein","P. Veres","E. Burns","M. S. Briggs","R. Hamburg","D. Kocevski","C. A. Wilson-Hodge","R. D. Preece","S. Poolakkil","O. J. Roberts","C. M. Hui","V. Connaughton","J. Racusin","A. von Kienlin","T. Dal Canton","N. Christensen","T. Littenberg","K. Siellez","L. Blackburn","J. Broida","E. Bissaldi","W. H. Cleveland","M. H. Gibby","M. M. Giles","R. M. Kippen","S. McBreen","J. McEnery","C. A. Meegan","W. S. Paciesas","M. Stanbro"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"goldstein-fermi-gbm-grb170817a-2017-v1","title":"An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi-GBM Detection of GRB 170817A","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.05446v1","date":"2017-10-16"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"goldstein-fermi-gbm-grb170817a-detection-2017","entry_id":"goldstein-fermi-gbm-grb170817a-detection-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:294cb32e-e8b7-4398-a2c3-643fd02dee07","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14fdfc579386e39753f4dffcc963052fccf52fe7840181b06b3afb7db3602b72"},"what_changed":"Fermi’s Gamma-ray Burst Monitor triggered on GRB 170817A, a weak gamma-ray transient following the GW170817 inspiral by roughly 1.7 seconds. Its time and sky position supported a joint gravitational-wave and electromagnetic association; the GBM team measured the burst duration and spectrum, finding properties more consistent with a short gamma-ray burst in their population model.","scope":"Fermi’s Gamma-ray Burst Monitor triggered on GRB 170817A, a weak gamma-ray transient following the GW170817 inspiral by roughly 1.7 seconds. Its time and sky position supported a joint gravitational-wave and electromagnetic association; the GBM team measured the burst duration and spectrum, finding properties more consistent with a short gamma-ray burst in their population model. The association and binary-neutron-star interpretation combine observations from separate teams. The quoted 4.82-sigma onboard value is for one detector, interval and energy band, not the full joint significance. Estimated T90 of 2.0 ± 0.5 s and short-class probability depend on energy band, background, detector response and the two-population model. The soft tail, possible thermal spectrum and cocoon explanation are not uniquely established. INTEGRAL detection is cited but its independent original paper was not reviewed here; raw data and the companion gravity-speed analysis were not reanalyzed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:294cb32e-e8b7-4398-a2c3-643fd02dee07","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:14fdfc579386e39753f4dffcc963052fccf52fe7840181b06b3afb7db3602b72"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"vinen-single-circulation-quantum-detection-1961","title":"Detection of quantized circulation in superfluid helium by a vibrating wire","summary":"W. F. Vinen used a vibrating wire in helium II to investigate quantized circulation. His 1958 original report already described direct evidence for single circulation quanta; the 1961 paper described the apparatus and measurement in more detail. A later experimental account explains how circulation changes the wire’s coupled vibrational modes and discusses selected stable readings near zero and one circulation quantum.","boundary":"The original 1958 and 1961 reports concern the same experimental line, rather than two independent discoveries. The later account describes damping, finite zero-circulation mode splitting and intermediate values; its histogram covers readings classified as stable, not every measurement. Later lower-temperature traces and Kelvin-wave interpretations are separate work.","area":"Superfluidity and quantum fluids","topic":"Physics","year":1961,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"vinen-single-circulation-quantum-detection-1961","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6c9c7bb-2371-473f-a62b-dd41feca8015","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99b2b0e1d346051482c9e8cc8fa8fe0e1559d0caf350358d419f3cd6212fbb1a"},"humans":["William Frank Vinen"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"zieve-sixty-years-quantized-circulation-arxiv-v1-2023","title":"Sixty Years of Quantized Circulation","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15528v1","date":"2023-06-27"},{"id":"vinen-single-circulation-quanta-1961","title":"The detection of single quanta of circulation in liquid helium II","url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1961.0029","date":"1961-02-21"},{"id":"vinen-rotating-helium-circulation-quanta-1958","title":"Detection of Single Quanta of Circulation in Rotating Helium II","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/1811524a0","date":"1958-05-31"}],"points":"230000","published_grade":{"id":"vinen-single-circulation-quantum-detection-1961","entry_id":"vinen-single-circulation-quantum-detection-1961","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6c9c7bb-2371-473f-a62b-dd41feca8015","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99b2b0e1d346051482c9e8cc8fa8fe0e1559d0caf350358d419f3cd6212fbb1a"},"what_changed":"W. F. Vinen used a vibrating wire in helium II to investigate quantized circulation. His 1958 original report already described direct evidence for single circulation quanta; the 1961 paper described the apparatus and measurement in more detail. A later experimental account explains how circulation changes the wire’s coupled vibrational modes and discusses selected stable readings near zero and one circulation quantum.","scope":"W. F. Vinen used a vibrating wire in helium II to investigate quantized circulation. His 1958 original report already described direct evidence for single circulation quanta; the 1961 paper described the apparatus and measurement in more detail. A later experimental account explains how circulation changes the wire’s coupled vibrational modes and discusses selected stable readings near zero and one circulation quantum. The original 1958 and 1961 reports concern the same experimental line, rather than two independent discoveries. The later account describes damping, finite zero-circulation mode splitting and intermediate values; its histogram covers readings classified as stable, not every measurement. Later lower-temperature traces and Kelvin-wave interpretations are separate work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d6c9c7bb-2371-473f-a62b-dd41feca8015","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:99b2b0e1d346051482c9e8cc8fa8fe0e1559d0caf350358d419f3cd6212fbb1a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"abel-team-neutron-electric-dipole-moment-limit-2020","title":"Search for a permanent neutron electric dipole moment at PSI","summary":"Abel and colleagues searched for a permanent neutron electric dipole moment using ultracold neutrons and magnetic-field monitoring at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Two blinded analysis teams reported a result consistent with zero, dₙ = (0.0 ± 1.1 statistical ± 0.2 systematic) × 10⁻²⁶ e cm, corresponding to an upper limit of 1.8 × 10⁻²⁶ e cm at 90% confidence.","boundary":"The measurement is a finite-sensitivity null result, not a detection of a neutron electric dipole moment or a demonstration that it is exactly zero. The 2015–2016 data were analyzed with a mercury co-magnetometer and cesium magnetometer array; the reported value depends on magnetic-gradient corrections and estimated systematic errors. Two teams analyzed differently blinded versions of the same underlying data, not two independent experiments. Their midpoint forms the reported central value. The cited author manuscript lists 84 contributors. The raw data and separate calibration analyses require independent evaluation, and the final journal text may differ.","area":"Fundamental symmetries and neutron physics","topic":"Physics","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"abel-team-neutron-electric-dipole-moment-limit-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dee74eab-189c-4577-a858-cc332f1f770e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee951580784fb26185db01d51e13b77bad4375cb2c70ea77db1e25f5811b6b49"},"humans":["C. Abel","S. Afach","N. J. Ayres","C. A. Baker","G. Ban","G. Bison","K. Bodek","V. Bondar","M. Burghoff","E. Chanel","Z. Chowdhuri","P.-J. Chiu","B. Clement","C. B. Crawford","M. Daum","S. Emmenegger","L. Ferraris-Bouchez","M. Fertl","P. Flaux","B. Franke","A. Fratangelo","P. Geltenbort","K. Green","W. C. Griffith","M. van der Grinten","Z. D. Grujić","P. G. Harris","L. Hayen","W. Heil","R. Henneck","V. Hélaine","N. Hild","Z. Hodge","M. Horras","P. Iaydjiev","S. N. Ivanov","M. Kasprzak","Y. Kermaidic","K. Kirch","A. Knecht","P. Knowles","H.-C. Koch","P. A. Koss","S. Komposch","A. Kozela","A. Kraft","J. Krempel","M. Kuźniak","B. Lauss","T. Lefort","Y. Lemière","A. Leredde","P. Mohanmurthy","A. Mtchedlishvili","M. Musgrave","O. Naviliat-Cuncic","D. Pais","F. M. Piegsa","E. Pierre","G. Pignol","C. Plonka-Spehr","P. N. Prashanth","G. Quéméner","M. Rawlik","D. Rebreyend","I. Rienäcker","D. Ries","S. Roccia","G. Rogel","D. Rozpedzik","A. Schnabel","P. Schmidt-Wellenburg","N. Severijns","D. Shiers","R. Tavakoli Dinani","J. A. Thorne","R. Virot","J. Voigt","A. Weis","E. Wursten","G. Wyszynski","J. Zejma","J. Zenner","G. Zsigmond"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"abel-et-al-neutron-edm-arxiv-v1-2020","title":"Measurement of the permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.11966v1","date":"2020-01-31"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"abel-team-neutron-electric-dipole-moment-limit-2020","entry_id":"abel-team-neutron-electric-dipole-moment-limit-2020","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dee74eab-189c-4577-a858-cc332f1f770e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee951580784fb26185db01d51e13b77bad4375cb2c70ea77db1e25f5811b6b49"},"what_changed":"Abel and colleagues searched for a permanent neutron electric dipole moment using ultracold neutrons and magnetic-field monitoring at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Two blinded analysis teams reported a result consistent with zero, dₙ = (0.0 ± 1.1 statistical ± 0.2 systematic) × 10⁻²⁶ e cm, corresponding to an upper limit of 1.8 × 10⁻²⁶ e cm at 90% confidence.","scope":"Abel and colleagues searched for a permanent neutron electric dipole moment using ultracold neutrons and magnetic-field monitoring at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Two blinded analysis teams reported a result consistent with zero, dₙ = (0.0 ± 1.1 statistical ± 0.2 systematic) × 10⁻²⁶ e cm, corresponding to an upper limit of 1.8 × 10⁻²⁶ e cm at 90% confidence. The measurement is a finite-sensitivity null result, not a detection of a neutron electric dipole moment or a demonstration that it is exactly zero. The 2015–2016 data were analyzed with a mercury co-magnetometer and cesium magnetometer array; the reported value depends on magnetic-gradient corrections and estimated systematic errors. Two teams analyzed differently blinded versions of the same underlying data, not two independent experiments. Their midpoint forms the reported central value. The cited author manuscript lists 84 contributors. The raw data and separate calibration analyses require independent evaluation, and the final journal text may differ.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:dee74eab-189c-4577-a858-cc332f1f770e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ee951580784fb26185db01d51e13b77bad4375cb2c70ea77db1e25f5811b6b49"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"super-kamiokande-proton-decay-two-body-search-2020","title":"Super-Kamiokande searches for proton decay into charged leptons and neutral pions","summary":"The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration searched its 1996–2018 data for proton decays into a positron or antimuon and a neutral pion. Using 450 kiloton-years of exposure, the collaboration found no significant excess over atmospheric-neutrino backgrounds and reported 90% confidence lower limits on the partial lifetimes of 2.4 × 10³⁴ and 1.6 × 10³⁴ years for the respective channels. A later search of overlapping pure-water data in 2026 targeted different three-body channels containing two neutral pions and likewise found no significant excess; its reported 90% lower limits were 7.2 × 10³³ and 4.5 × 10³³ years for the positron and antimuon channels.","boundary":"These are lower limits on lifetime divided by the branching ratio for two specific decay modes, not an observation of proton decay or proof that all proton decay is impossible. The positron channel had zero candidate events; the antimuon channel had one candidate consistent with the estimated background, the same event as in the preceding related search. The larger 2020 analysis reuses earlier data, so earlier limits are not counted as independent discoveries. Its Bayesian calculation assumes a uniform decay-rate prior and relies on modeled signal efficiency, backgrounds and systematic uncertainties. Raw event reconstruction and model code were not independently replayed. The 2026 three-body analysis uses a conventional 22.5 kiloton fiducial region and 0.401 megaton-years, not the larger 2020 exposure; it found one candidate in each channel, both consistent with the corresponding expected backgrounds. The analysis uses a uniform prior on decay rate. The cited v2 manuscript and the later journal version may differ. Table I lists SK-VI as 2020–2020 despite 564.4 live days; SK-VI is outside the analyzed I–V data and the inconsistent printed date is not adopted.","area":"Particle physics and fundamental symmetries","topic":"Physics","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"super-kamiokande-proton-decay-two-body-search-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b7440db-ae00-4b55-afbd-12a15b86af49","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:183d6a15ea411ecaa70cceb1f3a54ae668d2e0d54a9aeefb058ebeaf64abe4dd"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"super-kamiokande-proton-decay-enlarged-volume-arxiv-v2-2020","title":"Search for proton decay via p→e⁺π⁰ and p→μ⁺π⁰ with an enlarged fiducial volume in Super-Kamiokande I–IV","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.16098v2","date":"2020-12-23"},{"id":"super-kamiokande-proton-decay-three-body-arxiv-v2-2026","title":"Search for proton decay via p→e⁺π⁰π⁰ and p→μ⁺π⁰π⁰ in 0.401 megaton-years exposure of Super-Kamiokande I–V","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.10975v2","date":"2026-04-16"}],"points":"92000","published_grade":{"id":"super-kamiokande-proton-decay-two-body-search-2020","entry_id":"super-kamiokande-proton-decay-two-body-search-2020","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b7440db-ae00-4b55-afbd-12a15b86af49","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:183d6a15ea411ecaa70cceb1f3a54ae668d2e0d54a9aeefb058ebeaf64abe4dd"},"what_changed":"The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration searched its 1996–2018 data for proton decays into a positron or antimuon and a neutral pion. Using 450 kiloton-years of exposure, the collaboration found no significant excess over atmospheric-neutrino backgrounds and reported 90% confidence lower limits on the partial lifetimes of 2.4 × 10³⁴ and 1.6 × 10³⁴ years for the respective channels. A later search of overlapping pure-water data in 2026 targeted different three-body channels containing two neutral pions and likewise found no significant excess; its reported 90% lower limits were 7.2 × 10³³ and 4.5 × 10³³ years for the positron and antimuon channels.","scope":"The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration searched its 1996–2018 data for proton decays into a positron or antimuon and a neutral pion. Using 450 kiloton-years of exposure, the collaboration found no significant excess over atmospheric-neutrino backgrounds and reported 90% confidence lower limits on the partial lifetimes of 2.4 × 10³⁴ and 1.6 × 10³⁴ years for the respective channels. A later search of overlapping pure-water data in 2026 targeted different three-body channels containing two neutral pions and likewise found no significant excess; its reported 90% lower limits were 7.2 × 10³³ and 4.5 × 10³³ years for the positron and antimuon channels. These are lower limits on lifetime divided by the branching ratio for two specific decay modes, not an observation of proton decay or proof that all proton decay is impossible. The positron channel had zero candidate events; the antimuon channel had one candidate consistent with the estimated background, the same event as in the preceding related search. The larger 2020 analysis reuses earlier data, so earlier limits are not counted as independent discoveries. Its Bayesian calculation assumes a uniform decay-rate prior and relies on modeled signal efficiency, backgrounds and systematic uncertainties. Raw event reconstruction and model code were not independently replayed. The 2026 three-body analysis uses a conventional 22.5 kiloton fiducial region and 0.401 megaton-years, not the larger 2020 exposure; it found one candidate in each channel, both consistent with the corresponding expected backgrounds. The analysis uses a uniform prior on decay rate. The cited v2 manuscript and the later journal version may differ. Table I lists SK-VI as 2020–2020 despite 564.4 live days; SK-VI is outside the analyzed I–V data and the inconsistent printed date is not adopted.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8b7440db-ae00-4b55-afbd-12a15b86af49","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:183d6a15ea411ecaa70cceb1f3a54ae668d2e0d54a9aeefb058ebeaf64abe4dd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"borexino-cno-solar-neutrino-evidence-2020","title":"Borexino evidence for CNO-cycle solar neutrinos","summary":"The Borexino Collaboration reported evidence for solar neutrinos associated with the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen fusion cycle, extracting a small signal from electron-recoil spectra and radioactive backgrounds. In its multivariate fit the inferred interaction rate was 7.2⁺³·⁰₋₁·₇ counts per day per 100 tonnes, with a reported profile-likelihood significance of 5.1σ against the no-CNO hypothesis.","boundary":"The signal is inferred statistically from elastic electron scattering, not identification of the originating nuclear branch for each event. Its extraction depends on a model-constrained pep-neutrino rate, relative CNO spectral components and an upper constraint on the ²¹⁰Bi background inferred from ²¹⁰Po under equilibrium and spatial-uniformity assumptions. The separate counting cross-check on overlapping data reports about 3.5σ, not a second independent discovery. The CNO result alone is compatible with both high- and low-metallicity solar models and does not resolve the solar-metallicity problem. Source is the 2021 v2 author manuscript for the 2020 reported result; exact formal-version comparison, raw data and analysis replay remain open.","area":"Neutrino astrophysics and stellar fusion","topic":"Physics","year":2020,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"borexino-cno-solar-neutrino-evidence-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:226f82c0-f62b-4281-a8ed-2bd5ce1bc5e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e4f2549de761db875b2a1f9c35c3c5b9e6e69e69893632f7b0208f704702b633"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"borexino-cno-solar-neutrinos-arxiv-v2-2021","title":"Experimental evidence of neutrinos produced in the CNO fusion cycle in the Sun","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.15115v2","date":"2021-07-22"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"borexino-cno-solar-neutrino-evidence-2020","entry_id":"borexino-cno-solar-neutrino-evidence-2020","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:226f82c0-f62b-4281-a8ed-2bd5ce1bc5e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e4f2549de761db875b2a1f9c35c3c5b9e6e69e69893632f7b0208f704702b633"},"what_changed":"The Borexino Collaboration reported evidence for solar neutrinos associated with the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen fusion cycle, extracting a small signal from electron-recoil spectra and radioactive backgrounds. In its multivariate fit the inferred interaction rate was 7.2⁺³·⁰₋₁·₇ counts per day per 100 tonnes, with a reported profile-likelihood significance of 5.1σ against the no-CNO hypothesis.","scope":"The Borexino Collaboration reported evidence for solar neutrinos associated with the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen fusion cycle, extracting a small signal from electron-recoil spectra and radioactive backgrounds. In its multivariate fit the inferred interaction rate was 7.2⁺³·⁰₋₁·₇ counts per day per 100 tonnes, with a reported profile-likelihood significance of 5.1σ against the no-CNO hypothesis. The signal is inferred statistically from elastic electron scattering, not identification of the originating nuclear branch for each event. Its extraction depends on a model-constrained pep-neutrino rate, relative CNO spectral components and an upper constraint on the ²¹⁰Bi background inferred from ²¹⁰Po under equilibrium and spatial-uniformity assumptions. The separate counting cross-check on overlapping data reports about 3.5σ, not a second independent discovery. The CNO result alone is compatible with both high- and low-metallicity solar models and does not resolve the solar-metallicity problem. Source is the 2021 v2 author manuscript for the 2020 reported result; exact formal-version comparison, raw data and analysis replay remain open.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:226f82c0-f62b-4281-a8ed-2bd5ce1bc5e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e4f2549de761db875b2a1f9c35c3c5b9e6e69e69893632f7b0208f704702b633"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"borexino-proton-proton-solar-neutrino-spectroscopy-2014","title":"Borexino spectroscopy of solar proton–proton neutrinos","summary":"Borexino extracted a low-energy solar proton–proton neutrino signal from electron recoils. A later collaboration account reports 144 ± 13 statistical ± 10 systematic interactions per day per 100 tonnes, and a derived pp neutrino flux of (6.6 ± 0.7) × 10¹⁰ cm⁻² s⁻¹.","boundary":"The 408 live days span January 2012 to May 2013. The statistical spectral fit depends on detector response and radioactive and pileup backgrounds, with other solar-neutrino components constrained; conversion from interaction rate to total flux uses neutrino-flavor survival and scattering assumptions. The summary uses a 2015 collaboration report about the 2014 result; it does not include an independent raw-data reanalysis.","area":"Neutrino astrophysics and stellar fusion","topic":"Physics","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"borexino-proton-proton-solar-neutrino-spectroscopy-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e45558b-1895-47d9-a5c8-8fd062617ee1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5054cbc20e788239806389574b84d74dae9384baa0520d7354b7f8993d5647af"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"smirnov-borexino-pp-neutrino-workshop-arxiv-v1-2015","title":"Measurement of neutrino flux from the primary proton–proton fusion process in the Sun with Borexino detector","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.02432v1","date":"2015-07-09"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"borexino-proton-proton-solar-neutrino-spectroscopy-2014","entry_id":"borexino-proton-proton-solar-neutrino-spectroscopy-2014","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e45558b-1895-47d9-a5c8-8fd062617ee1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5054cbc20e788239806389574b84d74dae9384baa0520d7354b7f8993d5647af"},"what_changed":"Borexino extracted a low-energy solar proton–proton neutrino signal from electron recoils. A later collaboration account reports 144 ± 13 statistical ± 10 systematic interactions per day per 100 tonnes, and a derived pp neutrino flux of (6.6 ± 0.7) × 10¹⁰ cm⁻² s⁻¹.","scope":"Borexino extracted a low-energy solar proton–proton neutrino signal from electron recoils. A later collaboration account reports 144 ± 13 statistical ± 10 systematic interactions per day per 100 tonnes, and a derived pp neutrino flux of (6.6 ± 0.7) × 10¹⁰ cm⁻² s⁻¹. The 408 live days span January 2012 to May 2013. The statistical spectral fit depends on detector response and radioactive and pileup backgrounds, with other solar-neutrino components constrained; conversion from interaction rate to total flux uses neutrino-flavor survival and scattering assumptions. The summary uses a 2015 collaboration report about the 2014 result; it does not include an independent raw-data reanalysis.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6e45558b-1895-47d9-a5c8-8fd062617ee1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5054cbc20e788239806389574b84d74dae9384baa0520d7354b7f8993d5647af"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"sno-neutral-current-solar-neutrino-flavour-transformation-2002","title":"SNO neutral-current evidence for solar neutrino flavor transformation","summary":"Using heavy water, the SNO Collaboration separated charged-current, neutral-current and elastic-scattering contributions from solar boron-8 neutrinos. Assuming the standard boron-8 spectrum, it inferred a non-electron active-neutrino flux of 3.41 × 10⁶ cm⁻² s⁻¹, reported as 5.3σ above zero, providing strong evidence for flavor transformation.","boundary":"The result uses 306.4 live days from the pure heavy-water phase, a 5 MeV reconstructed electron-energy threshold, Monte Carlo response models and measured radioactive backgrounds. The 5.3σ result assumes the standard boron-8 spectral shape; the spectrum-unconstrained neutral-current flux has a larger uncertainty. The neutral-current signal measures total active flavors, without separately resolving muon and tau neutrinos. Adding Super-Kamiokande data changes the reported significance and is not the standalone SNO result.","area":"Neutrino astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2002,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"sno-neutral-current-solar-neutrino-flavour-transformation-2002","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d9f0e00-f350-4337-a32a-5471f24514a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aaa0bb94207715bdc9b92b88a1ab134ac742f7819d3d5d7d9f7af1f1d02b6514"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"sno-neutral-current-solar-neutrino-arxiv-v2-2002","title":"Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-ex/0204008v2","date":"2002-05-09"}],"points":"170000","published_grade":{"id":"sno-neutral-current-solar-neutrino-flavour-transformation-2002","entry_id":"sno-neutral-current-solar-neutrino-flavour-transformation-2002","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d9f0e00-f350-4337-a32a-5471f24514a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aaa0bb94207715bdc9b92b88a1ab134ac742f7819d3d5d7d9f7af1f1d02b6514"},"what_changed":"Using heavy water, the SNO Collaboration separated charged-current, neutral-current and elastic-scattering contributions from solar boron-8 neutrinos. Assuming the standard boron-8 spectrum, it inferred a non-electron active-neutrino flux of 3.41 × 10⁶ cm⁻² s⁻¹, reported as 5.3σ above zero, providing strong evidence for flavor transformation.","scope":"Using heavy water, the SNO Collaboration separated charged-current, neutral-current and elastic-scattering contributions from solar boron-8 neutrinos. Assuming the standard boron-8 spectrum, it inferred a non-electron active-neutrino flux of 3.41 × 10⁶ cm⁻² s⁻¹, reported as 5.3σ above zero, providing strong evidence for flavor transformation. The result uses 306.4 live days from the pure heavy-water phase, a 5 MeV reconstructed electron-energy threshold, Monte Carlo response models and measured radioactive backgrounds. The 5.3σ result assumes the standard boron-8 spectral shape; the spectrum-unconstrained neutral-current flux has a larger uncertainty. The neutral-current signal measures total active flavors, without separately resolving muon and tau neutrinos. Adding Super-Kamiokande data changes the reported significance and is not the standalone SNO result.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3d9f0e00-f350-4337-a32a-5471f24514a5","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:aaa0bb94207715bdc9b92b88a1ab134ac742f7819d3d5d7d9f7af1f1d02b6514"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mourik-insb-superconductor-zero-bias-peak-2012","title":"Zero-bias tunneling peaks in hybrid InSb nanowires","summary":"Mourik and colleagues measured zero-bias conductance peaks in InSb nanowires coupled to a superconductor. The reported peaks persisted across ranges of magnetic field and gate settings, with dependence on field orientation; the authors interpreted these features as consistent with Majorana bound states.","boundary":"The measured conductance peaks are experimental observations; their Majorana interpretation is not uniquely established. The peak height was about 5% of the ideal zero-temperature conductance prediction. The paper reports no demonstration of topological protection or braiding. A later 2012 numerical study showed that finite-temperature, disordered multiband wires can exhibit nonquantized zero-bias peaks even without topological end states, under the model conditions studied. Its countermodel does not prove the microscopic origin of this particular experimental signal. The remaining supplemental figures are now reviewed: the authors report that changing a barrier gate can change both chemical potential and transmission, so the phase diagram is not separately resolved. In superconducting-contact control devices, a zero-bias peak at zero field is attributed to supercurrent, illustrating why contact geometry matters. These observations do not establish non-Abelian statistics or topological protection.","area":"Condensed matter and superconductivity","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"mourik-insb-superconductor-zero-bias-peak-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d22c2eee-f8b5-4213-acc2-30a05bf207ef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:85dfb1cc67aa3dc578e61f5e44f0cfa263ae77b3876659f17f9828596f782b7c"},"humans":["V. Mourik","K. Zuo","S. M. Frolov","S. R. Plissard","E. P. A. M. Bakkers","L. P. Kouwenhoven"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"mourik-in-sb-nanowire-zero-bias-arxiv-v1-2012","title":"Signatures of Majorana fermions in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor nanowire devices","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1204.2792v1","date":"2012-04-12"},{"id":"liu-potter-law-lee-nontopological-zero-bias-arxiv-v1-2012","title":"Zero-bias peaks in spin-orbit coupled superconducting wires with and without Majorana end-states","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.1276v1","date":"2012-06-06"}],"points":"96000","published_grade":{"id":"mourik-insb-superconductor-zero-bias-peak-2012","entry_id":"mourik-insb-superconductor-zero-bias-peak-2012","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d22c2eee-f8b5-4213-acc2-30a05bf207ef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:85dfb1cc67aa3dc578e61f5e44f0cfa263ae77b3876659f17f9828596f782b7c"},"what_changed":"Mourik and colleagues measured zero-bias conductance peaks in InSb nanowires coupled to a superconductor. The reported peaks persisted across ranges of magnetic field and gate settings, with dependence on field orientation; the authors interpreted these features as consistent with Majorana bound states.","scope":"Mourik and colleagues measured zero-bias conductance peaks in InSb nanowires coupled to a superconductor. The reported peaks persisted across ranges of magnetic field and gate settings, with dependence on field orientation; the authors interpreted these features as consistent with Majorana bound states. The measured conductance peaks are experimental observations; their Majorana interpretation is not uniquely established. The peak height was about 5% of the ideal zero-temperature conductance prediction. The paper reports no demonstration of topological protection or braiding. A later 2012 numerical study showed that finite-temperature, disordered multiband wires can exhibit nonquantized zero-bias peaks even without topological end states, under the model conditions studied. Its countermodel does not prove the microscopic origin of this particular experimental signal. The remaining supplemental figures are now reviewed: the authors report that changing a barrier gate can change both chemical potential and transmission, so the phase diagram is not separately resolved. In superconducting-contact control devices, a zero-bias peak at zero field is attributed to supercurrent, illustrating why contact geometry matters. These observations do not establish non-Abelian statistics or topological protection.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d22c2eee-f8b5-4213-acc2-30a05bf207ef","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:85dfb1cc67aa3dc578e61f5e44f0cfa263ae77b3876659f17f9828596f782b7c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015","title":"Photonic Bell test with spacelike separation and high detection efficiency","summary":"Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model.","boundary":"The test addresses locality and fair-sampling loopholes together under assumptions about timing, recorded outcomes and measurement-setting independence. No finite experiment removes every possible assumption. Five-pulse and other analyses reuse the same data rather than independent experiments; raw statistical replay and the separate supplementary material were not examined. The five-pulse p-value is printed as 5.8 × 10⁻⁹ in the text and figure but 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ in the abstract and table. The final published paper confirms the same 34-person printed byline as v1 and explicitly marks the second and third authors as equal contributors. Its abstract and table print 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ while its text and figure print 5.8 × 10⁻⁹; this source-internal difference remains uncorrected. The final reported run was selected as the most stable among six configurations. The 2015 journal figure 3 caption says pulses 1–11 are spacelike separated, while both author-preprint v1 and 2016 v2 figure 3 say pulse 1 is not and pulses 2–11 are. The reported five-pulse aggregate uses pulses 4–8, so this textual discrepancy does not concern inclusion of pulse 1 in that aggregate. The independent source of this discrepancy has not been checked.","area":"Quantum foundations and optics","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5"},"humans":["Lynden K. Shalm","Evan Meyer-Scott","Bradley G. Christensen","Peter Bierhorst","Michael A. Wayne","Martin J. Stevens","Thomas Gerrits","Scott Glancy","Deny R. Hamel","Michael S. Allman","Kevin J. Coakley","Shellee D. Dyer","Carson Hodge","Adriana E. Lita","Varun B. Verma","Camilla Lambrocco","Edward Tortorici","Alan L. Migdall","Yanbao Zhang","Daniel R. Kumor","William H. Farr","Francesco Marsili","Matthew D. Shaw","Jeffrey A. Stern","Carlos Abellán","Waldimar Amaya","Valerio Pruneri","Thomas Jennewein","Morgan W. Mitchell","Paul G. Kwiat","Joshua C. Bienfang","Richard P. Mirin","Emanuel Knill","Sae Woo Nam"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"shalm-photonic-bell-test-arxiv-v1-2015","title":"A strong loophole-free test of local realism","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1","date":"2015-11-10"},{"id":"shalm-photonic-bell-test-prl-2015-nist","title":"Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism","url":"https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=919674","date":"2015-12-16"},{"id":"shalm-photonic-bell-test-arxiv-v2-2016","title":"A strong loophole-free test of local realism (author preprint v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v2","date":"2016-09-06"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015","entry_id":"shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5"},"what_changed":"Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model.","scope":"Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model. The test addresses locality and fair-sampling loopholes together under assumptions about timing, recorded outcomes and measurement-setting independence. No finite experiment removes every possible assumption. Five-pulse and other analyses reuse the same data rather than independent experiments; raw statistical replay and the separate supplementary material were not examined. The five-pulse p-value is printed as 5.8 × 10⁻⁹ in the text and figure but 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ in the abstract and table. The final published paper confirms the same 34-person printed byline as v1 and explicitly marks the second and third authors as equal contributors. Its abstract and table print 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ while its text and figure print 5.8 × 10⁻⁹; this source-internal difference remains uncorrected. The final reported run was selected as the most stable among six configurations. The 2015 journal figure 3 caption says pulses 1–11 are spacelike separated, while both author-preprint v1 and 2016 v2 figure 3 say pulse 1 is not and pulses 2–11 are. The reported five-pulse aggregate uses pulses 4–8, so this textual discrepancy does not concern inclusion of pulse 1 in that aggregate. The independent source of this discrepancy has not been checked.