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      "statement": "# Gibbon: applying a mechanical heart–lung apparatus to cardiac surgery\n\nReported early clinical application of a mechanical heart–lung apparatus to permit intracardiac surgery under direct vision.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe record is the exact 1954 Minnesota Medicine article and its reported clinical applications. Experimental development, other teams’ pump–oxygenators, later cardiopulmonary-bypass practice and broader open-heart surgery history remain separate.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nJohn H. Gibbon Jr.\n\nThe named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [PubMed record for Gibbon’s heart–lung apparatus article](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13154149/)\n- [Historical review of Gibbon and the heart–lung machine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36321696/)\n",
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