{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "faraday-induction",
    "title": "Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism",
    "summary": "Demonstrated electromagnetic induction with a ring-and-coil experiment, a foundation for transformers and generators.",
    "boundary": "The 1831 apparatus and experiment are the milestone; later power systems and other independent research retain separate credit.",
    "area": "Energy & engineering",
    "topic": "Energy & engineering",
    "year": 1831,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "EMPIRICAL",
    "package_id": "faraday-induction",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:a1da65122e875070d0845e2ad2c37d1dfd850390fe97989e0089f046a7e8dc2f"
    },
    "humans": [
      "Michael Faraday"
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "Full deposited paper byline or identified author of the scoped historical source. Association does not measure individual effort.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "rc3-archive-faraday-induction",
        "title": "Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism — institutional collection or historical source",
        "url": "https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus"
      }
    ],
    "geography": {
      "country_codes": [
        "GB"
      ],
      "location_basis": "The induction ring was made in the basement laboratory of the Royal Institution, London, in August 1831.",
      "source_url": "https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:a1da65122e875070d0845e2ad2c37d1dfd850390fe97989e0089f046a7e8dc2f"
      },
      "basis": "RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION",
      "reviewed_on": "2026-09-12",
      "nationality_inferred": false,
      "coverage_status": "COMPLETE",
      "country_labels": {
        "GB": "United Kingdom"
      }
    },
    "points": "450000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "faraday-induction",
      "entry_id": "faraday-induction",
      "band": "S",
      "modifier": null,
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:a1da65122e875070d0845e2ad2c37d1dfd850390fe97989e0089f046a7e8dc2f"
      },
      "what_changed": "Demonstrated electromagnetic induction with a ring-and-coil experiment, a foundation for transformers and generators.",
      "scope": "The 1831 ring-coil experiments establishing electromagnetic induction.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:a1da65122e875070d0845e2ad2c37d1dfd850390fe97989e0089f046a7e8dc2f"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-09-12T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "Michael Faraday",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "discoverer"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism — institutional collection or historical source",
            "url": "https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism — institutional collection or historical source",
            "url": "https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The 1831 apparatus and experiment are the milestone; later power systems and other independent research retain separate credit.",
        "domain": "Energy & engineering"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism — institutional collection or historical source",
          "url": "https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism\n\n## A magnet sitting still is not a free power source\n\nA generator turns motion into electrical energy. Faraday’s induction experiments revealed a central mechanism: changing magnetism can produce an electrical effect in another circuit. The Royal Institution’s ring apparatus used separate coils around an iron ring. When current changed in one coil, a brief induced current appeared in the other. The coils did not need a direct electrical connection. Understanding the change, rather than merely noticing that a magnet is present, makes the experiment’s meaning much clearer.\n\n## Follow the change through the two coils\n\nCurrent in the first coil changes the magnetic field associated with the ring. The second coil responds to the changing magnetic flux, a quantity describing magnetic field passing through a loop. If the arrangement becomes steady, that change disappears. The original experiment is an observation; the familiar compact flux equation is a later mathematical way to describe idealized induction. Transformers and generators develop this principle in different arrangements, with their own engineering and losses. Their entire history does not become part of one 1831 experiment.\n\n## Try an explicitly modern classroom calculation\n\nFor an invented idealized coil, take one hundred turns. Suppose flux through each turn changes by 0.002 webers in 0.01 seconds. A weber is a magnetic-flux unit. The magnitude of the induced voltage is turns multiplied by change in flux divided by elapsed time: 100 × 0.002 ÷ 0.01 = 20 volts. If the same change takes twice as long, the magnitude becomes ten volts. If flux does not change, this idealized rule gives zero. These are chosen teaching inputs, not measurements of Faraday’s apparatus.\n\n## A small contribution with a clear endpoint\n\nAsk your agent to rebuild that calculation with the stated units and explain what changes when time doubles. Or ask it to map the museum’s apparatus description to a beginner diagram made of text labels: first coil, ring, second coil, changing current. Keep observation and explanatory model separate. A partial note identifying an unclear label is useful. The task is source explanation and arithmetic; it does not require building equipment or treating a historical apparatus as a complete modern power-system design.\n\n## Scope and source check\n\nThe Royal Institution’s collection description identifies the apparatus and the successful experiment on 29 August 1831, including the brief induced current. It is an institutional account of the preserved object, not a full checked transcription of the original research series. The numerical example applies a stated idealized modern rule. Energy supplied by changing current or mechanical motion, subsequent technology and the original experimental contribution retain their separate roles.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe 1831 apparatus and experiment are the milestone; later power systems and other independent research retain separate credit.\n\n## Sources for this explanation\n\n- [Royal Institution, Michael Faraday’s ring-coil apparatus](https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus): Collection description: date, apparatus, and brief current induced in the second coil. The classroom voltage calculation is separate from the source report.\n",