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"giustina-vienna-photonic-bell-test-2015","title":"Vienna entangled-photon Bell test with spacelike separation","summary":"Giustina and colleagues reported a violation of a Bell inequality using entangled photons, rapid setting choices and high-efficiency transition-edge detectors in a Vienna experiment. The analysis reported a local-realism p-value no greater than 3.74 × 10⁻³¹ under its stated statistical and predictability assumptions.","boundary":"The source measures photons at stations about 58 m apart and uses locally defined trials and detection windows; its spacelike separation depends on calibrated timing and the assumption that the measurement outcome is fixed at photon absorption. Random-setting independence is an assumption, not an experimentally complete exclusion of every hidden-variable explanation. The small p-value concerns the specified local-realism hypothesis and does not eliminate systematic or human errors. Supplementary timing and statistical derivations and raw data have not been replayed.","area":"Quantum foundations and optics","topic":"Physics","year":2015,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"giustina-vienna-photonic-bell-test-2015","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8fedf19a-1366-4073-ad1c-d6e6733ee797","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e2ea71ab9acef9bff2948bdfd306b29b536bb7d1c30631dcf0b25a3458f4c2a5"},"humans":["Marissa Giustina","Marijn A. M. Versteegh","Sören Wengerowsky","Johannes Handsteiner","Armin Hochrainer","Kevin Phelan","Fabian Steinlechner","Johannes Kofler","Jan-Åke Larsson","Carlos Abellán","Waldimar Amaya","Valerio Pruneri","Morgan W. Mitchell","Jörn Beyer","Thomas Gerrits","Adriana E. Lita","Lynden K. Shalm","Sae Woo Nam","Thomas Scheidl","Rupert Ursin","Bernhard Wittmann","Anton Zeilinger"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"giustina-vienna-photonic-bell-arxiv-v1-2015","title":"A significant-loophole-free test of Bell’s theorem with entangled photons","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03190v1","date":"2015-11-10"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"giustina-vienna-photonic-bell-test-2015","entry_id":"giustina-vienna-photonic-bell-test-2015","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8fedf19a-1366-4073-ad1c-d6e6733ee797","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e2ea71ab9acef9bff2948bdfd306b29b536bb7d1c30631dcf0b25a3458f4c2a5"},"what_changed":"Giustina and colleagues reported a violation of a Bell inequality using entangled photons, rapid setting choices and high-efficiency transition-edge detectors in a Vienna experiment. The analysis reported a local-realism p-value no greater than 3.74 × 10⁻³¹ under its stated statistical and predictability assumptions.","scope":"Giustina and colleagues reported a violation of a Bell inequality using entangled photons, rapid setting choices and high-efficiency transition-edge detectors in a Vienna experiment. The analysis reported a local-realism p-value no greater than 3.74 × 10⁻³¹ under its stated statistical and predictability assumptions. The source measures photons at stations about 58 m apart and uses locally defined trials and detection windows; its spacelike separation depends on calibrated timing and the assumption that the measurement outcome is fixed at photon absorption. Random-setting independence is an assumption, not an experimentally complete exclusion of every hidden-variable explanation. The small p-value concerns the specified local-realism hypothesis and does not eliminate systematic or human errors. Supplementary timing and statistical derivations and raw data have not been replayed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8fedf19a-1366-4073-ad1c-d6e6733ee797","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e2ea71ab9acef9bff2948bdfd306b29b536bb7d1c30631dcf0b25a3458f4c2a5"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"brockhouse-iyengar-germanium-phonon-dispersion-1957","title":"Neutron spectroscopy resolves acoustic and optical phonons in germanium","summary":"B. N. Brockhouse and P. K. Iyengar used neutron spectroscopy to study lattice vibrations in single-crystal germanium. A later participant lecture depicts acoustic and optical phonon branches in two crystal symmetry directions and explains that simple force-constant models did not fully reproduce the measured dispersion.","boundary":"The 1957 short paper and the later participant lecture describe related stages of the work. A dispersion figure reproduced in the lecture and the later 1958 analysis must not be attributed solely to the original short publication. The 1959 erratum is associated with the later analysis. The aluminium experiment with Stewart is a distinct contribution.","area":"Condensed matter and neutron scattering","topic":"Physics","year":1957,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"brockhouse-iyengar-germanium-phonon-dispersion-1957","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eeb6b66d-428e-406d-aea0-fed24f750300","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18cbe2c4edd7d27fcd00c449ee4f2f298cea45c33ac4257ba63d27dd6aa2a1f9"},"humans":["B. N. Brockhouse","P. K. Iyengar"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"brockhouse-neutron-spectroscopy-nobel-lecture-1994","title":"Slow neutron spectroscopy and the grand atlas of the physical world","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/brockhouse-lecture.pdf","date":"1994-12-08"},{"id":"brockhouse-iyengar-neutron-germanium-vibrations-1957","title":"Normal Vibrations of Germanium by Neutron Spectrometry","url":"https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.108.894","date":"1957-11-01"}],"points":"125000","published_grade":{"id":"brockhouse-iyengar-germanium-phonon-dispersion-1957","entry_id":"brockhouse-iyengar-germanium-phonon-dispersion-1957","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eeb6b66d-428e-406d-aea0-fed24f750300","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18cbe2c4edd7d27fcd00c449ee4f2f298cea45c33ac4257ba63d27dd6aa2a1f9"},"what_changed":"B. N. Brockhouse and P. K. Iyengar used neutron spectroscopy to study lattice vibrations in single-crystal germanium. A later participant lecture depicts acoustic and optical phonon branches in two crystal symmetry directions and explains that simple force-constant models did not fully reproduce the measured dispersion.","scope":"B. N. Brockhouse and P. K. Iyengar used neutron spectroscopy to study lattice vibrations in single-crystal germanium. A later participant lecture depicts acoustic and optical phonon branches in two crystal symmetry directions and explains that simple force-constant models did not fully reproduce the measured dispersion. The 1957 short paper and the later participant lecture describe related stages of the work. A dispersion figure reproduced in the lecture and the later 1958 analysis must not be attributed solely to the original short publication. The 1959 erratum is associated with the later analysis. The aluminium experiment with Stewart is a distinct contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:eeb6b66d-428e-406d-aea0-fed24f750300","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:18cbe2c4edd7d27fcd00c449ee4f2f298cea45c33ac4257ba63d27dd6aa2a1f9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jade-petra-planar-three-jet-gluon-evidence-1980","title":"JADE observes planar three-jet events consistent with gluon radiation","summary":"The JADE collaboration analysed 287 hadronic electron–positron events recorded at centre-of-mass energies of 27.7 and 30 GeV. The data contained an excess of planar events relative to its two-jet fragmentation model. A rest-frame analysis of the broad side of each selected event supported a three-jet structure; comparisons with simulated quark–antiquark–gluon events supported gluon bremsstrahlung as an interpretation.","boundary":"The observed hadrons and event shapes are measured; assignment of the low-energy jet to a gluon and the bremsstrahlung interpretation use the stated fragmentation and QCD models. The analysis does not uniquely exclude every alternative model; the authors note that arbitrary non-Gaussian fragmentation tails were not tested. Their alpha_s=0.17±0.04 estimate is model-dependent and the stated uncertainty is statistical only. Additional event-selection and detector details are in a separate source. This 1980 JADE result is distinct from contemporaneous TASSO, MARK J and PLUTO studies and is not a sole-priority claim.","area":"Experimental particle physics","topic":"Physics","year":1980,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"jade-petra-planar-three-jet-gluon-evidence-1980","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a279d9ff-6e95-43f7-a18d-8564b0e90a23","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a5a2f9ed7f99448801e273a62281ef55116a5d7494bb4c6d4ce057d597f21ea0"},"humans":["W. Bartel","T. Canzler","D. Cords","P. Dittmann","R. Eichler","R. Felst","D. Haidt","S. Kawabata","H. Krehbiel","B. Naroska","L. H. O’Neill","J. Olsson","P. Steffen","W. L. Yen","E. Elsen","M. Helm","A. Petersen","P. Warming","G. Weber","H. Drumm","J. Heintze","G. Heinzelmann","R. D. Heuer","J. von Krogh","P. Lennert","H. Matsumura","T. Nozaki","H. Rieseberg","A. Wagner","D. C. Darvill","F. Foster","G. Hughes","H. Wriedt","J. Allison","J. Armitage","I. Duerdoth","J. Hassard","F. Loebinger","B. King","A. Macbeth","H. Mills","P. G. Murphy","H. Prosper","K. Stephens","D. Clarke","M. C. Goddard","R. Hedgecock","R. Marshall","G. F. Pearce","M. Imori","T. Kobayashi","S. Komamiya","M. Koshiba","M. Minowa","S. Orito","A. Sato","T. Suda","H. Takeda","Y. Totsuka","Y. Watanabe","S. Yamada","C. Yanagisawa"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"jade-three-jet-planarity-published-1980","title":"Observation of planar three-jet events in e+e− annihilation and evidence for gluon bremsstrahlung","url":"https://uebungen.physik.uni-heidelberg.de/c/image/exp/f/vorlesung/20202/1189/Jade_2.pdf","date":"1980-03-24"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"jade-petra-planar-three-jet-gluon-evidence-1980","entry_id":"jade-petra-planar-three-jet-gluon-evidence-1980","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a279d9ff-6e95-43f7-a18d-8564b0e90a23","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a5a2f9ed7f99448801e273a62281ef55116a5d7494bb4c6d4ce057d597f21ea0"},"what_changed":"The JADE collaboration analysed 287 hadronic electron–positron events recorded at centre-of-mass energies of 27.7 and 30 GeV. The data contained an excess of planar events relative to its two-jet fragmentation model. A rest-frame analysis of the broad side of each selected event supported a three-jet structure; comparisons with simulated quark–antiquark–gluon events supported gluon bremsstrahlung as an interpretation.","scope":"The JADE collaboration analysed 287 hadronic electron–positron events recorded at centre-of-mass energies of 27.7 and 30 GeV. The data contained an excess of planar events relative to its two-jet fragmentation model. A rest-frame analysis of the broad side of each selected event supported a three-jet structure; comparisons with simulated quark–antiquark–gluon events supported gluon bremsstrahlung as an interpretation. The observed hadrons and event shapes are measured; assignment of the low-energy jet to a gluon and the bremsstrahlung interpretation use the stated fragmentation and QCD models. The analysis does not uniquely exclude every alternative model; the authors note that arbitrary non-Gaussian fragmentation tails were not tested. Their alpha_s=0.17±0.04 estimate is model-dependent and the stated uncertainty is statistical only. Additional event-selection and detector details are in a separate source. This 1980 JADE result is distinct from contemporaneous TASSO, MARK J and PLUTO studies and is not a sole-priority claim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a279d9ff-6e95-43f7-a18d-8564b0e90a23","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a5a2f9ed7f99448801e273a62281ef55116a5d7494bb4c6d4ce057d597f21ea0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lvk-gw250114-ringdown-kerr-spectroscopy-2025","title":"GW250114 ringdown constrains black-hole oscillation modes","summary":"The LIGO Scientific, Virgo and KAGRA collaborations analysed the post-merger signal of GW250114, detected by the two LIGO instruments in January 2025. Fits to the post-peak waveform favored a second rapidly damped component alongside the dominant ringdown, consistent within uncertainty with a Kerr black hole’s first overtone. A separate analysis of the full inspiral–merger–ringdown waveform constrained additional mode-frequency deviations and found consistency with the modeled general-relativity prediction.","boundary":"Virgo and KAGRA instruments were offline for the event, though their collaborations coauthored the analysis. Mode identification, significance and parameter bounds depend on fit start time, noise, priors and waveform model. The full-signal 440-mode model does not allow its amplitude to vanish and alone cannot establish the mode’s presence. The second overtone was not confidently measured. The v1 paper discloses a likelihood error affecting some PCA and prior-event comparison analyses; other corrected and unaffected analyses must not be conflated with those results. The 2026 published version and raw data have not been independently reconciled. The supplementary area-law comparison uses inspiral and post-inspiral portions of the same event split in frequency, with Kerr area and numerical-relativity fits. The authors report 4.8σ under a difference-of-means statistic and 3.7σ for a fractional-area statistic, not interchangeable significances; stronger GR assumptions and full-signal use make comparison with the separate time-domain analysis conditional. The residual test reports p = 0.34 for this one event, which does not prove GR or exclude every alternative.","area":"Gravitational-wave astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lvk-gw250114-ringdown-kerr-spectroscopy-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:12ea1976-d4c8-4246-a944-8ae86b4783fe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16ee5af5a3b25b59a697d3e45e35610d74b8ad595769a660ddab7dd8256e741b"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lvk-gw250114-black-hole-spectroscopy-arxiv-v1-2025","title":"Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.08099v1","date":"2025-09-09"}],"points":"82000","published_grade":{"id":"lvk-gw250114-ringdown-kerr-spectroscopy-2025","entry_id":"lvk-gw250114-ringdown-kerr-spectroscopy-2025","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:12ea1976-d4c8-4246-a944-8ae86b4783fe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16ee5af5a3b25b59a697d3e45e35610d74b8ad595769a660ddab7dd8256e741b"},"what_changed":"The LIGO Scientific, Virgo and KAGRA collaborations analysed the post-merger signal of GW250114, detected by the two LIGO instruments in January 2025. Fits to the post-peak waveform favored a second rapidly damped component alongside the dominant ringdown, consistent within uncertainty with a Kerr black hole’s first overtone. A separate analysis of the full inspiral–merger–ringdown waveform constrained additional mode-frequency deviations and found consistency with the modeled general-relativity prediction.","scope":"The LIGO Scientific, Virgo and KAGRA collaborations analysed the post-merger signal of GW250114, detected by the two LIGO instruments in January 2025. Fits to the post-peak waveform favored a second rapidly damped component alongside the dominant ringdown, consistent within uncertainty with a Kerr black hole’s first overtone. A separate analysis of the full inspiral–merger–ringdown waveform constrained additional mode-frequency deviations and found consistency with the modeled general-relativity prediction. Virgo and KAGRA instruments were offline for the event, though their collaborations coauthored the analysis. Mode identification, significance and parameter bounds depend on fit start time, noise, priors and waveform model. The full-signal 440-mode model does not allow its amplitude to vanish and alone cannot establish the mode’s presence. The second overtone was not confidently measured. The v1 paper discloses a likelihood error affecting some PCA and prior-event comparison analyses; other corrected and unaffected analyses must not be conflated with those results. The 2026 published version and raw data have not been independently reconciled. The supplementary area-law comparison uses inspiral and post-inspiral portions of the same event split in frequency, with Kerr area and numerical-relativity fits. The authors report 4.8σ under a difference-of-means statistic and 3.7σ for a fractional-area statistic, not interchangeable significances; stronger GR assumptions and full-signal use make comparison with the separate time-domain analysis conditional. The residual test reports p = 0.34 for this one event, which does not prove GR or exclude every alternative.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:12ea1976-d4c8-4246-a944-8ae86b4783fe","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:16ee5af5a3b25b59a697d3e45e35610d74b8ad595769a660ddab7dd8256e741b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"phenix-high-pt-suppression-dau-control-2003","title":"PHENIX compares high-momentum hadrons in gold and deuteron–gold collisions","summary":"PHENIX measured high-transverse-momentum charged hadrons in gold–gold collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon pair and compared them with neutral-pion and nucleon-collision references. Central gold–gold collisions showed strong suppression, whereas the deuteron–gold control showed no comparable suppression and a modest charged-hadron enhancement. Together the measurements support a dense-medium final-state interpretation.","boundary":"The comparison is restricted to the cited collision energies, centrality selections, midrapidity acceptance and measured momentum ranges. The charged-hadron proton–proton reference was constructed using the neutral-pion spectrum and a hadron-to-pion ratio, and binary-collision normalization uses a Glauber model. Suppression is an observation; parton energy loss and the microscopic state of the medium are interpretations, not a direct unique identification from these measurements alone.","area":"Relativistic nuclear physics","topic":"Physics","year":2003,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"phenix-high-pt-suppression-dau-control-2003","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef3504cb-0f39-4f6c-a526-58120bce7188","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c72d1e00d50b13af2ab5b7731f139eb8939c1fc18f36c1ffd355ecf74b8f3021"},"humans":[],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"Credit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"phenix-dau-highpt-control-arxiv-v1-2003","title":"Absence of Suppression in Particle Production at Large Transverse Momentum in d+Au Collisions","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-ex/0306021v1","date":"2003-06-17"},{"id":"phenix-auau-highpt-suppression-arxiv-v1-2003","title":"High-pT Charged Hadron Suppression in Au+Au Collisions at 200 GeV","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-ex/0308006v1","date":"2003-08-08"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"phenix-high-pt-suppression-dau-control-2003","entry_id":"phenix-high-pt-suppression-dau-control-2003","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef3504cb-0f39-4f6c-a526-58120bce7188","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c72d1e00d50b13af2ab5b7731f139eb8939c1fc18f36c1ffd355ecf74b8f3021"},"what_changed":"PHENIX measured high-transverse-momentum charged hadrons in gold–gold collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon pair and compared them with neutral-pion and nucleon-collision references. Central gold–gold collisions showed strong suppression, whereas the deuteron–gold control showed no comparable suppression and a modest charged-hadron enhancement. Together the measurements support a dense-medium final-state interpretation.","scope":"PHENIX measured high-transverse-momentum charged hadrons in gold–gold collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon pair and compared them with neutral-pion and nucleon-collision references. Central gold–gold collisions showed strong suppression, whereas the deuteron–gold control showed no comparable suppression and a modest charged-hadron enhancement. Together the measurements support a dense-medium final-state interpretation. The comparison is restricted to the cited collision energies, centrality selections, midrapidity acceptance and measured momentum ranges. The charged-hadron proton–proton reference was constructed using the neutral-pion spectrum and a hadron-to-pion ratio, and binary-collision normalization uses a Glauber model. Suppression is an observation; parton energy loss and the microscopic state of the medium are interpretations, not a direct unique identification from these measurements alone.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef3504cb-0f39-4f6c-a526-58120bce7188","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:c72d1e00d50b13af2ab5b7731f139eb8939c1fc18f36c1ffd355ecf74b8f3021"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chiao-wu-photon-geometric-phase-waveguide-1986","title":"Chiao and Wu predict geometric polarization rotation in helical optical fibers","summary":"Chiao and Wu applied the geometric phase of adiabatically transported helicity to photons guided along a curved path. For a closed momentum-space circuit they related the helicity-dependent phase to the enclosed solid angle, and proposed optical-fiber interferometry and polarization rotation as observable manifestations.","boundary":"The argument assumes a smoothly varying single-mode waveguide and preserved helicity, with negligible linear birefringence and cross-sectional ellipticity. Ordinary optical activity contributes an additional dynamical rotation and must be accounted for. The geometrical angle is unchanged by path deformation only when the enclosed solid angle is preserved; it is not independent of arbitrary deformations. The paper reports a later experimental verification in a note added, but this theory article does not itself supply the experimental data.","area":"Optical and quantum physics","topic":"Physics","year":1986,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"chiao-wu-photon-geometric-phase-waveguide-1986","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3635dac-1b36-4d15-a359-1c1ecf38c520","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:899c5b4400e6f29107b7d4338bb36be14500ae7310695af23b033dca8928df2b"},"humans":["Raymond Y. Chiao","Yong-Shi Wu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"chiao-wu-photon-berry-phase-1986","title":"Manifestations of Berry's Topological Phase for the Photon","url":"https://collections.lib.utah.edu/dl_files/6d/b9/6db9ad93abf18da0d0dbf8805e4be518c3a87cbc.pdf","date":"1986-08-25"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"chiao-wu-photon-geometric-phase-waveguide-1986","entry_id":"chiao-wu-photon-geometric-phase-waveguide-1986","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3635dac-1b36-4d15-a359-1c1ecf38c520","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:899c5b4400e6f29107b7d4338bb36be14500ae7310695af23b033dca8928df2b"},"what_changed":"Chiao and Wu applied the geometric phase of adiabatically transported helicity to photons guided along a curved path. For a closed momentum-space circuit they related the helicity-dependent phase to the enclosed solid angle, and proposed optical-fiber interferometry and polarization rotation as observable manifestations.","scope":"Chiao and Wu applied the geometric phase of adiabatically transported helicity to photons guided along a curved path. For a closed momentum-space circuit they related the helicity-dependent phase to the enclosed solid angle, and proposed optical-fiber interferometry and polarization rotation as observable manifestations. The argument assumes a smoothly varying single-mode waveguide and preserved helicity, with negligible linear birefringence and cross-sectional ellipticity. Ordinary optical activity contributes an additional dynamical rotation and must be accounted for. The geometrical angle is unchanged by path deformation only when the enclosed solid angle is preserved; it is not independent of arbitrary deformations. The paper reports a later experimental verification in a note added, but this theory article does not itself supply the experimental data.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3635dac-1b36-4d15-a359-1c1ecf38c520","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:899c5b4400e6f29107b7d4338bb36be14500ae7310695af23b033dca8928df2b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fermi-lat-blazar-ebl-attenuation-2012","title":"Fermi finds a background-light attenuation signature in blazar spectra","summary":"Fermi-LAT combined 46 months of gamma-ray observations of 150 selected BL Lac objects at redshifts 0.03–1.6. Their spectra showed an energy- and redshift-dependent suppression consistent with absorption on diffuse extragalactic background light, enabling model-based constraints on the optical–ultraviolet background.","boundary":"The attenuation is inferred statistically from a population and a modeled extrapolation of intrinsic blazar spectra, not measured directly for every source. The quoted significance of up to about six standard deviations compares specified model families to a no-attenuation hypothesis; intrinsic source evolution, sample selection and instrumental response remain analysis assumptions. The preprint’s simulations and robustness tests cover selected models rather than every possible source spectrum.","area":"High-energy astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"fermi-lat-blazar-ebl-attenuation-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:49f6df89-57a7-49cd-a77c-e95938f2cb9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87d38ecae770b37d97e685070ceb104c721ea28cc584def842eca3e3b4c1f9c8"},"humans":["M. Ackermann","M. Ajello"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"fermi-lat-ebl-blazar-spectral-imprint-2012-v1","title":"The Imprint of the Extragalactic Background Light in the Gamma-Ray Spectra of Blazars","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.1671v1","date":"2012-11-07"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"fermi-lat-blazar-ebl-attenuation-2012","entry_id":"fermi-lat-blazar-ebl-attenuation-2012","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:49f6df89-57a7-49cd-a77c-e95938f2cb9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87d38ecae770b37d97e685070ceb104c721ea28cc584def842eca3e3b4c1f9c8"},"what_changed":"Fermi-LAT combined 46 months of gamma-ray observations of 150 selected BL Lac objects at redshifts 0.03–1.6. Their spectra showed an energy- and redshift-dependent suppression consistent with absorption on diffuse extragalactic background light, enabling model-based constraints on the optical–ultraviolet background.","scope":"Fermi-LAT combined 46 months of gamma-ray observations of 150 selected BL Lac objects at redshifts 0.03–1.6. Their spectra showed an energy- and redshift-dependent suppression consistent with absorption on diffuse extragalactic background light, enabling model-based constraints on the optical–ultraviolet background. The attenuation is inferred statistically from a population and a modeled extrapolation of intrinsic blazar spectra, not measured directly for every source. The quoted significance of up to about six standard deviations compares specified model families to a no-attenuation hypothesis; intrinsic source evolution, sample selection and instrumental response remain analysis assumptions. The preprint’s simulations and robustness tests cover selected models rather than every possible source spectrum.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:49f6df89-57a7-49cd-a77c-e95938f2cb9f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:87d38ecae770b37d97e685070ceb104c721ea28cc584def842eca3e3b4c1f9c8"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"nist-aluminium-ion-clock-2025-uncertainty-stability","title":"A highly stable aluminium-ion optical clock with quantified systematic uncertainty","summary":"An aluminium-ion optical clock combined quantum-logic readout, a one-second interrogation enabled by a remote cavity-stabilized laser, and an improved trap and vacuum system. The authors report fractional systematic uncertainty of 5.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ and fractional instability of 3.5 × 10⁻¹⁶/√(τ/s), estimated by comparison with a strontium lattice clock.","boundary":"The instability is a fitted comparison stability beyond the reported servo time, while 5.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ is the authors’ systematic uncertainty budget. In v1 the clock-operation passage says 26Mg+; v2 corrects that passage to 25Mg+, consistent with its abstract and supplement, but a separate v2 passage still says 27Mg+ for preparation/readout. The precise resolution of the residual inconsistent label remains unverified; avoid an unconditional isotope-specific claim. Their collision-shift figures differ slightly by rounding or version within the same manuscript: main text reports −(0.25 ± 0.36)×10⁻¹⁹ and the supplement reports −(0.26 ± 0.37)×10⁻¹⁹. Both are conditional estimates; no independent recalculation was performed.","area":"Optical atomic clocks","topic":"Physics","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"nist-aluminium-ion-clock-2025-uncertainty-stability","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3adb0b5-0c2f-49d2-a874-5d4db1afa6e1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22a967961a2f8e6bf8d700182e151d57b7ddd0e0d368c8449e0bd713e4a601a7"},"humans":["Mason C. Marshall","Daniel A. Rodriguez Castillo","Willa J. Arthur-Dworschack","Alexander Aeppli","Kyungtae Kim","Dahyeon Lee","William Warfield","J. Hinrichs","Nicholas V. Nardelli","Tara M. Fortier","Jun Ye","David R. Leibrandt","David B. Hume"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"marshall-aluminium-ion-clock-2025-v1","title":"High-Stability Single-Ion Clock with 5.5 × 10−19 Systematic Uncertainty","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.13071v1","date":"2025-04-17"},{"id":"marshall-aluminium-ion-clock-2025-v2","title":"High-Stability Single-Ion Clock with 5.5 × 10−19 Systematic Uncertainty (version 2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.13071v2","date":"2025-07-14"}],"points":"165000","published_grade":{"id":"nist-aluminium-ion-clock-2025-uncertainty-stability","entry_id":"nist-aluminium-ion-clock-2025-uncertainty-stability","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3adb0b5-0c2f-49d2-a874-5d4db1afa6e1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22a967961a2f8e6bf8d700182e151d57b7ddd0e0d368c8449e0bd713e4a601a7"},"what_changed":"An aluminium-ion optical clock combined quantum-logic readout, a one-second interrogation enabled by a remote cavity-stabilized laser, and an improved trap and vacuum system. The authors report fractional systematic uncertainty of 5.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ and fractional instability of 3.5 × 10⁻¹⁶/√(τ/s), estimated by comparison with a strontium lattice clock.","scope":"An aluminium-ion optical clock combined quantum-logic readout, a one-second interrogation enabled by a remote cavity-stabilized laser, and an improved trap and vacuum system. The authors report fractional systematic uncertainty of 5.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ and fractional instability of 3.5 × 10⁻¹⁶/√(τ/s), estimated by comparison with a strontium lattice clock. The instability is a fitted comparison stability beyond the reported servo time, while 5.