{ "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1", "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177", "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS", "entry": { "id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015", "title": "Photonic Bell test with spacelike separation and high detection efficiency", "summary": "Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model.", "boundary": "The test addresses locality and fair-sampling loopholes together under assumptions about timing, recorded outcomes and measurement-setting independence. No finite experiment removes every possible assumption. Five-pulse and other analyses reuse the same data rather than independent experiments; raw statistical replay and the separate supplementary material were not examined. The five-pulse p-value is printed as 5.8 × 10⁻⁹ in the text and figure but 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ in the abstract and table. The final published paper confirms the same 34-person printed byline as v1 and explicitly marks the second and third authors as equal contributors. Its abstract and table print 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ while its text and figure print 5.8 × 10⁻⁹; this source-internal difference remains uncorrected. The final reported run was selected as the most stable among six configurations. The 2015 journal figure 3 caption says pulses 1–11 are spacelike separated, while both author-preprint v1 and 2016 v2 figure 3 say pulse 1 is not and pulses 2–11 are. The reported five-pulse aggregate uses pulses 4–8, so this textual discrepancy does not concern inclusion of pulse 1 in that aggregate. The independent source of this discrepancy has not been checked.", "area": "Quantum foundations and optics", "topic": "Physics", "year": 2015, "lane": "HUMAN", "result": "EMPIRICAL", "package_id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5" }, "humans": [ "Lynden K. Shalm", "Evan Meyer-Scott", "Bradley G. Christensen", "Peter Bierhorst", "Michael A. Wayne", "Martin J. Stevens", "Thomas Gerrits", "Scott Glancy", "Deny R. Hamel", "Michael S. Allman", "Kevin J. Coakley", "Shellee D. Dyer", "Carson Hodge", "Adriana E. Lita", "Varun B. Verma", "Camilla Lambrocco", "Edward Tortorici", "Alan L. Migdall", "Yanbao Zhang", "Daniel R. Kumor", "William H. Farr", "Francesco Marsili", "Matthew D. Shaw", "Jeffrey A. Stern", "Carlos Abellán", "Waldimar Amaya", "Valerio Pruneri", "Thomas Jennewein", "Morgan W. Mitchell", "Paul G. Kwiat", "Joshua C. Bienfang", "Richard P. Mirin", "Emanuel Knill", "Sae Woo Nam" ], "authors_complete": true, "human_role_note": "These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.", "agents": [], "related": [], "subresults": [], "scientific_assessment": { "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED", "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS", "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN", "provider_attestation": "NONE" }, "sources": [ { "id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-arxiv-v1-2015", "title": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1", "date": "2015-11-10" }, { "id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-prl-2015-nist", "title": "Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism", "url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=919674", "date": "2015-12-16" }, { "id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-arxiv-v2-2016", "title": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism (author preprint v2)", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v2", "date": "2016-09-06" } ], "points": "145000", "published_grade": { "id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015", "entry_id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015", "band": "A", "modifier": "+", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5" }, "what_changed": "Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model.", "scope": "Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model. The test addresses locality and fair-sampling loopholes together under assumptions about timing, recorded outcomes and measurement-setting independence. No finite experiment removes every possible assumption. Five-pulse and other analyses reuse the same data rather than independent experiments; raw statistical replay and the separate supplementary material were not examined. The five-pulse p-value is printed as 5.8 × 10⁻⁹ in the text and figure but 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ in the abstract and table. The final published paper confirms the same 34-person printed byline as v1 and explicitly marks the second and third authors as equal contributors. Its abstract and table print 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ while its text and figure print 5.8 × 10⁻⁹; this source-internal difference remains uncorrected. The final reported run was selected as the most stable among six configurations. The 2015 journal figure 3 caption says pulses 1–11 are spacelike separated, while both author-preprint v1 and 2016 v2 figure 3 say pulse 1 is not and pulses 2–11 are. The reported five-pulse aggregate uses pulses 4–8, so this textual discrepancy does not concern inclusion of pulse 1 in that aggregate. The independent source of this discrepancy has not been checked.", "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "scientific_correctness_certified": false }, "assessment_disposition": { "status": "ASSESSED", "label": "Provisionally assessed", "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5" }, "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177" } }, "version": { "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW", "previous": null, "published_at": "2026-10-28T00:00:00Z", "publisher": { "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33", "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION" }, "record": { "contributors": [ { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Lynden K. Shalm", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Evan Meyer-Scott", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Bradley G. Christensen", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Peter Bierhorst", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Michael