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    "title": "Hess: ocean ridges and moving mantle in an ocean-basin model",
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        "title": "H. H. Hess, History of Ocean Basins (1962)",
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      "statement": "# Hess: ocean ridges and moving mantle in an ocean-basin model\n\nHess interpreted mid-ocean ridges as rising limbs of mantle convection and proposed that continents could be carried by mantle flow. The 1962 chapter connected ocean-basin observations with a mechanism for continental movement.\n\nThe problem was how continents could move without ploughing through ocean crust. Ridge structure, heat flow and limited sediments motivated an alternative moving-mantle picture. Hess called the essay geo-poetry; later magnetic evidence and modern plate-tectonic models remain separate contributions.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThis is a historical hypothesis. Its assumptions about crustal hydration and Earth's early history are not all retained in modern plate tectonics, and the report is not direct experimental verification.\n\n## People and systems\n\nHarry Hammond Hess\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [H. H. Hess, History of Ocean Basins (1962)](https://www.geologie.ens.fr/50years_plate_tectonics/2007-hess.pdf)\n",
      "summary": "Hess interpreted mid-ocean ridges as rising limbs of mantle convection and proposed that continents could be carried by mantle flow. The 1962 chapter connected ocean-basin observations with a mechanism for continental movement.\n\nThe problem was how continents could move without ploughing through ocean crust. Ridge structure, heat flow and limited sediments motivated an alternative moving-mantle picture. Hess called the essay geo-poetry; later magnetic evidence and modern plate-tectonic models remain separate contributions.",
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    "title": "Hess: ocean ridges and moving mantle in an ocean-basin model",
    "context": "Marine geology",
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      {
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