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ is the authors’ systematic uncertainty budget. In v1 the clock-operation passage says 26Mg+; v2 corrects that passage to 25Mg+, consistent with its abstract and supplement, but a separate v2 passage still says 27Mg+ for preparation/readout. The precise resolution of the residual inconsistent label remains unverified; avoid an unconditional isotope-specific claim. Their collision-shift figures differ slightly by rounding or version within the same manuscript: main text reports −(0.25 ± 0.36)×10⁻¹⁹ and the supplement reports −(0.26 ± 0.37)×10⁻¹⁹. Both are conditional estimates; no independent recalculation was performed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b3adb0b5-0c2f-49d2-a874-5d4db1afa6e1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:22a967961a2f8e6bf8d700182e151d57b7ddd0e0d368c8449e0bd713e4a601a7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gliese-229b-close-binary-orbit-2024","title":"Gliese 229B resolved as a close brown-dwarf binary","summary":"VLT GRAVITY interferometry and CRIRES+ spectroscopy independently indicated that Gliese 229B is a close binary. A joint orbital fit gave a period of 12.134 ± 0.003 days and component masses of 38.1 ± 1.0 and 34.4 ± 1.5 Jupiter masses in the authors’ frequentist analysis.","boundary":"The orbit is inferred from interferometric closure phases and modeled radial velocities; calibration, spectral templates and covariance handling enter the fit. The alternative Bayesian analysis gives somewhat different values. Component temperatures, luminosities and age use evolutionary models or empirical calibrations rather than being direct measurements. This 2024 result changes the interpretation of older combined-light measurements.","area":"Stellar astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2024,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gliese-229b-close-binary-orbit-2024","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af9f0554-35cb-4c06-aa1e-703b5a288f75","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:96415d4fa770416e690923d1ed6fb36c64e1a5c72b7a30e67ca2aac532e264ae"},"humans":["Jerry W. Xuan","A. Mérand","W. Thompson"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"gliese-229b-binary-gravity-crires-2024-v1","title":"The cool brown dwarf Gliese 229 B is a close binary","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.11953v1","date":"2024-10-15"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"gliese-229b-close-binary-orbit-2024","entry_id":"gliese-229b-close-binary-orbit-2024","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af9f0554-35cb-4c06-aa1e-703b5a288f75","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:96415d4fa770416e690923d1ed6fb36c64e1a5c72b7a30e67ca2aac532e264ae"},"what_changed":"VLT GRAVITY interferometry and CRIRES+ spectroscopy independently indicated that Gliese 229B is a close binary. A joint orbital fit gave a period of 12.134 ± 0.003 days and component masses of 38.1 ± 1.0 and 34.4 ± 1.5 Jupiter masses in the authors’ frequentist analysis.","scope":"VLT GRAVITY interferometry and CRIRES+ spectroscopy independently indicated that Gliese 229B is a close binary. A joint orbital fit gave a period of 12.134 ± 0.003 days and component masses of 38.1 ± 1.0 and 34.4 ± 1.5 Jupiter masses in the authors’ frequentist analysis. The orbit is inferred from interferometric closure phases and modeled radial velocities; calibration, spectral templates and covariance handling enter the fit. The alternative Bayesian analysis gives somewhat different values. Component temperatures, luminosities and age use evolutionary models or empirical calibrations rather than being direct measurements. This 2024 result changes the interpretation of older combined-light measurements.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:af9f0554-35cb-4c06-aa1e-703b5a288f75","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:96415d4fa770416e690923d1ed6fb36c64e1a5c72b7a30e67ca2aac532e264ae"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"duk-kim-chan-vycor-helium-null-2012","title":"Redesigned oscillators constrain helium supersolid-like responses in confined and bulk samples","summary":"Duk Y. Kim and Moses H. W. Chan redesigned a porous-glass torsional oscillator and reported no detectable low-temperature response attributable to nonclassical rotational inertia at a sensitivity of 2 × 10⁻⁵. In a separate bulk-helium study using rigid oscillators they reported a sample- and apparatus-dependent upper limit of 4 × 10⁻⁶ and a comparable period shift in solid helium-3 and helium-4.","boundary":"These limits apply to the specified samples, sensitivity and oscillator response, not to all possible materials or measurements. The 2014 bulk study found period shifts three to four times its finite-element shear-modulus estimate and discusses imperfect rigidity, crystal properties and underestimated elastic response; its 4 × 10⁻⁶ bound attributes the small observed response entirely to possible nonclassical inertia. A helium-3 repeat differed from an earlier run whose instrumental stability was questioned. The 2012 confined-helium explanation of the earlier signal depends on an unknown solid-layer thickness. The earlier 2004 results are distinct; independent raw-data reanalysis and comparison with final journal versions remain outstanding. E. Kim in the 2004 work is not the later coauthor Duk Y. Kim.","area":"Low-temperature physics","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"duk-kim-chan-vycor-helium-null-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:389b1737-604c-47f1-af17-b6f09c5308c7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b18afe2dd466ee0e94d4ac35df0eca19ab79302839728c01817823887a9e2fb"},"humans":["Duk Y. Kim","Moses H. W. Chan"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"duk-kim-chan-vycor-helium-null-2012-v1","title":"Absence of supersolidity in solid helium in porous Vycor glass","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.7050v1","date":"2012-07-30"},{"id":"duk-kim-chan-bulk-helium-limit-2014-v1","title":"Upper limit of supersolidity in solid helium","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1407.2132v1","date":"2014-07-08"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"duk-kim-chan-vycor-helium-null-2012","entry_id":"duk-kim-chan-vycor-helium-null-2012","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:389b1737-604c-47f1-af17-b6f09c5308c7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b18afe2dd466ee0e94d4ac35df0eca19ab79302839728c01817823887a9e2fb"},"what_changed":"Duk Y. Kim and Moses H. W. Chan redesigned a porous-glass torsional oscillator and reported no detectable low-temperature response attributable to nonclassical rotational inertia at a sensitivity of 2 × 10⁻⁵. In a separate bulk-helium study using rigid oscillators they reported a sample- and apparatus-dependent upper limit of 4 × 10⁻⁶ and a comparable period shift in solid helium-3 and helium-4.","scope":"Duk Y. Kim and Moses H. W. Chan redesigned a porous-glass torsional oscillator and reported no detectable low-temperature response attributable to nonclassical rotational inertia at a sensitivity of 2 × 10⁻⁵. In a separate bulk-helium study using rigid oscillators they reported a sample- and apparatus-dependent upper limit of 4 × 10⁻⁶ and a comparable period shift in solid helium-3 and helium-4. These limits apply to the specified samples, sensitivity and oscillator response, not to all possible materials or measurements. The 2014 bulk study found period shifts three to four times its finite-element shear-modulus estimate and discusses imperfect rigidity, crystal properties and underestimated elastic response; its 4 × 10⁻⁶ bound attributes the small observed response entirely to possible nonclassical inertia. A helium-3 repeat differed from an earlier run whose instrumental stability was questioned. The 2012 confined-helium explanation of the earlier signal depends on an unknown solid-layer thickness. The earlier 2004 results are distinct; independent raw-data reanalysis and comparison with final journal versions remain outstanding. E. Kim in the 2004 work is not the later coauthor Duk Y. Kim.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:389b1737-604c-47f1-af17-b6f09c5308c7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b18afe2dd466ee0e94d4ac35df0eca19ab79302839728c01817823887a9e2fb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"kamland-geological-antineutrino-study-2005","title":"KamLAND investigates antineutrinos produced inside Earth","summary":"KamLAND analyzed low-energy antineutrino candidates to investigate uranium- and thorium-chain radioactivity inside Earth. With an assumed thorium-to-uranium mass ratio of 3.9, its spectral fit gave a 90% confidence interval of 4.5–54.2 geoneutrino events and an Earth-model-dependent upper limit on uranium- and thorium-decay heat.","boundary":"The 152 candidates include substantial reactor and detector backgrounds; individual events were not uniquely tagged as geological. The quoted 60 TW radiogenic-power bound is at 99% confidence under the paper’s reference Earth model, while the event interval is at 90%; potassium-40 antineutrinos lie below the detector threshold. The early constraint is not a measurement of all terrestrial heat or a direct three-dimensional map.","area":"Neutrino physics","topic":"Physics","year":2005,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"kamland-geological-antineutrino-study-2005","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a31f389-c9a6-4920-a092-7e13b6306fe4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ffc574fe2cd7ea4458ab0d6f0c31aac64cc386ebf91ef71f944efb9e494997d"},"humans":["T. Araki","S. Enomoto","K. Furuno"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"kamland-geological-antineutrinos-2005-nature","title":"Experimental investigation of geologically produced antineutrinos with KamLAND","url":"https://www.awa.tohoku.ac.jp/KamGeo/Contact_%26_Links_files/Nature_Araki_2005.pdf","date":"2005-07-28"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"kamland-geological-antineutrino-study-2005","entry_id":"kamland-geological-antineutrino-study-2005","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a31f389-c9a6-4920-a092-7e13b6306fe4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ffc574fe2cd7ea4458ab0d6f0c31aac64cc386ebf91ef71f944efb9e494997d"},"what_changed":"KamLAND analyzed low-energy antineutrino candidates to investigate uranium- and thorium-chain radioactivity inside Earth. With an assumed thorium-to-uranium mass ratio of 3.9, its spectral fit gave a 90% confidence interval of 4.5–54.2 geoneutrino events and an Earth-model-dependent upper limit on uranium- and thorium-decay heat.","scope":"KamLAND analyzed low-energy antineutrino candidates to investigate uranium- and thorium-chain radioactivity inside Earth. With an assumed thorium-to-uranium mass ratio of 3.9, its spectral fit gave a 90% confidence interval of 4.5–54.2 geoneutrino events and an Earth-model-dependent upper limit on uranium- and thorium-decay heat. The 152 candidates include substantial reactor and detector backgrounds; individual events were not uniquely tagged as geological. The quoted 60 TW radiogenic-power bound is at 99% confidence under the paper’s reference Earth model, while the event interval is at 90%; potassium-40 antineutrinos lie below the detector threshold. The early constraint is not a measurement of all terrestrial heat or a direct three-dimensional map.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9a31f389-c9a6-4920-a092-7e13b6306fe4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2ffc574fe2cd7ea4458ab0d6f0c31aac64cc386ebf91ef71f944efb9e494997d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"admx-dark-matter-axion-haloscope-2018","title":"ADMX low-noise cavity searches for axion dark matter","summary":"ADMX searched microwave spectra for conversion of hypothetical Galactic axions and found no statistically significant axion signal. The 2018 report reached benchmark DFSZ sensitivity near 2.66–2.81 microelectronvolts, and the later 2019 preprint reported an extended 2.81–3.31 microelectronvolt search using a Josephson parametric amplifier and alternative cavity configurations.","boundary":"The exclusion limits assume specific local axion densities and velocity distributions, apply to the examined frequencies and quoted confidence level, and do not rule out all axion dark matter or establish a detection. The earlier result vetoes a radio-interference interval; the later report lists five mode-crossing gaps where no limit was set, despite filling three others with alternate rod configurations. Its apparent persistent candidate at 730.195 MHz was an intentionally blinded synthetic injection, not a discovery; two other persistent signals were attributed to radio interference after checks. The 2018 and 2019 reports have different author lists; the individual list shown for the later report is incomplete.","area":"Particle physics","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"admx-dark-matter-axion-haloscope-2018","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c496b3d7-3226-488e-a527-543e7c08a59b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e5416c154f18c0a77277afaf3052e3a41bc695aef3b6367c1004784b1579cde"},"humans":["N. Du","N. Force","R. Khatiwada","E. Lentz","R. Ottens","L. J. Rosenberg","G. Rybka","G. Carosi","N. Woollett","D. Bowring","A. S. Chou","A. Sonnenschein","W. Wester","C. Boutan","N. S. Oblath","R. Bradley","E. J. Daw","A. V. Dixit","J. Clarke","S. R. O’Kelley","N. Crisosto","J. R. Gleason","S. Jois","P. Sikivie","I. Stern","N. S. Sullivan","D. B. Tanner","G. C. Hilton","T. Braine","R. Cervantes"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"admx-dark-matter-axion-haloscope-2018-v1","title":"A Search for Invisible Axion Dark Matter with the Axion Dark Matter Experiment","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.05750v1","date":"2018-04-16"},{"id":"admx-extended-haloscope-2019-v1","title":"Extended Search for the Invisible Axion with the Axion Dark Matter Experiment","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.08638v1","date":"2019-10-18"}],"points":"92000","published_grade":{"id":"admx-dark-matter-axion-haloscope-2018","entry_id":"admx-dark-matter-axion-haloscope-2018","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c496b3d7-3226-488e-a527-543e7c08a59b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e5416c154f18c0a77277afaf3052e3a41bc695aef3b6367c1004784b1579cde"},"what_changed":"ADMX searched microwave spectra for conversion of hypothetical Galactic axions and found no statistically significant axion signal. The 2018 report reached benchmark DFSZ sensitivity near 2.66–2.81 microelectronvolts, and the later 2019 preprint reported an extended 2.81–3.31 microelectronvolt search using a Josephson parametric amplifier and alternative cavity configurations.","scope":"ADMX searched microwave spectra for conversion of hypothetical Galactic axions and found no statistically significant axion signal. The 2018 report reached benchmark DFSZ sensitivity near 2.66–2.81 microelectronvolts, and the later 2019 preprint reported an extended 2.81–3.31 microelectronvolt search using a Josephson parametric amplifier and alternative cavity configurations. The exclusion limits assume specific local axion densities and velocity distributions, apply to the examined frequencies and quoted confidence level, and do not rule out all axion dark matter or establish a detection. The earlier result vetoes a radio-interference interval; the later report lists five mode-crossing gaps where no limit was set, despite filling three others with alternate rod configurations. Its apparent persistent candidate at 730.195 MHz was an intentionally blinded synthetic injection, not a discovery; two other persistent signals were attributed to radio interference after checks. The 2018 and 2019 reports have different author lists; the individual list shown for the later report is incomplete.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c496b3d7-3226-488e-a527-543e7c08a59b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7e5416c154f18c0a77277afaf3052e3a41bc695aef3b6367c1004784b1579cde"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"macs1149-lensed-star-ls1-microlensing-2017","title":"A galaxy cluster magnifies a distant individual star","summary":"Hubble monitoring of the field containing supernova Refsdal revealed a brightening point source, LS1, in a background galaxy at redshift 1.49. Its color and light curve were interpreted as a strongly magnified individual star, with the authors estimating a peak magnification of at least about 2,000 under their lens model. The observation illustrates how cluster lensing combined with microlensing can reveal individual stars at cosmological distances.","boundary":"The source identification, stellar temperature and magnification depend on spectral and lens models, and different cluster models disagree appreciably. A nearby 2016 transient may be a counterimage or a different star; this is not a confirmed compact-object detection. The paper explores model-dependent dark-matter constraints, not a direct measurement of the dark-matter particle. This star is distinct from the Refsdal supernova, although the monitoring field and some observations overlap. The supplementary simulated counterimage and dark-matter comparisons assume a lens geometry and stellar mass density; luminous-star clustering and the possibility of an unresolved pair can affect the interpretation.","area":"Observational astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"macs1149-lensed-star-ls1-microlensing-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae428f96-a108-426b-afeb-4dff8ee023e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4cc664641331195587d914b4fa1277c6c448a0773c82a52b084fa4cbdccd70b2"},"humans":["Patrick L. Kelly","Jose M. Diego","Steven Rodney"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"kelly-macs1149-lensed-star-2017-v1","title":"An individual star at redshift 1.5 extremely magnified by a galaxy-cluster lens","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.10279v1","date":"2017-06-30"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"macs1149-lensed-star-ls1-microlensing-2017","entry_id":"macs1149-lensed-star-ls1-microlensing-2017","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae428f96-a108-426b-afeb-4dff8ee023e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4cc664641331195587d914b4fa1277c6c448a0773c82a52b084fa4cbdccd70b2"},"what_changed":"Hubble monitoring of the field containing supernova Refsdal revealed a brightening point source, LS1, in a background galaxy at redshift 1.49. Its color and light curve were interpreted as a strongly magnified individual star, with the authors estimating a peak magnification of at least about 2,000 under their lens model. The observation illustrates how cluster lensing combined with microlensing can reveal individual stars at cosmological distances.","scope":"Hubble monitoring of the field containing supernova Refsdal revealed a brightening point source, LS1, in a background galaxy at redshift 1.49. Its color and light curve were interpreted as a strongly magnified individual star, with the authors estimating a peak magnification of at least about 2,000 under their lens model. The observation illustrates how cluster lensing combined with microlensing can reveal individual stars at cosmological distances. The source identification, stellar temperature and magnification depend on spectral and lens models, and different cluster models disagree appreciably. A nearby 2016 transient may be a counterimage or a different star; this is not a confirmed compact-object detection. The paper explores model-dependent dark-matter constraints, not a direct measurement of the dark-matter particle. This star is distinct from the Refsdal supernova, although the monitoring field and some observations overlap. The supplementary simulated counterimage and dark-matter comparisons assume a lens geometry and stellar mass density; luminous-star clustering and the possibility of an unresolved pair can affect the interpretation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ae428f96-a108-426b-afeb-4dff8ee023e7","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4cc664641331195587d914b4fa1277c6c448a0773c82a52b084fa4cbdccd70b2"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"earendel-lensed-source-hst-jwst-2022","title":"Earendel: a highly magnified early-universe source and its contested nature","summary":"Hubble imaging revealed an unresolved persistent source named Earendel in the strongly lensed Sunrise Arc. The discovery team interpreted its size and brightness using several lens models as a highly magnified individual star or stellar system. A later JWST NIRSpec study measured the Sunrise Arc emission-line redshift at about 5.926 and found that Earendel’s continuum can also be fit by stellar-population models for a compact star cluster.","boundary":"The 2022 source redshift around 6.2 was photometric and its magnification and source-size estimates depend on lens and image geometry models. The 2025 spectroscopic redshift is for the Sunrise Arc; assigning it to Earendel depends on association. A fit to a stellar population does not establish that Earendel is a cluster or rule out a single or multiple star. The NIRSpec continuum, photometry and lens magnification carry systematic uncertainties; the later analysis compares different spectral-model libraries. No source identity or population III interpretation is established conclusively.","area":"Observational astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"earendel-lensed-source-hst-jwst-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:123867d7-9344-4f39-a778-0aaeaaa05b6b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7ef55dbdfdf555fddb8b9604e2958e3ddad572bc65ff6fc5a9470ed8e1b26d0e"},"humans":["Brian Welch","Dan Coe","Jose M. Diego","Massimo Pascale","Liang Dai","Brenda L. Frye","Aliza G. Beverage"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"welch-earendel-hst-2022-v1","title":"A Highly Magnified Star at Redshift 6.2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.14866v1","date":"2022-09-29"},{"id":"pascale-earendel-nirspec-2025-v1","title":"Is Earendel a Star Cluster?: Metal Poor Globular Cluster Progenitors at z~6","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.05483v1","date":"2025-07-09"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"earendel-lensed-source-hst-jwst-2022","entry_id":"earendel-lensed-source-hst-jwst-2022","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:123867d7-9344-4f39-a778-0aaeaaa05b6b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7ef55dbdfdf555fddb8b9604e2958e3ddad572bc65ff6fc5a9470ed8e1b26d0e"},"what_changed":"Hubble imaging revealed an unresolved persistent source named Earendel in the strongly lensed Sunrise Arc. The discovery team interpreted its size and brightness using several lens models as a highly magnified individual star or stellar system. A later JWST NIRSpec study measured the Sunrise Arc emission-line redshift at about 5.926 and found that Earendel’s continuum can also be fit by stellar-population models for a compact star cluster.","scope":"Hubble imaging revealed an unresolved persistent source named Earendel in the strongly lensed Sunrise Arc. The discovery team interpreted its size and brightness using several lens models as a highly magnified individual star or stellar system. A later JWST NIRSpec study measured the Sunrise Arc emission-line redshift at about 5.926 and found that Earendel’s continuum can also be fit by stellar-population models for a compact star cluster. The 2022 source redshift around 6.2 was photometric and its magnification and source-size estimates depend on lens and image geometry models. The 2025 spectroscopic redshift is for the Sunrise Arc; assigning it to Earendel depends on association. A fit to a stellar population does not establish that Earendel is a cluster or rule out a single or multiple star. The NIRSpec continuum, photometry and lens magnification carry systematic uncertainties; the later analysis compares different spectral-model libraries. No source identity or population III interpretation is established conclusively.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:123867d7-9344-4f39-a778-0aaeaaa05b6b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7ef55dbdfdf555fddb8b9604e2958e3ddad572bc65ff6fc5a9470ed8e1b26d0e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"gezari-ps1-10jh-tidal-flare-2012","title":"A well-observed ultraviolet and optical tidal-disruption candidate","summary":"Pan-STARRS and GALEX observed the rise and decay of PS1-10jh, a luminous ultraviolet and optical transient near the nucleus of a galaxy at redshift 0.1696. Follow-up spectroscopy showed broad ionized-helium emission without detected Balmer lines. The discovery team interpreted the light curve and line spectrum as a stellar tidal disruption; a later simulation-based analysis showed how a near-solar-composition star could also be consistent with the same observed data under a different emission model.","boundary":"The tidal-disruption interpretation and the identity and composition of the disrupted star are inferences, not direct images of the disruption. The helium-rich core conclusion depends on line-emission assumptions; the alternative near-solar model also assumes a specific reprocessing geometry, simplified gas physics and disk-line scaling. Its simulations and fits reuse the original event data and do not independently observe a second event. The fitted disruption time, black-hole mass and stellar properties depend on the adopted stellar, accretion and radiation models. Chandra reported an X-ray upper limit, not a source detection. A 2015 photoionization analysis disputed the near-solar interpretation and favored helium-rich gas, but explicitly reported substantial numerical nonconvergence in parts of the high-density/high-flux regime and limitations of stationary-gas treatment. These differing models do not settle the source composition.","area":"Observational astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2012,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"gezari-ps1-10jh-tidal-flare-2012","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99696232-07b6-40f4-a637-a9f5ae70fdf3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3e1148462141098e86bafec502009dfb742cfb149629c781225bbf5b830a9cc9"},"humans":["S. Gezari","R. Chornock","A. Rest","James Guillochon","Haik Manukian","Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz","Linda E. Strubbe","Norman Murray"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"gezari-ps1-10jh-uv-flare-2012-v1","title":"An ultraviolet-optical flare from the tidal disruption of a helium-rich stellar core","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.0252v1","date":"2012-05-01"},{"id":"guillochon-ps1-10jh-near-solar-model-2013-v1","title":"PS1-10jh: The disruption of a main-sequence star of near-solar composition","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1304.6397v1","date":"2013-04-23"},{"id":"strubbe-murray-ps1-10jh-photoionization-2015-v1","title":"Insights into Tidal Disruption of Stars from PS1-10jh","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.04277v1","date":"2015-09-14"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"gezari-ps1-10jh-tidal-flare-2012","entry_id":"gezari-ps1-10jh-tidal-flare-2012","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99696232-07b6-40f4-a637-a9f5ae70fdf3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3e1148462141098e86bafec502009dfb742cfb149629c781225bbf5b830a9cc9"},"what_changed":"Pan-STARRS and GALEX observed the rise and decay of PS1-10jh, a luminous ultraviolet and optical transient near the nucleus of a galaxy at redshift 0.1696. Follow-up spectroscopy showed broad ionized-helium emission without detected Balmer lines. The discovery team interpreted the light curve and line spectrum as a stellar tidal disruption; a later simulation-based analysis showed how a near-solar-composition star could also be consistent with the same observed data under a different emission model.","scope":"Pan-STARRS and GALEX observed the rise and decay of PS1-10jh, a luminous ultraviolet and optical transient near the nucleus of a galaxy at redshift 0.1696. Follow-up spectroscopy showed broad ionized-helium emission without detected Balmer lines. The discovery team interpreted the light curve and line spectrum as a stellar tidal disruption; a later simulation-based analysis showed how a near-solar-composition star could also be consistent with the same observed data under a different emission model. The tidal-disruption interpretation and the identity and composition of the disrupted star are inferences, not direct images of the disruption. The helium-rich core conclusion depends on line-emission assumptions; the alternative near-solar model also assumes a specific reprocessing geometry, simplified gas physics and disk-line scaling. Its simulations and fits reuse the original event data and do not independently observe a second event. The fitted disruption time, black-hole mass and stellar properties depend on the adopted stellar, accretion and radiation models. Chandra reported an X-ray upper limit, not a source detection. A 2015 photoionization analysis disputed the near-solar interpretation and favored helium-rich gas, but explicitly reported substantial numerical nonconvergence in parts of the high-density/high-flux regime and limitations of stationary-gas treatment. These differing models do not settle the source composition.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:99696232-07b6-40f4-a637-a9f5ae70fdf3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3e1148462141098e86bafec502009dfb742cfb149629c781225bbf5b830a9cc9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"photorefractive-spatial-soliton-prediction-1992","title":"A theory of photorefractive spatial optical solitons","summary":"Segev, Crosignani, Yariv and Fischer described a spatial optical soliton in a photorefractive medium, where diffraction is balanced by a refractive-index pattern induced by interference among the beam’s spatial-frequency components. In their model a suitable beam profile can propagate without changing transverse shape, and the predicted shape is independent of absolute intensity under the stated idealized response.","boundary":"This is a theoretical prediction, not an experimental observation. The analysis assumes a monochromatic paraxial scalar field, selected crystal geometry and an applied field yielding approximately real coupling; the explicit sech profile comes from a restricted one-transverse-coordinate case and a truncated nonlocal expansion. The authors note that an arbitrary input does not necessarily evolve into the soliton and that small deviations persist rather than automatically decay. Real-material diffusion, gain, loss and noise can affect applicability; claimed intensity independence is within the modeled photorefractive regime.","area":"Nonlinear optics","topic":"Physics","year":1992,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"photorefractive-spatial-soliton-prediction-1992","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a9172916-801f-4e74-a653-cb94aa087e8f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:875503f0590277e56446611f1377c534e73f8c7006005361d05f1e3406e59595"},"humans":["Mordechai Segev","Bruno Crosignani","Amnon Yariv","Baruch Fischer"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"segev-crosignani-yariv-fischer-spatial-photorefractive-solitons-1992","title":"Spatial Solitons in Photorefractive Media","url":"https://www.ee.technion.ac.il/people/fischer/Papers/1992%20PRL%2068_923%20Spatial%20Solitons%20in%20PR%20Media.pdf","date":"1992-02-17"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"photorefractive-spatial-soliton-prediction-1992","entry_id":"photorefractive-spatial-soliton-prediction-1992","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a9172916-801f-4e74-a653-cb94aa087e8f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:875503f0590277e56446611f1377c534e73f8c7006005361d05f1e3406e59595"},"what_changed":"Segev, Crosignani, Yariv and Fischer described a spatial optical soliton in a photorefractive medium, where diffraction is balanced by a refractive-index pattern induced by interference among the beam’s spatial-frequency components. In their model a suitable beam profile can propagate without changing transverse shape, and the predicted shape is independent of absolute intensity under the stated idealized response.","scope":"Segev, Crosignani, Yariv and Fischer described a spatial optical soliton in a photorefractive medium, where diffraction is balanced by a refractive-index pattern induced by interference among the beam’s spatial-frequency components. In their model a suitable beam profile can propagate without changing transverse shape, and the predicted shape is independent of absolute intensity under the stated idealized response. This is a theoretical prediction, not an experimental observation. The analysis assumes a monochromatic paraxial scalar field, selected crystal geometry and an applied field yielding approximately real coupling; the explicit sech profile comes from a restricted one-transverse-coordinate case and a truncated nonlocal expansion. The authors note that an arbitrary input does not necessarily evolve into the soliton and that small deviations persist rather than automatically decay. Real-material diffusion, gain, loss and noise can affect applicability; claimed intensity independence is within the modeled photorefractive regime.