      "summary": "Demonstrated electromagnetic induction with a ring-and-coil experiment, a foundation for transformers and generators.",
      "title": "Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:a1da65122e875070d0845e2ad2c37d1dfd850390fe97989e0089f046a7e8dc2f"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:b1953565fc05a137accc02486eabb2d9a8656ff987d2bb549451a1db7fb6ee3c"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:a1da65122e875070d0845e2ad2c37d1dfd850390fe97989e0089f046a7e8dc2f"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "faraday-induction",
    "entry_id": "faraday-induction",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism",
    "context": "Energy & engineering",
    "track": "Scoped historical scientific contribution",
    "band": "S",
    "modifier": null,
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-09-14",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-14",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "Demonstrated electromagnetic induction with a ring-and-coil experiment, a foundation for transformers and generators.",
    "scope": "The 1831 ring-coil experiments establishing electromagnetic induction.",
    "evidence_summary": "Original sources and institutional historical accounts support the stated contribution. The reading boundary is recorded at each source; this assessment is not an independent scientific verification.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Faraday: generating electricity through changing magnetism — institutional collection or historical source",
        "url": "https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus",
        "locator": "Retained catalogue source review: Bibliographic identity and scoped source account; not a full proof audit, experiment replay or clinical validation."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "Michael Faraday",
        "credit": "SCIENCE",
        "did": "Named source contributor to this scoped work; individual labor shares are not measured."
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:a1da65122e875070d0845e2ad2c37d1dfd850390fe97989e0089f046a7e8dc2f"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "450000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": {
    "id": "faraday-induction",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:c0f09520-b919-48d9-aa06-8008402fb4e6",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:a1da65122e875070d0845e2ad2c37d1dfd850390fe97989e0089f046a7e8dc2f"
    },
    "sections": [
      {
        "title": "A magnet sitting still is not a free power source",
        "text": "A generator turns motion into electrical energy. Faraday’s induction experiments revealed a central mechanism: changing magnetism can produce an electrical effect in another circuit. The Royal Institution’s ring apparatus used separate coils around an iron ring. When current changed in one coil, a brief induced current appeared in the other. The coils did not need a direct electrical connection. Understanding the change, rather than merely noticing that a magnet is present, makes the experiment’s meaning much clearer."
      },
      {
        "title": "Follow the change through the two coils",
        "text": "Current in the first coil changes the magnetic field associated with the ring. The second coil responds to the changing magnetic flux, a quantity describing magnetic field passing through a loop. If the arrangement becomes steady, that change disappears. The original experiment is an observation; the familiar compact flux equation is a later mathematical way to describe idealized induction. Transformers and generators develop this principle in different arrangements, with their own engineering and losses. Their entire history does not become part of one 1831 experiment."
      },
      {
        "title": "Try an explicitly modern classroom calculation",
        "text": "For an invented idealized coil, take one hundred turns. Suppose flux through each turn changes by 0.002 webers in 0.01 seconds. A weber is a magnetic-flux unit. The magnitude of the induced voltage is turns multiplied by change in flux divided by elapsed time: 100 × 0.002 ÷ 0.01 = 20 volts. If the same change takes twice as long, the magnitude becomes ten volts. If flux does not change, this idealized rule gives zero. These are chosen teaching inputs, not measurements of Faraday’s apparatus."
      },
      {
        "title": "A small contribution with a clear endpoint",
        "text": "Ask your agent to rebuild that calculation with the stated units and explain what changes when time doubles. Or ask it to map the museum’s apparatus description to a beginner diagram made of text labels: first coil, ring, second coil, changing current. Keep observation and explanatory model separate. A partial note identifying an unclear label is useful. The task is source explanation and arithmetic; it does not require building equipment or treating a historical apparatus as a complete modern power-system design."
      },
      {
        "title": "Scope and source check",
        "text": "The Royal Institution’s collection description identifies the apparatus and the successful experiment on 29 August 1831, including the brief induced current. It is an institutional account of the preserved object, not a full checked transcription of the original research series. The numerical example applies a stated idealized modern rule. Energy supplied by changing current or mechanical motion, subsequent technology and the original experimental contribution retain their separate roles."
      }
    ],
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Royal Institution, Michael Faraday’s ring-coil apparatus",
        "url": "https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/michael-faradays-ring-coil-apparatus",
        "locator": "Collection description: date, apparatus, and brief current induced in the second coil. The classroom voltage calculation is separate from the source report."
      }
    ]
  },
  "reading_status": "EXPLANATORY_GUIDE"
}