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    "title": "UA1 and UA2 collider observations of W and Z bosons",
    "summary": "In 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory.",
    "boundary": "These are separate searches using two detectors at the same collider, not four different particles. The original samples were small, and their event selections and uncertainties differ. Later enlarged samples should not be substituted for the initial 1983 observations. The team-level attributions do not provide a complete list of individual authors.",
    "area": "Experimental particle physics",
    "topic": "Physics",
    "year": 1983,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "EMPIRICAL",
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      {
        "id": "rubbia-ua1-w-z-nobel-lecture-1984",
        "title": "Experimental Observation of the Intermediate Vector Bosons W+, W− and Z0",
        "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/rubbia-lecture.pdf",
        "date": "1984-12-08"
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        "title": "UA1: isolated high-energy electrons with missing energy",
        "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383911772",
        "date": "1983-02-24"
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        "title": "UA2: isolated electrons and missing transverse energy",
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        "date": "1983-03-17"
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      {
        "id": "ua1-original-z-1983",
        "title": "UA1: lepton pairs of invariant mass near 95 GeV",
        "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383901880",
        "date": "1983-07-07"
      },
      {
        "id": "ua2-original-z-1983",
        "title": "UA2: evidence for Z⁰ decays to electron pairs",
        "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037026938390744X",
        "date": "1983-09-15"
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      "scope": "In 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory. These are separate searches using two detectors at the same collider, not four different particles. The original samples were small, and their event selections and uncertainties differ. Later enlarged samples should not be substituted for the initial 1983 observations. The team-level attributions do not provide a complete list of individual authors.",
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            "citation": "Experimental Observation of the Intermediate Vector Bosons W+, W− and Z0",
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            "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383916052"
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            "citation": "UA1: lepton pairs of invariant mass near 95 GeV",
            "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383901880"
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            "citation": "UA2: evidence for Z⁰ decays to electron pairs",
            "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037026938390744X"
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      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
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      "scope": {
        "description": "These are separate searches using two detectors at the same collider, not four different particles. The original samples were small, and their event selections and uncertainties differ. Later enlarged samples should not be substituted for the initial 1983 observations. The team-level attributions do not provide a complete list of individual authors.",
        "domain": "Experimental particle physics"
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      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Experimental Observation of the Intermediate Vector Bosons W+, W− and Z0",
          "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/rubbia-lecture.pdf"
        },
        {
          "citation": "UA1: isolated high-energy electrons with missing energy",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383911772"
        },
        {
          "citation": "UA2: isolated electrons and missing transverse energy",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383916052"
        },
        {
          "citation": "UA1: lepton pairs of invariant mass near 95 GeV",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383901880"
        },
        {
          "citation": "UA2: evidence for Z⁰ decays to electron pairs",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037026938390744X"
        }
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      "statement": "# UA1 and UA2 collider observations of W and Z bosons\n\nIn 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThese are separate searches using two detectors at the same collider, not four different particles. The original samples were small, and their event selections and uncertainties differ. Later enlarged samples should not be substituted for the initial 1983 observations. The team-level attributions do not provide a complete list of individual authors.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\n\n\nCredit belongs to the cited collaborations. The individual author list is incomplete; no sole discoverer or individual effort share is inferred.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Experimental Observation of the Intermediate Vector Bosons W+, W− and Z0](https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/rubbia-lecture.pdf)\n- [UA1: isolated high-energy electrons with missing energy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383911772)\n- [UA2: isolated electrons and missing transverse energy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383916052)\n- [UA1: lepton pairs of invariant mass near 95 GeV](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383901880)\n- [UA2: evidence for Z⁰ decays to electron pairs](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037026938390744X)\n",
      "summary": "In 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory.",
      "title": "UA1 and UA2 collider observations of W and Z bosons"
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    "title": "UA1 and UA2 collider observations of W and Z bosons",
    "context": "Experimental particle physics",
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    "what_changed": "In 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory.",
    "scope": "In 1983, two collaborations at CERN’s proton–antiproton collider reported evidence for the charged W and neutral Z bosons. UA1 and UA2 separately observed high-energy electrons with missing energy consistent with W decay. Later that year, UA1 reported electron and muon pairs near the expected Z mass and UA2 reported electron-pair events consistent with Z decay. The measurements supplied direct evidence for particles predicted by electroweak theory. These are separate searches using two detectors at the same collider, not four different particles. The original samples were small, and their event selections and uncertainties differ. Later enlarged samples should not be substituted for the initial 1983 observations. The team-level attributions do not provide a complete list of individual authors.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked original works support the scoped statement and contribution attribution. WRS has not independently replayed experiments or reconstructed a full mathematical proof. These are separate searches using two detectors at the same collider, not four different particles. The original samples were small, and their event selections and uncertainties differ. Later enlarged samples should not be substituted for the initial 1983 observations. The team-level attributions do not provide a complete list of individual authors.",
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      {
        "title": "Experimental Observation of the Intermediate Vector Bosons W+, W− and Z0",
        "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/rubbia-lecture.pdf",
        "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained."
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      {
        "title": "UA1: isolated high-energy electrons with missing energy",
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        "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained."
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      {
        "title": "UA2: isolated electrons and missing transverse energy",
        "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383916052",
        "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained."
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        "title": "UA1: lepton pairs of invariant mass near 95 GeV",
        "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269383901880",
        "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained."
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        "title": "UA2: evidence for Z⁰ decays to electron pairs",
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