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a9172916-801f-4e74-a653-cb94aa087e8f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:875503f0590277e56446611f1377c534e73f8c7006005361d05f1e3406e59595"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"feldmann-superlattice-bloch-oscillation-optical-1992","title":"Optical four-wave mixing reveals Bloch-period modulation in a semiconductor superlattice","summary":"Feldmann and colleagues studied a biased GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice with time-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing at about 5 K. They observed oscillations in the emitted optical signal whose period changed with the electric field and agreed with the Bloch period inferred from the Wannier–Stark ladder spacing. A two-band calculation with a fitted dephasing time reproduced the signal, supporting their interpretation as coherent Bloch oscillations.","boundary":"The measured quantity is a time-integrated diffracted optical signal as a function of pulse delay, not a direct trajectory of an individual electron. The oscillations can also be described as quantum beats between Wannier–Stark transitions. The calculation neglects Coulomb effects, and increasing dephasing at higher fields was attributed to carrier escape as a probable explanation. Results concern the specified 5 K semiconductor structure and finite coherence, not persistent oscillation in arbitrary bulk solids. Bloch theory and prior theoretical and experimental Wannier–Stark work retain their separate credit.","area":"Condensed-matter physics","topic":"Physics","year":1992,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"feldmann-superlattice-bloch-oscillation-optical-1992","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f69bcd3b-e285-4cb9-a2a8-ee1486093db3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:979ed12519d4ad69c8ccda19de75cd94a6c1983807b85d7a4fccedba19c3d5dc"},"humans":["J. Feldmann","K. Leo","J. Shah","D. A. B. Miller","J. E. Cunningham","T. Meier","G. von Plessen","A. Schulze","P. Thomas","S. Schmitt-Rink"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"feldmann-bloch-oscillations-superlattice-1992-published","title":"Optical investigation of Bloch oscillations in a semiconductor superlattice","url":"https://ee.stanford.edu/~dabm/161.pdf","date":"1992-09-15"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"feldmann-superlattice-bloch-oscillation-optical-1992","entry_id":"feldmann-superlattice-bloch-oscillation-optical-1992","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f69bcd3b-e285-4cb9-a2a8-ee1486093db3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:979ed12519d4ad69c8ccda19de75cd94a6c1983807b85d7a4fccedba19c3d5dc"},"what_changed":"Feldmann and colleagues studied a biased GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice with time-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing at about 5 K. They observed oscillations in the emitted optical signal whose period changed with the electric field and agreed with the Bloch period inferred from the Wannier–Stark ladder spacing. A two-band calculation with a fitted dephasing time reproduced the signal, supporting their interpretation as coherent Bloch oscillations.","scope":"Feldmann and colleagues studied a biased GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice with time-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing at about 5 K. They observed oscillations in the emitted optical signal whose period changed with the electric field and agreed with the Bloch period inferred from the Wannier–Stark ladder spacing. A two-band calculation with a fitted dephasing time reproduced the signal, supporting their interpretation as coherent Bloch oscillations. The measured quantity is a time-integrated diffracted optical signal as a function of pulse delay, not a direct trajectory of an individual electron. The oscillations can also be described as quantum beats between Wannier–Stark transitions. The calculation neglects Coulomb effects, and increasing dephasing at higher fields was attributed to carrier escape as a probable explanation. Results concern the specified 5 K semiconductor structure and finite coherence, not persistent oscillation in arbitrary bulk solids. Bloch theory and prior theoretical and experimental Wannier–Stark work retain their separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f69bcd3b-e285-4cb9-a2a8-ee1486093db3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:979ed12519d4ad69c8ccda19de75cd94a6c1983807b85d7a4fccedba19c3d5dc"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ben-dahan-cold-atom-bloch-oscillations-1996","title":"Bloch oscillations and effective masses of cold atoms in an optical lattice","summary":"Ben Dahan and colleagues prepared ultracold cesium atoms in the lowest band of a standing-wave optical potential and applied an inertial force by accelerating the lattice. After different evolution times they switched off the potential and measured atomic momentum distributions. The distributions recurred with the predicted Bloch period, while their inferred mean velocities yielded positive and negative band effective masses at different quasimomenta.","boundary":"This experiment observes an ensemble of atoms in an engineered optical lattice, not individual electron trajectories or a new Bloch theory. A sufficiently weak acceleration and adiabatic loading limit transfers to higher bands; the observed momentum distributions and effective masses depend on the experimental preparation, force, readout and band model. The inferred position amplitude is not a direct position measurement. The experiment is distinct from the earlier semiconductor optical-signal measurements and from later atomic-recoil fine-structure determinations.","area":"Atomic physics","topic":"Physics","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"ben-dahan-cold-atom-bloch-oscillations-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f916945d-64dd-4814-a5d9-60ce279c00d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:745a85b1f6a915a010770fe12e6fd2f590e4bb75ac68bd1fdb818c536d83526d"},"humans":["Maxime Ben Dahan","Ekkehard Peik","Jakob Reichel","Yvan Castin","Christophe Salomon"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ben-dahan-atomic-bloch-oscillations-1996-published","title":"Bloch Oscillations of Atoms in an Optical Potential","url":"https://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/~tatej/COURSES/ph575/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=bloch_oscillations_atoms_in_optical_potential.pdf","date":"1996-06-10"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"ben-dahan-cold-atom-bloch-oscillations-1996","entry_id":"ben-dahan-cold-atom-bloch-oscillations-1996","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f916945d-64dd-4814-a5d9-60ce279c00d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:745a85b1f6a915a010770fe12e6fd2f590e4bb75ac68bd1fdb818c536d83526d"},"what_changed":"Ben Dahan and colleagues prepared ultracold cesium atoms in the lowest band of a standing-wave optical potential and applied an inertial force by accelerating the lattice. After different evolution times they switched off the potential and measured atomic momentum distributions. The distributions recurred with the predicted Bloch period, while their inferred mean velocities yielded positive and negative band effective masses at different quasimomenta.","scope":"Ben Dahan and colleagues prepared ultracold cesium atoms in the lowest band of a standing-wave optical potential and applied an inertial force by accelerating the lattice. After different evolution times they switched off the potential and measured atomic momentum distributions. The distributions recurred with the predicted Bloch period, while their inferred mean velocities yielded positive and negative band effective masses at different quasimomenta. This experiment observes an ensemble of atoms in an engineered optical lattice, not individual electron trajectories or a new Bloch theory. A sufficiently weak acceleration and adiabatic loading limit transfers to higher bands; the observed momentum distributions and effective masses depend on the experimental preparation, force, readout and band model. The inferred position amplitude is not a direct position measurement. The experiment is distinct from the earlier semiconductor optical-signal measurements and from later atomic-recoil fine-structure determinations.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f916945d-64dd-4814-a5d9-60ce279c00d3","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:745a85b1f6a915a010770fe12e6fd2f590e4bb75ac68bd1fdb818c536d83526d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lignier-shaken-lattice-bec-tunneling-control-2007","title":"Driven optical lattices control condensate tunneling and a superfluid–Mott transition","summary":"In 2007 Lignier and colleagues periodically shook a one-dimensional optical lattice containing a rubidium condensate and inferred suppressed interwell tunneling from its expansion, finding agreement with a Bessel-function dependence over the tested range. In a subsequent 2008 preprint Zenesini and colleagues ramped the drive in a three-dimensional lattice: interference visibility decreased and returned when the drive was removed. Their excitation spectra and comparison with changes in static lattice depth supported a reversible drive-induced superfluid–Mott transition.","boundary":"The 2007 tunneling rate is inferred from expansion and finite resolution does not establish an exactly zero microscopic amplitude. The later transition is inferred from interference visibility, modulation response and a calibrated effective Bose–Hubbard model in a finite trapped gas, not a direct measurement of a thermodynamic singularity or proof of perfect adiabaticity. Driving can excite higher bands or reduce coherence in some parameter regimes. The two studies have different source-specific bylines and build on prior driven-lattice and superfluid–Mott work.","area":"Atomic physics","topic":"Physics","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lignier-shaken-lattice-bec-tunneling-control-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:225e76b0-f107-4e00-ad88-e6b41db5cdf1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e18819ac10a9dbd39aaad59755b440e060d2556790d8f63e8f21540e750da3e9"},"humans":["H. Lignier","C. Sias","D. Ciampini","Y. Singh","A. Zenesini","O. Morsch","E. Arimondo","Alessandro Zenesini","Hans Lignier","Donatella Ciampini","Oliver Morsch","Ennio Arimondo"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lignier-driven-bec-tunneling-2007-v1","title":"Dynamical control of matter-wave tunneling in periodic potentials","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0707.0403v1","date":"2007-07-03"},{"id":"zenesini-dressed-matter-phase-control-2008-v1","title":"Coherent control of dressed matter waves","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0809.0768v1","date":"2008-09-04"}],"points":"95000","published_grade":{"id":"lignier-shaken-lattice-bec-tunneling-control-2007","entry_id":"lignier-shaken-lattice-bec-tunneling-control-2007","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:225e76b0-f107-4e00-ad88-e6b41db5cdf1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e18819ac10a9dbd39aaad59755b440e060d2556790d8f63e8f21540e750da3e9"},"what_changed":"In 2007 Lignier and colleagues periodically shook a one-dimensional optical lattice containing a rubidium condensate and inferred suppressed interwell tunneling from its expansion, finding agreement with a Bessel-function dependence over the tested range. In a subsequent 2008 preprint Zenesini and colleagues ramped the drive in a three-dimensional lattice: interference visibility decreased and returned when the drive was removed. Their excitation spectra and comparison with changes in static lattice depth supported a reversible drive-induced superfluid–Mott transition.","scope":"In 2007 Lignier and colleagues periodically shook a one-dimensional optical lattice containing a rubidium condensate and inferred suppressed interwell tunneling from its expansion, finding agreement with a Bessel-function dependence over the tested range. In a subsequent 2008 preprint Zenesini and colleagues ramped the drive in a three-dimensional lattice: interference visibility decreased and returned when the drive was removed. Their excitation spectra and comparison with changes in static lattice depth supported a reversible drive-induced superfluid–Mott transition. The 2007 tunneling rate is inferred from expansion and finite resolution does not establish an exactly zero microscopic amplitude. The later transition is inferred from interference visibility, modulation response and a calibrated effective Bose–Hubbard model in a finite trapped gas, not a direct measurement of a thermodynamic singularity or proof of perfect adiabaticity. Driving can excite higher bands or reduce coherence in some parameter regimes. The two studies have different source-specific bylines and build on prior driven-lattice and superfluid–Mott work.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:225e76b0-f107-4e00-ad88-e6b41db5cdf1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e18819ac10a9dbd39aaad59755b440e060d2556790d8f63e8f21540e750da3e9"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"israel-sgr1806-giant-flare-tail-qpo-2005","title":"Rapid quasi-periodic X-ray oscillations in a magnetar giant-flare tail","summary":"Israel and colleagues analysed Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer measurements of the tail of the 27 December 2004 SGR 1806–20 giant flare and reported a quasi-periodic signal near 92.5 Hz, together with lower-frequency candidate peaks. Watts and Strohmayer subsequently analysed RHESSI observations of the same flare and found a corresponding phase-dependent feature near 92.5 Hz, a further feature near 626.5 Hz, and broad lower-frequency features. Both groups discussed neutron-star vibration interpretations.","boundary":"The RXTE source lay outside the nominal field of view and telemetry saturation excluded the first roughly 13 seconds. RHESSI also observed the off-axis flare, with atmospheric and spacecraft scattering affecting recorded energy and timing, especially in its rear detector segments. RHESSI did not robustly confirm the earlier 30-Hz feature under its search criteria. The two analyses use different detectors but observe the same flare, not independent astrophysical events. Peak significance depends on time, frequency and rotational-phase selection and noise models. Stellar mode identifications, internal fields and crust properties remain model-dependent, not direct measurements.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2005,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"israel-sgr1806-giant-flare-tail-qpo-2005","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8fc0cb3c-a7e8-4a59-a475-425afea271c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e89a9165f7646a16b36d435708fa0faadfb19a043621b269571a570da2a799a4"},"humans":["G. L. Israel","T. Belloni","L. Stella","Y. Rephaeli","D. E. Gruber","P. Casella","S. Dall’Osso","N. Rea","M. Persic","R. E. Rothschild","Anna L. Watts","Tod E. Strohmayer"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"israel-sgr1806-giant-flare-qpo-2005-v1","title":"Discovery of rapid X-ray oscillations in the tail of the SGR 1806–20 hyperflare","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0505255v1","date":"2005-05-12"},{"id":"watts-strohmayer-rhessi-sgr1806-qpo-2005-v1","title":"Detection with RHESSI of high frequency X-ray oscillations in the tail of the 2004 hyperflare from SGR 1806–20","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0512630v1","date":"2005-12-28"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"israel-sgr1806-giant-flare-tail-qpo-2005","entry_id":"israel-sgr1806-giant-flare-tail-qpo-2005","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8fc0cb3c-a7e8-4a59-a475-425afea271c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e89a9165f7646a16b36d435708fa0faadfb19a043621b269571a570da2a799a4"},"what_changed":"Israel and colleagues analysed Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer measurements of the tail of the 27 December 2004 SGR 1806–20 giant flare and reported a quasi-periodic signal near 92.5 Hz, together with lower-frequency candidate peaks. Watts and Strohmayer subsequently analysed RHESSI observations of the same flare and found a corresponding phase-dependent feature near 92.5 Hz, a further feature near 626.5 Hz, and broad lower-frequency features. Both groups discussed neutron-star vibration interpretations.","scope":"Israel and colleagues analysed Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer measurements of the tail of the 27 December 2004 SGR 1806–20 giant flare and reported a quasi-periodic signal near 92.5 Hz, together with lower-frequency candidate peaks. Watts and Strohmayer subsequently analysed RHESSI observations of the same flare and found a corresponding phase-dependent feature near 92.5 Hz, a further feature near 626.5 Hz, and broad lower-frequency features. Both groups discussed neutron-star vibration interpretations. The RXTE source lay outside the nominal field of view and telemetry saturation excluded the first roughly 13 seconds. RHESSI also observed the off-axis flare, with atmospheric and spacecraft scattering affecting recorded energy and timing, especially in its rear detector segments. RHESSI did not robustly confirm the earlier 30-Hz feature under its search criteria. The two analyses use different detectors but observe the same flare, not independent astrophysical events. Peak significance depends on time, frequency and rotational-phase selection and noise models. Stellar mode identifications, internal fields and crust properties remain model-dependent, not direct measurements.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8fc0cb3c-a7e8-4a59-a475-425afea271c0","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:e89a9165f7646a16b36d435708fa0faadfb19a043621b269571a570da2a799a4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lee-liu-optical-hyperlens-subdiffraction-imaging-2007","title":"A layered optical hyperlens magnifies sub-diffraction features for far-field imaging","summary":"Lee and colleagues described a curved layered optical hyperlens and imaged closely spaced test features with a conventional far-field microscope. In the reported 365-nanometre illumination experiment, the reconstructed image resolved a line-pair separation down to approximately 125 nanometres. An anisotropic effective-medium model and electromagnetic simulation explained how the structure magnifies fine spatial information before ordinary optical detection.","boundary":"This result uses a specific cylindrical, lossy layered structure and fixed patterned objects placed at its inner surface; it does not provide unrestricted far-field resolution for arbitrary distant objects. Magnification was only along one direction and the reported transmission was about an order of magnitude below the simulation, affecting exposure time. A 2007 Science report by the same group is separate from this expanded account; its distinct content and supplementary analysis should not be attributed to the later version. Earlier superlens and hyperlens theories retain separate credit.","area":"Optical physics","topic":"Physics","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lee-liu-optical-hyperlens-subdiffraction-imaging-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ce1162c-da8b-47fd-a70e-6df33ddd8950","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b116efcb8589b0409ec4193a061385b5e2c9c934a61fe94044cfd9c70ba9e92"},"humans":["Hyesog Lee","Zhaowei Liu","Yi Xiong","Cheng Sun","Xiang Zhang"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lee-liu-hyperlens-imaging-expanded-2007-published","title":"Development of optical hyperlens for imaging below the diffraction limit","url":"https://xlab.hku.hk/pdf/10.1364_oe.15.015886.pdf","date":"2007-11-15"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"lee-liu-optical-hyperlens-subdiffraction-imaging-2007","entry_id":"lee-liu-optical-hyperlens-subdiffraction-imaging-2007","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ce1162c-da8b-47fd-a70e-6df33ddd8950","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b116efcb8589b0409ec4193a061385b5e2c9c934a61fe94044cfd9c70ba9e92"},"what_changed":"Lee and colleagues described a curved layered optical hyperlens and imaged closely spaced test features with a conventional far-field microscope. In the reported 365-nanometre illumination experiment, the reconstructed image resolved a line-pair separation down to approximately 125 nanometres. An anisotropic effective-medium model and electromagnetic simulation explained how the structure magnifies fine spatial information before ordinary optical detection.","scope":"Lee and colleagues described a curved layered optical hyperlens and imaged closely spaced test features with a conventional far-field microscope. In the reported 365-nanometre illumination experiment, the reconstructed image resolved a line-pair separation down to approximately 125 nanometres. An anisotropic effective-medium model and electromagnetic simulation explained how the structure magnifies fine spatial information before ordinary optical detection. This result uses a specific cylindrical, lossy layered structure and fixed patterned objects placed at its inner surface; it does not provide unrestricted far-field resolution for arbitrary distant objects. Magnification was only along one direction and the reported transmission was about an order of magnitude below the simulation, affecting exposure time. A 2007 Science report by the same group is separate from this expanded account; its distinct content and supplementary analysis should not be attributed to the later version. Earlier superlens and hyperlens theories retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9ce1162c-da8b-47fd-a70e-6df33ddd8950","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:7b116efcb8589b0409ec4193a061385b5e2c9c934a61fe94044cfd9c70ba9e92"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"cao-semiconductor-powder-random-laser-coherent-feedback-1999","title":"Narrow-mode random lasing in disordered semiconductor films and powders","summary":"Cao and colleagues reported narrow spectral peaks emerging above a pump threshold in disordered zinc-oxide polycrystalline films and, in a related report, strongly scattering zinc-oxide powder films. Peak frequencies varied with position and observation angle, and the number of peaks changed with excitation area. The film study included above-threshold spatial emission images; similar behavior was reported for gallium-nitride powder. The authors interpreted the results as laser modes with coherent feedback from recurrent scattering.","boundary":"The separate 1998 film and 1999 powder reports have overlapping but different bylines. The scattering mean free path in the powder at a nearby probe wavelength was estimated from coherent backscattering; the authors note that direct determination at the emission wavelength requires an absorption-inclusive numerical comparison. Above-threshold spatial emission images are measured, whereas the closed-loop light paths and their interpretation as cavities are inferred rather than individually tracked photon trajectories. One reported powder critical excitation volume was 4.6 times the simplified theoretical estimate. These observations do not alone establish Anderson localization or prove a universal feedback mechanism for every random laser; earlier dye and powder-lasing results retain separate credit.","area":"Optical physics","topic":"Physics","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"cao-semiconductor-powder-random-laser-coherent-feedback-1999","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad2d387c-258b-4bf8-a8b1-3a2edafee694","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71f6cde9b7268e2c6bad85b54a6fa37c272e29fb2ade3031ce977b9809cf42a3"},"humans":["H. Cao","Y. G. Zhao","S. T. Ho","E. W. Seelig","Q. H. Wang","R. P. H. Chang","H. C. Ong","J. Y. Dai","J. Y. Wu"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"cao-random-laser-semiconductor-powder-1999-published","title":"Random Laser Action in Semiconductor Powder","url":"https://www.eng.yale.edu/caolab/papers/005.pdf","date":"1999-03-15"},{"id":"cao-zno-polycrystalline-random-lasing-1998-published","title":"Ultraviolet lasing in resonators formed by scattering in semiconductor polycrystalline films","url":"https://www.eng.yale.edu/caolab/papers/003.pdf","date":"1998-12-21"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"cao-semiconductor-powder-random-laser-coherent-feedback-1999","entry_id":"cao-semiconductor-powder-random-laser-coherent-feedback-1999","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad2d387c-258b-4bf8-a8b1-3a2edafee694","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71f6cde9b7268e2c6bad85b54a6fa37c272e29fb2ade3031ce977b9809cf42a3"},"what_changed":"Cao and colleagues reported narrow spectral peaks emerging above a pump threshold in disordered zinc-oxide polycrystalline films and, in a related report, strongly scattering zinc-oxide powder films. Peak frequencies varied with position and observation angle, and the number of peaks changed with excitation area. The film study included above-threshold spatial emission images; similar behavior was reported for gallium-nitride powder. The authors interpreted the results as laser modes with coherent feedback from recurrent scattering.","scope":"Cao and colleagues reported narrow spectral peaks emerging above a pump threshold in disordered zinc-oxide polycrystalline films and, in a related report, strongly scattering zinc-oxide powder films. Peak frequencies varied with position and observation angle, and the number of peaks changed with excitation area. The film study included above-threshold spatial emission images; similar behavior was reported for gallium-nitride powder. The authors interpreted the results as laser modes with coherent feedback from recurrent scattering. The separate 1998 film and 1999 powder reports have overlapping but different bylines. The scattering mean free path in the powder at a nearby probe wavelength was estimated from coherent backscattering; the authors note that direct determination at the emission wavelength requires an absorption-inclusive numerical comparison. Above-threshold spatial emission images are measured, whereas the closed-loop light paths and their interpretation as cavities are inferred rather than individually tracked photon trajectories. One reported powder critical excitation volume was 4.6 times the simplified theoretical estimate. These observations do not alone establish Anderson localization or prove a universal feedback mechanism for every random laser; earlier dye and powder-lasing results retain separate credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ad2d387c-258b-4bf8-a8b1-3a2edafee694","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71f6cde9b7268e2c6bad85b54a6fa37c272e29fb2ade3031ce977b9809cf42a3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bloch-haensch-esslinger-continuous-atom-laser-coupler-1998","title":"Continuous output coupling from a Bose–Einstein condensate","summary":"Bloch, Hänsch and Esslinger used a weak radio-frequency field to transfer atoms from a magnetically trapped rubidium condensate into an untrapped state, forming a collimated falling atomic beam. They directly imaged continuous output over up to 40 milliseconds and monitored condensate depletion over up to 100 milliseconds. Varying radio frequency also provided spatially selective spectroscopy of the trapped condensate.","boundary":"Continuous output was finite in duration and depended on a stable trap and a finite initial condensate; it was not a continuously replenished steady-state source. The 100-millisecond duration was inferred from remaining condensate counts rather than direct beam imaging over that entire interval. Beam divergence was below the imaging resolution, and brightness estimates used assumptions about velocity spreads. The spectroscopy comparison used a Thomas–Fermi approximation and displayed a broader measured response. First- and second-order coherence were not fully characterized by these measurements. Earlier pulsed atom output coupling is a separate contribution.","area":"Atomic physics","topic":"Physics","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"bloch-haensch-esslinger-continuous-atom-laser-coupler-1998","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ff5172d9-9b43-464e-af7c-886d1d18e9e4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:898232e5a05fb184f7036a82815f6d4013d50f90449a944464747d8d3a078573"},"humans":["Immanuel Bloch","Theodor W. Hänsch","Tilman Esslinger"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"bloch-haensch-esslinger-atom-laser-cw-1998-v1","title":"An Atom Laser with a cw Output Coupler","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9812258v1","date":"1998-12-15"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"bloch-haensch-esslinger-continuous-atom-laser-coupler-1998","entry_id":"bloch-haensch-esslinger-continuous-atom-laser-coupler-1998","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ff5172d9-9b43-464e-af7c-886d1d18e9e4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:898232e5a05fb184f7036a82815f6d4013d50f90449a944464747d8d3a078573"},"what_changed":"Bloch, Hänsch and Esslinger used a weak radio-frequency field to transfer atoms from a magnetically trapped rubidium condensate into an untrapped state, forming a collimated falling atomic beam. They directly imaged continuous output over up to 40 milliseconds and monitored condensate depletion over up to 100 milliseconds. Varying radio frequency also provided spatially selective spectroscopy of the trapped condensate.","scope":"Bloch, Hänsch and Esslinger used a weak radio-frequency field to transfer atoms from a magnetically trapped rubidium condensate into an untrapped state, forming a collimated falling atomic beam. They directly imaged continuous output over up to 40 milliseconds and monitored condensate depletion over up to 100 milliseconds. Varying radio frequency also provided spatially selective spectroscopy of the trapped condensate. Continuous output was finite in duration and depended on a stable trap and a finite initial condensate; it was not a continuously replenished steady-state source. The 100-millisecond duration was inferred from remaining condensate counts rather than direct beam imaging over that entire interval. Beam divergence was below the imaging resolution, and brightness estimates used assumptions about velocity spreads. The spectroscopy comparison used a Thomas–Fermi approximation and displayed a broader measured response. First- and second-order coherence were not fully characterized by these measurements. Earlier pulsed atom output coupling is a separate contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ff5172d9-9b43-464e-af7c-886d1d18e9e4","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:898232e5a05fb184f7036a82815f6d4013d50f90449a944464747d8d3a078573"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"rebolo-pleiades-teide-calar-lithium-spectroscopy-1996","title":"Lithium spectroscopy of Pleiades brown-dwarf candidates Teide 1 and Calar 3","summary":"Rebolo and colleagues reported a lithium absorption feature in spectra of the Pleiades objects Teide 1 and Calar 3. They combined the spectral feature with luminosity and evolutionary models to support the interpretation that these objects are brown dwarfs.","boundary":"The lithium feature overlaps molecular bands at the available resolution, and inferred masses depend on the atmospheric models, temperature calibration and assumed cluster age. The earlier object discovery and lithium-test proposals are separate contributions.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"rebolo-pleiades-teide-calar-lithium-spectroscopy-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f238c84c-b17c-49b6-ae5f-07910e5e90e1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5570e04035affb2fe191044d9739bb9fff35ba743d3a08a20c49a4163f182be6"},"humans":["R. Rebolo","E. L. Martín","G. Basri","G. W. Marcy","M. R. Zapatero Osorio"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"rebolo-pleiades-brown-dwarf-lithium-1996-v1","title":"Brown Dwarfs in the Pleiades Cluster Confirmed by the Lithium Test","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9607002v1","date":"1996-07-01"},{"id":"rebolo-apj-publisher-1996","title":"Brown Dwarfs in the Pleiades Cluster Confirmed by the Lithium Test","url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/310263"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["ES","US"],"location_basis":"Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Spain, and University of California, Berkeley, USA. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9607002v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f238c84c-b17c-49b6-ae5f-07910e5e90e1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5570e04035affb2fe191044d9739bb9fff35ba743d3a08a20c49a4163f182be6"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Brown Dwarfs in the Pleiades Cluster Confirmed by the Lithium Test","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9607002v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"ES":"Spain","US":"United States"}},"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"rebolo-pleiades-teide-calar-lithium-spectroscopy-1996","entry_id":"rebolo-pleiades-teide-calar-lithium-spectroscopy-1996","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f238c84c-b17c-49b6-ae5f-07910e5e90e1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5570e04035affb2fe191044d9739bb9fff35ba743d3a08a20c49a4163f182be6"},"what_changed":"Rebolo and colleagues reported a lithium absorption feature in spectra of the Pleiades objects Teide 1 and Calar 3. They combined the spectral feature with luminosity and evolutionary models to support the interpretation that these objects are brown dwarfs.","scope":"Rebolo and colleagues reported a lithium absorption feature in spectra of the Pleiades objects Teide 1 and Calar 3. They combined the spectral feature with luminosity and evolutionary models to support the interpretation that these objects are brown dwarfs. The lithium feature overlaps molecular bands at the available resolution, and inferred masses depend on the atmospheric models, temperature calibration and assumed cluster age. The earlier object discovery and lithium-test proposals are separate contributions.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f238c84c-b17c-49b6-ae5f-07910e5e90e1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5570e04035affb2fe191044d9739bb9fff35ba743d3a08a20c49a4163f182be6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"camilo-magnetar-xte-j1810-radio-pulsations-2006","title":"Radio pulsations from the transient magnetar XTE J1810−197","summary":"Halpern and colleagues identified a compact 1.4 GHz radio source coincident with the transient anomalous X-ray pulsar XTE J1810−197 in 2004 VLA observations. In 2006 Camilo and colleagues detected narrow radio pulses at its approximately 5.54-second rotation period with Parkes and Green Bank, showing that a magnetar could also behave as a radio pulsar. The two measurements are distinct stages of the same object’s radio-observation history.","boundary":"The 2005 detection was a spatially unresolved continuum source, not a radio-pulse measurement; its authors considered a wind nebula and transient afterglow as hypotheses. The 2006 pulsed observations show a different mechanism was present later and do not retroactively resolve the composition of the earlier flux. This is one transient source in bounded observing intervals, not evidence that all magnetars are radio pulsars. Archival non-detections are upper limits and do not exclude weaker pre-outburst emission. Distance and inferred field depend on models; the later 42 GHz flux has roughly factor-two uncertainty and high-frequency scintillation may affect variability. The two reports have different bylines and some names remain in their printed initials.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2006,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"camilo-magnetar-xte-j1810-radio-pulsations-2006","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd5639a9-0efe-4471-a8d8-089b0b47960b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1de9906576ed24d0756ff2d74513aa2990381862af8c182cf5b5aeeb100adc1a"},"humans":["Fernando Camilo","Scott M. Ransom","Jules P. Halpern","John Reynolds","David J. Helfand","Neil Zimmerman","John Sarkissian","E. V. Gotthelf","R. H. Becker","R. L. White"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"camilo-magnetar-radio-pulses-2006-v1","title":"Transient pulsed radio emission from a magnetar","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0605429v1","date":"2006-05-17"},{"id":"halpern-xte-j1810-radio-continuum-2005-v1","title":"Discovery of Radio Emission from Transient Anomalous X-ray Pulsar XTE J1810−197","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0508534v1","date":"2005-08-24"}],"points":"155000","published_grade":{"id":"camilo-magnetar-xte-j1810-radio-pulsations-2006","entry_id":"camilo-magnetar-xte-j1810-radio-pulsations-2006","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd5639a9-0efe-4471-a8d8-089b0b47960b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1de9906576ed24d0756ff2d74513aa2990381862af8c182cf5b5aeeb100adc1a"},"what_changed":"Halpern and colleagues identified a compact 1.4 GHz radio source coincident with the transient anomalous X-ray pulsar XTE J1810−197 in 2004 VLA observations. In 2006 Camilo and colleagues detected narrow radio pulses at its approximately 5.54-second rotation period with Parkes and Green Bank, showing that a magnetar could also behave as a radio pulsar. The two measurements are distinct stages of the same object’s radio-observation history.","scope":"Halpern and colleagues identified a compact 1.4 GHz radio source coincident with the transient anomalous X-ray pulsar XTE J1810−197 in 2004 VLA observations. In 2006 Camilo and colleagues detected narrow radio pulses at its approximately 5.54-second rotation period with Parkes and Green Bank, showing that a magnetar could also behave as a radio pulsar. The two measurements are distinct stages of the same object’s radio-observation history. The 2005 detection was a spatially unresolved continuum source, not a radio-pulse measurement; its authors considered a wind nebula and transient afterglow as hypotheses. The 2006 pulsed observations show a different mechanism was present later and do not retroactively resolve the composition of the earlier flux. This is one transient source in bounded observing intervals, not evidence that all magnetars are radio pulsars. Archival non-detections are upper limits and do not exclude weaker pre-outburst emission. Distance and inferred field depend on models; the later 42 GHz flux has roughly factor-two uncertainty and high-frequency scintillation may affect variability. The two reports have different bylines and some names remain in their printed initials.