A. Wayne", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Martin J. Stevens", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Thomas Gerrits", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Scott Glancy", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Deny R. Hamel", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Michael S. Allman", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Kevin J. Coakley", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Shellee D. Dyer", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Carson Hodge", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Adriana E. Lita", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Varun B. Verma", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Camilla Lambrocco", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Edward Tortorici", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Alan L. Migdall", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Yanbao Zhang", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Daniel R. Kumor", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "William H. Farr", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Francesco Marsili", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Matthew D. Shaw", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Jeffrey A. Stern", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Carlos Abellán", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Waldimar Amaya", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Valerio Pruneri", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Thomas Jennewein", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Morgan W. Mitchell", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Paul G. Kwiat", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Joshua C. Bienfang", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } } ], "evidence": [ { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-0", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" } }, { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-1", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism", "url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=919674" } }, { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-2", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism (author preprint v2)", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v2" } } ], "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY", "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1", "record_type": "research_note", "rrp_version": "0.1", "scope": { "description": "The test addresses locality and fair-sampling loopholes together under assumptions about timing, recorded outcomes and measurement-setting independence. No finite experiment removes every possible assumption. Five-pulse and other analyses reuse the same data rather than independent experiments; raw statistical replay and the separate supplementary material were not examined. The five-pulse p-value is printed as 5.8 × 10⁻⁹ in the text and figure but 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ in the abstract and table. The final published paper confirms the same 34-person printed byline as v1 and explicitly marks the second and third authors as equal contributors. Its abstract and table print 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ while its text and figure print 5.8 × 10⁻⁹; this source-internal difference remains uncorrected. The final reported run was selected as the most stable among six configurations. The 2015 journal figure 3 caption says pulses 1–11 are spacelike separated, while both author-preprint v1 and 2016 v2 figure 3 say pulse 1 is not and pulses 2–11 are. The reported five-pulse aggregate uses pulses 4–8, so this textual discrepancy does not concern inclusion of pulse 1 in that aggregate. The independent source of this discrepancy has not been checked.", "domain": "Quantum foundations and optics" }, "sources": [ { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1" }, { "citation": "Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism", "url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=919674" }, { "citation": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism (author preprint v2)", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v2" } ], "statement": "# Photonic Bell test with spacelike separation and high detection efficiency\n\nShalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe test addresses locality and fair-sampling loopholes together under assumptions about timing, recorded outcomes and measurement-setting independence. No finite experiment removes every possible assumption. Five-pulse and other analyses reuse the same data rather than independent experiments; raw statistical replay and the separate supplementary material were not examined. The five-pulse p-value is printed as 5.8 × 10⁻⁹ in the text and figure but 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ in the abstract and table. The final published paper confirms the same 34-person printed byline as v1 and explicitly marks the second and third authors as equal contributors. Its abstract and table print 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ while its text and figure print 5.8 × 10⁻⁹; this source-internal difference remains uncorrected. The final reported run was selected as the most stable among six configurations. The 2015 journal figure 3 caption says pulses 1–11 are spacelike separated, while both author-preprint v1 and 2016 v2 figure 3 say pulse 1 is not and pulses 2–11 are. The reported five-pulse aggregate uses pulses 4–8, so this textual discrepancy does not concern inclusion of pulse 1 in that aggregate. The independent source of this discrepancy has not been checked.