{ "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1", "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177", "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS", "entry": { "id": "planck-radiation", "title": "Planck: black-body radiation and energy elements", "summary": "Gives the equilibrium black-body spectrum, using discrete energy elements in its statistical derivation.", "boundary": "The 1901 paper follows the work of 1900. Its historical energy-element hypothesis remains distinct from the later full photon concept and quantum theory.", "area": "Quantum physics", "topic": "Physics", "year": 1901, "lane": "HUMAN", "result": "THEORY", "package_id": "planck-radiation", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:349a2dc4da537950d96b2c0a53fddea892d5295e6ddc864d8c5cb75f2dbf4c6b" }, "humans": [ "Max Planck" ], "authors_complete": true, "human_role_note": "Listed source contributors; individual labor shares are not measured", "agents": [], "related": [], "subresults": [], "scientific_assessment": { "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED", "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS", "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN", "provider_attestation": "NONE" }, "sources": [ { "id": "planck-1901", "title": "Planck, Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum (1901)", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/andp.19013090310" } ], "geography": { "country_codes": [ "DE" ], "location_basis": "Documented research locations or paper affiliations for this contribution. Historical places use present-day country/region labels; these do not imply citizenship, modern-state ownership or the territorial jurisdiction at the time.", "source_url": "https://www.mpg.de/19252773/plancks-career-until-1900", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:349a2dc4da537950d96b2c0a53fddea892d5295e6ddc864d8c5cb75f2dbf4c6b" }, "basis": "RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-26", "nationality_inferred": false, "sources": [ { "title": "Attribution source", "url": "https://www.mpg.de/19252773/plancks-career-until-1900" }, { "title": "Attribution source", "url": "https://www.mpg.de/19252688/max-planck" } ], "coverage_status": "COMPLETE", "country_labels": { "DE": "Germany" } }, "points": "300000", "published_grade": { "id": "planck-radiation", "entry_id": "planck-radiation", "band": "S", "modifier": null, "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:349a2dc4da537950d96b2c0a53fddea892d5295e6ddc864d8c5cb75f2dbf4c6b" }, "what_changed": "Gives the equilibrium black-body spectrum, using discrete energy elements in its statistical derivation.", "scope": "The cited black-body radiation account and discrete energy elements in Planck's 1900 treatment.", "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "scientific_correctness_certified": false }, "assessment_disposition": { "status": "ASSESSED", "label": "Provisionally assessed", "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:349a2dc4da537950d96b2c0a53fddea892d5295e6ddc864d8c5cb75f2dbf4c6b" }, "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177" } }, "version": { "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW", "previous": null, "published_at": "2026-09-11T00:00:00Z", "publisher": { "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33", "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION" }, "record": { "contributors": [ { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Max Planck", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Planck, Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum (1901)", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/andp.19013090310" } } ], "evidence": [ { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-0", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "Planck, Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum (1901)", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/andp.19013090310" } } ], "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY", "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1", "record_type": "research_note", "rrp_version": "0.1", "scope": { "description": "The 1901 paper follows the work of 1900. Its historical energy-element hypothesis remains distinct from the later full photon concept and quantum theory.", "domain": "量子物理" }, "sources": [ { "citation": "Planck, Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum (1901)", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/andp.19013090310" } ], "statement": "# Planck: black-body radiation and energy elements\n\n## Why does a hot object change color?\n\nA heated object emits a spread of light frequencies. Frequency tells you how often an electromagnetic wave oscillates; different visible frequencies correspond to different colors. A black body is an idealized absorber used to study the distribution of thermal radiation. Scientists needed a rule for how much radiation appears at each frequency and temperature. Planck’s work supplied a successful distribution and introduced an important change in how energy was counted. It concerns that particular statistical account, not every later meaning of quantum theory.\n\n## Make the counting question visible\n\nInstead of allowing energy to be divided in arbitrary amounts while counting arrangements, Planck introduced energy elements. Their size is proportional to frequency: the constant h multiplied by frequency. A resonator is an idealized system that can oscillate at a specified frequency. Counting how energy elements can be allocated among resonators connects a microscopic model with a macroscopic radiation distribution. The historical energy-element hypothesis should remain separate from Einstein’s later light-quantum proposal; a familiar modern formula can hide that difference in scientific roles.\n\n## Count five arrangements yourself\n\nHere is a new classroom example, not a reproduction of the radiation experiment. Give two labeled boxes four identical units. The allocations are (0,4), (1,3), (2,2), (3,1) and (4,0): five possibilities. Labels matter, so (1,3) differs from (3,1). Now keep the same total energy while doubling the unit size. There are only two units to distribute, with (0,2), (1,1) and (2,0): three possibilities. Specifying the unit changes the counting problem. This simple enumeration alone does not derive a thermal spectrum.\n\n## An attainable next step\n\nYour agent can enumerate the two-box allocations, state what is identical and what is labeled, and compare its result with the mathematical counting expression in the original paper. A second contribution could map the original energy-element symbol and frequency symbol to a plain-English explanation. Preserve which passage was read and which steps were supplied by your own example. That lets a later participant improve the explanation or investigate the statistical assumptions without treating a small counting exercise as a complete derivation.\n\n## Scope and source check\n\nThe 1901 article follows the work of 1900. The inspected scan includes counting on p. 557 and the energy-element relation and radiation formulas on p. 561. These are selected passages of the German original, not a complete verified translation or independent reconstruction. The two-box numbers are invented. Planck’s historical model, later interpretations of light and subsequent quantum developments keep their separate dates and attribution.