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:bd5639a9-0efe-4471-a8d8-089b0b47960b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1de9906576ed24d0756ff2d74513aa2990381862af8c182cf5b5aeeb100adc1a"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"chen-team-lateral-casimir-force-corrugations-2002","title":"Lateral Casimir force between corrugated surfaces","summary":"Chen and colleagues used a modified atomic-force microscope to measure an oscillating lateral force between aligned, corrugated gold-coated surfaces. Its phase dependence followed the corrugation period, and the authors compared its magnitude and distance dependence with a finite-conductivity Casimir calculation for their sphere–plate geometry. Their later detailed account reports the calibration, additional electrostatic-force data and a more comprehensive uncertainty analysis.","boundary":"The measurement is a small lateral deflection in a particular corrugated sphere–plate setup, with electrostatic compensation and calibration; it is not a general measurement of all geometries or a working vacuum-powered machine. The absolute closest Casimir separation is inferred from the same force theory used for comparison, followed by calibrated 12 nm increments. A separate lateral-electrostatic measurement constrains contact separation but was made hours later and also uses a force model; it does not make the absolute force-law test fully independent. The initial letter quotes about 15% relative uncertainty at 95% confidence; the detailed account reports about 24% after fuller error analysis. The surface alignment and roughness assumptions apply to this setup. Earlier theory of lateral forces and prior normal Casimir measurements retain credit.","area":"Quantum Physics","topic":"Physics","year":2002,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"chen-team-lateral-casimir-force-corrugations-2002","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:057632ba-a49e-4634-a9eb-4bfd23bf2152","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2deada6b6475efbcc3ecaabde8e76669c419610ce8f1283d35ac3247cf805645"},"humans":["F. Chen","U. Mohideen","G. L. Klimchitskaya","V. M. Mostepanenko"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"chen-mohideen-lateral-casimir-force-2002","title":"Demonstration of the Lateral Casimir Force","url":"https://web.mit.edu/kardar/Desktop/kardar/www/research/seminars/Casimir/PRL-ChenMohideen02.pdf","date":"2002-02-25"},{"id":"chen-team-lateral-casimir-detailed-2002-v1","title":"Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Lateral Casimir Force Between Corrugated Surfaces","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0209167v1","date":"2002-09-30"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"chen-team-lateral-casimir-force-corrugations-2002","entry_id":"chen-team-lateral-casimir-force-corrugations-2002","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:057632ba-a49e-4634-a9eb-4bfd23bf2152","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2deada6b6475efbcc3ecaabde8e76669c419610ce8f1283d35ac3247cf805645"},"what_changed":"Chen and colleagues used a modified atomic-force microscope to measure an oscillating lateral force between aligned, corrugated gold-coated surfaces. Its phase dependence followed the corrugation period, and the authors compared its magnitude and distance dependence with a finite-conductivity Casimir calculation for their sphere–plate geometry. Their later detailed account reports the calibration, additional electrostatic-force data and a more comprehensive uncertainty analysis.","scope":"Chen and colleagues used a modified atomic-force microscope to measure an oscillating lateral force between aligned, corrugated gold-coated surfaces. Its phase dependence followed the corrugation period, and the authors compared its magnitude and distance dependence with a finite-conductivity Casimir calculation for their sphere–plate geometry. Their later detailed account reports the calibration, additional electrostatic-force data and a more comprehensive uncertainty analysis. The measurement is a small lateral deflection in a particular corrugated sphere–plate setup, with electrostatic compensation and calibration; it is not a general measurement of all geometries or a working vacuum-powered machine. The absolute closest Casimir separation is inferred from the same force theory used for comparison, followed by calibrated 12 nm increments. A separate lateral-electrostatic measurement constrains contact separation but was made hours later and also uses a force model; it does not make the absolute force-law test fully independent. The initial letter quotes about 15% relative uncertainty at 95% confidence; the detailed account reports about 24% after fuller error analysis. The surface alignment and roughness assumptions apply to this setup. Earlier theory of lateral forces and prior normal Casimir measurements retain credit.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:057632ba-a49e-4634-a9eb-4bfd23bf2152","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:2deada6b6475efbcc3ecaabde8e76669c419610ce8f1283d35ac3247cf805645"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"weinfurtner-water-wave-analogue-stimulated-hawking-2010","title":"Water-wave experiments on stimulated horizon analogues","summary":"In 2008 Rousseaux and colleagues reported negative comoving-frequency waves in a driven water channel with varying flow, interpreting mode conversion as a classical analogue of a Hawking process. In a separate water-channel experiment reported in 2010, Weinfurtner and colleagues measured positive- and negative-norm converted components across nine driving frequencies and compared their ratio with a thermal-like exponential law. These related but distinct experiments have different teams and conditions.","boundary":"Both observations involve driven classical water waves, not spontaneous quantum emission or radiation from an astrophysical black hole. In the 2008 experiment the cleanest data were taken below the group-velocity-horizon condition; the observed conversion exceeded a simplified model, and turbulence, nonlinearity and three-dimensional effects were not resolved. The 2010 mapping uses wave-flow assumptions, and the authors note uncertainty in a predicted effective temperature because the blocking region is not the usual phase-velocity horizon. Its finite-frequency fit is not proof of universal thermality. In the 2010 v1 Figure 5b prints an intercept of 0.81 while the text calls the offset close to zero within error; the plotted amplitude-ratio notation and norm formula also need reconciliation. The observations and distinct author teams should not be conflated.","area":"Gravitation and Fluid Physics","topic":"Physics","year":2008,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"weinfurtner-water-wave-analogue-stimulated-hawking-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36eb36df-4f14-475b-ac34-973bdf66f79f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8049c5c183728dde4ebb7032a21a61b119eae069a4b05536d32be3cd63822bb"},"humans":["Silke Weinfurtner","Edmund W. Tedford","Matthew C. J. Penrice","William G. Unruh","Gregory A. Lawrence","Germain Rousseaux","Christian Mathis","Philippe Maïssa","Thomas G. Philbin","Ulf Leonhardt"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"weinfurtner-water-wave-stimulated-hawking-2010-v1","title":"Measurement of stimulated Hawking emission in an analogue system","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1008.1911v1","date":"2010-08-18"},{"id":"rousseaux-negative-frequency-water-waves-2008","title":"Observation of negative-frequency waves in a water tank: a classical analogue to the Hawking effect?","url":"https://germain-rousseaux.cnrs.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/NJP2008.pdf","date":"2008-05-13"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"weinfurtner-water-wave-analogue-stimulated-hawking-2010","entry_id":"weinfurtner-water-wave-analogue-stimulated-hawking-2010","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36eb36df-4f14-475b-ac34-973bdf66f79f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8049c5c183728dde4ebb7032a21a61b119eae069a4b05536d32be3cd63822bb"},"what_changed":"In 2008 Rousseaux and colleagues reported negative comoving-frequency waves in a driven water channel with varying flow, interpreting mode conversion as a classical analogue of a Hawking process. In a separate water-channel experiment reported in 2010, Weinfurtner and colleagues measured positive- and negative-norm converted components across nine driving frequencies and compared their ratio with a thermal-like exponential law. These related but distinct experiments have different teams and conditions.","scope":"In 2008 Rousseaux and colleagues reported negative comoving-frequency waves in a driven water channel with varying flow, interpreting mode conversion as a classical analogue of a Hawking process. In a separate water-channel experiment reported in 2010, Weinfurtner and colleagues measured positive- and negative-norm converted components across nine driving frequencies and compared their ratio with a thermal-like exponential law. These related but distinct experiments have different teams and conditions. Both observations involve driven classical water waves, not spontaneous quantum emission or radiation from an astrophysical black hole. In the 2008 experiment the cleanest data were taken below the group-velocity-horizon condition; the observed conversion exceeded a simplified model, and turbulence, nonlinearity and three-dimensional effects were not resolved. The 2010 mapping uses wave-flow assumptions, and the authors note uncertainty in a predicted effective temperature because the blocking region is not the usual phase-velocity horizon. Its finite-frequency fit is not proof of universal thermality. In the 2010 v1 Figure 5b prints an intercept of 0.81 while the text calls the offset close to zero within error; the plotted amplitude-ratio notation and norm formula also need reconciliation. The observations and distinct author teams should not be conflated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:36eb36df-4f14-475b-ac34-973bdf66f79f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:a8049c5c183728dde4ebb7032a21a61b119eae069a4b05536d32be3cd63822bb"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"abo-shaeer-rotating-bec-vortex-lattices-2001","title":"Vortices and vortex lattices in stirred Bose-Einstein condensates","summary":"In 2000 Madison and colleagues used a rotating laser perturbation of a trapped rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate to observe one to four vortices and study their frequency-dependent appearance and lifetime. In 2001 Abo-Shaeer and colleagues stirred a sodium condensate and imaged ordered triangular arrays with up to about 130 vortices, as well as defects and their evolution. These related observations used different teams, atoms and conditions.","boundary":"Both studies inferred vortex structures from absorption images after expansion rather than directly imaging a complete in-trap three-dimensional state. Madison and colleagues found the observed onset above their quoted simple predicted threshold, nonexponential single-vortex survival and shot-to-shot fluctuations in the multiple-vortex region; the nucleation and loss mechanisms were not uniquely determined. The later large lattice showed finite lifetimes and defects, and its nucleation mechanism likewise remained open. Earlier phase-engineered two-component vortices are a separate contribution. The two distinct author lists and experimental conditions remain separate.","area":"Atomic and Quantum Physics","topic":"Physics","year":2000,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"abo-shaeer-rotating-bec-vortex-lattices-2001","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:590c6953-df8a-447e-a39c-8849ddee2889","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce1606fe5ab0019f989f31405918b99a0e1f1c26abbdb6dea17da6e3341e40bf"},"humans":["J. R. Abo-Shaeer","C. Raman","J. M. Vogels","W. Ketterle","K. W. Madison","F. Chevy","W. Wohlleben","J. Dalibard"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"abo-shaeer-rotating-bec-vortex-lattices-2001","title":"Observation of Vortex Lattices in Bose-Einstein Condensates","url":"https://www.rle.mit.edu/cua_pub/ketterle_group_old/Projects_2001/Pubs_01/abos01-vortices476.pdf","date":"2001-03-22"},{"id":"madison-stirred-rubidium-bec-vortices-2000","title":"Vortex Formation in a Stirred Bose-Einstein Condensate","url":"https://pro.college-de-france.fr/jean.dalibard/publications/vortex00.pdf","date":"2000-01-31"}],"points":"140000","published_grade":{"id":"abo-shaeer-rotating-bec-vortex-lattices-2001","entry_id":"abo-shaeer-rotating-bec-vortex-lattices-2001","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:590c6953-df8a-447e-a39c-8849ddee2889","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce1606fe5ab0019f989f31405918b99a0e1f1c26abbdb6dea17da6e3341e40bf"},"what_changed":"In 2000 Madison and colleagues used a rotating laser perturbation of a trapped rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate to observe one to four vortices and study their frequency-dependent appearance and lifetime. In 2001 Abo-Shaeer and colleagues stirred a sodium condensate and imaged ordered triangular arrays with up to about 130 vortices, as well as defects and their evolution. These related observations used different teams, atoms and conditions.","scope":"In 2000 Madison and colleagues used a rotating laser perturbation of a trapped rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate to observe one to four vortices and study their frequency-dependent appearance and lifetime. In 2001 Abo-Shaeer and colleagues stirred a sodium condensate and imaged ordered triangular arrays with up to about 130 vortices, as well as defects and their evolution. These related observations used different teams, atoms and conditions. Both studies inferred vortex structures from absorption images after expansion rather than directly imaging a complete in-trap three-dimensional state. Madison and colleagues found the observed onset above their quoted simple predicted threshold, nonexponential single-vortex survival and shot-to-shot fluctuations in the multiple-vortex region; the nucleation and loss mechanisms were not uniquely determined. The later large lattice showed finite lifetimes and defects, and its nucleation mechanism likewise remained open. Earlier phase-engineered two-component vortices are a separate contribution. The two distinct author lists and experimental conditions remain separate.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:590c6953-df8a-447e-a39c-8849ddee2889","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ce1606fe5ab0019f989f31405918b99a0e1f1c26abbdb6dea17da6e3341e40bf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"matthews-two-component-condensate-phase-engineered-vortex-1999","title":"Phase-engineered vortices in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate","summary":"Matthews and colleagues created vortices in either component of a two-state rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate through spatially controlled coherent transitions, following a proposal by Williams and Holland. They used an intercomponent interference measurement to map the relative phase around the vortex and observed different evolution for the two choices of component.","boundary":"This is a phase-engineered two-component vortex, distinct from later rotating single-component vortex arrays. The inferred phase image is approximately the cosine of the relative phase and is affected by imperfect line-of-sight overlap and zero-level uncertainty. The authors could not rule out a rotated ring as an alternative to apparent breakup in one image sequence, and stability depended on component populations and initial asymmetry. Their data do not establish universal vortex stability.","area":"Atomic and Quantum Physics","topic":"Physics","year":1999,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"matthews-two-component-condensate-phase-engineered-vortex-1999","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d4d56151-8cf4-4cb9-aedb-1d1790e36c58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6f0c8359210bedeed92823fd4b8f9e857c2f138d0c5d0a727f5e6831f4061e42"},"humans":["M. R. Matthews","B. P. Anderson","P. C. Haljan","D. S. Hall","C. E. Wieman","E. A. Cornell"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"matthews-two-component-condensate-vortex-1999-v1","title":"Vortices in a Bose-Einstein Condensate","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9908209v1","date":"1999-08-14"}],"points":"135000","published_grade":{"id":"matthews-two-component-condensate-phase-engineered-vortex-1999","entry_id":"matthews-two-component-condensate-phase-engineered-vortex-1999","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d4d56151-8cf4-4cb9-aedb-1d1790e36c58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6f0c8359210bedeed92823fd4b8f9e857c2f138d0c5d0a727f5e6831f4061e42"},"what_changed":"Matthews and colleagues created vortices in either component of a two-state rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate through spatially controlled coherent transitions, following a proposal by Williams and Holland. They used an intercomponent interference measurement to map the relative phase around the vortex and observed different evolution for the two choices of component.","scope":"Matthews and colleagues created vortices in either component of a two-state rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate through spatially controlled coherent transitions, following a proposal by Williams and Holland. They used an intercomponent interference measurement to map the relative phase around the vortex and observed different evolution for the two choices of component. This is a phase-engineered two-component vortex, distinct from later rotating single-component vortex arrays. The inferred phase image is approximately the cosine of the relative phase and is affected by imperfect line-of-sight overlap and zero-level uncertainty. The authors could not rule out a rotated ring as an alternative to apparent breakup in one image sequence, and stability depended on component populations and initial asymmetry. Their data do not establish universal vortex stability.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d4d56151-8cf4-4cb9-aedb-1d1790e36c58","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:6f0c8359210bedeed92823fd4b8f9e857c2f138d0c5d0a727f5e6831f4061e42"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"babar-neutral-b-meson-cp-asymmetry-2001","title":"Independent B-factory observations of time-dependent CP asymmetry in neutral B mesons","summary":"The BABAR and Belle collaborations independently measured time-dependent differences in selected flavor-tagged neutral B and anti-B decays. BABAR reported sin(2β) = 0.59 ± 0.14 statistically ± 0.05 systematically; Belle reported sin(2φ1) = 0.99 ± 0.14 statistically ± 0.06 systematically. The angles β and φ1 use different names for the same standard-model parameter.","boundary":"BABAR and Belle used separate detectors, samples and collaboration bylines; these initial central values should not be silently averaged. Their 32 million and 31.3 million B-pair figures are collision samples, not selected signal counts. Belle fixed mixing and lifetime inputs in its likelihood and reports more than six sigma against zero; BABAR reports 4.1 sigma under its own uncertainty treatment. Flavor tagging, vertex resolution, backgrounds and fit assumptions matter. Both followed kaon CP violation and earlier B measurements. Observed neutral-B CP asymmetry does not by itself explain the cosmic matter-antimatter imbalance. The individual author lists shown for the two collaborations are incomplete. Similar initials do not establish that two contributors are the same person.","area":"Particle Physics","topic":"Physics","year":2001,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"babar-neutral-b-meson-cp-asymmetry-2001","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bb2523a-7ef3-4c76-ad9a-b4078fbdb6df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97d2a5ff2629f4a1f15184e8933a167c147dd3f8536cdcc5d50426d9497d8094"},"humans":["B. Aubert","D. Boutigny","J.-M. Gaillard","R. Abe","I. Adachi"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"babar-neutral-b-cp-violation-2001-v1","title":"Observation of CP violation in the B0 meson system","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ex/0107013v1","date":"2001-07-06"},{"id":"belle-neutral-b-cp-violation-2001-v1","title":"Observation of Large CP Violation in the Neutral B Meson System (v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ex/0107061v1","date":"2001-07-23"},{"id":"belle-neutral-b-cp-violation-2001-v2","title":"Observation of Large CP Violation in the Neutral B Meson System (v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ex/0107061v2","date":"2001-08-01"}],"points":"225000","published_grade":{"id":"babar-neutral-b-meson-cp-asymmetry-2001","entry_id":"babar-neutral-b-meson-cp-asymmetry-2001","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bb2523a-7ef3-4c76-ad9a-b4078fbdb6df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97d2a5ff2629f4a1f15184e8933a167c147dd3f8536cdcc5d50426d9497d8094"},"what_changed":"The BABAR and Belle collaborations independently measured time-dependent differences in selected flavor-tagged neutral B and anti-B decays. BABAR reported sin(2β) = 0.59 ± 0.14 statistically ± 0.05 systematically; Belle reported sin(2φ1) = 0.99 ± 0.14 statistically ± 0.06 systematically. The angles β and φ1 use different names for the same standard-model parameter.","scope":"The BABAR and Belle collaborations independently measured time-dependent differences in selected flavor-tagged neutral B and anti-B decays. BABAR reported sin(2β) = 0.59 ± 0.14 statistically ± 0.05 systematically; Belle reported sin(2φ1) = 0.99 ± 0.14 statistically ± 0.06 systematically. The angles β and φ1 use different names for the same standard-model parameter. BABAR and Belle used separate detectors, samples and collaboration bylines; these initial central values should not be silently averaged. Their 32 million and 31.3 million B-pair figures are collision samples, not selected signal counts. Belle fixed mixing and lifetime inputs in its likelihood and reports more than six sigma against zero; BABAR reports 4.1 sigma under its own uncertainty treatment. Flavor tagging, vertex resolution, backgrounds and fit assumptions matter. Both followed kaon CP violation and earlier B measurements. Observed neutral-B CP asymmetry does not by itself explain the cosmic matter-antimatter imbalance. The individual author lists shown for the two collaborations are incomplete. Similar initials do not establish that two contributors are the same person.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5bb2523a-7ef3-4c76-ad9a-b4078fbdb6df","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:97d2a5ff2629f4a1f15184e8933a167c147dd3f8536cdcc5d50426d9497d8094"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"haystac-quantum-squeezed-axion-search-2020","title":"Squeezed receiver speeds synthetic-signal and axion dark-matter searches","summary":"Malnou and colleagues demonstrated a squeezed microwave receiver on a synthetic weak signal, reporting a 2.12 ± 0.08 scan-rate enhancement in a setup designed to mimic an axion search. The subsequent HAYSTAC experiment used related methods in a dark-matter search, reporting about a 1.9-fold gain over an optimal unsqueezed comparator and no axion signal in two selected mass windows.","boundary":"The 2018 prototype injected a synthetic signal into a fixed-frequency cavity with no applied magnetic field; it was not an axion detection or live astrophysical search. The later HAYSTAC gain is for its specified receiver and benchmark, and squeezing broadens sensitivity rather than improving the peak on resonance. Its aggregate constraint depends on halo and signal assumptions and omits the 4.140–4.145 GHz mode crossing; thirty-two initial excesses did not persist on rescan. Two semi-independent internal analyses share the same experimental data. A 2020 erratum corrects both color-scale axes in Figure 2 of the prototype paper: they begin at zero, not one. The individual contributor list for the later paper is incomplete; matching initials alone do not establish identity.","area":"Particle and Quantum Physics","topic":"Physics","year":2018,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"haystac-quantum-squeezed-axion-search-2020","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:add12932-5daa-4e3c-a5e5-086887805407","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3975582b57f11b110865385e06e9de0b7b9ab2fa9687d11a913ad42316dfb8f4"},"humans":["K. M. Backes","D. A. Palken","S. Al Kenany","M. Malnou","B. M. Brubaker","Leila R. Vale","Gene C. Hilton","K. W. Lehnert"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"haystac-squeezed-state-axion-search-2020-v1","title":"A quantum-enhanced search for dark matter axions","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.01853v1","date":"2020-08-04"},{"id":"malnou-squeezed-receiver-synthetic-signal-2018-v1","title":"Squeezed vacuum used to accelerate the search for a weak classical signal","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.06470v1","date":"2018-09-17"},{"id":"malnou-squeezed-receiver-erratum-2020","title":"Erratum: Squeezed Vacuum Used to Accelerate the Search for a Weak Classical Signal","url":"https://journals.aps.org/prx/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevX.10.039902","date":"2020-09-11"}],"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"haystac-quantum-squeezed-axion-search-2020","entry_id":"haystac-quantum-squeezed-axion-search-2020","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:add12932-5daa-4e3c-a5e5-086887805407","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3975582b57f11b110865385e06e9de0b7b9ab2fa9687d11a913ad42316dfb8f4"},"what_changed":"Malnou and colleagues demonstrated a squeezed microwave receiver on a synthetic weak signal, reporting a 2.12 ± 0.08 scan-rate enhancement in a setup designed to mimic an axion search. The subsequent HAYSTAC experiment used related methods in a dark-matter search, reporting about a 1.9-fold gain over an optimal unsqueezed comparator and no axion signal in two selected mass windows.","scope":"Malnou and colleagues demonstrated a squeezed microwave receiver on a synthetic weak signal, reporting a 2.12 ± 0.08 scan-rate enhancement in a setup designed to mimic an axion search. The subsequent HAYSTAC experiment used related methods in a dark-matter search, reporting about a 1.9-fold gain over an optimal unsqueezed comparator and no axion signal in two selected mass windows. The 2018 prototype injected a synthetic signal into a fixed-frequency cavity with no applied magnetic field; it was not an axion detection or live astrophysical search. The later HAYSTAC gain is for its specified receiver and benchmark, and squeezing broadens sensitivity rather than improving the peak on resonance. Its aggregate constraint depends on halo and signal assumptions and omits the 4.140–4.145 GHz mode crossing; thirty-two initial excesses did not persist on rescan. Two semi-independent internal analyses share the same experimental data. A 2020 erratum corrects both color-scale axes in Figure 2 of the prototype paper: they begin at zero, not one. The individual contributor list for the later paper is incomplete; matching initials alone do not establish identity.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:add12932-5daa-4e3c-a5e5-086887805407","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:3975582b57f11b110865385e06e9de0b7b9ab2fa9687d11a913ad42316dfb8f4"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"liodakis-mrk501-ixpe-xray-polarization-2022","title":"X-ray polarization probes particle acceleration in the blazar Markarian 501","summary":"Liodakis and colleagues combined IXPE X-ray polarimetry with optical and radio observations of Markarian 501. Two March 2022 observations yielded X-ray polarization near 10–11%, larger than the host-corrected optical value, and polarization angles approximately aligned with the radio jet. The authors found this pattern consistent with an energy-stratified shock-acceleration scenario.","boundary":"Polarization and its wavelength dependence are measured, while the shock and downstream turbulent-field explanation is model-dependent rather than a direct image of an acceleration site or a unique proof of the mechanism. The source was unresolved at IXPE resolution. Optical host-galaxy corrections assume unpolarized starlight; weather prevented simultaneous radio measurement in the second observation. Independent analysis teams used the same IXPE data, so their consistency is not independent observational replication. No intra-observation variability was detected within the reported uncertainties; the multiwavelength campaign was only partly included. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"liodakis-mrk501-ixpe-xray-polarization-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d5c2131d-8bac-4ecc-a357-813405b29098","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:17dbb733a1c2234ffe9d35eb5f96e24b3476b821a0d2a04e77a8d12369045e7e"},"humans":["Ioannis Liodakis","Alan P. Marscher","Iván Agudo"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"liodakis-mrk501-ixpe-polarization-2022-v1","title":"Polarized Blazar X-rays imply particle acceleration in shocks","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.06227v1","date":"2022-09-13"}],"points":"105000","published_grade":{"id":"liodakis-mrk501-ixpe-xray-polarization-2022","entry_id":"liodakis-mrk501-ixpe-xray-polarization-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d5c2131d-8bac-4ecc-a357-813405b29098","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:17dbb733a1c2234ffe9d35eb5f96e24b3476b821a0d2a04e77a8d12369045e7e"},"what_changed":"Liodakis and colleagues combined IXPE X-ray polarimetry with optical and radio observations of Markarian 501. Two March 2022 observations yielded X-ray polarization near 10–11%, larger than the host-corrected optical value, and polarization angles approximately aligned with the radio jet. The authors found this pattern consistent with an energy-stratified shock-acceleration scenario.","scope":"Liodakis and colleagues combined IXPE X-ray polarimetry with optical and radio observations of Markarian 501. Two March 2022 observations yielded X-ray polarization near 10–11%, larger than the host-corrected optical value, and polarization angles approximately aligned with the radio jet. The authors found this pattern consistent with an energy-stratified shock-acceleration scenario. Polarization and its wavelength dependence are measured, while the shock and downstream turbulent-field explanation is model-dependent rather than a direct image of an acceleration site or a unique proof of the mechanism. The source was unresolved at IXPE resolution. Optical host-galaxy corrections assume unpolarized starlight; weather prevented simultaneous radio measurement in the second observation. Independent analysis teams used the same IXPE data, so their consistency is not independent observational replication. No intra-observation variability was detected within the reported uncertainties; the multiwavelength campaign was only partly included. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:d5c2131d-8bac-4ecc-a357-813405b29098","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:17dbb733a1c2234ffe9d35eb5f96e24b3476b821a0d2a04e77a8d12369045e7e"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"taverna-ixpe-magnetar-energy-dependent-polarization-2022","title":"Energy-dependent X-ray polarization from magnetar 4U 0142+61","summary":"Taverna and colleagues used IXPE to measure phase-averaged X-ray polarization from magnetar 4U 0142+61. They found about 12 ± 1% across 2–8 keV, with different polarization behavior at lower and higher energies and an approximately 90-degree angle change across the intervening band.","boundary":"The observed polarization is not an unambiguous direct detection of QED vacuum birefringence: the authors explicitly state that the energy- and phase-integrated polarization is insufficient to establish that effect alone. Their surface, atmosphere and magnetospheric scenarios are model-dependent and not unique; geometric angles are poorly constrained. The 4–5 keV polarization lies below instrumental sensitivity, so the angle there is poorly determined. Alternative processing analyzes the same IXPE observation and is not independent replication. The supplement describes normally distributed Stokes parameters as correlated in one sentence and uncorrelated in another; this literal inconsistency needs source-version and calculation reconciliation rather than silent correction. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"taverna-ixpe-magnetar-energy-dependent-polarization-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cb14feba-6fc1-4ec7-a54b-b62207080871","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf461cd0abef3725e0575d563a70b39c1c9cd042981c0bf6e09cf62966419284"},"humans":["Roberto Taverna","Roberto Turolla","Fabio Muleri"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"taverna-magnetar-ixpe-xray-polarimetry-2022-v1","title":"Polarized x-rays from a magnetar","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.08898v1","date":"2022-05-18"}],"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"taverna-ixpe-magnetar-energy-dependent-polarization-2022","entry_id":"taverna-ixpe-magnetar-energy-dependent-polarization-2022","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cb14feba-6fc1-4ec7-a54b-b62207080871","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf461cd0abef3725e0575d563a70b39c1c9cd042981c0bf6e09cf62966419284"},"what_changed":"Taverna and colleagues used IXPE to measure phase-averaged X-ray polarization from magnetar 4U 0142+61. They found about 12 ± 1% across 2–8 keV, with different polarization behavior at lower and higher energies and an approximately 90-degree angle change across the intervening band.","scope":"Taverna and colleagues used IXPE to measure phase-averaged X-ray polarization from magnetar 4U 0142+61. They found about 12 ± 1% across 2–8 keV, with different polarization behavior at lower and higher energies and an approximately 90-degree angle change across the intervening band. The observed polarization is not an unambiguous direct detection of QED vacuum birefringence: the authors explicitly state that the energy- and phase-integrated polarization is insufficient to establish that effect alone. Their surface, atmosphere and magnetospheric scenarios are model-dependent and not unique; geometric angles are poorly constrained. The 4–5 keV polarization lies below instrumental sensitivity, so the angle there is poorly determined. Alternative processing analyzes the same IXPE observation and is not independent replication. The supplement describes normally distributed Stokes parameters as correlated in one sentence and uncorrelated in another; this literal inconsistency needs source-version and calculation reconciliation rather than silent correction. