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    "title": "A cold-atom gravity gradiometer measures the Newtonian gravitational constant",
    "summary": "Lamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million.",
    "boundary": "The result uses modeled mass distribution and atomic trajectories, ellipse fits, measured positions and velocities, and estimated systematics. The paper reports statistical uncertainty ±0.011 and systematic uncertainty ±0.003 in units of 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²; lower than 100 parts per million accuracy was a future prospect, not achieved here. The instrument uses two source-mass configurations and common-mode rejection, and reports two runs in February and May 2007. The authors cite earlier atom-interferometric gravity measurements and prior source-mass demonstrations, including Fixler and colleagues; no claim of first atom-based G measurement is made. Exact publication comparison and raw-data replay were not performed. The 2014 result uses a separate July 2013 data run with the same source-mass platform lineage and a source-specific five-author byline; it is not an independent replication of the apparatus. Its value depends on Monte Carlo trajectory and mass models, ellipse fits and measured systematic corrections; the 150 ppm uncertainty is reported, not independently reproduced. Its printed uncertainty table gives 148 ppm before rounding. The 2008 below-100-ppm and 2014 below-10-ppm statements are prospects, not demonstrated results.",
    "area": "Atomic interferometry and gravitation",
    "topic": "Physics",
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      "scope": "Lamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million. The result uses modeled mass distribution and atomic trajectories, ellipse fits, measured positions and velocities, and estimated systematics. The paper reports statistical uncertainty ±0.011 and systematic uncertainty ±0.003 in units of 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²; lower than 100 parts per million accuracy was a future prospect, not achieved here. The instrument uses two source-mass configurations and common-mode rejection, and reports two runs in February and May 2007. The authors cite earlier atom-interferometric gravity measurements and prior source-mass demonstrations, including Fixler and colleagues; no claim of first atom-based G measurement is made. Exact publication comparison and raw-data replay were not performed. The 2014 result uses a separate July 2013 data run with the same source-mass platform lineage and a source-specific five-author byline; it is not an independent replication of the apparatus. Its value depends on Monte Carlo trajectory and mass models, ellipse fits and measured systematic corrections; the 150 ppm uncertainty is reported, not independently reproduced. Its printed uncertainty table gives 148 ppm before rounding. The 2008 below-100-ppm and 2014 below-10-ppm statements are prospects, not demonstrated results.",
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        "description": "The result uses modeled mass distribution and atomic trajectories, ellipse fits, measured positions and velocities, and estimated systematics. The paper reports statistical uncertainty ±0.011 and systematic uncertainty ±0.003 in units of 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²; lower than 100 parts per million accuracy was a future prospect, not achieved here. The instrument uses two source-mass configurations and common-mode rejection, and reports two runs in February and May 2007. The authors cite earlier atom-interferometric gravity measurements and prior source-mass demonstrations, including Fixler and colleagues; no claim of first atom-based G measurement is made. Exact publication comparison and raw-data replay were not performed. The 2014 result uses a separate July 2013 data run with the same source-mass platform lineage and a source-specific five-author byline; it is not an independent replication of the apparatus. Its value depends on Monte Carlo trajectory and mass models, ellipse fits and measured systematic corrections; the 150 ppm uncertainty is reported, not independently reproduced. Its printed uncertainty table gives 148 ppm before rounding. The 2008 below-100-ppm and 2014 below-10-ppm statements are prospects, not demonstrated results.",
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      "statement": "# A cold-atom gravity gradiometer measures the Newtonian gravitational constant\n\nLamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe result uses modeled mass distribution and atomic trajectories, ellipse fits, measured positions and velocities, and estimated systematics. The paper reports statistical uncertainty ±0.011 and systematic uncertainty ±0.003 in units of 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²; lower than 100 parts per million accuracy was a future prospect, not achieved here. The instrument uses two source-mass configurations and common-mode rejection, and reports two runs in February and May 2007. The authors cite earlier atom-interferometric gravity measurements and prior source-mass demonstrations, including Fixler and colleagues; no claim of first atom-based G measurement is made. Exact publication comparison and raw-data replay were not performed. The 2014 result uses a separate July 2013 data run with the same source-mass platform lineage and a source-specific five-author byline; it is not an independent replication of the apparatus. Its value depends on Monte Carlo trajectory and mass models, ellipse fits and measured systematic corrections; the 150 ppm uncertainty is reported, not independently reproduced. Its printed uncertainty table gives 148 ppm before rounding. The 2008 below-100-ppm and 2014 below-10-ppm statements are prospects, not demonstrated results.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nG. Lamporesi; A. Bertoldi; L. Cacciapuoti; M. Prevedelli; G. M. Tino; G. Rosi; F. Sorrentino\n\nThese are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Determination of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Atom Interferometry](https://arxiv.org/pdf/0801.1580v1)\n- [Precision Measurement of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Cold Atoms](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.7954v1)\n",
      "summary": "Lamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million.",
      "title": "A cold-atom gravity gradiometer measures the Newtonian gravitational constant"
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    "title": "A cold-atom gravity gradiometer measures the Newtonian gravitational constant",
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    "what_changed": "Lamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million.",
    "scope": "Lamporesi and colleagues used two freely falling rubidium samples as a differential atom interferometer while moving tungsten source masses between two configurations. Comparing the observed phase shift with a numerical gravitational-field model yielded an estimate of the Newtonian constant G of 6.667 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻², with separate reported statistical and systematic uncertainties. In a later experiment using the same apparatus lineage, Rosi and colleagues reported G = 6.67191(99) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a combined uncertainty of about 150 parts per million. The result uses modeled mass distribution and atomic trajectories, ellipse fits, measured positions and velocities, and estimated systematics. The paper reports statistical uncertainty ±0.011 and systematic uncertainty ±0.003 in units of 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²; lower than 100 parts per million accuracy was a future prospect, not achieved here. The instrument uses two source-mass configurations and common-mode rejection, and reports two runs in February and May 2007. The authors cite earlier atom-interferometric gravity measurements and prior source-mass demonstrations, including Fixler and colleagues; no claim of first atom-based G measurement is made. Exact publication comparison and raw-data replay were not performed. The 2014 result uses a separate July 2013 data run with the same source-mass platform lineage and a source-specific five-author byline; it is not an independent replication of the apparatus. Its value depends on Monte Carlo trajectory and mass models, ellipse fits and measured systematic corrections; the 150 ppm uncertainty is reported, not independently reproduced. Its printed uncertainty table gives 148 ppm before rounding. The 2008 below-100-ppm and 2014 below-10-ppm statements are prospects, not demonstrated results.",
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        "title": "Determination of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Atom Interferometry",
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