{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769",
    "title": "Watt: separating the steam cylinder from the condenser",
    "summary": "Watt's1769 specification separates the steam cylinder, kept hot, from a distinct condenser kept cold, with provision for removing non-condensable air.\n\nAn engine need not repeatedly cool the vessel where steam performs its work. Moving condensation elsewhere changes that thermal arrangement. Preserved1765 models document development, including imperfect early hardware; industrial realization is a further step.",
    "boundary": "The exact target is the first three thermal-design principles in the 1769 specification, inspected in its 1855 official reprint and crosschecked with museum records. A patent is not measured fuel efficiency or validation of every proposed mechanism. Newcomen's earlier engine, later manufacture and Boulton's business contribution remain separate; Watt did not invent steam power as a whole. The second model is not relabeled as the first.",
    "area": "Thermal engineering and power systems",
    "topic": "Energy & engineering",
    "year": 1769,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "THEORY",
    "package_id": "watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"
    },
    "humans": [
      "James Watt"
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [
      "carnot-heat-engines",
      "joule-mechanical-heat"
    ],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "wrs24-watt-patent913-1769",
        "title": "James Watt, Steam Engines: Specification No.913 of 1769, official London reprint1855",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/James_Watt_Patent_1769_No_913.pdf"
      },
      {
        "id": "wrs24-powerhouse-watt-specification",
        "title": "Powerhouse Collection, Specification of James Watt's separate condenser patent, Object92/1",
        "url": "https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/119115"
      },
      {
        "id": "wrs24-smg-watt-second-condenser",
        "title": "Science Museum Group, Watt's second separate condenser,1765, Object1876-1267",
        "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co50928"
      },
      {
        "id": "wrs24-smg-watt-context-2019",
        "title": "Science Museum curator Ben Russell, James Watt and the separate condenser,5 January2019",
        "url": "https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/james-watt-and-the-separate-condenser/"
      }
    ],
    "points": "260000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769",
      "entry_id": "watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769",
      "band": "A",
      "modifier": null,
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"
      },
      "what_changed": "The inspected specification isolates a hot working vessel from a cold condensation vessel and provides non-condensable-air removal, changing the inherited thermal arrangement.",
      "scope": "The inspected specification isolates a hot working vessel from a cold condensation vessel and provides non-condensable-air removal, changing the inherited thermal arrangement. The exact target is the first three thermal-design principles in the 1769 specification, inspected in its 1855 official reprint and crosschecked with museum records. A patent is not measured fuel efficiency or validation of every proposed mechanism. Newcomen's earlier engine, later manufacture and Boulton's business contribution remain separate; Watt did not invent steam power as a whole. The second model is not relabeled as the first.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-10-03T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "James Watt",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "formulator"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "James Watt, Steam Engines: Specification No.913 of 1769, official London reprint1855",
            "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/James_Watt_Patent_1769_No_913.pdf"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "James Watt, Steam Engines: Specification No.913 of 1769, official London reprint1855",
            "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/James_Watt_Patent_1769_No_913.pdf"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-1",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Powerhouse Collection, Specification of James Watt's separate condenser patent, Object92/1",
            "url": "https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/119115"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-2",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Science Museum Group, Watt's second separate condenser,1765, Object1876-1267",
            "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co50928"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-3",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Science Museum curator Ben Russell, James Watt and the separate condenser,5 January2019",
            "url": "https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/james-watt-and-the-separate-condenser/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The exact target is the first three thermal-design principles in the 1769 specification, inspected in its 1855 official reprint and crosschecked with museum records. A patent is not measured fuel efficiency or validation of every proposed mechanism. Newcomen's earlier engine, later manufacture and Boulton's business contribution remain separate; Watt did not invent steam power as a whole. The second model is not relabeled as the first.",
        "domain": "Thermal engineering and power systems"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "James Watt, Steam Engines: Specification No.913 of 1769, official London reprint1855",
          "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/James_Watt_Patent_1769_No_913.pdf"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Powerhouse Collection, Specification of James Watt's separate condenser patent, Object92/1",
          "url": "https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/119115"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Science Museum Group, Watt's second separate condenser,1765, Object1876-1267",