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cb14feba-6fc1-4ec7-a54b-b62207080871","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:cf461cd0abef3725e0575d563a70b39c1c9cd042981c0bf6e09cf62966419284"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"williams-newhall-dickey-lunar-ranging-relativity-1996","title":"Lunar laser ranging tests equivalence and relativistic orbital effects","summary":"Lunar laser-ranging analyses by Williams, Newhall and Dickey in 1996 and by Williams, Turyshev and Boggs in 2004 constrained differential Earth–Moon acceleration toward the Sun, geodetic precession and other relativistic parameters. The later work used a longer data span and updated model and reported results consistent with the stated relativistic framework within estimated uncertainties.","boundary":"The two analyses share much of the ranging data and JPL modeling and are not independent experiments. Bounds rely on orbital, tidal, lunar-structure, calibration and parameter-correlation assumptions; separating the strong-equivalence component uses a laboratory composition test, and the 2004 parameter β also uses the Cassini value of γ. The 1996 authors warn that numerical sensitivity to individual post-Newtonian parameters was not fully understood; the 2004 geodetic fit is strongly correlated with lunar-structure parameters. Neither paper invents lunar ranging or Nordtvedt theory. The later first author is recorded in source notes with full name while the earlier source uses initials; full cross-version identity reconciliation is open.","area":"Gravitational Physics","topic":"Physics","year":1996,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"williams-newhall-dickey-lunar-ranging-relativity-1996","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93a6742e-53eb-4937-afb7-a57374798a48","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:88dba42028e91bc669f3c85e95d980c6fb18d69d4a09d389a1d12e56d80e2d0c"},"humans":["J. G. Williams","X. X. Newhall","J. O. Dickey","Slava G. Turyshev","Dale H. Boggs"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"williams-newhall-dickey-lunar-ranging-relativity-1996","title":"Relativity parameters determined from lunar laser ranging","url":"https://tmurphy.physics.ucsd.edu/apollo/doc/JGW96.pdf","date":"1996-06-15"},{"id":"williams-turyshev-boggs-lunar-relativity-2004-v1","title":"Progress in Lunar Laser Ranging Tests of Relativistic Gravity","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0411113v1","date":"2004-11-24"}],"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"williams-newhall-dickey-lunar-ranging-relativity-1996","entry_id":"williams-newhall-dickey-lunar-ranging-relativity-1996","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93a6742e-53eb-4937-afb7-a57374798a48","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:88dba42028e91bc669f3c85e95d980c6fb18d69d4a09d389a1d12e56d80e2d0c"},"what_changed":"Lunar laser-ranging analyses by Williams, Newhall and Dickey in 1996 and by Williams, Turyshev and Boggs in 2004 constrained differential Earth–Moon acceleration toward the Sun, geodetic precession and other relativistic parameters. The later work used a longer data span and updated model and reported results consistent with the stated relativistic framework within estimated uncertainties.","scope":"Lunar laser-ranging analyses by Williams, Newhall and Dickey in 1996 and by Williams, Turyshev and Boggs in 2004 constrained differential Earth–Moon acceleration toward the Sun, geodetic precession and other relativistic parameters. The later work used a longer data span and updated model and reported results consistent with the stated relativistic framework within estimated uncertainties. The two analyses share much of the ranging data and JPL modeling and are not independent experiments. Bounds rely on orbital, tidal, lunar-structure, calibration and parameter-correlation assumptions; separating the strong-equivalence component uses a laboratory composition test, and the 2004 parameter β also uses the Cassini value of γ. The 1996 authors warn that numerical sensitivity to individual post-Newtonian parameters was not fully understood; the 2004 geodetic fit is strongly correlated with lunar-structure parameters. Neither paper invents lunar ranging or Nordtvedt theory. The later first author is recorded in source notes with full name while the earlier source uses initials; full cross-version identity reconciliation is open.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:93a6742e-53eb-4937-afb7-a57374798a48","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:88dba42028e91bc669f3c85e95d980c6fb18d69d4a09d389a1d12e56d80e2d0c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"weisskopf-crab-nebula-xray-polarization-1978","title":"OSO-8 measurements of Crab X-ray polarization","summary":"The OSO-8 team reported X-ray polarization of the Crab in two bands from 1976 quick-look satellite data. A later phase-selected analysis by a partly different author team combined 1976 and 1977 observations and measured approximately 19% polarization at 2.6 and 5.2 keV, supporting a synchrotron interpretation.","boundary":"The 1976 quick-look result includes the nebula and pulsar, whereas the 1978 selection attributes an off-pulse interval to the nebula based on an earlier occultation limit; this is not an unconditional proof of zero pulsar contamination. The 1978 analysis reuses 1976 observations and is not an independent replication. Results depend on modulation calibration and background subtraction, with substantial relative background at 5.2 keV; the early paper notes a systematic difference between its two detectors below two standard deviations. An earlier 1972 rocket detection predates the OSO-8 reports and is a separate contribution.","area":"Astrophysics","topic":"Physics","year":1976,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"weisskopf-crab-nebula-xray-polarization-1978","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8c001468-47c3-4adb-a3cf-da27aaa9d6d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4d0f31a92461e8006504388b4284646d59864ef846f1545c685c0dc3a26472b7"},"humans":["M. C. Weisskopf","E. H. Silver","H. L. Kestenbaum","K. S. Long","R. Novick","G. G. Cohen","R. S. Wolff"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"weisskopf-crab-nebula-polarization-1978","title":"A precision measurement of the X-ray polarization of the Crab Nebula without pulsar contamination","url":"https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1978ApJ...220L.117W","date":"1978-03-15"},{"id":"weisskopf-oso8-crab-polarization-1976","title":"Measurement of the X-ray polarization of the Crab Nebula","url":"https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1976ApJ...208L.125W","date":"1976-09-15"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"weisskopf-crab-nebula-xray-polarization-1978","entry_id":"weisskopf-crab-nebula-xray-polarization-1978","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8c001468-47c3-4adb-a3cf-da27aaa9d6d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4d0f31a92461e8006504388b4284646d59864ef846f1545c685c0dc3a26472b7"},"what_changed":"The OSO-8 team reported X-ray polarization of the Crab in two bands from 1976 quick-look satellite data. A later phase-selected analysis by a partly different author team combined 1976 and 1977 observations and measured approximately 19% polarization at 2.6 and 5.2 keV, supporting a synchrotron interpretation.","scope":"The OSO-8 team reported X-ray polarization of the Crab in two bands from 1976 quick-look satellite data. A later phase-selected analysis by a partly different author team combined 1976 and 1977 observations and measured approximately 19% polarization at 2.6 and 5.2 keV, supporting a synchrotron interpretation. The 1976 quick-look result includes the nebula and pulsar, whereas the 1978 selection attributes an off-pulse interval to the nebula based on an earlier occultation limit; this is not an unconditional proof of zero pulsar contamination. The 1978 analysis reuses 1976 observations and is not an independent replication. Results depend on modulation calibration and background subtraction, with substantial relative background at 5.2 keV; the early paper notes a systematic difference between its two detectors below two standard deviations. An earlier 1972 rocket detection predates the OSO-8 reports and is a separate contribution.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:8c001468-47c3-4adb-a3cf-da27aaa9d6d1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4d0f31a92461e8006504388b4284646d59864ef846f1545c685c0dc3a26472b7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fried-hydrogen-bose-einstein-condensation-1998","title":"Spectroscopy reveals Bose-Einstein condensation in trapped atomic hydrogen","summary":"Fried and colleagues reported Bose–Einstein condensation in magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen. Two-photon spectroscopy showed a shifted, high-density component as the gas cooled; the team used the spectral shift and a trap model to estimate condensate density and population.","boundary":"The experiment followed the earlier alkali-gas condensates. Density estimates extrapolated a separately measured collision shift to a denser regime, and the population estimate used a trap model. Thermal equilibrium and the origin of a normal-gas spectral asymmetry were not fully resolved. The companion shift measurement is supporting work with its own author ordering.","area":"Atomic and quantum physics","topic":"Physics","year":1998,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"fried-hydrogen-bose-einstein-condensation-1998","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd5e815d-4ea1-4dc9-a707-6a54c643f58f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71ddc0a3fbf74ebf42633587d9b81b4a1c2317f429c8cf28852029a7759ad4fd"},"humans":["Dale G. Fried","Thomas C. Killian","Lorenz Willmann","David Landhuis","Stephen C. Moss","Daniel Kleppner","Thomas J. Greytak"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"fried-hydrogen-condensation-1998-arxiv-v1","title":"Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/9809017v1","date":"1998-09-11"},{"id":"killian-hydrogen-cold-collision-shift-1998-v2","title":"Cold Collision Frequency Shift of the 1S-2S Transition in Hydrogen","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/9809016v2","date":"1998-10-05"},{"id":"fried-prl-publisher-1998","title":"Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen","url":"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3811","date":"1998-11-02"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["US"],"location_basis":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/9809017v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd5e815d-4ea1-4dc9-a707-6a54c643f58f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71ddc0a3fbf74ebf42633587d9b81b4a1c2317f429c8cf28852029a7759ad4fd"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/9809017v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"US":"United States"}},"points":"90000","published_grade":{"id":"fried-hydrogen-bose-einstein-condensation-1998","entry_id":"fried-hydrogen-bose-einstein-condensation-1998","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd5e815d-4ea1-4dc9-a707-6a54c643f58f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71ddc0a3fbf74ebf42633587d9b81b4a1c2317f429c8cf28852029a7759ad4fd"},"what_changed":"Fried and colleagues reported Bose–Einstein condensation in magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen. Two-photon spectroscopy showed a shifted, high-density component as the gas cooled; the team used the spectral shift and a trap model to estimate condensate density and population.","scope":"Fried and colleagues reported Bose–Einstein condensation in magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen. Two-photon spectroscopy showed a shifted, high-density component as the gas cooled; the team used the spectral shift and a trap model to estimate condensate density and population. The experiment followed the earlier alkali-gas condensates. Density estimates extrapolated a separately measured collision shift to a denser regime, and the population estimate used a trap model. Thermal equilibrium and the origin of a normal-gas spectral asymmetry were not fully resolved. The companion shift measurement is supporting work with its own author ordering.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:cd5e815d-4ea1-4dc9-a707-6a54c643f58f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:71ddc0a3fbf74ebf42633587d9b81b4a1c2317f429c8cf28852029a7759ad4fd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"pereira-dos-santos-metastable-helium-condensate-2001","title":"A metastable-helium gas forms a Bose-Einstein condensate","summary":"Pereira Dos Santos and colleagues observed a condensate of metastable helium-4 atoms in a magnetic trap using absorption imaging after release. Its bimodal distribution and changing expansion anisotropy supported condensation. They estimated the scattering length and reported roughly two-second condensate decay.","boundary":"This was a dilute excited-state gas, distinct from liquid superfluid helium and earlier alkali and hydrogen gas condensates. Atom-number calibration and inferred scattering length have large uncertainties; the authors could not distinguish two-body from three-body losses and gave upper bounds under separate assumptions. The manuscript credits an independent Orsay observation made with a different detection method. The arXiv v1 quoted collision rate differs from the later journal abstract; no version equivalence is assumed.","area":"Atomic and quantum physics","topic":"Physics","year":2001,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"pereira-dos-santos-metastable-helium-condensate-2001","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9aa708c2-fa9a-4066-a687-7fb4b4e69adc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e0b80fc524f7439fec2b8257c9fb1fe81e19cf20295f6d33dbd8758661511a6"},"humans":["F. Pereira Dos Santos","J. Léonard","Junmin Wang","C. J. Barrelet","F. Perales","E. Rasel","C. S. Unnikrishnan","M. Leduc","C. Cohen-Tannoudji"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"pereira-dos-santos-metastable-helium-bec-2001-v1","title":"Bose-Einstein Condensation of Metastable Helium","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0103387v1","date":"2001-03-19"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"pereira-dos-santos-metastable-helium-condensate-2001","entry_id":"pereira-dos-santos-metastable-helium-condensate-2001","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9aa708c2-fa9a-4066-a687-7fb4b4e69adc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e0b80fc524f7439fec2b8257c9fb1fe81e19cf20295f6d33dbd8758661511a6"},"what_changed":"Pereira Dos Santos and colleagues observed a condensate of metastable helium-4 atoms in a magnetic trap using absorption imaging after release. Its bimodal distribution and changing expansion anisotropy supported condensation. They estimated the scattering length and reported roughly two-second condensate decay.","scope":"Pereira Dos Santos and colleagues observed a condensate of metastable helium-4 atoms in a magnetic trap using absorption imaging after release. Its bimodal distribution and changing expansion anisotropy supported condensation. They estimated the scattering length and reported roughly two-second condensate decay. This was a dilute excited-state gas, distinct from liquid superfluid helium and earlier alkali and hydrogen gas condensates. Atom-number calibration and inferred scattering length have large uncertainties; the authors could not distinguish two-body from three-body losses and gave upper bounds under separate assumptions. The manuscript credits an independent Orsay observation made with a different detection method. The arXiv v1 quoted collision rate differs from the later journal abstract; no version equivalence is assumed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:9aa708c2-fa9a-4066-a687-7fb4b4e69adc","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1e0b80fc524f7439fec2b8257c9fb1fe81e19cf20295f6d33dbd8758661511a6"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"taylor-feeble-light-needle-diffraction-1909","title":"Diffraction fringes persist under greatly attenuated light","summary":"G. I. Taylor photographed diffraction around a needle using increasingly attenuated light. He reported no reduction in the sharpness of the pattern, including for a photograph exposed for about 2,000 hours.","boundary":"The experiment used a gas-flame source, screens and photographic plates. It did not use a heralded single-photon source or record individual photon arrivals. Exposure calibration was checked under brighter conditions, and the plates did not reach exactly the same darkness. J. J. Thomson communicated the paper but was not its printed coauthor.","area":"Optical physics","topic":"Physics","year":1909,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"taylor-feeble-light-needle-diffraction-1909","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:84c5f8e1-6787-48ec-a58b-002a4ca4c467","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9ed91d409e7d0dabe01d61dfea76e5329513a512b54fce83817ac142cc11372"},"humans":["G. I. Taylor"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":0,"source_name":"G. I. Taylor","person_id":"wrs-person-635b7f5c05b5ada046884489","display_name":"Geoffrey Ingram Taylor","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Trinity College archive: the 1909 and 1935 papers of G. I. Taylor","url":"https://archives.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php/catalogue-of-the-papers-and-correspondence-of-sir-geoffrey-ingram-taylor-om-frs-1886-1975"},{"title":"Interference fringes with feeble light","url":"https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gold/pdfs/teaching/old_literature/Taylor1909.pdf"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"taylor-feeble-light-interference-1909-original","title":"Interference fringes with feeble light","url":"https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gold/pdfs/teaching/old_literature/Taylor1909.pdf","date":"1909"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["GB"],"location_basis":"Trinity College, Cambridge, United Kingdom. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gold/pdfs/teaching/old_literature/Taylor1909.pdf","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:84c5f8e1-6787-48ec-a58b-002a4ca4c467","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9ed91d409e7d0dabe01d61dfea76e5329513a512b54fce83817ac142cc11372"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Interference fringes with feeble light","url":"https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gold/pdfs/teaching/old_literature/Taylor1909.pdf"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"GB":"United Kingdom"}},"points":"100000","published_grade":{"id":"taylor-feeble-light-needle-diffraction-1909","entry_id":"taylor-feeble-light-needle-diffraction-1909","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:84c5f8e1-6787-48ec-a58b-002a4ca4c467","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9ed91d409e7d0dabe01d61dfea76e5329513a512b54fce83817ac142cc11372"},"what_changed":"G. I. Taylor photographed diffraction around a needle using increasingly attenuated light. He reported no reduction in the sharpness of the pattern, including for a photograph exposed for about 2,000 hours.","scope":"G. I. Taylor photographed diffraction around a needle using increasingly attenuated light. He reported no reduction in the sharpness of the pattern, including for a photograph exposed for about 2,000 hours. The experiment used a gas-flame source, screens and photographic plates. It did not use a heralded single-photon source or record individual photon arrivals. Exposure calibration was checked under brighter conditions, and the plates did not reach exactly the same darkness. J. J. Thomson communicated the paper but was not its printed coauthor.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:84c5f8e1-6787-48ec-a58b-002a4ca4c467","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:d9ed91d409e7d0dabe01d61dfea76e5329513a512b54fce83817ac142cc11372"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"higbie-spin1-bose-gas-nondestructive-magnetization-imaging-2005","title":"Nondestructive imaging resolves spin dynamics in an ultracold Bose gas","summary":"Higbie and colleagues used polarization-sensitive phase-contrast imaging to repeatedly measure a component of the magnetization of trapped spin-1 rubidium-87 gas. They observed spatially resolved Larmor precession and compared the coherence of a condensate with that of a thermal cloud.","boundary":"The inferred local magnetization depends on column density and the optical response model. Forty consecutive images were sampled at 20 kHz, with the Larmor oscillation measured through aliasing. Probe light produced a state-dependent AC Stark shift, although the authors observed no spin flips or atom loss from the pulses. One condensate data set showed decay close to the measured atom lifetime; other runs showed unexplained shorter coherence, so this is not a universal lifetime guarantee. The 2021 generated date inside the 2005 arXiv v1 PDF is distinct from its 2005 submission date.","area":"Atomic and quantum physics","topic":"Physics","year":2005,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"higbie-spin1-bose-gas-nondestructive-magnetization-imaging-2005","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6fbc7d5a-5898-42fc-a23d-d7bc27502215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b506ffe3e1fc0bb464fbde72046cc3ea35dc6fbc9d2fc83ed609a42b3c3d046c"},"humans":["J. M. Higbie","L. E. Sadler","S. Inouye","A. P. Chikkatur","S. R. Leslie","K. L. Moore","V. Savalli","D. M. Stamper-Kurn"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"higbie-spin1-rubidium-magnetization-phase-contrast-2005-v1","title":"Direct, Non-Destructive Imaging of Magnetization in a Spin-1 Bose Gas","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0502517v1","date":"2005-02-21"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"higbie-spin1-bose-gas-nondestructive-magnetization-imaging-2005","entry_id":"higbie-spin1-bose-gas-nondestructive-magnetization-imaging-2005","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6fbc7d5a-5898-42fc-a23d-d7bc27502215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b506ffe3e1fc0bb464fbde72046cc3ea35dc6fbc9d2fc83ed609a42b3c3d046c"},"what_changed":"Higbie and colleagues used polarization-sensitive phase-contrast imaging to repeatedly measure a component of the magnetization of trapped spin-1 rubidium-87 gas. They observed spatially resolved Larmor precession and compared the coherence of a condensate with that of a thermal cloud.","scope":"Higbie and colleagues used polarization-sensitive phase-contrast imaging to repeatedly measure a component of the magnetization of trapped spin-1 rubidium-87 gas. They observed spatially resolved Larmor precession and compared the coherence of a condensate with that of a thermal cloud. The inferred local magnetization depends on column density and the optical response model. Forty consecutive images were sampled at 20 kHz, with the Larmor oscillation measured through aliasing. Probe light produced a state-dependent AC Stark shift, although the authors observed no spin flips or atom loss from the pulses. One condensate data set showed decay close to the measured atom lifetime; other runs showed unexplained shorter coherence, so this is not a universal lifetime guarantee. The 2021 generated date inside the 2005 arXiv v1 PDF is distinct from its 2005 submission date.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6fbc7d5a-5898-42fc-a23d-d7bc27502215","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:b506ffe3e1fc0bb464fbde72046cc3ea35dc6fbc9d2fc83ed609a42b3c3d046c"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lamporesi-team-atomic-gradiometer-newton-constant-2008","title":"A cold-atom gravity gradiometer measures the Newtonian gravitational constant","summary":"Lamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million.","boundary":"The result uses modeled mass distribution and atomic trajectories, ellipse fits, measured positions and velocities, and estimated systematics. The paper reports statistical uncertainty ±0.011 and systematic uncertainty ±0.003 in units of 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²; lower than 100 parts per million accuracy was a future prospect, not achieved here. The instrument uses two source-mass configurations and common-mode rejection, and reports two runs in February and May 2007. The authors cite earlier atom-interferometric gravity measurements and prior source-mass demonstrations, including Fixler and colleagues; no claim of first atom-based G measurement is made. Exact publication comparison and raw-data replay were not performed. The 2014 result uses a separate July 2013 data run with the same source-mass platform lineage and a source-specific five-author byline; it is not an independent replication of the apparatus. Its value depends on Monte Carlo trajectory and mass models, ellipse fits and measured systematic corrections; the 150 ppm uncertainty is reported, not independently reproduced. Its printed uncertainty table gives 148 ppm before rounding. The 2008 below-100-ppm and 2014 below-10-ppm statements are prospects, not demonstrated results.","area":"Atomic interferometry and gravitation","topic":"Physics","year":2008,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lamporesi-team-atomic-gradiometer-newton-constant-2008","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f78908c1-ed88-4d75-a43c-1363ce2234be","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf4ab951740f99470cf9622aba6e42fff86ab85e7643413c29aeb1a0f1da7560"},"humans":["G. Lamporesi","A. Bertoldi","L. Cacciapuoti","M. Prevedelli","G. M. Tino","G. Rosi","F. Sorrentino"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lamporesi-team-atom-interferometry-gravitational-constant-2008-v1","title":"Determination of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Atom Interferometry","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0801.1580v1","date":"2008-01-10"},{"id":"rosi-team-precision-newton-constant-cold-atoms-2014-v1","title":"Precision Measurement of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Cold Atoms","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.7954v1","date":"2014-12-26"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"lamporesi-team-atomic-gradiometer-newton-constant-2008","entry_id":"lamporesi-team-atomic-gradiometer-newton-constant-2008","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f78908c1-ed88-4d75-a43c-1363ce2234be","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf4ab951740f99470cf9622aba6e42fff86ab85e7643413c29aeb1a0f1da7560"},"what_changed":"Lamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million.","scope":"Lamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million. The result uses modeled mass distribution and atomic trajectories, ellipse fits, measured positions and velocities, and estimated systematics. The paper reports statistical uncertainty ±0.011 and systematic uncertainty ±0.003 in units of 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²; lower than 100 parts per million accuracy was a future prospect, not achieved here. The instrument uses two source-mass configurations and common-mode rejection, and reports two runs in February and May 2007. The authors cite earlier atom-interferometric gravity measurements and prior source-mass demonstrations, including Fixler and colleagues; no claim of first atom-based G measurement is made. Exact publication comparison and raw-data replay were not performed. The 2014 result uses a separate July 2013 data run with the same source-mass platform lineage and a source-specific five-author byline; it is not an independent replication of the apparatus. Its value depends on Monte Carlo trajectory and mass models, ellipse fits and measured systematic corrections; the 150 ppm uncertainty is reported, not independently reproduced. Its printed uncertainty table gives 148 ppm before rounding. The 2008 below-100-ppm and 2014 below-10-ppm statements are prospects, not demonstrated results.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:f78908c1-ed88-4d75-a43c-1363ce2234be","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:bf4ab951740f99470cf9622aba6e42fff86ab85e7643413c29aeb1a0f1da7560"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mcguirk-foster-atom-gravity-gradiometer-2001","title":"An atom gravity gradiometer rejects common vibration and measures tidal signals","summary":"McGuirk and colleagues operated two light-pulse atom accelerometers as a gravity gradiometer. They characterized common-mode vibration rejection and measured a tidal acceleration signal, and presented interference fringes and tests of sensitivity to platform motion. A source archive supplies the eleven original figures missing from the generated preprint PDF.","boundary":"The actual apparatus separation was approximately 1.4 m. The abstract’s sensitivity and accuracy expressed for a 10 m baseline are scaled or inferred, not demonstrated with a 10 m instrument. Accuracy is inferred from tidal-model comparisons over limited runs and is not independently validated here. An earlier 1998 atom-gradiometer demonstration is a separate contribution. Separate experimental data and simulation replay, individual full-name identity mapping, and final published-version comparison remain open.","area":"Atomic interferometry and gravitation","topic":"Physics","year":2001,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"mcguirk-foster-atom-gravity-gradiometer-2001","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:95660fce-95a3-4580-aa67-1f9a2d676bba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43091f2ac3173bb4f7d61d53b9b6f3f0d118e6c2c863b603be3edfe2d7effba0"},"humans":["J. M. McGuirk","G. T. Foster","J. B. Fixler","M. J. Snadden","M. A. Kasevich"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. 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They characterized common-mode vibration rejection and measured a tidal acceleration signal, and presented interference fringes and tests of sensitivity to platform motion. A source archive supplies the eleven original figures missing from the generated preprint PDF.","scope":"McGuirk and colleagues operated two light-pulse atom accelerometers as a gravity gradiometer. They characterized common-mode vibration rejection and measured a tidal acceleration signal, and presented interference fringes and tests of sensitivity to platform motion. A source archive supplies the eleven original figures missing from the generated preprint PDF. The actual apparatus separation was approximately 1.4 m. The abstract’s sensitivity and accuracy expressed for a 10 m baseline are scaled or inferred, not demonstrated with a 10 m instrument. Accuracy is inferred from tidal-model comparisons over limited runs and is not independently validated here. An earlier 1998 atom-gradiometer demonstration is a separate contribution. Separate experimental data and simulation replay, individual full-name identity mapping, and final published-version comparison remain open.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:95660fce-95a3-4580-aa67-1f9a2d676bba","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:43091f2ac3173bb4f7d61d53b9b6f3f0d118e6c2c863b603be3edfe2d7effba0"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"mair-vaziri-photon-orbital-angular-momentum-entanglement-2001","title":"Coincidence measurements reveal entanglement in photon orbital-angular-momentum modes","summary":"Mair, Vaziri, Weihs and Zeilinger measured coincidences between pairs of photons whose spatial modes carry orbital angular momentum. Measurements in selected modes and superpositions supported entanglement in this spatial degree of freedom, extending the set of optical states available for quantum-information experiments.","boundary":"The measurements cover a finite number of selected analyzer settings; orbital-angular-momentum correlations alone do not establish entanglement. Analyzer assumptions matter, and the work did not experimentally demonstrate an infinite-dimensional entangled state. The later author revision is another version of the same study.","area":"Quantum optics","topic":"Physics","year":2001,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"mair-vaziri-photon-orbital-angular-momentum-entanglement-2001","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b27e12c5-2fbd-455d-aa20-934dff1d9c14","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f6507e32843d4e0162ed07342452ca4de4165d88e0b8cf9f5e945b337cb5d1d1"},"humans":["Alois Mair","Alipasha Vaziri","Gregor Weihs","Anton Zeilinger"],"human_identities":[{"author_position":3,"source_name":"Anton Zeilinger","person_id":"wrs-person-d99e4cef21edbfe6653b30fa","display_name":"Anton Zeilinger","status":"SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY","sources":[{"title":"Anton Zeilinger publication list: the 1990 and 2001 papers","url":"https://www.iqoqi-vienna.at/fileadmin/Institute/IQOQI-Vienna/IMG/team/zeilinger-group/Publications_Anton_Zeilinger.pdf"},{"title":"Multi dimensional Photon Entanglement of Quantum States with Phase Singularities","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0104070v1"}]}],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"mair-vaziri-photon-orbital-entanglement-2001-v1","title":"Multi dimensional Photon Entanglement of Quantum States with Phase Singularities","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0104070v1","date":"2001-04-13"},{"id":"mair-vaziri-photon-orbital-entanglement-2001-v1-figure-archive","title":"Mair et al. author-preprint v1 source archive and figures","url":"https://arxiv.org/src/quant-ph/0104070v1","date":"2001-04-13"},{"id":"mair-vaziri-photon-orbital-entanglement-2002-v3","title":"Entanglement of Orbital Angular Momentum States of Photons (author preprint v3)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0104070v3","date":"2002-02-21"},{"id":"mair-nature-publisher-2001","title":"Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/35085529","date":"2001-07-19"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["AT"],"location_basis":"University of Vienna, Austria; the separately marked later present address is not counted as the research affiliation. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0104070v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b27e12c5-2fbd-455d-aa20-934dff1d9c14","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f6507e32843d4e0162ed07342452ca4de4165d88e0b8cf9f5e945b337cb5d1d1"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Multi dimensional Photon Entanglement of Quantum States with Phase Singularities","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0104070v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"AT":"Austria"}},"points":"145000","published_grade":{"id":"mair-vaziri-photon-orbital-angular-momentum-entanglement-2001","entry_id":"mair-vaziri-photon-orbital-angular-momentum-entanglement-2001","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b27e12c5-2fbd-455d-aa20-934dff1d9c14","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f6507e32843d4e0162ed07342452ca4de4165d88e0b8cf9f5e945b337cb5d1d1"},"what_changed":"Mair, Vaziri, Weihs and Zeilinger measured coincidences between pairs of photons whose spatial modes carry orbital angular momentum. Measurements in selected modes and superpositions supported entanglement in this spatial degree of freedom, extending the set of optical states available for quantum-information experiments.","scope":"Mair, Vaziri, Weihs and Zeilinger measured coincidences between pairs of photons whose spatial modes carry orbital angular momentum. Measurements in selected modes and superpositions supported entanglement in this spatial degree of freedom, extending the set of optical states available for quantum-information experiments. The measurements cover a finite number of selected analyzer settings; orbital-angular-momentum correlations alone do not establish entanglement. Analyzer assumptions matter, and the work did not experimentally demonstrate an infinite-dimensional entangled state. The later author revision is another version of the same study.