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    "title": "Wien: an exponential thermal spectrum and its limits",
    "summary": "Wien proposes an exponential wavelength spectrum for equilibrium thermal radiation by combining inherited displacement and total-power constraints with an explicit molecular emission hypothesis; the model has lasting short-wavelength use but is not the general blackbody spectrum.\n\nHow much radiation does a hot ideal emitter produce at each wavelength? The earlier displacement law constrains how spectra shift with temperature, but does not supply the full shape. In 1896 Wien adds a molecular hypothesis to obtain a wavelength spectrum proportional to lambda^-5 exp[-c/(lambda*T)]. The formula reproduces the fourth-power total scaling and gives a characteristic peak. It became an important step toward a usable spectral law. Wien openly says his remaining hypotheses are uncertain and testable. He also credits Paschen with independently finding an empirical formula of this form, with its wavelength power still to be determined. Later measurements showed that Wien's full spectrum was not generally valid; Planck's 1901 paper explicitly reports that failure and supplies a different spectrum. The Wien form remains a useful short-wavelength approximation, while its long-wavelength behavior differs strongly. The historical model, the earlier scaling law, the independent measurements and the later quantum explanation are separate contributions.",
    "boundary": "The historical exponential spectral proposal fits a limited radiation regime and is not the correct full spectrum in every temperature/frequency limit. Its assumptions and later experimental discrepancies are part of the record. Wien’s displacement law and Planck’s later spectral formula retain separate credit; this entry does not present the historical model as a modern universal law.",
    "area": "Thermal radiation and historical spectral models",
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    "year": 1896,
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        "title": "Wien, Ueber die Energievertheilung im Emissionsspectrum eines schwarzen Koerpers,1896",
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      "scope": {
        "description": "The historical exponential spectral proposal fits a limited radiation regime and is not the correct full spectrum in every temperature/frequency limit. Its assumptions and later experimental discrepancies are part of the record. Wien’s displacement law and Planck’s later spectral formula retain separate credit; this entry does not present the historical model as a modern universal law.",
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        {
          "citation": "Wien, Ueber die Energievertheilung im Emissionsspectrum eines schwarzen Koerpers,1896",
          "url": "https://myweb.rz.uni-augsburg.de/~eckern/adp/history/historic-papers/1896_294_662-669.pdf"
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        {
          "citation": "Complete community transcription of Wien1896, fixed oldid4051018",
          "url": "https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Ueber_die_Energievertheilung_im_Emissionspectrum_eines_schwarzen_K%C3%B6rpers&oldid=4051018"
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        {
          "citation": "Planck, Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum,1901, boundary comparison only",
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      "statement": "# Wien: an exponential thermal spectrum and its limits\n\nWien proposes an exponential wavelength spectrum for equilibrium thermal radiation by combining inherited displacement and total-power constraints with an explicit molecular emission hypothesis; the model has lasting short-wavelength use but is not the general blackbody spectrum.\n\nHow much radiation does a hot ideal emitter produce at each wavelength? The earlier displacement law constrains how spectra shift with temperature, but does not supply the full shape. In 1896 Wien adds a molecular hypothesis to obtain a wavelength spectrum proportional to lambda^-5 exp[-c/(lambda*T)]. The formula reproduces the fourth-power total scaling and gives a characteristic peak. It became an important step toward a usable spectral law. Wien openly says his remaining hypotheses are uncertain and testable. He also credits Paschen with independently finding an empirical formula of this form, with its wavelength power still to be determined. Later measurements showed that Wien's full spectrum was not generally valid; Planck's 1901 paper explicitly reports that failure and supplies a different spectrum. The Wien form remains a useful short-wavelength approximation, while its long-wavelength behavior differs strongly. The historical model, the earlier scaling law, the independent measurements and the later quantum explanation are separate contributions.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe historical exponential spectral proposal fits a limited radiation regime and is not the correct full spectrum in every temperature/frequency limit. Its assumptions and later experimental discrepancies are part of the record. Wien’s displacement law and Planck’s later spectral formula retain separate credit; this entry does not present the historical model as a modern universal law.\n\n## People and systems\n\nWilhelm Wien\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Wien, Ueber die Energievertheilung im Emissionsspectrum eines schwarzen Koerpers,1896](https://myweb.rz.uni-augsburg.de/~eckern/adp/history/historic-papers/1896_294_662-669.pdf)\n- [Complete community transcription of Wien1896, fixed oldid4051018](https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Ueber_die_Energievertheilung_im_Emissionspectrum_eines_schwarzen_K%C3%B6rpers&oldid=4051018)\n- [Planck, Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum,1901, boundary comparison only](https://myweb.rz.uni-augsburg.de/~eckern/adp/history/historic-papers/1901_309_553-563.pdf)\n",
      "summary": "Wien proposes an exponential wavelength spectrum for equilibrium thermal radiation by combining inherited displacement and total-power constraints with an explicit molecular emission hypothesis; the model has lasting short-wavelength use but is not the general blackbody spectrum.\n\nHow much radiation does a hot ideal emitter produce at each wavelength? The earlier displacement law constrains how spectra shift with temperature, but does not supply the full shape. In 1896 Wien adds a molecular hypothesis to obtain a wavelength spectrum proportional to lambda^-5 exp[-c/(lambda*T)]. The formula reproduces the fourth-power total scaling and gives a characteristic peak. It became an important step toward a usable spectral law. Wien openly says his remaining hypotheses are uncertain and testable. He also credits Paschen with independently finding an empirical formula of this form, with its wavelength power still to be determined. Later measurements showed that Wien's full spectrum was not generally valid; Planck's 1901 paper explicitly reports that failure and supplies a different spectrum. The Wien form remains a useful short-wavelength approximation, while its long-wavelength behavior differs strongly. The historical model, the earlier scaling law, the independent measurements and the later quantum explanation are separate contributions.",
      "title": "Wien: an exponential thermal spectrum and its limits"
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      {
        "title": "Wien, Ueber die Energievertheilung im Emissionsspectrum eines schwarzen Koerpers,1896",
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