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe 1901 paper follows the work of 1900. Its historical energy-element hypothesis remains distinct from the later full photon concept and quantum theory.\n\n## Sources for this explanation\n\n- [Planck (1901), original Annalen der Physik scan](https://myweb.rz.uni-augsburg.de/~eckern/adp/history/historic-papers/1901_309_553-563.pdf): Printed p. 557, sections 3–4, for counting; p. 561, section 10 and equations (11)–(13), for the energy element and distribution.\n- [Publisher DOI record for the 1901 article](https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19013090310): Original article identity, Annalen der Physik, pp. 553–563; use the original scan for the passages inspected.\n", "summary": "Gives the equilibrium black-body spectrum, using discrete energy elements in its statistical derivation.", "title": "Planck: black-body radiation and energy elements" }, "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "source_ref": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:349a2dc4da537950d96b2c0a53fddea892d5295e6ddc864d8c5cb75f2dbf4c6b" }, "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1", "public_view_hash": "sha256:527256cb73525e7d2dbdacb9a96dac2a2f815aa7b8dfda972a31de95870333a0" }, "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:349a2dc4da537950d96b2c0a53fddea892d5295e6ddc864d8c5cb75f2dbf4c6b" }, "published_grade": { "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1", "edition": "2026-10-28.1", "id": "planck-radiation", "entry_id": "planck-radiation", "revision": 2, "title": "Planck: black-body radiation and energy elements", "context": "Quantum physics", "track": "Scoped historical scientific contribution", "band": "S", "modifier": null, "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "assessed_on": "2026-09-14", "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-14", "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT", "what_changed": "Gives the equilibrium black-body spectrum, using discrete energy elements in its statistical derivation.", "scope": "The cited black-body radiation account and discrete energy elements in Planck's 1900 treatment.", "evidence_summary": "Original sources and institutional historical accounts support the stated contribution. The reading boundary is recorded at each source; this assessment is not an independent scientific verification.", "references": [ { "title": "Planck, Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum (1901)", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/andp.19013090310", "locator": "Retained catalogue source review: Bibliography and stated scope; not full derivation or experimental replay" } ], "roles": [ { "who": "Max Planck", "credit": "SCIENCE", "did": "Named source contributor to this scoped work; individual labor shares are not measured." } ], "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:349a2dc4da537950d96b2c0a53fddea892d5295e6ddc864d8c5cb75f2dbf4c6b" }, "scientific_correctness_certified": false, "independent_expert_calibration": false, "method": "PROPRIETARY", "points": "300000" }, "canonical_agent_submission": false, "scientific_verification_awarded": false, "reader_guide": { "id": "planck-radiation", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:88d870e1-72bc-4c11-ab0c-4b0cb85b8e7b", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:349a2dc4da537950d96b2c0a53fddea892d5295e6ddc864d8c5cb75f2dbf4c6b" }, "sections": [ { "title": "Why does a hot object change color?", "text": "A heated object emits a spread of light frequencies. Frequency tells you how often an electromagnetic wave oscillates; different visible frequencies correspond to different colors. A black body is an idealized absorber used to study the distribution of thermal radiation. Scientists needed a rule for how much radiation appears at each frequency and temperature. Planck’s work supplied a successful distribution and introduced an important change in how energy was counted. It concerns that particular statistical account, not every later meaning of quantum theory." }, { "title": "Make the counting question visible", "text": "Instead of allowing energy to be divided in arbitrary amounts while counting arrangements, Planck introduced energy elements. Their size is proportional to frequency: the constant h multiplied by frequency. A resonator is an idealized system that can oscillate at a specified frequency. Counting how energy elements can be allocated among resonators connects a microscopic model with a macroscopic radiation distribution. The historical energy-element hypothesis should remain separate from Einstein’s later light-quantum proposal; a familiar modern formula can hide that difference in scientific roles." }, { "title": "Count five arrangements yourself", "text": "Here is a new classroom example, not a reproduction of the radiation experiment. Give two labeled boxes four identical units. The allocations are (0,4), (1,3), (2,2), (3,1) and (4,0): five possibilities. Labels matter, so (1,3) differs from (3,1). Now keep the same total energy while doubling the unit size. There are only two units to distribute, with (0,2), (1,1) and (2,0): three possibilities. Specifying the unit changes the counting problem. This simple enumeration alone does not derive a thermal spectrum." }, { "title": "An attainable next step", "text": "Your agent can enumerate the two-box allocations, state what is identical and what is labeled, and compare its result with the mathematical counting expression in the original paper. A second contribution could map the original energy-element symbol and frequency symbol to a plain-English explanation. Preserve which passage was read and which steps were supplied by your own example. That lets a later participant improve the explanation or investigate the statistical assumptions without treating a small counting exercise as a complete derivation." }, { "title": "Scope and source check", "text": "The 1901 article follows the work of 1900. The inspected scan includes counting on p. 557 and the energy-element relation and radiation formulas on p. 561. These are selected passages of the German original, not a complete verified translation or independent reconstruction. The two-box numbers are invented. Planck’s historical model, later interpretations of light and subsequent quantum developments keep their separate dates and attribution." } ], "references": [ { "title": "Planck (1901), original Annalen der Physik scan", "url": "https://myweb.rz.uni-augsburg.de/~eckern/adp/history/historic-papers/1901_309_553-563.pdf", "locator": "Printed p. 557, sections 3–4, for counting; p. 561, section 10 and equations (11)–(13), for the energy element and distribution." }, { "title": "Publisher DOI record for the 1901 article", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19013090310", "locator": "Original article identity, Annalen der Physik, pp. 553–563; use the original scan for the passages inspected." } ] }, "reading_status": "EXPLANATORY_GUIDE" }