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nLynden K. Shalm; Evan Meyer-Scott; Bradley G. Christensen; Peter Bierhorst; Michael A. Wayne; Martin J. Stevens; Thomas Gerrits; Scott Glancy; Deny R. Hamel; Michael S. Allman; Kevin J. Coakley; Shellee D. Dyer; Carson Hodge; Adriana E. Lita; Varun B. Verma; Camilla Lambrocco; Edward Tortorici; Alan L. Migdall; Yanbao Zhang; Daniel R. Kumor; William H. Farr; Francesco Marsili; Matthew D. Shaw; Jeffrey A. Stern; Carlos Abellán; Waldimar Amaya; Valerio Pruneri; Thomas Jennewein; Morgan W. Mitchell; Paul G. Kwiat; Joshua C. Bienfang; Richard P. Mirin; Emanuel Knill; Sae Woo Nam\n\nThese are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [A strong loophole-free test of local realism](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1)\n- [Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism](https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=919674)\n- [A strong loophole-free test of local realism (author preprint v2)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v2)\n", "summary": "Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model.", "title": "Photonic Bell test with spacelike separation and high detection efficiency" }, "record_id": "urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc", "version": 1, "source_ref": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5" }, "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1", "public_view_hash": "sha256:861c33e0aad7ac46a692e1f1020131e605b5a181f1599bac089b455ee0d61100" }, "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5" }, "published_grade": { "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1", "edition": "2026-10-28.1", "id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015", "entry_id": "shalm-photonic-bell-test-2015", "revision": 1, "title": "Photonic Bell test with spacelike separation and high detection efficiency", "context": "Quantum foundations and optics", "track": "Source-reported experimental result or reusable measurement method", "band": "A", "modifier": "+", "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "assessed_on": "2026-10-28", "evidence_cutoff": "2026-10-28", "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT", "what_changed": "Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model.", "scope": "Shalm and colleagues reported a Bell-inequality violation using polarization-entangled photon pairs, rapid setting choices, spacelike separation and efficient superconducting detectors. For a five-pulse aggregation the source table reports a local-realism p-value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹, or 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ under its stated excess-predictability model. The test addresses locality and fair-sampling loopholes together under assumptions about timing, recorded outcomes and measurement-setting independence. No finite experiment removes every possible assumption. Five-pulse and other analyses reuse the same data rather than independent experiments; raw statistical replay and the separate supplementary material were not examined. The five-pulse p-value is printed as 5.8 × 10⁻⁹ in the text and figure but 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ in the abstract and table. The final published paper confirms the same 34-person printed byline as v1 and explicitly marks the second and third authors as equal contributors. Its abstract and table print 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ while its text and figure print 5.8 × 10⁻⁹; this source-internal difference remains uncorrected. The final reported run was selected as the most stable among six configurations. The 2015 journal figure 3 caption says pulses 1–11 are spacelike separated, while both author-preprint v1 and 2016 v2 figure 3 say pulse 1 is not and pulses 2–11 are. The reported five-pulse aggregate uses pulses 4–8, so this textual discrepancy does not concern inclusion of pulse 1 in that aggregate. The independent source of this discrepancy has not been checked.", "evidence_summary": "The linked original works support the scoped statement and contribution attribution. WRS has not independently replayed experiments or reconstructed a full mathematical proof. The test addresses locality and fair-sampling loopholes together under assumptions about timing, recorded outcomes and measurement-setting independence. No finite experiment removes every possible assumption. Five-pulse and other analyses reuse the same data rather than independent experiments; raw statistical replay and the separate supplementary material were not examined. The five-pulse p-value is printed as 5.8 × 10⁻⁹ in the text and figure but 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ in the abstract and table. The final published paper confirms the same 34-person printed byline as v1 and explicitly marks the second and third authors as equal contributors. Its abstract and table print 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ while its text and figure print 5.8 × 10⁻⁹; this source-internal difference remains uncorrected. The final reported run was selected as the most stable among six configurations. The 2015 journal figure 3 caption says pulses 1–11 are spacelike separated, while both author-preprint v1 and 2016 v2 figure 3 say pulse 1 is not and pulses 2–11 are. The reported five-pulse aggregate uses pulses 4–8, so this textual discrepancy does not concern inclusion of pulse 1 in that aggregate. The independent source of this discrepancy has not been checked.", "references": [ { "title": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v1", "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained." }, { "title": "Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism", "url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=919674", "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained." }, { "title": "A strong loophole-free test of local realism (author preprint v2)", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03189v2", "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained." } ], "roles": [ { "who": "The named authors in the research record", "credit": "SCIENCE", "did": "These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged." } ], "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:e63aaa77-82c1-40fc-a392-74fef06666fc", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:ba1496438cc2833a811450540b91f21577ba81660d2a9f6b5966b478dd014fd5" }, "scientific_correctness_certified": false, "independent_expert_calibration": false, "method": "PROPRIETARY", "points": "145000" }, "canonical_agent_submission": false, "scientific_verification_awarded": false, "reader_guide": null, "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE" }