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    "title": "An electrometer resolves individual electron-charge jumps on a metallic island",
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          "name": "Cristian Urbina",
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        "description": "The observations concern a cryogenic device, calibrated charge increments and finite measurement bandwidth. They do not establish a new value of the elementary charge, error-free pumping or a universal metrological limit. The origin of the excess switching rate remained unresolved; superconducting measurements showed single-electron rather than two-electron jumps. The cited 1992 author manuscript is reproduced in a 1993 thesis.",
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          "citation": "Observation directe de la quantification de la charge macroscopique: une expérience de Millikan dans un dispositif électronique submicronique — complete1992 author manuscript in Lafarge thesis",
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      "statement": "# An electrometer resolves individual electron-charge jumps on a metallic island\n\nLafarge and colleagues monitored a metallic island connected to a reservoir through four tunnel junctions. A coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer resolved discrete potential jumps as individual electrons entered or left the island, with charge remaining fixed between resolved events. Gate sweeps produced a hysteretic charge staircase. The measured switching rate greatly exceeded the simple cotunnelling prediction, exposing a limitation relevant to proposed precision charge-transfer devices.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe observations concern a cryogenic device, calibrated charge increments and finite measurement bandwidth. They do not establish a new value of the elementary charge, error-free pumping or a universal metrological limit. The origin of the excess switching rate remained unresolved; superconducting measurements showed single-electron rather than two-electron jumps. The cited 1992 author manuscript is reproduced in a 1993 thesis.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nPhilippe Lafarge; Philippe Joyez; Hugues Pothier; Andrew Cleland; Thorsten Holst; Daniel Esteve; Cristian Urbina; Michel H. Devoret\n\nThese are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Observation directe de la quantification de la charge macroscopique: une expérience de Millikan dans un dispositif électronique submicronique — complete1992 author manuscript in Lafarge thesis](https://iramis.cea.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/GQ_Thesis_Lafarge.pdf)\n",
      "summary": "Lafarge and colleagues monitored a metallic island connected to a reservoir through four tunnel junctions. A coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer resolved discrete potential jumps as individual electrons entered or left the island, with charge remaining fixed between resolved events. Gate sweeps produced a hysteretic charge staircase. The measured switching rate greatly exceeded the simple cotunnelling prediction, exposing a limitation relevant to proposed precision charge-transfer devices.",
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    "title": "An electrometer resolves individual electron-charge jumps on a metallic island",
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    "what_changed": "Lafarge and colleagues monitored a metallic island connected to a reservoir through four tunnel junctions. A coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer resolved discrete potential jumps as individual electrons entered or left the island, with charge remaining fixed between resolved events. Gate sweeps produced a hysteretic charge staircase. The measured switching rate greatly exceeded the simple cotunnelling prediction, exposing a limitation relevant to proposed precision charge-transfer devices.",
    "scope": "Lafarge and colleagues monitored a metallic island connected to a reservoir through four tunnel junctions. A coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer resolved discrete potential jumps as individual electrons entered or left the island, with charge remaining fixed between resolved events. Gate sweeps produced a hysteretic charge staircase. The measured switching rate greatly exceeded the simple cotunnelling prediction, exposing a limitation relevant to proposed precision charge-transfer devices. The observations concern a cryogenic device, calibrated charge increments and finite measurement bandwidth. They do not establish a new value of the elementary charge, error-free pumping or a universal metrological limit. The origin of the excess switching rate remained unresolved; superconducting measurements showed single-electron rather than two-electron jumps. The cited 1992 author manuscript is reproduced in a 1993 thesis.",
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        "title": "Observation directe de la quantification de la charge macroscopique: une expérience de Millikan dans un dispositif électronique submicronique — complete1992 author manuscript in Lafarge thesis",
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