          "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co50928"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Science Museum curator Ben Russell, James Watt and the separate condenser,5 January2019",
          "url": "https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/james-watt-and-the-separate-condenser/"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Watt: separating the steam cylinder from the condenser\n\nWatt's1769 specification separates the steam cylinder, kept hot, from a distinct condenser kept cold, with provision for removing non-condensable air.\n\nAn engine need not repeatedly cool the vessel where steam performs its work. Moving condensation elsewhere changes that thermal arrangement. Preserved1765 models document development, including imperfect early hardware; industrial realization is a further step.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe exact target is the first three thermal-design principles in the 1769 specification, inspected in its 1855 official reprint and crosschecked with museum records. A patent is not measured fuel efficiency or validation of every proposed mechanism. Newcomen's earlier engine, later manufacture and Boulton's business contribution remain separate; Watt did not invent steam power as a whole. The second model is not relabeled as the first.\n\n## People and systems\n\nJames Watt\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [James Watt, Steam Engines: Specification No.913 of 1769, official London reprint1855](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/James_Watt_Patent_1769_No_913.pdf)\n- [Powerhouse Collection, Specification of James Watt's separate condenser patent, Object92/1](https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/119115)\n- [Science Museum Group, Watt's second separate condenser,1765, Object1876-1267](https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co50928)\n- [Science Museum curator Ben Russell, James Watt and the separate condenser,5 January2019](https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/james-watt-and-the-separate-condenser/)\n",
      "summary": "Watt's1769 specification separates the steam cylinder, kept hot, from a distinct condenser kept cold, with provision for removing non-condensable air.\n\nAn engine need not repeatedly cool the vessel where steam performs its work. Moving condensation elsewhere changes that thermal arrangement. Preserved1765 models document development, including imperfect early hardware; industrial realization is a further step.",
      "title": "Watt: separating the steam cylinder from the condenser"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:a2464e3fa0d4af9ef2f6f8ab4988a4d9c4c0c899dd0765c3c9455bb537bfb1f7"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769",
    "entry_id": "watt-separate-condenser-specification-1769",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Watt: separating the steam cylinder from the condenser",
    "context": "Thermal engineering and power systems",
    "track": "Thermal engineering and power systems",
    "band": "A",
    "modifier": null,
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-10-03",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-10-03",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "The inspected specification isolates a hot working vessel from a cold condensation vessel and provides non-condensable-air removal, changing the inherited thermal arrangement.",
    "scope": "The inspected specification isolates a hot working vessel from a cold condensation vessel and provides non-condensable-air removal, changing the inherited thermal arrangement. The exact target is the first three thermal-design principles in the 1769 specification, inspected in its 1855 official reprint and crosschecked with museum records. A patent is not measured fuel efficiency or validation of every proposed mechanism. Newcomen's earlier engine, later manufacture and Boulton's business contribution remain separate; Watt did not invent steam power as a whole. The second model is not relabeled as the first.",
    "evidence_summary": "Source-linked, scoped account of the original work. The published scope states the scientific assumptions and remaining verification limits. WRS has not independently certified the full proof, experimental result or system benchmark.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "James Watt, Steam Engines: Specification No.913 of 1769, official London reprint 1855",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/James_Watt_Patent_1769_No_913.pdf",
        "locator": "Original linked work. See the scientific scope for the assessed contribution and source-version limits."
      },
      {
        "title": "Powerhouse Collection, Specification of James Watt's separate condenser patent, Object 92/1",
        "url": "https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/119115",
        "locator": "Original linked work. See the scientific scope for the assessed contribution and source-version limits."
      },
      {
        "title": "Science Museum Group, Watt's second separate condenser,1765, Object 1876-1267",
        "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co50928",
        "locator": "Original linked work. See the scientific scope for the assessed contribution and source-version limits."
      },
      {
        "title": "Science Museum curator Ben Russell, James Watt and the separate condenser,5 January 2019",
        "url": "https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/james-watt-and-the-separate-condenser/",
        "locator": "Original linked work. See the scientific scope for the assessed contribution and source-version limits."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "James Watt",
        "did": "Original source-listed scientific author of this scoped work; byline does not determine effort fractions.",
        "credit": "SCIENCE"
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:90ff53f0-bc83-4c08-a495-847e987a038d",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:e20b1bc7653838a1d8e829e9e2fac399d64a31ba4477606c1bc519c01fb2a99b"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "260000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": null,
  "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE"
}