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    "title": "Detection of quantized circulation in superfluid helium by a vibrating wire",
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        "title": "The detection of single quanta of circulation in liquid helium II",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1961.0029",
        "date": "1961-02-21"
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        "id": "vinen-rotating-helium-circulation-quanta-1958",
        "title": "Detection of Single Quanta of Circulation in Rotating Helium II",
        "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/1811524a0",
        "date": "1958-05-31"
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        "description": "The original 1958 and 1961 reports concern the same experimental line, rather than two independent discoveries. The later account describes damping, finite zero-circulation mode splitting and intermediate values; its histogram covers readings classified as stable, not every measurement. Later lower-temperature traces and Kelvin-wave interpretations are separate work.",
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      "statement": "# Detection of quantized circulation in superfluid helium by a vibrating wire\n\nW. F. Vinen used a vibrating wire in helium II to investigate quantized circulation. His 1958 original report already described direct evidence for single circulation quanta; the 1961 paper described the apparatus and measurement in more detail. A later experimental account explains how circulation changes the wire’s coupled vibrational modes and discusses selected stable readings near zero and one circulation quantum.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe original 1958 and 1961 reports concern the same experimental line, rather than two independent discoveries. The later account describes damping, finite zero-circulation mode splitting and intermediate values; its histogram covers readings classified as stable, not every measurement. Later lower-temperature traces and Kelvin-wave interpretations are separate work.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nWilliam Frank Vinen\n\nThese are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Sixty Years of Quantized Circulation](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15528v1)\n- [The detection of single quanta of circulation in liquid helium II](https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1961.0029)\n- [Detection of Single Quanta of Circulation in Rotating Helium II](https://www.nature.com/articles/1811524a0)\n",
      "summary": "W. F. Vinen used a vibrating wire in helium II to investigate quantized circulation. His 1958 original report already described direct evidence for single circulation quanta; the 1961 paper described the apparatus and measurement in more detail. A later experimental account explains how circulation changes the wire’s coupled vibrational modes and discusses selected stable readings near zero and one circulation quantum.",
      "title": "Detection of quantized circulation in superfluid helium by a vibrating wire"
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    "what_changed": "W. F. Vinen used a vibrating wire in helium II to investigate quantized circulation. His 1958 original report already described direct evidence for single circulation quanta; the 1961 paper described the apparatus and measurement in more detail. A later experimental account explains how circulation changes the wire’s coupled vibrational modes and discusses selected stable readings near zero and one circulation quantum.",
    "scope": "W. F. Vinen used a vibrating wire in helium II to investigate quantized circulation. His 1958 original report already described direct evidence for single circulation quanta; the 1961 paper described the apparatus and measurement in more detail. A later experimental account explains how circulation changes the wire’s coupled vibrational modes and discusses selected stable readings near zero and one circulation quantum. The original 1958 and 1961 reports concern the same experimental line, rather than two independent discoveries. The later account describes damping, finite zero-circulation mode splitting and intermediate values; its histogram covers readings classified as stable, not every measurement. Later lower-temperature traces and Kelvin-wave interpretations are separate work.",
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