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        "description": "The admitted result is a phenomenological magnetic-current/field relation giving screening over a material-dependent length instead of generic flux freezing. The 1935 electrostatic/covariant supplement and all proposed boundary/heat statements are historical model claims, not uniformly established modern facts. Original 76 restricts the potential representation to simply-connected bodies and defers multiply-connected extension. Sphere/infinite-wire examples assume stated geometry and interface conditions; the superconducting/normal interface radius is undetermined without an extra condition, and the minimum-heat choice is expressly a conjectural supplement. Quantum coupling/eigenstate discussion is a programme, not a solved microscopic origin. Qualitative transition-curve resemblance is not a certified measurement fit. All target 71–88 text read; Original Meissner experiment,1936 revision, later Ginzburg-Landau/BCS and applications are distinct. No universal exclusion of vortices, arbitrary fields, all materials or arbitrary topology claimed.",
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      "statement": "# Fritz and Heinz London: describing magnetic screening in a superconductor\n\nThe1935paper postulates a phenomenological current-field relation that captures magnetic screening rather than merely preserving whichever field was initially present.\n\nPerfect electrical conduction by itself can preserve a field already inside a material. The Meissner experiment showed a different phenomenon: entering a superconducting state expels magnetic field from the superconducting interior. Fritz and Heinz London build a magnetic response relation to describe that observation, with fields and currents concentrated near a surface over a material-dependent length. They also explore electrostatic, energy and interface extensions. Those extensions contain provisional choices and unresolved conditions, and their proposed quantum explanation remains a research programme. The target is the magnetic phenomenological advance, with the earlier experiment and later microscopic theories credited separately.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe admitted result is a phenomenological magnetic-current/field relation giving screening over a material-dependent length instead of generic flux freezing. The 1935 electrostatic/covariant supplement and all proposed boundary/heat statements are historical model claims, not uniformly established modern facts. Original 76 restricts the potential representation to simply-connected bodies and defers multiply-connected extension. Sphere/infinite-wire examples assume stated geometry and interface conditions; the superconducting/normal interface radius is undetermined without an extra condition, and the minimum-heat choice is expressly a conjectural supplement. Quantum coupling/eigenstate discussion is a programme, not a solved microscopic origin. Qualitative transition-curve resemblance is not a certified measurement fit. All target 71–88 text read; Original Meissner experiment,1936 revision, later Ginzburg-Landau/BCS and applications are distinct. No universal exclusion of vortices, arbitrary fields, all materials or arbitrary topology claimed.\n\n## People and systems\n\nFritz London; Heinz London\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [F.andH.London, Electromagnetic Equations of the Supraconductor(1935), original71–88](https://w2agz.com/Library/Classic%20Papers%20in%20Superconductivity/London%20%26%20London%2C%20Proc%20Roy%20Soc%20London%20A149%2C%2071%20%281935%29.pdf)\n- [Royal Society metadata for London1935 electromagnetic paper](https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1935.0048)\n- [Duke Physics: Fritz London target bibliography](https://physics.duke.edu/publications-fritz-london)\n- [Oxford Physics: Clarendon physicists Fritz and Heinz London](https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/news/90-years-low-temperature-physics-oxford)\n- [F.London1936 macroscopic-field note, publisher preview](https://www.nature.com/articles/137991b0)\n",
      "summary": "The1935paper postulates a phenomenological current-field relation that captures magnetic screening rather than merely preserving whichever field was initially present.\n\nPerfect electrical conduction by itself can preserve a field already inside a material. The Meissner experiment showed a different phenomenon: entering a superconducting state expels magnetic field from the superconducting interior. Fritz and Heinz London build a magnetic response relation to describe that observation, with fields and currents concentrated near a surface over a material-dependent length. They also explore electrostatic, energy and interface extensions. Those extensions contain provisional choices and unresolved conditions, and their proposed quantum explanation remains a research programme. The target is the magnetic phenomenological advance, with the earlier experiment and later microscopic theories credited separately.",
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