{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914",
    "title": "Moseley: making atomic number experimentally accessible",
    "summary": "Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight.\n\nThe periodic table already organized chemical properties, but atomic weight did not always put elements in the correct order. Moseley made the ordering experimentally accessible: bombard a sample with electrons, measure its characteristic X-ray lines using a crystal spectrometer, and compare the square roots of their frequencies. Across the surveyed elements, these quantities followed nearly regular sequences when elements were assigned successive integers. Cobalt and nickel supported chemical ordering even though their atomic weights ran the other way. The extended 1914 survey also left gaps where further elements could be sought. This gave strong experimental support to van den Broek's prior proposal that the relevant integer tracks nuclear charge. It did not discover or isolate those missing elements. The original relationship was approximate, some spectra and assignments remained incomplete, and the early ring-model explanation had unresolved difficulties. The record combines the two closely connected papers without taking credit for the existing periodic system, crystal-diffraction methods or later quantum explanations.",
    "boundary": "The reported frequency/atomic-number relation concerns the measured characteristic X-ray series and historical atomic model. It is not a complete modern quantum derivation or proof of every elemental property. Sample coverage, instrumental limits and later interpretation remain distinct. The two reports form the stated contribution lineage rather than independent duplicate awards.",
    "area": "Atomic spectra and element ordering",
    "topic": "Atomic physics",
    "year": 1914,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "EMPIRICAL",
    "package_id": "moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"
    },
    "humans": [
      "Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley"
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "Source-listed contributors to this scoped work. Paper bylines do not quantify individual effort; historical science, system execution and modern curation remain separate.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [
      "mendeleev-periodic-system",
      "rutherford-nuclear-atom",
      "bohr-atomic-model"
    ],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "wrs24-moseley1913-original-full-native",
        "title": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,1913 original1024-1034",
        "url": "https://zenodo.org/record/1430926/files/article.pdf"
      },
      {
        "id": "wrs24-moseley1914-original-full-local-ocr",
        "title": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,PartII,1914 original703-713",
        "url": "https://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/pdf_files/moseley-1913-high-freq-spectra-elements-part2.pdf"
      },
      {
        "id": "wrs24-moseley-oxford-identity-originalgraph",
        "title": "Oxford Physics, Moseley and X rays, institutional identity/original graph account",
        "url": "https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/highlights-archive/moseley-and-x-rays"
      }
    ],
    "points": "320000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914",
      "entry_id": "moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914",
      "band": "S",
      "modifier": null,
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"
      },
      "what_changed": "Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight.",
      "scope": "Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight. The reported frequency/atomic-number relation concerns the measured characteristic X-ray series and historical atomic model. It is not a complete modern quantum derivation or proof of every elemental property. Sample coverage, instrumental limits and later interpretation remain distinct. The two reports form the stated contribution lineage rather than independent duplicate awards.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-10-03T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "discoverer"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,1913 original1024-1034",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/record/1430926/files/article.pdf"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,1913 original1024-1034",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/record/1430926/files/article.pdf"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-1",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,PartII,1914 original703-713",
            "url": "https://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/pdf_files/moseley-1913-high-freq-spectra-elements-part2.pdf"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-2",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Oxford Physics, Moseley and X rays, institutional identity/original graph account",
            "url": "https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/highlights-archive/moseley-and-x-rays"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The reported frequency/atomic-number relation concerns the measured characteristic X-ray series and historical atomic model. It is not a complete modern quantum derivation or proof of every elemental property. Sample coverage, instrumental limits and later interpretation remain distinct. The two reports form the stated contribution lineage rather than independent duplicate awards.",
        "domain": "Atomic spectra and element ordering"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,1913 original1024-1034",
          "url": "https://zenodo.org/record/1430926/files/article.pdf"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,PartII,1914 original703-713",
          "url": "https://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/pdf_files/moseley-1913-high-freq-spectra-elements-part2.pdf"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Oxford Physics, Moseley and X rays, institutional identity/original graph account",
