{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933",
    "title": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrate refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization",
    "summary": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information.",
    "boundary": "The indicated temperature depends on the magnetic thermometer and its calibration. The lower temperature of 0.004 kelvin mentioned in Giauque’s later lecture belongs to subsequent work by de Haas and Wiersma. Debye independently reached related cooling conclusions; this contribution is the named 1933 experiment, not sole invention of the underlying idea.",
    "area": "Low-temperature and condensed-matter physics",
    "topic": "Physics",
    "year": 1933,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "EMPIRICAL",
    "package_id": "giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"
    },
    "humans": [
      "W. F. Giauque",
      "D. P. MacDougall"
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "giauque-magnetic-refrigeration-nobel-lecture-1949",
        "title": "Some consequences of low temperature research in chemical thermodynamics",
        "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/giauque-lecture.pdf",
        "date": "1949-12-12"
      },
      {
        "id": "giauque-macdougall-demagnetization-refrigeration-1933",
        "title": "Attainment of Temperatures Below 1° Absolute by Demagnetization",
        "url": "https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.43.768",
        "date": "1933-05-01"
      }
    ],
    "points": "210000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933",
      "entry_id": "giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933",
      "band": "S",
      "modifier": "-",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"
      },
      "what_changed": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information.",
      "scope": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information. The indicated temperature depends on the magnetic thermometer and its calibration. The lower temperature of 0.004 kelvin mentioned in Giauque’s later lecture belongs to subsequent work by de Haas and Wiersma. Debye independently reached related cooling conclusions; this contribution is the named 1933 experiment, not sole invention of the underlying idea.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-10-28T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "W. F. Giauque",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "discoverer"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "Attainment of Temperatures Below 1° Absolute by Demagnetization",
            "url": "https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.43.768"
          }
        },
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "D. P. MacDougall",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "discoverer"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "Attainment of Temperatures Below 1° Absolute by Demagnetization",
            "url": "https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.43.768"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Some consequences of low temperature research in chemical thermodynamics",
            "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/giauque-lecture.pdf"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-1",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Attainment of Temperatures Below 1° Absolute by Demagnetization",
            "url": "https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.43.768"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The indicated temperature depends on the magnetic thermometer and its calibration. The lower temperature of 0.004 kelvin mentioned in Giauque’s later lecture belongs to subsequent work by de Haas and Wiersma. Debye independently reached related cooling conclusions; this contribution is the named 1933 experiment, not sole invention of the underlying idea.",
        "domain": "Low-temperature and condensed-matter physics"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Some consequences of low temperature research in chemical thermodynamics",
          "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/giauque-lecture.pdf"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Attainment of Temperatures Below 1° Absolute by Demagnetization",
          "url": "https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.43.768"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Giauque and MacDougall demonstrate refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization\n\nGiauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe indicated temperature depends on the magnetic thermometer and its calibration. The lower temperature of 0.004 kelvin mentioned in Giauque’s later lecture belongs to subsequent work by de Haas and Wiersma. Debye independently reached related cooling conclusions; this contribution is the named 1933 experiment, not sole invention of the underlying idea.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nW. F. Giauque; D. P. MacDougall\n\nThese are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Some consequences of low temperature research in chemical thermodynamics](https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/giauque-lecture.pdf)\n- [Attainment of Temperatures Below 1° Absolute by Demagnetization](https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.43.768)\n",
      "summary": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information.",
      "title": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrate refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:775e234edbc53b2ff6b6dc4b671e4d242d17237c6c0e29c070dce401bbf39bbf"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933",
    "entry_id": "giauque-macdougall-magnetic-refrigeration-experiment-1933",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrate refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization",
    "context": "Low-temperature and condensed-matter physics",
    "track": "Source-reported experimental result or reusable measurement method",
    "band": "S",
    "modifier": "-",
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-10-28",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-10-28",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information.",
    "scope": "Giauque and MacDougall demonstrated cooling by adiabatically demagnetizing gadolinium sulfate. In their 1933 report, a sample beginning near 1.5 kelvin reached an indicated 0.25 kelvin. The method first magnetizes a material while heat escapes, then reduces the field after thermal isolation; its magnetic susceptibility provides temperature information. The indicated temperature depends on the magnetic thermometer and its calibration. The lower temperature of 0.004 kelvin mentioned in Giauque’s later lecture belongs to subsequent work by de Haas and Wiersma. Debye independently reached related cooling conclusions; this contribution is the named 1933 experiment, not sole invention of the underlying idea.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked original works support the scoped statement and contribution attribution. WRS has not independently replayed experiments or reconstructed a full mathematical proof. The indicated temperature depends on the magnetic thermometer and its calibration. The lower temperature of 0.004 kelvin mentioned in Giauque’s later lecture belongs to subsequent work by de Haas and Wiersma. Debye independently reached related cooling conclusions; this contribution is the named 1933 experiment, not sole invention of the underlying idea.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Some consequences of low temperature research in chemical thermodynamics",
        "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/giauque-lecture.pdf",
        "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained."
      },
      {
        "title": "Attainment of Temperatures Below 1° Absolute by Demagnetization",
        "url": "https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.43.768",
        "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "The named authors in the research record",
        "credit": "SCIENCE",
        "did": "These are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged."
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:27c5304c-78b1-44c6-af30-37446dc8ef34",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:608c375c818e7e7768f865cc5bba852d048c60e3f94b7fc1ddd1138c5b73af04"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "210000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": null,
  "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE"
}