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    "title": "Shockley and Queisser: a detailed-balance limit for solar cells",
    "summary": "Shockley and Queisser calculated an ideal efficiency limit for p-n junction solar converters by balancing radiation absorption and emission. Their model varied band gap and the share of radiative recombination.\n\nA solar cell must also emit radiation, so absorption alone does not determine attainable power. Detailed balance exposes losses even in a simplified ideal device. The work distinguishes this theoretical benchmark from nonradiative recombination and deviations of actual junctions.",
    "boundary": "The abstract assumes blackbody sun and cell temperatures of 6000 K and 300 K and an ideal radiative limit. This is not a universal ceiling for every photovoltaic design or a measured device efficiency.",
    "area": "Photovoltaics",
    "topic": "Energy and engineering",
    "year": 1961,
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        "title": "William Shockley and Hans J. Queisser, Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells (1961)",
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            "citation": "William Shockley and Hans J. Queisser, Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells (1961)",
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            "citation": "William Shockley and Hans J. Queisser, Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells (1961)",
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      "scope": {
        "description": "The abstract assumes blackbody sun and cell temperatures of 6000 K and 300 K and an ideal radiative limit. This is not a universal ceiling for every photovoltaic design or a measured device efficiency.",
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        {
          "citation": "William Shockley and Hans J. Queisser, Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells (1961)",
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      "statement": "# Shockley and Queisser: a detailed-balance limit for solar cells\n\nShockley and Queisser calculated an ideal efficiency limit for p-n junction solar converters by balancing radiation absorption and emission. Their model varied band gap and the share of radiative recombination.\n\nA solar cell must also emit radiation, so absorption alone does not determine attainable power. Detailed balance exposes losses even in a simplified ideal device. The work distinguishes this theoretical benchmark from nonradiative recombination and deviations of actual junctions.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe abstract assumes blackbody sun and cell temperatures of 6000 K and 300 K and an ideal radiative limit. This is not a universal ceiling for every photovoltaic design or a measured device efficiency.\n\n## People and systems\n\nWilliam Shockley; Hans J. Queisser\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [William Shockley and Hans J. Queisser, Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells (1961)](https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107368395790720)\n",
      "summary": "Shockley and Queisser calculated an ideal efficiency limit for p-n junction solar converters by balancing radiation absorption and emission. Their model varied band gap and the share of radiative recombination.\n\nA solar cell must also emit radiation, so absorption alone does not determine attainable power. Detailed balance exposes losses even in a simplified ideal device. The work distinguishes this theoretical benchmark from nonradiative recombination and deviations of actual junctions.",
      "title": "Shockley and Queisser: a detailed-balance limit for solar cells"
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    "id": "shockley-queisser-detailed-balance-1961",
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    "title": "Shockley and Queisser: a detailed-balance limit for solar cells",
    "context": "Photovoltaics",
    "track": "Photovoltaics",
    "band": "A",
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    "what_changed": "Absorption and emission are combined in a detailed-balance calculation that constrains ideal p-n junction conversion as band gap and radiative recombination vary.",
    "scope": "Absorption and emission are combined in a detailed-balance calculation that constrains ideal p-n junction conversion as band gap and radiative recombination vary. The abstract assumes blackbody sun and cell temperatures of 6000 K and 300 K and an ideal radiative limit. This is not a universal ceiling for every photovoltaic design or a measured device efficiency.",
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      {
        "title": "William Shockley and Hans J. Queisser, Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells (1961)",
        "url": "https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107368395790720",
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