          "url": "https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/highlights-archive/moseley-and-x-rays"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Moseley: making atomic number experimentally accessible\n\nMoseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight.\n\nThe periodic table already organized chemical properties, but atomic weight did not always put elements in the correct order. Moseley made the ordering experimentally accessible: bombard a sample with electrons, measure its characteristic X-ray lines using a crystal spectrometer, and compare the square roots of their frequencies. Across the surveyed elements, these quantities followed nearly regular sequences when elements were assigned successive integers. Cobalt and nickel supported chemical ordering even though their atomic weights ran the other way. The extended 1914 survey also left gaps where further elements could be sought. This gave strong experimental support to van den Broek's prior proposal that the relevant integer tracks nuclear charge. It did not discover or isolate those missing elements. The original relationship was approximate, some spectra and assignments remained incomplete, and the early ring-model explanation had unresolved difficulties. The record combines the two closely connected papers without taking credit for the existing periodic system, crystal-diffraction methods or later quantum explanations.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe reported frequency/atomic-number relation concerns the measured characteristic X-ray series and historical atomic model. It is not a complete modern quantum derivation or proof of every elemental property. Sample coverage, instrumental limits and later interpretation remain distinct. The two reports form the stated contribution lineage rather than independent duplicate awards.\n\n## People and systems\n\nHenry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,1913 original1024-1034](https://zenodo.org/record/1430926/files/article.pdf)\n- [Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,PartII,1914 original703-713](https://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/pdf_files/moseley-1913-high-freq-spectra-elements-part2.pdf)\n- [Oxford Physics, Moseley and X rays, institutional identity/original graph account](https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/highlights-archive/moseley-and-x-rays)\n",
      "summary": "Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight.\n\nThe periodic table already organized chemical properties, but atomic weight did not always put elements in the correct order. Moseley made the ordering experimentally accessible: bombard a sample with electrons, measure its characteristic X-ray lines using a crystal spectrometer, and compare the square roots of their frequencies. Across the surveyed elements, these quantities followed nearly regular sequences when elements were assigned successive integers. Cobalt and nickel supported chemical ordering even though their atomic weights ran the other way. The extended 1914 survey also left gaps where further elements could be sought. This gave strong experimental support to van den Broek's prior proposal that the relevant integer tracks nuclear charge. It did not discover or isolate those missing elements. The original relationship was approximate, some spectra and assignments remained incomplete, and the early ring-model explanation had unresolved difficulties. The record combines the two closely connected papers without taking credit for the existing periodic system, crystal-diffraction methods or later quantum explanations.",
      "title": "Moseley: making atomic number experimentally accessible"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:31ee0ffd57797e0581b40cc1e01210a13b6be4cae6772554d4b704894fcb35df"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914",
    "entry_id": "moseley-xray-atomic-number-1913-1914",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Moseley: making atomic number experimentally accessible",
    "context": "Atomic spectra and element ordering",
    "track": "Atomic spectra and element ordering",
    "band": "S",
    "modifier": null,
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-10-04",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-10-04",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight.",
    "scope": "Moseley measured characteristic X-ray spectra and showed that their frequencies follow an approximately regular relation to element number, providing physical evidence for ordering elements by atomic number rather than atomic weight. The reported frequency/atomic-number relation concerns the measured characteristic X-ray series and historical atomic model. It is not a complete modern quantum derivation or proof of every elemental property. Sample coverage, instrumental limits and later interpretation remain distinct. The two reports form the stated contribution lineage rather than independent duplicate awards.",
    "evidence_summary": "Source-linked, scoped account of the original work. The published scope states the scientific assumptions and remaining verification limits. WRS has not independently certified the full proof, experimental result or system benchmark.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,1913 original 1024-1034",
        "url": "https://zenodo.org/record/1430926/files/article.pdf",
        "locator": "Original linked work. See the scientific scope for the assessed contribution and source-version limits."
      },
      {
        "title": "Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements, Part II,1914 original 703-713",
        "url": "https://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/pdf_files/moseley-1913-high-freq-spectra-elements-part2.pdf",
        "locator": "Original linked work. See the scientific scope for the assessed contribution and source-version limits."
      },
      {
        "title": "Oxford Physics, Moseley and X rays, institutional identity/original graph account",
        "url": "https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/highlights-archive/moseley-and-x-rays",
        "locator": "Original linked work. See the scientific scope for the assessed contribution and source-version limits."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley",
        "did": "Original source-listed scientific author of this scoped work; byline does not determine effort fractions.",
        "credit": "SCIENCE"
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:a458e5d3-f001-4bf2-ad25-c0146cf67e98",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:670029d32c480bce117c96be9f00a0df016cc3b54fe285abf3d8584b5c3afc73"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "320000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": null,
  "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE"
}