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    "id": "schoepe-rayfield-electron-bubble-tunneling-1973",
    "title": "Electron escape from liquid-helium bubble states at a free surface",
    "summary": "Rayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous.",
    "boundary": "The measured observable is a decaying surface current, while tunneling, binding energies and radii are model interpretations. The model assumes a spherical bubble, a planar surface, an approximate potential and thermal equilibration. The 1971 estimate for the helium-4 radius (12.9 Å) was affected by a numerical error identified in the 1973 paper, whose revised 24.8 Å remained substantially larger than other estimates. The relative scaling agreed with a simple model; the mixture results were not explained. This extends earlier bubble and surface-escape experiments, not discovery of the bubble itself. The two papers reverse author order.",
    "area": "Condensed Matter Physics",
    "topic": "Physics",
    "year": 1971,
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        "id": "schoepe-rayfield-liquid-helium-electron-escape-1973",
        "title": "Tunneling from Electronic Bubble States in Liquid Helium through the Liquid-Vapor Interface",
        "url": "https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18836/1/schoepe10.pdf",
        "date": "1973-06-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "rayfield-schoepe-helium-bubble-tunneling-1971",
        "title": "Tunneling from electronic bubble states through the liquid-vapor interface of He II",
        "url": "https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18881/1/schoepe22.pdf",
        "date": "1971-12-20"
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      "scope": "Rayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous. The measured observable is a decaying surface current, while tunneling, binding energies and radii are model interpretations. The model assumes a spherical bubble, a planar surface, an approximate potential and thermal equilibration. The 1971 estimate for the helium-4 radius (12.9 Å) was affected by a numerical error identified in the 1973 paper, whose revised 24.8 Å remained substantially larger than other estimates. The relative scaling agreed with a simple model; the mixture results were not explained. This extends earlier bubble and surface-escape experiments, not discovery of the bubble itself. The two papers reverse author order.",
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            "citation": "Tunneling from Electronic Bubble States in Liquid Helium through the Liquid-Vapor Interface",
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            "citation": "Tunneling from Electronic Bubble States in Liquid Helium through the Liquid-Vapor Interface",
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            "citation": "Tunneling from Electronic Bubble States in Liquid Helium through the Liquid-Vapor Interface",
            "url": "https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18836/1/schoepe10.pdf"
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            "citation": "Tunneling from electronic bubble states through the liquid-vapor interface of He II",
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      "scope": {
        "description": "The measured observable is a decaying surface current, while tunneling, binding energies and radii are model interpretations. The model assumes a spherical bubble, a planar surface, an approximate potential and thermal equilibration. The 1971 estimate for the helium-4 radius (12.9 Å) was affected by a numerical error identified in the 1973 paper, whose revised 24.8 Å remained substantially larger than other estimates. The relative scaling agreed with a simple model; the mixture results were not explained. This extends earlier bubble and surface-escape experiments, not discovery of the bubble itself. The two papers reverse author order.",
        "domain": "Condensed Matter Physics"
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      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Tunneling from Electronic Bubble States in Liquid Helium through the Liquid-Vapor Interface",
          "url": "https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18836/1/schoepe10.pdf"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Tunneling from electronic bubble states through the liquid-vapor interface of He II",
          "url": "https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18881/1/schoepe22.pdf"
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      "statement": "# Electron escape from liquid-helium bubble states at a free surface\n\nRayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe measured observable is a decaying surface current, while tunneling, binding energies and radii are model interpretations. The model assumes a spherical bubble, a planar surface, an approximate potential and thermal equilibration. The 1971 estimate for the helium-4 radius (12.9 Å) was affected by a numerical error identified in the 1973 paper, whose revised 24.8 Å remained substantially larger than other estimates. The relative scaling agreed with a simple model; the mixture results were not explained. This extends earlier bubble and surface-escape experiments, not discovery of the bubble itself. The two papers reverse author order.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nW. Schoepe; G. W. Rayfield\n\nThese are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Tunneling from Electronic Bubble States in Liquid Helium through the Liquid-Vapor Interface](https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18836/1/schoepe10.pdf)\n- [Tunneling from electronic bubble states through the liquid-vapor interface of He II](https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18881/1/schoepe22.pdf)\n",
      "summary": "Rayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous.",
      "title": "Electron escape from liquid-helium bubble states at a free surface"
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    "id": "schoepe-rayfield-electron-bubble-tunneling-1973",
    "entry_id": "schoepe-rayfield-electron-bubble-tunneling-1973",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Electron escape from liquid-helium bubble states at a free surface",
    "context": "Condensed Matter Physics",
    "track": "Source-reported experimental result or reusable measurement method",
    "band": "B",
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    "what_changed": "Rayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous.",
    "scope": "Rayfield and Schoepe introduced a tunneling interpretation of their earlier measured electron escape from liquid helium in 1971, fitting temperature-dependent trapping data to infer bubble-state properties. In a detailed 1973 study they measured temperature and electric-field dependences in helium-3, helium-4 and mixtures. Their semiclassical model described the reported pure-liquid trends while the mixture results remained anomalous. The measured observable is a decaying surface current, while tunneling, binding energies and radii are model interpretations. The model assumes a spherical bubble, a planar surface, an approximate potential and thermal equilibration. The 1971 estimate for the helium-4 radius (12.9 Å) was affected by a numerical error identified in the 1973 paper, whose revised 24.8 Å remained substantially larger than other estimates. The relative scaling agreed with a simple model; the mixture results were not explained. This extends earlier bubble and surface-escape experiments, not discovery of the bubble itself. The two papers reverse author order.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked original works support the scoped statement and contribution attribution. WRS has not independently replayed experiments or reconstructed a full mathematical proof. The measured observable is a decaying surface current, while tunneling, binding energies and radii are model interpretations. The model assumes a spherical bubble, a planar surface, an approximate potential and thermal equilibration. The 1971 estimate for the helium-4 radius (12.9 Å) was affected by a numerical error identified in the 1973 paper, whose revised 24.8 Å remained substantially larger than other estimates. The relative scaling agreed with a simple model; the mixture results were not explained. This extends earlier bubble and surface-escape experiments, not discovery of the bubble itself. The two papers reverse author order.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Tunneling from Electronic Bubble States in Liquid Helium through the Liquid-Vapor Interface",
        "url": "https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18836/1/schoepe10.pdf",
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        "title": "Tunneling from electronic bubble states through the liquid-vapor interface of He II",
        "url": "https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/18881/1/schoepe22.pdf",
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