{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "student-t-distribution-1908",
    "title": "Gosset as Student: the probable error of a mean",
    "summary": "Derived the small-sample distribution of a standardized sample mean under the paper’s normal-population assumptions, providing the basis for Student’s t methods.",
    "boundary": "The record is the 1908 paper published under the pseudonym Student. Later formalizations, tables, hypothesis-testing conventions and generalizations are separate.",
    "area": "Statistics",
    "year": 1908,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "THEORY",
    "package_id": "student-t-distribution-1908",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:08309cce-489a-4d7b-a3ea-d03241e298b9",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:e3575b7d8e3d2126ba241917c9b0576974804ec6cf64c50d67abd27cd4070612"
    },
    "humans": [
      "William Sealy Gosset"
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "The named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "jstor-student-probable-error-1908",
        "title": "Student, The Probable Error of a Mean",
        "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/i315351"
      },
      {
        "id": "mit-gosset-student-1908",
        "title": "MIT OpenCourseWare copy of Gosset’s 1908 Student paper",
        "url": "https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-86-models-data-and-inference-for-socio-technical-systems-spring-2007/resources/gosset_1908/"
      }
    ],
    "geography": {
      "country_codes": [
        "GB",
        "IE"
      ],
      "location_basis": "Documented research locations or paper affiliations for this contribution. Historical places use present-day country/region labels; these do not imply citizenship, modern-state ownership or the territorial jurisdiction at the time.",
      "source_url": "https://www.physoc.org/magazine-articles/the-strange-origins-of-the-students-t-test/",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:08309cce-489a-4d7b-a3ea-d03241e298b9",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:e3575b7d8e3d2126ba241917c9b0576974804ec6cf64c50d67abd27cd4070612"
      },
      "basis": "RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION",
      "reviewed_on": "2026-09-26",
      "nationality_inferred": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Attribution source",
          "url": "https://www.physoc.org/magazine-articles/the-strange-origins-of-the-students-t-test/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Attribution source",
          "url": "https://isi-web.org/sites/default/files/import/files-2011/650005.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "coverage_status": "COMPLETE",
      "country_labels": {
        "GB": "United Kingdom",
        "IE": "Ireland"
      }
    },
    "points": "175000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "student-t-distribution-1908",
      "entry_id": "student-t-distribution-1908",
      "band": "A",
      "modifier": null,
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:08309cce-489a-4d7b-a3ea-d03241e298b9",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:e3575b7d8e3d2126ba241917c9b0576974804ec6cf64c50d67abd27cd4070612"
      },
      "what_changed": "Small-sample uncertainty could be calibrated using the estimated rather than known variance.",
      "scope": "William Sealy Gosset's 1908 paper under pseudonym Student; later t-test formalization and broader robustness theory separate.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:08309cce-489a-4d7b-a3ea-d03241e298b9",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:e3575b7d8e3d2126ba241917c9b0576974804ec6cf64c50d67abd27cd4070612"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-09-25T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "William Sealy Gosset",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "formulator"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "Student, The Probable Error of a Mean",
            "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/i315351"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Student, The Probable Error of a Mean",
            "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/i315351"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-1",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "MIT OpenCourseWare copy of Gosset’s 1908 Student paper",
            "url": "https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-86-models-data-and-inference-for-socio-technical-systems-spring-2007/resources/gosset_1908/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The record is the 1908 paper published under the pseudonym Student. Later formalizations, tables, hypothesis-testing conventions and generalizations are separate.",
        "domain": "Statistics"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Student, The Probable Error of a Mean",
          "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/i315351"
        },
        {
          "citation": "MIT OpenCourseWare copy of Gosset’s 1908 Student paper",
          "url": "https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-86-models-data-and-inference-for-socio-technical-systems-spring-2007/resources/gosset_1908/"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Gosset as Student: the probable error of a mean\n\nDerived the small-sample distribution of a standardized sample mean under the paper’s normal-population assumptions, providing the basis for Student’s t methods.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe record is the 1908 paper published under the pseudonym Student. Later formalizations, tables, hypothesis-testing conventions and generalizations are separate.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nWilliam Sealy Gosset\n\nThe named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Student, The Probable Error of a Mean](https://www.jstor.org/stable/i315351)\n- [MIT OpenCourseWare copy of Gosset’s 1908 Student paper](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-86-models-data-and-inference-for-socio-technical-systems-spring-2007/resources/gosset_1908/)\n",
      "summary": "Derived the small-sample distribution of a standardized sample mean under the paper’s normal-population assumptions, providing the basis for Student’s t methods.",
      "title": "Gosset as Student: the probable error of a mean"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:08309cce-489a-4d7b-a3ea-d03241e298b9",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:08309cce-489a-4d7b-a3ea-d03241e298b9",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:e3575b7d8e3d2126ba241917c9b0576974804ec6cf64c50d67abd27cd4070612"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:b325a432d8f77c78b71deba4987bf86a1492bad3c1c95cdb903a778e93e697b3"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:08309cce-489a-4d7b-a3ea-d03241e298b9",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:e3575b7d8e3d2126ba241917c9b0576974804ec6cf64c50d67abd27cd4070612"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "student-t-distribution-1908",
    "entry_id": "student-t-distribution-1908",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Gosset as Student: the probable error of a mean",
    "context": "Statistics",
    "track": "Small-sample inference",
    "band": "A",
    "modifier": null,
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-09-25",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-25",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "Small-sample uncertainty could be calibrated using the estimated rather than known variance.",
    "scope": "William Sealy Gosset's 1908 paper under pseudonym Student; later t-test formalization and broader robustness theory separate.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is the 1908 paper published under the pseudonym Student. Later formalizations, tables, hypothesis-testing conventions and generalizations are separate.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Student, The Probable Error of a Mean",
        "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/i315351",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      },
      {
        "title": "MIT OpenCourseWare copy of Gosset’s 1908 Student paper",
        "url": "https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/esd-86-models-data-and-inference-for-socio-technical-systems-spring-2007/resources/gosset_1908/",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "William Sealy Gosset",
        "credit": "SCIENCE",
        "did": "Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured."
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:08309cce-489a-4d7b-a3ea-d03241e298b9",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:e3575b7d8e3d2126ba241917c9b0576974804ec6cf64c50d67abd27cd4070612"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "175000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": null,
  "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE"
}