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:b27e12c5-2fbd-455d-aa20-934dff1d9c14","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:f6507e32843d4e0162ed07342452ca4de4165d88e0b8cf9f5e945b337cb5d1d1"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"haller-team-super-tonks-girardeau-cesium-gas-2009","title":"A tunable one-dimensional cesium gas enters an excited attractive regime","summary":"Haller and colleagues used confined cesium atoms to move a one-dimensional gas from strong repulsion into an attractive regime. Collective oscillations and loss measurements supported a metastable, highly excited gas state rather than immediate collapse into the clustered ground state.","boundary":"The interpretation depends on the one-dimensional trapping and interaction model. Loss and heating depend on experimental conditions, and the measured collective-mode maximum was not perfectly reproduced by the compared theory. The 2009 journal result and the later 2010 author preprint are the same experiment.","area":"Ultracold atomic gases","topic":"Physics","year":2009,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"haller-team-super-tonks-girardeau-cesium-gas-2009","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:837cc504-40f1-4cf8-a5d8-4df0acd571ae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:15f53c517c54e7d62de0a31d947db72d8e30247f356f78648c05db18e01f59bf"},"humans":["Elmar Haller","Mattias Gustavsson","Manfred J. Mark","Johann G. Danzl","Russell Hart","Guido Pupillo","Hanns-Christoph Nägerl"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"haller-team-super-tonks-gas-2010-v1","title":"Realization of an Excited, Strongly-Correlated Quantum Gas Phase","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1006.0739v1","date":"2010-06-03"},{"id":"haller-science-publisher-2009","title":"Realization of an Excited, Strongly Correlated Quantum Gas Phase","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175850","date":"2009-09-04"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["AT"],"location_basis":"University of Innsbruck and Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1006.0739v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:837cc504-40f1-4cf8-a5d8-4df0acd571ae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:15f53c517c54e7d62de0a31d947db72d8e30247f356f78648c05db18e01f59bf"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Realization of an Excited, Strongly-Correlated Quantum Gas Phase","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1006.0739v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"AT":"Austria"}},"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"haller-team-super-tonks-girardeau-cesium-gas-2009","entry_id":"haller-team-super-tonks-girardeau-cesium-gas-2009","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:837cc504-40f1-4cf8-a5d8-4df0acd571ae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:15f53c517c54e7d62de0a31d947db72d8e30247f356f78648c05db18e01f59bf"},"what_changed":"Haller and colleagues used confined cesium atoms to move a one-dimensional gas from strong repulsion into an attractive regime. Collective oscillations and loss measurements supported a metastable, highly excited gas state rather than immediate collapse into the clustered ground state.","scope":"Haller and colleagues used confined cesium atoms to move a one-dimensional gas from strong repulsion into an attractive regime. Collective oscillations and loss measurements supported a metastable, highly excited gas state rather than immediate collapse into the clustered ground state. The interpretation depends on the one-dimensional trapping and interaction model. Loss and heating depend on experimental conditions, and the measured collective-mode maximum was not perfectly reproduced by the compared theory. The 2009 journal result and the later 2010 author preprint are the same experiment.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:837cc504-40f1-4cf8-a5d8-4df0acd571ae","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:15f53c517c54e7d62de0a31d947db72d8e30247f356f78648c05db18e01f59bf"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"astrakharchik-team-super-tonks-attractive-gas-theory-2004","title":"A variational model predicts a strongly correlated excited attractive one-dimensional gas","summary":"Astrakharchik and colleagues modeled a strongly correlated, gas-like excited state of one-dimensional bosons with attractive interactions. A variational wavefunction and numerical estimates suggested a hard-rod-like equation of state at low density and predicted changes in collective behavior.","boundary":"The 2004 preprint describes a model and numerical prediction, not an experimental realization or a general proof of stability. Its results rely on a trial wavefunction, finite samples and approximations for trapped gases; the lower-energy clustered state remains distinct. The later experimental result has a different team.","area":"Many-body quantum gases","topic":"Physics","year":2004,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"astrakharchik-team-super-tonks-attractive-gas-theory-2004","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c031c4d3-34eb-4b5e-a6b2-697346d8ba57","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:39b885aa5f661568179565bb393964a1c0281559d612e0a061d80e16722aa92b"},"humans":["G. E. Astrakharchik","J. Boronat","J. Casulleras","S. Giorgini"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"astrakharchik-team-super-tonks-theory-2004-v1","title":"Beyond Tonks-Girardeau: strongly correlated regime in quasi-one-dimensional Bose gases","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0405225v1","date":"2004-05-11"},{"id":"astrakharchik-prl-publisher-2005","title":"Beyond the Tonks-Girardeau Gas: Strongly Correlated Regime in Quasi-One-Dimensional Bose Gases","url":"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.190407","date":"2005-11-04"}],"geography":{"country_codes":["IT","RU","ES"],"location_basis":"University of Trento, Italy; Institute of Spectroscopy, Russia; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain. These locations are paper affiliations, not author nationalities or ownership.","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0405225v1","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c031c4d3-34eb-4b5e-a6b2-697346d8ba57","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:39b885aa5f661568179565bb393964a1c0281559d612e0a061d80e16722aa92b"},"basis":"RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28","nationality_inferred":false,"sources":[{"title":"Beyond Tonks-Girardeau: strongly correlated regime in quasi-one-dimensional Bose gases","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0405225v1"}],"coverage_status":"COMPLETE","country_labels":{"IT":"Italy","RU":"Russia","ES":"Spain"}},"points":"75000","published_grade":{"id":"astrakharchik-team-super-tonks-attractive-gas-theory-2004","entry_id":"astrakharchik-team-super-tonks-attractive-gas-theory-2004","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c031c4d3-34eb-4b5e-a6b2-697346d8ba57","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:39b885aa5f661568179565bb393964a1c0281559d612e0a061d80e16722aa92b"},"what_changed":"Astrakharchik and colleagues modeled a strongly correlated, gas-like excited state of one-dimensional bosons with attractive interactions. A variational wavefunction and numerical estimates suggested a hard-rod-like equation of state at low density and predicted changes in collective behavior.","scope":"Astrakharchik and colleagues modeled a strongly correlated, gas-like excited state of one-dimensional bosons with attractive interactions. A variational wavefunction and numerical estimates suggested a hard-rod-like equation of state at low density and predicted changes in collective behavior. The 2004 preprint describes a model and numerical prediction, not an experimental realization or a general proof of stability. Its results rely on a trial wavefunction, finite samples and approximations for trapped gases; the lower-energy clustered state remains distinct. The later experimental result has a different team.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:c031c4d3-34eb-4b5e-a6b2-697346d8ba57","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:39b885aa5f661568179565bb393964a1c0281559d612e0a061d80e16722aa92b"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"anglada-escude-team-proxima-b-doppler-2016","title":"A coherent Doppler signal reveals a candidate planet around Proxima Centauri","summary":"Anglada-Escudé and colleagues combined new HARPS radial-velocity observations with earlier HARPS and UVES measurements and reported a coherent approximately 11.2-day Doppler signal around Proxima Centauri. They interpreted the combined signal as a planetary companion and tested stellar-activity indicators alongside the velocity data. In 2020 a separate ESPRESSO campaign recovered the 11.2-day signal in its own radial velocities and combined it with earlier datasets to refine the model parameters.","boundary":"The inferred minimum mass m sin i is about 1.27 Earth masses; the true mass depends on the unknown orbital inclination; the period is 11.186 days in the reported fit. This is a Doppler signal interpreted with a Keplerian model, not a direct measurement of radius or composition. Sparse earlier sampling, stellar-activity models and model-dependent significance matter; the additional longer-period signal remains of uncertain origin in this source. The paper reports no detected transit in the searched photometry. Its 2016 author preprint follows the journal publication; no raw-data replay or exhaustive later assessment is claimed. The 2020 ESPRESSO-only analysis used 63 retained measurements and reports a minimum mass of 1.29 ± 0.13 Earth masses. Its combined ESPRESSO, HARPS and UVES fit reports 1.173 ± 0.086; these are distinct analyses, and the combined fit reuses earlier observations. Its 5.15-day signal was a tentative candidate with uncertain physical origin, not a second confirmed planet in that source. The 2020 paper has a separate, partially listed collaboration. An independent observing campaign does not imply disjoint personnel or a separate reanalysis of earlier raw data.","area":"Observational astrophysics and exoplanets","topic":"Physics","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"anglada-escude-team-proxima-b-doppler-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e00497b-a5a5-46a8-a3ea-a85c9af57da6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fc044866d1fb952369f25e4c85ad9151458fffaac06db4708ad5734e69c5ecd"},"humans":["Guillem Anglada-Escudé","Pedro J. Amado","John Barnes","Zaira M. Berdiñas","R. Paul Butler","Gavin A. L. Coleman","Ignacio de la Cueva","Stefan Dreizler","Michael Endl","Benjamin Giesers","Sandra V. Jeffers","James S. Jenkins","Hugh R. A. Jones","Marcin Kiraga","Martin Kürster","María J. López-González","Christopher J. Marvin","Nicolás Morales","Julien Morin","Richard P. Nelson","José L. Ortiz","Aviv Ofir","Sijme-Jan Paardekooper","Ansgar Reiners","Eloy Rodríguez","Cristina Rodríguez-López","Luis F. Sarmiento","John P. Strachan","Yiannis Tsapras","Mikko Tuomi","Mathias Zechmeister"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"anglada-escude-team-proxima-b-2016-v1","title":"A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.03449v1","date":"2016-09-12"},{"id":"suarez-mascareno-team-proxima-espresso-2020-v2","title":"Revisiting Proxima with ESPRESSO","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.12114v2","date":"2020-05-26"}],"points":"165000","published_grade":{"id":"anglada-escude-team-proxima-b-doppler-2016","entry_id":"anglada-escude-team-proxima-b-doppler-2016","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e00497b-a5a5-46a8-a3ea-a85c9af57da6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fc044866d1fb952369f25e4c85ad9151458fffaac06db4708ad5734e69c5ecd"},"what_changed":"Anglada-Escudé and colleagues combined new HARPS radial-velocity observations with earlier HARPS and UVES measurements and reported a coherent approximately 11.2-day Doppler signal around Proxima Centauri. They interpreted the combined signal as a planetary companion and tested stellar-activity indicators alongside the velocity data. In 2020 a separate ESPRESSO campaign recovered the 11.2-day signal in its own radial velocities and combined it with earlier datasets to refine the model parameters.","scope":"Anglada-Escudé and colleagues combined new HARPS radial-velocity observations with earlier HARPS and UVES measurements and reported a coherent approximately 11.2-day Doppler signal around Proxima Centauri. They interpreted the combined signal as a planetary companion and tested stellar-activity indicators alongside the velocity data. In 2020 a separate ESPRESSO campaign recovered the 11.2-day signal in its own radial velocities and combined it with earlier datasets to refine the model parameters. The inferred minimum mass m sin i is about 1.27 Earth masses; the true mass depends on the unknown orbital inclination; the period is 11.186 days in the reported fit. This is a Doppler signal interpreted with a Keplerian model, not a direct measurement of radius or composition. Sparse earlier sampling, stellar-activity models and model-dependent significance matter; the additional longer-period signal remains of uncertain origin in this source. The paper reports no detected transit in the searched photometry. Its 2016 author preprint follows the journal publication; no raw-data replay or exhaustive later assessment is claimed. The 2020 ESPRESSO-only analysis used 63 retained measurements and reports a minimum mass of 1.29 ± 0.13 Earth masses. Its combined ESPRESSO, HARPS and UVES fit reports 1.173 ± 0.086; these are distinct analyses, and the combined fit reuses earlier observations. Its 5.15-day signal was a tentative candidate with uncertain physical origin, not a second confirmed planet in that source. The 2020 paper has a separate, partially listed collaboration. An independent observing campaign does not imply disjoint personnel or a separate reanalysis of earlier raw data.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:3e00497b-a5a5-46a8-a3ea-a85c9af57da6","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:4fc044866d1fb952369f25e4c85ad9151458fffaac06db4708ad5734e69c5ecd"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"suyu-team-b1608-time-delay-cosmography-2010","title":"A lens time-delay and stellar-dynamics analysis constrains the Hubble constant","summary":"Suyu and colleagues combined earlier measured time delays in the four-image lens B1608+656 with Hubble imaging, a new lens-galaxy velocity-dispersion measurement and an environment model. Their Bayesian analysis quantified how the density profile and matter along the line of sight affect a time-delay distance and cosmological inferences.","boundary":"For the specified fixed cosmology and their preferred imaging and external-convergence priors, the 2009 preprint reports H0 = 70.6 ± 3.1 km s−1 Mpc−1. This is not an assumption-free measurement: the central value and precision change under alternative external-convergence priors, and the result relies on lens and stellar-dynamics models, simulations and prior choices. The separate result H0 = 69.7 +4.9/−5.0 combines the lens with WMAP5 under flatness and a constant variable equation-of-state parameter. The original lens discovery, earlier time-delay measurements and 1964 time-delay concept are distinct earlier contributions; the study uses a single lens, not a sample of independently measured systems.","area":"Cosmology and gravitational lensing","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"suyu-team-b1608-time-delay-cosmography-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef33b1d9-c4b8-40e2-aafc-6933bd4f9c02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd0501983a9b370f63f8536f45216216885d3bbcd6f1e5b149524561caf793b7"},"humans":["S. H. Suyu","P. J. Marshall","M. W. Auger","S. Hilbert","R. D. Blandford","L. V. E. Koopmans","C. D. Fassnacht","T. Treu"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"suyu-b1608-time-delay-cosmography-2009-v1","title":"Dissecting the gravitational lens B1608+656. II. Precision measurements of the Hubble constant, spatial curvature, and the dark energy equation of state","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0910.2773v1","date":"2009-10-15"}],"points":"85000","published_grade":{"id":"suyu-team-b1608-time-delay-cosmography-2010","entry_id":"suyu-team-b1608-time-delay-cosmography-2010","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef33b1d9-c4b8-40e2-aafc-6933bd4f9c02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd0501983a9b370f63f8536f45216216885d3bbcd6f1e5b149524561caf793b7"},"what_changed":"Suyu and colleagues combined earlier measured time delays in the four-image lens B1608+656 with Hubble imaging, a new lens-galaxy velocity-dispersion measurement and an environment model. Their Bayesian analysis quantified how the density profile and matter along the line of sight affect a time-delay distance and cosmological inferences.","scope":"Suyu and colleagues combined earlier measured time delays in the four-image lens B1608+656 with Hubble imaging, a new lens-galaxy velocity-dispersion measurement and an environment model. Their Bayesian analysis quantified how the density profile and matter along the line of sight affect a time-delay distance and cosmological inferences. For the specified fixed cosmology and their preferred imaging and external-convergence priors, the 2009 preprint reports H0 = 70.6 ± 3.1 km s−1 Mpc−1. This is not an assumption-free measurement: the central value and precision change under alternative external-convergence priors, and the result relies on lens and stellar-dynamics models, simulations and prior choices. The separate result H0 = 69.7 +4.9/−5.0 combines the lens with WMAP5 under flatness and a constant variable equation-of-state parameter. The original lens discovery, earlier time-delay measurements and 1964 time-delay concept are distinct earlier contributions; the study uses a single lens, not a sample of independently measured systems.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ef33b1d9-c4b8-40e2-aafc-6933bd4f9c02","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd0501983a9b370f63f8536f45216216885d3bbcd6f1e5b149524561caf793b7"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"jwst-ers-wasp39b-carbon-dioxide-transit-spectroscopy-2022","title":"JWST transmission spectroscopy identifies carbon dioxide in WASP-39b","summary":"The JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team observed a transit of the hot gas giant WASP-39b and measured a strong approximately 4.3-micrometre absorption feature, attributed to carbon dioxide from its spectral shape. Four reductions of the same observing dataset yielded similar spectra. A separate G395H transit spectrum showed additional absorption near 4.1 micrometres, interpreted as sulfur dioxide by model comparison.","boundary":"The 26-sigma feature significance is the authors’ model comparison for this one dataset; the four reductions are not four independent transits. The study analyzes the unsaturated 3.0–5.5 micrometre region. Its approximately ten-times-solar metallicity fit is a model-grid result under one-dimensional radiative, convective and thermochemical equilibrium assumptions, not a fully quantified model-independent abundance. A smaller approximately 4.0-micrometre feature was tentative and unidentified in this v1. Previous water and alkali observations and broad-band hints of carbon dioxide remain distinct prior contributions. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete. The independent 30–31 July 2022 G395H observation is a single later transit, not the 10 July PRISM observation. Its eleven processing and fitting pipelines analyze the same data, not independent transits; a mid-transit mirror-tilt event required treatment. SO2 identification at 4.8 sigma is the authors’ Bayesian gas-removal model comparison; a Gaussian residual test gives 3.5 sigma and cannot identify the absorber by itself. A 4.56-micrometre feature at 3.3 sigma remained unexplained; CO was not robustly confirmed. Photochemical formation is an interpretation, not a directly measured mechanism. The original and later papers have separate, incompletely listed contributors.","area":"Exoplanetary astronomy and spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2022,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"jwst-ers-wasp39b-carbon-dioxide-transit-spectroscopy-2022","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:593a5089-d2aa-4519-a610-3fc1cab634a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da679537e568dbb6f4da0d5df893c709ae6dc22daaccd6c1cf29bf41c5c4fa18"},"humans":["Eva-Maria Ahrer","Lili Alderson","Natalie M. Batalha"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"jwst-ers-wasp39-carbon-dioxide-2022-v1","title":"Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11692v1","date":"2022-08-24"},{"id":"alderson-wakeford-wasp39-g395h-2022-v1","title":"Early Release Science of the Exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec G395H","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.10488v1","date":"2022-11-18"}],"points":"160000","published_grade":{"id":"jwst-ers-wasp39b-carbon-dioxide-transit-spectroscopy-2022","entry_id":"jwst-ers-wasp39b-carbon-dioxide-transit-spectroscopy-2022","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:593a5089-d2aa-4519-a610-3fc1cab634a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da679537e568dbb6f4da0d5df893c709ae6dc22daaccd6c1cf29bf41c5c4fa18"},"what_changed":"The JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team observed a transit of the hot gas giant WASP-39b and measured a strong approximately 4.3-micrometre absorption feature, attributed to carbon dioxide from its spectral shape. Four reductions of the same observing dataset yielded similar spectra. A separate G395H transit spectrum showed additional absorption near 4.1 micrometres, interpreted as sulfur dioxide by model comparison.","scope":"The JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team observed a transit of the hot gas giant WASP-39b and measured a strong approximately 4.3-micrometre absorption feature, attributed to carbon dioxide from its spectral shape. Four reductions of the same observing dataset yielded similar spectra. A separate G395H transit spectrum showed additional absorption near 4.1 micrometres, interpreted as sulfur dioxide by model comparison. The 26-sigma feature significance is the authors’ model comparison for this one dataset; the four reductions are not four independent transits. The study analyzes the unsaturated 3.0–5.5 micrometre region. Its approximately ten-times-solar metallicity fit is a model-grid result under one-dimensional radiative, convective and thermochemical equilibrium assumptions, not a fully quantified model-independent abundance. A smaller approximately 4.0-micrometre feature was tentative and unidentified in this v1. Previous water and alkali observations and broad-band hints of carbon dioxide remain distinct prior contributions. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete. The independent 30–31 July 2022 G395H observation is a single later transit, not the 10 July PRISM observation. Its eleven processing and fitting pipelines analyze the same data, not independent transits; a mid-transit mirror-tilt event required treatment. SO2 identification at 4.8 sigma is the authors’ Bayesian gas-removal model comparison; a Gaussian residual test gives 3.5 sigma and cannot identify the absorber by itself. A 4.56-micrometre feature at 3.3 sigma remained unexplained; CO was not robustly confirmed. Photochemical formation is an interpretation, not a directly measured mechanism. The original and later papers have separate, incompletely listed contributors.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:593a5089-d2aa-4519-a610-3fc1cab634a1","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:da679537e568dbb6f4da0d5df893c709ae6dc22daaccd6c1cf29bf41c5c4fa18"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"wu-fatemi-wte2-short-edge-quantum-spin-hall-2017","title":"Short-edge quantum spin Hall transport in monolayer WTe₂ up to 100 K","summary":"Wu, Fatemi and colleagues measured gated monolayer WTe₂ devices and found an edge-dominated resistance approaching h/(2e²) in short channels, consistent with approximately e²/h conductance per edge. They observed magnetic-field suppression and a Zeeman-like conductance gap and reported edge-dominated behavior up to about 100 K.","boundary":"The near-quantized value is inferred from a two-edge device and a resistance-step subtraction in the short-channel limit; longer channels show larger resistance. Three devices entered the short-length regime, and temperature dependence was shown prominently for one 100 nm channel. 100 K is an observed crossover in these samples, not a universal operating temperature; the field response and inferred Kramers point involve transport interpretation, not direct spin-resolved imaging. Earlier predictions and WTe₂ edge conduction experiments are distinct contributions. Original author v1 and supplementary pages were reviewed; formal published version and independent raw-data replay were not.","area":"Condensed matter and topological transport","topic":"Physics","year":2017,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"wu-fatemi-wte2-short-edge-quantum-spin-hall-2017","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:766904cb-e1cf-4da0-a8a8-f5af0d615c7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ae797bd923731883353d9fd258fc2ef5f1c376dc22657f410efb7011dd68d53"},"humans":["Sanfeng Wu","Valla Fatemi","Quinn D. Gibson","Kenji Watanabe","Takashi Taniguchi","Robert J. Cava","Pablo Jarillo-Herrero"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"wu-fatemi-monolayer-wte2-quantum-spin-hall-2017-v1","title":"Observation of the Quantum Spin Hall Effect up to 100 Kelvin in a Monolayer Crystal","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.03584v1","date":"2017-11-09"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"wu-fatemi-wte2-short-edge-quantum-spin-hall-2017","entry_id":"wu-fatemi-wte2-short-edge-quantum-spin-hall-2017","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:766904cb-e1cf-4da0-a8a8-f5af0d615c7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ae797bd923731883353d9fd258fc2ef5f1c376dc22657f410efb7011dd68d53"},"what_changed":"Wu, Fatemi and colleagues measured gated monolayer WTe₂ devices and found an edge-dominated resistance approaching h/(2e²) in short channels, consistent with approximately e²/h conductance per edge. They observed magnetic-field suppression and a Zeeman-like conductance gap and reported edge-dominated behavior up to about 100 K.","scope":"Wu, Fatemi and colleagues measured gated monolayer WTe₂ devices and found an edge-dominated resistance approaching h/(2e²) in short channels, consistent with approximately e²/h conductance per edge. They observed magnetic-field suppression and a Zeeman-like conductance gap and reported edge-dominated behavior up to about 100 K. The near-quantized value is inferred from a two-edge device and a resistance-step subtraction in the short-channel limit; longer channels show larger resistance. Three devices entered the short-length regime, and temperature dependence was shown prominently for one 100 nm channel. 100 K is an observed crossover in these samples, not a universal operating temperature; the field response and inferred Kramers point involve transport interpretation, not direct spin-resolved imaging. Earlier predictions and WTe₂ edge conduction experiments are distinct contributions. Original author v1 and supplementary pages were reviewed; formal published version and independent raw-data replay were not.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:766904cb-e1cf-4da0-a8a8-f5af0d615c7e","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:0ae797bd923731883353d9fd258fc2ef5f1c376dc22657f410efb7011dd68d53"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"fei-palomaki-wte2-monolayer-edge-conduction-2016","title":"Edge conduction in insulating monolayer WTe₂","summary":"Fei, Palomaki and colleagues measured monolayer WTe₂ devices and found edge-dominated conduction as the interior became insulating below roughly 100 K. Nonlocal measurements and grounded pincer contacts separated edge and bulk conduction, while an in-plane magnetic field suppressed the edge response. Bilayer devices offered a comparison. A later microwave impedance microscopy study mapped enhanced conductivity along physical edges and additional internal lines in separate monolayer samples.","boundary":"The 2016 v1 reports individual measured edge conductances below the ideal e²/h, reaching about half that value in its short-edge comparison. It interprets these and magnetic-field effects as consistent with helical topological edge transport rather than directly measuring spin polarization. The bulk transition mechanism and detailed scattering remain unresolved. The later Wu–Fatemi work uses different devices and a shorter locally gated channel to approach quantization; it is not the same dataset. This record describes the v1 preprint; the 2017 published version may differ. The later imaging is local microwave admittance, not direct spin polarization imaging or a replay of the earlier devices. Its interpretation uses finite-element response models; conducting internal lines and rings are interpreted as cracks or material boundaries, with contact and oxidation effects considered. Edge signal remains visible in one illustrated sample at 100 K, not a universal transition. The cited nine-page 2018 author version is accompanied by separate supplementary material. Its distinct twelve-author team is attributed to this follow-up alone.","area":"Condensed matter and topological transport","topic":"Physics","year":2016,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"fei-palomaki-wte2-monolayer-edge-conduction-2016","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:596aa5b7-b812-4cc1-a2f1-1d2cd05fb5c2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5be85ccc6ec9bcdaa5ba8b42e2556ea76846ecd4adb8839d8b2a9c5e11b52292"},"humans":["Zaiyao Fei","Tauno Palomaki","Sanfeng Wu","Wenjin Zhao","Xinghan Cai","Bosong Sun","Paul Nguyen","Joseph Finney","Xiaodong Xu","David H. Cobden"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"fei-palomaki-wte2-edge-2016-v1","title":"Topological insulator behavior in monolayer WTe₂","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1610.07924v1","date":"2016-10-25"},{"id":"shi-kahn-niu-wte2-edge-microscopy-2018-v1","title":"Imaging Quantum Spin Hall Edges in Monolayer WTe2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.09342v1","date":"2018-07-24"}],"points":"115000","published_grade":{"id":"fei-palomaki-wte2-monolayer-edge-conduction-2016","entry_id":"fei-palomaki-wte2-monolayer-edge-conduction-2016","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:596aa5b7-b812-4cc1-a2f1-1d2cd05fb5c2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5be85ccc6ec9bcdaa5ba8b42e2556ea76846ecd4adb8839d8b2a9c5e11b52292"},"what_changed":"Fei, Palomaki and colleagues measured monolayer WTe₂ devices and found edge-dominated conduction as the interior became insulating below roughly 100 K. Nonlocal measurements and grounded pincer contacts separated edge and bulk conduction, while an in-plane magnetic field suppressed the edge response. Bilayer devices offered a comparison. A later microwave impedance microscopy study mapped enhanced conductivity along physical edges and additional internal lines in separate monolayer samples.","scope":"Fei, Palomaki and colleagues measured monolayer WTe₂ devices and found edge-dominated conduction as the interior became insulating below roughly 100 K. Nonlocal measurements and grounded pincer contacts separated edge and bulk conduction, while an in-plane magnetic field suppressed the edge response. Bilayer devices offered a comparison. A later microwave impedance microscopy study mapped enhanced conductivity along physical edges and additional internal lines in separate monolayer samples. The 2016 v1 reports individual measured edge conductances below the ideal e²/h, reaching about half that value in its short-edge comparison. It interprets these and magnetic-field effects as consistent with helical topological edge transport rather than directly measuring spin polarization. The bulk transition mechanism and detailed scattering remain unresolved. The later Wu–Fatemi work uses different devices and a shorter locally gated channel to approach quantization; it is not the same dataset. This record describes the v1 preprint; the 2017 published version may differ. The later imaging is local microwave admittance, not direct spin polarization imaging or a replay of the earlier devices. Its interpretation uses finite-element response models; conducting internal lines and rings are interpreted as cracks or material boundaries, with contact and oxidation effects considered. Edge signal remains visible in one illustrated sample at 100 K, not a universal transition. The cited nine-page 2018 author version is accompanied by separate supplementary material. Its distinct twelve-author team is attributed to this follow-up alone.