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    "title": "An electron box reveals gate-controlled quantization of average island charge",
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    "area": "Single-electron charging and mesoscopic electrometry",
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        "description": "The measurement reconstructs mean island charging through a calibrated electrometer; it is not a time-resolved count of every tunnelling event or a new determination of the elementary charge. Excess rounding at the lowest temperatures was not explained in the reported manuscript. Electron-periodic superconducting data do not demonstrate two-electron transfer. The complete source is the author’s manuscript reproduced with an acknowledged figure-caption correction in a1993 thesis, rather than the untouched1991 publisher version.",
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          "citation": "Direct observation of macroscopic charge quantization — complete original author manuscript with acknowledged caption correction in Lafarge1993 thesis",
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      "statement": "# An electron box reveals gate-controlled quantization of average island charge\n\nLafarge and colleagues used a capacitively coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer to measure charge changes in a small metallic electron box. Varying the gate voltage produced the sawtooth response expected when the island exchanges electrons in discrete units, with thermal rounding that agreed with a charging-energy model above about 100 mK. The experiment resolved charge quantization in an equilibrium solid-state circuit, including an electron-periodic response when its aluminium electrodes were superconducting.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe measurement reconstructs mean island charging through a calibrated electrometer; it is not a time-resolved count of every tunnelling event or a new determination of the elementary charge. Excess rounding at the lowest temperatures was not explained in the reported manuscript. Electron-periodic superconducting data do not demonstrate two-electron transfer. The complete source is the author’s manuscript reproduced with an acknowledged figure-caption correction in a1993 thesis, rather than the untouched1991 publisher version.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nP. Lafarge; H. Pothier; E. R. Williams; D. Esteve; C. Urbina; M. H. Devoret\n\nThese are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Direct observation of macroscopic charge quantization — complete original author manuscript with acknowledged caption correction in Lafarge1993 thesis](https://iramis.cea.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/GQ_Thesis_Lafarge.pdf)\n",
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    "title": "An electron box reveals gate-controlled quantization of average island charge",
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    "what_changed": "Lafarge and colleagues used a capacitively coupled single-electron-transistor electrometer to measure charge changes in a small metallic electron box. Varying the gate voltage produced the sawtooth response expected when the island exchanges electrons in discrete units, with thermal rounding that agreed with a charging-energy model above about 100 mK. The experiment resolved charge quantization in an equilibrium solid-state circuit, including an electron-periodic response when its aluminium electrodes were superconducting.",
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