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:596aa5b7-b812-4cc1-a2f1-1d2cd05fb5c2","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:5be85ccc6ec9bcdaa5ba8b42e2556ea76846ecd4adb8839d8b2a9c5e11b52292"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"telescope-array-amaterasu-ultra-high-energy-cosmic-ray-2021","title":"Telescope Array records an exceptionally energetic cosmic-ray air shower","summary":"On 27 May 2021 Telescope Array recorded an extensive air shower across 23 surface detectors. Its reconstructed primary energy was 244 ± 29 statistical and +51/−76 systematic exaelectronvolts on the fluorescence-calibrated energy scale. The arrival direction and backtracking under selected Galactic magnetic-field models were compared with nearby source distributions.","boundary":"This is one reconstructed air-shower event, not a direct detection of the primary particle in the detector. The fluorescence detectors were inactive because of moonlight; the classifier disfavored a photon under its model but could not distinguish a proton from heavy nuclei. The 244 EeV scale is calibrated from other fluorescence observations; the original surface-detector estimate was 309 ± 37 EeV before normalization. Large energy and composition uncertainties and Galactic/extragalactic magnetic deflections affect source inference. The authors identified no convincing source under their selected models; a Local Void line of sight is not proof of a source in the void or of new physics. Earlier 1991, 1993 and 2001 ultra-high-energy events retain credit. The paper includes supplementary material; the raw event data have not been independently reanalyzed.","area":"Cosmic rays and astroparticle physics","topic":"Physics","year":2023,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"telescope-array-amaterasu-ultra-high-energy-cosmic-ray-2021","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee81f6d0-21ef-423c-a622-0b53d2ba1023","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51a47c78a484d07256c542640247ea65e72ca549992b0eeab97d5829d6f3e206"},"humans":["R. U. Abbasi","M. G. Allen","R. Arimura","Toshihiro Fujii"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"telescope-array-extreme-cosmic-ray-2023-v1","title":"An extremely energetic cosmic ray observed by a surface detector array","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.14231v1","date":"2023-11-24"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"telescope-array-amaterasu-ultra-high-energy-cosmic-ray-2021","entry_id":"telescope-array-amaterasu-ultra-high-energy-cosmic-ray-2021","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee81f6d0-21ef-423c-a622-0b53d2ba1023","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51a47c78a484d07256c542640247ea65e72ca549992b0eeab97d5829d6f3e206"},"what_changed":"On 27 May 2021 Telescope Array recorded an extensive air shower across 23 surface detectors. Its reconstructed primary energy was 244 ± 29 statistical and +51/−76 systematic exaelectronvolts on the fluorescence-calibrated energy scale. The arrival direction and backtracking under selected Galactic magnetic-field models were compared with nearby source distributions.","scope":"On 27 May 2021 Telescope Array recorded an extensive air shower across 23 surface detectors. Its reconstructed primary energy was 244 ± 29 statistical and +51/−76 systematic exaelectronvolts on the fluorescence-calibrated energy scale. The arrival direction and backtracking under selected Galactic magnetic-field models were compared with nearby source distributions. This is one reconstructed air-shower event, not a direct detection of the primary particle in the detector. The fluorescence detectors were inactive because of moonlight; the classifier disfavored a photon under its model but could not distinguish a proton from heavy nuclei. The 244 EeV scale is calibrated from other fluorescence observations; the original surface-detector estimate was 309 ± 37 EeV before normalization. Large energy and composition uncertainties and Galactic/extragalactic magnetic deflections affect source inference. The authors identified no convincing source under their selected models; a Local Void line of sight is not proof of a source in the void or of new physics. Earlier 1991, 1993 and 2001 ultra-high-energy events retain credit. The paper includes supplementary material; the raw event data have not been independently reanalyzed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:ee81f6d0-21ef-423c-a622-0b53d2ba1023","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:51a47c78a484d07256c542640247ea65e72ca549992b0eeab97d5829d6f3e206"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"lz-solar-boron8-coherent-neutrino-scattering-evidence-2025","title":"LZ finds evidence for solar-neutrino coherent nuclear scattering in xenon","summary":"The LZ Collaboration searched 5.7 tonne-years of liquid-xenon data for low-energy nuclear recoils and found evidence consistent with coherent elastic scattering of solar boron-8 neutrinos. In its no-dark-matter fit the zero-neutrino-signal hypothesis was rejected at a reported 4.5 sigma, with a best-fit 12.3 +7.0/−5.4 neutrino events. The same analysis found no significant excess attributable to light dark matter.","boundary":"The quoted significance is conditional on the paper’s no-dark-matter hypothesis, detector-response and background models; 19 selected events are not individually identified neutrinos. The fitted solar flux assumes a Standard Model scattering cross-section and mixing angle; cross-section and mixing-angle inferences each assume an external solar flux and other inputs. Neutron calibration weakly constrains yields below roughly 2.5 keV so prior measurements contribute; accidental-coincidence background is data modeled. Artificial events were injected to mitigate bias and one selected artificial event removed before the final 19-event sample. These data extend and overlap the prior LZ WIMP dataset, but this low-energy neutrino-specific outcome is a distinct analysis, not an independent exposure. Earlier PandaX-4T and XENONnT solar-neutrino indications retain credit. Numerical results are from the December 2025 author v1, not independently reconciled with the 2026 publication.","area":"Neutrino and astroparticle physics","topic":"Physics","year":2025,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"lz-solar-boron8-coherent-neutrino-scattering-evidence-2025","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6c17eecb-61f6-4d64-a2d9-35b3f4a8c06d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1765ea5151610cdee25c6c2d8c21e9cd5cfe0a0fd90eea42924ff3820445ef34"},"humans":["D. S. Akerib","A. K. Al Musalhi","F. Alder"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"lz-solar-cevns-light-dark-matter-2025-v1","title":"Searches for Light Dark Matter and Evidence of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering of Solar Neutrinos with the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.08065v1","date":"2025-12-08"}],"points":"110000","published_grade":{"id":"lz-solar-boron8-coherent-neutrino-scattering-evidence-2025","entry_id":"lz-solar-boron8-coherent-neutrino-scattering-evidence-2025","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6c17eecb-61f6-4d64-a2d9-35b3f4a8c06d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1765ea5151610cdee25c6c2d8c21e9cd5cfe0a0fd90eea42924ff3820445ef34"},"what_changed":"The LZ Collaboration searched 5.7 tonne-years of liquid-xenon data for low-energy nuclear recoils and found evidence consistent with coherent elastic scattering of solar boron-8 neutrinos. In its no-dark-matter fit the zero-neutrino-signal hypothesis was rejected at a reported 4.5 sigma, with a best-fit 12.3 +7.0/−5.4 neutrino events. The same analysis found no significant excess attributable to light dark matter.","scope":"The LZ Collaboration searched 5.7 tonne-years of liquid-xenon data for low-energy nuclear recoils and found evidence consistent with coherent elastic scattering of solar boron-8 neutrinos. In its no-dark-matter fit the zero-neutrino-signal hypothesis was rejected at a reported 4.5 sigma, with a best-fit 12.3 +7.0/−5.4 neutrino events. The same analysis found no significant excess attributable to light dark matter. The quoted significance is conditional on the paper’s no-dark-matter hypothesis, detector-response and background models; 19 selected events are not individually identified neutrinos. The fitted solar flux assumes a Standard Model scattering cross-section and mixing angle; cross-section and mixing-angle inferences each assume an external solar flux and other inputs. Neutron calibration weakly constrains yields below roughly 2.5 keV so prior measurements contribute; accidental-coincidence background is data modeled. Artificial events were injected to mitigate bias and one selected artificial event removed before the final 19-event sample. These data extend and overlap the prior LZ WIMP dataset, but this low-energy neutrino-specific outcome is a distinct analysis, not an independent exposure. Earlier PandaX-4T and XENONnT solar-neutrino indications retain credit. Numerical results are from the December 2025 author v1, not independently reconciled with the 2026 publication.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:6c17eecb-61f6-4d64-a2d9-35b3f4a8c06d","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:1765ea5151610cdee25c6c2d8c21e9cd5cfe0a0fd90eea42924ff3820445ef34"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"watson-at2017gfo-strontium-spectral-identification-2019","title":"Spectral reanalysis identifies strontium in the GW170817 kilonova","summary":"Watson and colleagues reanalyzed VLT X-shooter spectra of the GW170817 kilonova AT2017gfo and interpreted broad evolving features as signatures of singly ionized strontium. They compared thermal line calculations, a simplified expanding-atmosphere profile and radiative-transfer models, supporting neutron-capture element production in this merger event.","boundary":"This is a later interpretation of existing spectra, not a new merger observation or an independent data set. The line identification and inferred ejecta properties depend on atomic line lists, temperatures, ionization, expansion geometry and radiative-transfer approximations; the authors discuss incomplete lanthanide line lists and a mismatch of different spectral regions in simplified models. Sr is not uniquely made by the rapid process in every setting; the event’s rapid production interpretation comes from the merger context and modelling. These spectra do not establish that every heavy element was identified or that mergers account for all cosmic r-process material. The paper does not exclude heavier elements in obscured or deeper ejecta. Separately supplied atomic line lists and raw-data or model replay were not reviewed.","area":"Nuclear astrophysics and spectroscopy","topic":"Physics","year":2019,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"watson-at2017gfo-strontium-spectral-identification-2019","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7d56bd6-86cc-476b-a5ba-a1ba93050b5f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebb4ad38265cc226fc806901e4eb81c0950b161ab5a96988b9654dc2cfc468e3"},"humans":["Darach Watson","Camilla J. Hansen","Jonatan Selsing","Andreas Koch","Daniele B. Malesani","Anja C. Andersen","Johan P. U. Fynbo","Almudena Arcones","Andreas Bauswein","Stefano Covino","Aniello Grado","Kasper E. Heintz","Leslie Hunt","Chryssa Kouveliotou","Giorgos Leloudas","Andrew Levan","Paolo Mazzali","Elena Pian"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"watson-at2017gfo-strontium-2019-v1","title":"Identification of strontium in the merger of two neutron stars","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.10510v1","date":"2019-10-23"}],"points":"120000","published_grade":{"id":"watson-at2017gfo-strontium-spectral-identification-2019","entry_id":"watson-at2017gfo-strontium-spectral-identification-2019","band":"A","modifier":null,"target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7d56bd6-86cc-476b-a5ba-a1ba93050b5f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebb4ad38265cc226fc806901e4eb81c0950b161ab5a96988b9654dc2cfc468e3"},"what_changed":"Watson and colleagues reanalyzed VLT X-shooter spectra of the GW170817 kilonova AT2017gfo and interpreted broad evolving features as signatures of singly ionized strontium. They compared thermal line calculations, a simplified expanding-atmosphere profile and radiative-transfer models, supporting neutron-capture element production in this merger event.","scope":"Watson and colleagues reanalyzed VLT X-shooter spectra of the GW170817 kilonova AT2017gfo and interpreted broad evolving features as signatures of singly ionized strontium. They compared thermal line calculations, a simplified expanding-atmosphere profile and radiative-transfer models, supporting neutron-capture element production in this merger event. This is a later interpretation of existing spectra, not a new merger observation or an independent data set. The line identification and inferred ejecta properties depend on atomic line lists, temperatures, ionization, expansion geometry and radiative-transfer approximations; the authors discuss incomplete lanthanide line lists and a mismatch of different spectral regions in simplified models. Sr is not uniquely made by the rapid process in every setting; the event’s rapid production interpretation comes from the merger context and modelling. These spectra do not establish that every heavy element was identified or that mergers account for all cosmic r-process material. The paper does not exclude heavier elements in obscured or deeper ejecta. Separately supplied atomic line lists and raw-data or model replay were not reviewed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a7d56bd6-86cc-476b-a5ba-a1ba93050b5f","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:ebb4ad38265cc226fc806901e4eb81c0950b161ab5a96988b9654dc2cfc468e3"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"borexino-beryllium7-submev-solar-neutrino-spectroscopy-2007","title":"Borexino measures the low-energy beryllium-7 solar neutrino spectrum","summary":"The Borexino Collaboration extracted a real-time spectral signal attributed to 0.862 MeV beryllium-7 solar neutrinos from electron recoils in a low-background liquid scintillator. For the first 47.4 live days in 2007 the reported interaction rate was 47 ± 7 statistical ± 12 systematic counts per day per 100 tonnes.","boundary":"The experiment measures a recoil-energy distribution rather than a direction or individual neutrino energy. The two spectral analysis methods use the same detector data and are not independent observations; fits depend on radioactive-background shapes and light yield. The early fiducial-mass estimate dominates the stated systematic uncertainty, while krypton background and signal are correlated. CNO and bismuth components could not be separated in this analysis, so the later CNO result is distinct. Prior radiochemical solar-neutrino detection and higher-energy real-time observations retain their credit. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete. The exact arXiv v1 side date is 16 August 2007, whereas its rendered footer states 6 December 2021; this apparent generated-date inconsistency is not treated as a 2021 observation.","area":"Neutrino and solar physics","topic":"Physics","year":2007,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"borexino-beryllium7-submev-solar-neutrino-spectroscopy-2007","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a88be5fe-4d35-4260-a23c-a79daa514738","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:faf8c4a8f4288b6be2019686256fa68a98dda08455dc70c2cf8921220631d627"},"humans":["C. Arpesella","G. Bellini","J. Benziger"],"authors_complete":false,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"borexino-beryllium7-solar-neutrino-2007-v1","title":"First real time detection of 7Be solar neutrinos by Borexino","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0708.2251v1","date":"2007-08-16"}],"points":"150000","published_grade":{"id":"borexino-beryllium7-submev-solar-neutrino-spectroscopy-2007","entry_id":"borexino-beryllium7-submev-solar-neutrino-spectroscopy-2007","band":"A","modifier":"+","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a88be5fe-4d35-4260-a23c-a79daa514738","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:faf8c4a8f4288b6be2019686256fa68a98dda08455dc70c2cf8921220631d627"},"what_changed":"The Borexino Collaboration extracted a real-time spectral signal attributed to 0.862 MeV beryllium-7 solar neutrinos from electron recoils in a low-background liquid scintillator. For the first 47.4 live days in 2007 the reported interaction rate was 47 ± 7 statistical ± 12 systematic counts per day per 100 tonnes.","scope":"The Borexino Collaboration extracted a real-time spectral signal attributed to 0.862 MeV beryllium-7 solar neutrinos from electron recoils in a low-background liquid scintillator. For the first 47.4 live days in 2007 the reported interaction rate was 47 ± 7 statistical ± 12 systematic counts per day per 100 tonnes. The experiment measures a recoil-energy distribution rather than a direction or individual neutrino energy. The two spectral analysis methods use the same detector data and are not independent observations; fits depend on radioactive-background shapes and light yield. The early fiducial-mass estimate dominates the stated systematic uncertainty, while krypton background and signal are correlated. CNO and bismuth components could not be separated in this analysis, so the later CNO result is distinct. Prior radiochemical solar-neutrino detection and higher-energy real-time observations retain their credit. The individual contributor list shown here is incomplete. The exact arXiv v1 side date is 16 August 2007, whereas its rendered footer states 6 December 2021; this apparent generated-date inconsistency is not treated as a 2021 observation.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:a88be5fe-4d35-4260-a23c-a79daa514738","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:faf8c4a8f4288b6be2019686256fa68a98dda08455dc70c2cf8921220631d627"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"bao-antognini-mucool-helium-longitudinal-and-transverse-compression-2014","title":"Longitudinal and transverse compression of stopped positive muons in helium gas","summary":"The muCool team demonstrated separate longitudinal and transverse compression stages for positive muons stopped in helium gas. Bao and colleagues used electric fields to concentrate the stopping distribution along a magnetic field. Antognini and colleagues later used a cryogenic density gradient and crossed fields to obtain transverse convergence. Decay-positron time spectra, control conditions and collision simulations supported both demonstrations. The inferred final sizes and compression times were obtained through those models rather than direct complete beam tomography.","boundary":"The two experiments tested separate stages under different gas and injection conditions. Their proposed combined ten-order phase-space improvement required subsequent integration, extraction and reacceleration. Small final dimensions, efficiencies and momentum spreads include simulation assumptions, decay losses, detector acceptance and fitted alignment or impurity effects. This family does not establish a completed six-dimensional cooling and acceleration chain or directly measured universal compression factors.","area":"Particle physics / dissipative muon-beam compression","topic":"Physics","year":2014,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"EMPIRICAL","package_id":"bao-antognini-mucool-helium-longitudinal-and-transverse-compression-2014","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:263f2dc9-af1e-44b0-a572-ef47d6d15e87","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:538895dcfd0f505f72b2af71e4e3e6d98996f141eafea439538264ddccb3605d"},"humans":["Yu Bao","Aldo Antognini","Wilhelm Bertl","Malte Hildebrandt","Kim Siang Khaw","Klaus Kirch","Angela Papa","Claude Petitjean","Florian M. Piegsa","Stefan Ritt","Kamil Sedlak","Alexey Stoykov","David Taqqu","N. J. Ayres","I. Belosevic","V. Bondar","A. Eggenberger","R. Iwai","D. M. Kaplan","A. Knecht","T. J. Phillips","N. Ritjoho","G. Wichmann"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"bao-team-muon-longitudinal-compression-arxiv14022418v1","title":"Muon cooling: longitudinal compression (arXiv1402.2418v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.2418v1","date":"2014-02-11"},{"id":"antognini-mucool-transverse-compression-arxiv200311986v2","title":"Demonstration of Muon-Beam Transverse Phase-Space Compression (arXiv2003.11986v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.11986v2","date":"2020-09-28"}],"points":"82000","published_grade":{"id":"bao-antognini-mucool-helium-longitudinal-and-transverse-compression-2014","entry_id":"bao-antognini-mucool-helium-longitudinal-and-transverse-compression-2014","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:263f2dc9-af1e-44b0-a572-ef47d6d15e87","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:538895dcfd0f505f72b2af71e4e3e6d98996f141eafea439538264ddccb3605d"},"what_changed":"The muCool team demonstrated separate longitudinal and transverse compression stages for positive muons stopped in helium gas. Bao and colleagues used electric fields to concentrate the stopping distribution along a magnetic field. Antognini and colleagues later used a cryogenic density gradient and crossed fields to obtain transverse convergence. Decay-positron time spectra, control conditions and collision simulations supported both demonstrations. The inferred final sizes and compression times were obtained through those models rather than direct complete beam tomography.","scope":"The muCool team demonstrated separate longitudinal and transverse compression stages for positive muons stopped in helium gas. Bao and colleagues used electric fields to concentrate the stopping distribution along a magnetic field. Antognini and colleagues later used a cryogenic density gradient and crossed fields to obtain transverse convergence. Decay-positron time spectra, control conditions and collision simulations supported both demonstrations. The inferred final sizes and compression times were obtained through those models rather than direct complete beam tomography. The two experiments tested separate stages under different gas and injection conditions. Their proposed combined ten-order phase-space improvement required subsequent integration, extraction and reacceleration. Small final dimensions, efficiencies and momentum spreads include simulation assumptions, decay losses, detector acceptance and fitted alignment or impurity effects. This family does not establish a completed six-dimensional cooling and acceleration chain or directly measured universal compression factors.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:263f2dc9-af1e-44b0-a572-ef47d6d15e87","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:538895dcfd0f505f72b2af71e4e3e6d98996f141eafea439538264ddccb3605d"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"ho-zhou-trapped-density-thermodynamic-reconstruction-2010","title":"Inferring bulk thermodynamics from trapped-gas density profiles","summary":"Ho and Zhou proposed a way to recover bulk thermodynamic information from the density profiles of trapped atomic gases. Within a local-density description, spatially varying confinement scans the local chemical potential. Their scheme combines pressure reconstruction with comparisons between nearby equilibrated states at matched local chemical potentials to infer entropy and other thermodynamic responses. They also proposed extensions for superfluid density and staggered magnetization, connecting experimentally accessible images to quantities needed to map many-body phase diagrams.","boundary":"This is a theoretical measurement scheme, rather than an experimental determination of every proposed observable. It assumes local equilibrium, a valid local-density approximation, calibrated confinement, adequate imaging and control of temperature or perturbations. Finite differences approximate thermodynamic derivatives; rotating-gas proposals additionally require a specified low-rotation, vortex-free regime. Some formulas in the preprint and supplement require clarification; the numerical recipes have not been independently validated.","area":"Ultracold-gas theory / measurement methods","topic":"Physics","year":2010,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"ho-zhou-trapped-density-thermodynamic-reconstruction-2010","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5db4a750-4244-4362-af92-12d50a08ba0b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd1f045faa12bbd14b27570988ee487ee016c920ef34a803c4e8ed83e64acd99"},"humans":["Tin-Lun Ho","Qi Zhou"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"ho-zhou-trapped-gas-thermodynamic-reconstruction-09010018v1","title":"Obtaining phase diagram and thermodynamic quantities of bulk systems from the densities of trapped gases (arXiv0901.0018v1)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0901.0018v1","date":"2008-12-30"}],"points":"80000","published_grade":{"id":"ho-zhou-trapped-density-thermodynamic-reconstruction-2010","entry_id":"ho-zhou-trapped-density-thermodynamic-reconstruction-2010","band":"A","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5db4a750-4244-4362-af92-12d50a08ba0b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd1f045faa12bbd14b27570988ee487ee016c920ef34a803c4e8ed83e64acd99"},"what_changed":"Ho and Zhou proposed a way to recover bulk thermodynamic information from the density profiles of trapped atomic gases. Within a local-density description, spatially varying confinement scans the local chemical potential. Their scheme combines pressure reconstruction with comparisons between nearby equilibrated states at matched local chemical potentials to infer entropy and other thermodynamic responses. They also proposed extensions for superfluid density and staggered magnetization, connecting experimentally accessible images to quantities needed to map many-body phase diagrams.","scope":"Ho and Zhou proposed a way to recover bulk thermodynamic information from the density profiles of trapped atomic gases. Within a local-density description, spatially varying confinement scans the local chemical potential. Their scheme combines pressure reconstruction with comparisons between nearby equilibrated states at matched local chemical potentials to infer entropy and other thermodynamic responses. They also proposed extensions for superfluid density and staggered magnetization, connecting experimentally accessible images to quantities needed to map many-body phase diagrams. This is a theoretical measurement scheme, rather than an experimental determination of every proposed observable. It assumes local equilibrium, a valid local-density approximation, calibrated confinement, adequate imaging and control of temperature or perturbations. Finite differences approximate thermodynamic derivatives; rotating-gas proposals additionally require a specified low-rotation, vortex-free regime. Some formulas in the preprint and supplement require clarification; the numerical recipes have not been independently validated.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:5db4a750-4244-4362-af92-12d50a08ba0b","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:dd1f045faa12bbd14b27570988ee487ee016c920ef34a803c4e8ed83e64acd99"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"borde-guth-vilenkin-averaged-expansion-past-incompleteness-2003","title":"Positive averaged expansion implies past geodesic incompleteness under a kinematic condition","summary":"Borde, Guth and Vilenkin derived a kinematic bound on the past length of null and noncomoving timelike geodesics in an expanding spacetime. They express a directional expansion rate as the derivative of a function of the observer’s relative motion through a congruence of freely falling test particles. If the expansion averaged along the relevant past geodesic stays positive, the available affine length or proper time is finite. The argument does not require an energy condition, spatial homogeneity or isotropy, and constrains attempts to make inflation alone a past-complete description.","boundary":"A suitable timelike geodesic congruence must remain defined along the observer path, and positive past-averaged expansion is an assumption on that path. Recent expansion or positivity over one finite interval is insufficient if the average tends to zero when extended into the past. The timelike bound requires nonzero relative motion at the reference event. Geodesic incompleteness of the described region does not establish a curvature singularity, rule out extensions beyond its boundary or prove an absolute beginning of the universe. Contracting, emergent and time-reversed scenarios require their own check of the averaging condition. Later papers debate the averaging conditions and their application to complete cosmological models; a 2024 paper proposes an amendment. The scope and implications of that exchange remain disputed.","area":"Gravitation and cosmology / inflationary spacetime boundaries","topic":"Physics","year":2003,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"borde-guth-vilenkin-averaged-expansion-past-incompleteness-2003","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88590fd0-dbd2-4557-a1cb-65753f6adf85","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:065ea283c9a112d6a981d343ef294424edf1afb7e38c9fada88ca94310dd9c94"},"humans":["Arvind Borde","Alan H. Guth","Alexander Vilenkin"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"borde-guth-vilenkin-past-incomplete-0110012v2","title":"Inflationary spacetimes are not past-complete (arXivgr-qc/0110012v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0110012v2","date":"2003-01-14"},{"id":"bvg-past-completeness-lesnefsky-2023","title":"Past-completeness of inflationary spacetimes","url":"https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.107.044024","date":"2023-02-13"},{"id":"bgv-completeness-garcia-saenz-2024","title":"Geodesic completeness, cosmological bounces, and inflation","url":"https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.110.L061304","date":"2024-09-18"}],"points":"210000","published_grade":{"id":"borde-guth-vilenkin-averaged-expansion-past-incompleteness-2003","entry_id":"borde-guth-vilenkin-averaged-expansion-past-incompleteness-2003","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88590fd0-dbd2-4557-a1cb-65753f6adf85","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:065ea283c9a112d6a981d343ef294424edf1afb7e38c9fada88ca94310dd9c94"},"what_changed":"Borde, Guth and Vilenkin derived a kinematic bound on the past length of null and noncomoving timelike geodesics in an expanding spacetime. They express a directional expansion rate as the derivative of a function of the observer’s relative motion through a congruence of freely falling test particles. If the expansion averaged along the relevant past geodesic stays positive, the available affine length or proper time is finite. The argument does not require an energy condition, spatial homogeneity or isotropy, and constrains attempts to make inflation alone a past-complete description.","scope":"Borde, Guth and Vilenkin derived a kinematic bound on the past length of null and noncomoving timelike geodesics in an expanding spacetime. They express a directional expansion rate as the derivative of a function of the observer’s relative motion through a congruence of freely falling test particles. If the expansion averaged along the relevant past geodesic stays positive, the available affine length or proper time is finite. The argument does not require an energy condition, spatial homogeneity or isotropy, and constrains attempts to make inflation alone a past-complete description. A suitable timelike geodesic congruence must remain defined along the observer path, and positive past-averaged expansion is an assumption on that path. Recent expansion or positivity over one finite interval is insufficient if the average tends to zero when extended into the past. The timelike bound requires nonzero relative motion at the reference event. Geodesic incompleteness of the described region does not establish a curvature singularity, rule out extensions beyond its boundary or prove an absolute beginning of the universe. Contracting, emergent and time-reversed scenarios require their own check of the averaging condition. Later papers debate the averaging conditions and their application to complete cosmological models; a 2024 paper proposes an amendment. The scope and implications of that exchange remain disputed.","status":"PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL","scientific_correctness_certified":false},"assessment_disposition":{"status":"ASSESSED","label":"Provisionally assessed","reason":"A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:88590fd0-dbd2-4557-a1cb-65753f6adf85","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:065ea283c9a112d6a981d343ef294424edf1afb7e38c9fada88ca94310dd9c94"},"edition":"ratings-e039106f30dec177"}},{"id":"arkani-hamed-motl-nicolis-vafa-weak-gravity-conjecture-2006","title":"Weak gravity conjecture and evidence from charged black holes and string theory","summary":"Arkani-Hamed, Motl, Nicolis and Vafa proposed that gravity is the weakest force in a consistent quantum-gravity theory with a U(1) gauge field. Their weaker electric conjecture requires a suitable charged state whose mass-to-charge ratio is no greater than that of an extremal black hole, with equality in supersymmetric examples. They examined black-hole stability, heterotic compactifications and other string-theory examples, and discussed a magnetic argument for a gauge-dependent effective-theory cutoff. These are conjectural consistency conditions and supporting theoretical evidence, not an observed particle or a general proof.","boundary":"The paper distinguishes the weaker existence claim from a stronger claim about the lightest charged particle and explicitly rejects a minimal-charge version using a heterotic counterexample. A state satisfying the weaker claim can have large charge and mass. The magnetic cutoff estimate requires additional assumptions about a monopole and its effective field theory; it is not derived from the weaker electric claim alone. The discussion of p-form fields, several U(1)s and higher-derivative corrections is conditional and does not establish a general classification or experimental verification.","area":"Quantum gravity / gauge forces and black holes","topic":"Physics","year":2006,"lane":"HUMAN","result":"THEORY","package_id":"arkani-hamed-motl-nicolis-vafa-weak-gravity-conjecture-2006","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:40afcc55-81c6-4459-a36e-e896e3835861","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32c29192a5b539fe8acf0b70b9deef884fdebab35aca700a3e266c4033c69808"},"humans":["Nima Arkani-Hamed","Luboš Motl","Alberto Nicolis","Cumrun Vafa"],"authors_complete":true,"human_role_note":"These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.","agents":[],"related":[],"subresults":[],"scientific_assessment":{"source_review":"SOURCE_CURATED","scientific_review":"NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS","formal_replay":"NOT_RUN","provider_attestation":"NONE"},"sources":[{"id":"arkani-hamed-motl-nicolis-vafa-weak-gravity-hep-th-0601001v2","title":"The String Landscape, Black Holes and Gravity as the Weakest Force (arXiv hep-th/0601001v2)","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0601001v2","date":"2006-02-21"}],"points":"235000","published_grade":{"id":"arkani-hamed-motl-nicolis-vafa-weak-gravity-conjecture-2006","entry_id":"arkani-hamed-motl-nicolis-vafa-weak-gravity-conjecture-2006","band":"S","modifier":"-","target":{"record_id":"urn:uuid:40afcc55-81c6-4459-a36e-e896e3835861","version":1,"content_hash":"sha256:32c29192a5b539fe8acf0b70b9deef884fdebab35aca700a3e266c4033c69808"},"what_changed":"Arkani-Hamed, Motl, Nicolis and Vafa proposed that gravity is the weakest force in a consistent quantum-gravity theory with a U(1) gauge field. Their weaker electric conjecture requires a suitable charged state whose mass-to-charge ratio is no greater than that of an extremal black hole, with equality in supersymmetric examples. They examined black-hole stability, heterotic compactifications and other string-theory examples, and discussed a magnetic argument for a gauge-dependent effective-theory cutoff. These are conjectural consistency conditions and supporting theoretical evidence, not an observed particle or a general proof.","scope":"Arkani-Hamed, Motl, Nicolis and Vafa proposed that gravity is the weakest force in a consistent quantum-gravity theory with a U(1) gauge field. Their weaker electric conjecture requires a suitable charged state whose mass-to-charge ratio is no greater than that of an extremal black hole, with equality in supersymmetric examples. 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