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    "title": "ElGamal: discrete-logarithm encryption and signature constructions",
    "summary": "ElGamal turns a Diffie–Hellman-style shared value into a randomized public-key encryption construction and gives a separate signature/verification relation over a prime finite field.\n\nFresh secret randomness produces different ciphertext pairs, while signatures can be checked with a public key. The original conference paper analyzes costs and limitations rather than granting an unconditional proof against every attack.",
    "boundary": "This target is CRYPTO'84 proceedings pages 10–18, published 1985; the journal edition is not another credited contribution. The paper explicitly leaves general signature-breaking/discrete-log equivalence unproved, requires fresh nonce use and notes a forgery/message-structure caveat. Historical hardness estimates are not current deployment guidance, modern chosen-ciphertext security or post-quantum protection.",
    "area": "Public-key cryptography and digital signatures",
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    "year": 1985,
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        "title": "Taher ElGamal, A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms, Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO'84, LNCS196,10–18 (1985)",
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        "title": "Springer original-chapter metadata: ElGamal, CRYPTO1984 proceedings, LNCS196, DOI10.1007/3-540-39568-7_2",
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          "name": "Taher ElGamal",
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            "citation": "Taher ElGamal, A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms, Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO'84, LNCS196,10–18 (1985)",
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          "source": {
            "citation": "Taher ElGamal, A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms, Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO'84, LNCS196,10–18 (1985)",
            "url": "https://people.csail.mit.edu/alinush/6.857-spring-2015/papers/elgamal.pdf"
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      "scope": {
        "description": "This target is CRYPTO'84 proceedings pages 10–18, published 1985; the journal edition is not another credited contribution. The paper explicitly leaves general signature-breaking/discrete-log equivalence unproved, requires fresh nonce use and notes a forgery/message-structure caveat. Historical hardness estimates are not current deployment guidance, modern chosen-ciphertext security or post-quantum protection.",
        "domain": "Public-key cryptography and digital signatures"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Taher ElGamal, A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms, Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO'84, LNCS196,10–18 (1985)",
          "url": "https://people.csail.mit.edu/alinush/6.857-spring-2015/papers/elgamal.pdf"
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        {
          "citation": "Springer original-chapter metadata: ElGamal, CRYPTO1984 proceedings, LNCS196, DOI10.1007/3-540-39568-7_2",
          "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-39568-7_2"
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      ],
      "statement": "# ElGamal: discrete-logarithm encryption and signature constructions\n\nElGamal turns a Diffie–Hellman-style shared value into a randomized public-key encryption construction and gives a separate signature/verification relation over a prime finite field.\n\nFresh secret randomness produces different ciphertext pairs, while signatures can be checked with a public key. The original conference paper analyzes costs and limitations rather than granting an unconditional proof against every attack.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThis target is CRYPTO'84 proceedings pages 10–18, published 1985; the journal edition is not another credited contribution. The paper explicitly leaves general signature-breaking/discrete-log equivalence unproved, requires fresh nonce use and notes a forgery/message-structure caveat. Historical hardness estimates are not current deployment guidance, modern chosen-ciphertext security or post-quantum protection.\n\n## People and systems\n\nTaher ElGamal\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Taher ElGamal, A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms, Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO'84, LNCS196,10–18 (1985)](https://people.csail.mit.edu/alinush/6.857-spring-2015/papers/elgamal.pdf)\n- [Springer original-chapter metadata: ElGamal, CRYPTO1984 proceedings, LNCS196, DOI10.1007/3-540-39568-7_2](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-39568-7_2)\n",
      "summary": "ElGamal turns a Diffie–Hellman-style shared value into a randomized public-key encryption construction and gives a separate signature/verification relation over a prime finite field.\n\nFresh secret randomness produces different ciphertext pairs, while signatures can be checked with a public key. The original conference paper analyzes costs and limitations rather than granting an unconditional proof against every attack.",
      "title": "ElGamal: discrete-logarithm encryption and signature constructions"
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    "id": "elgamal-encryption-signature-construction-1985",
    "entry_id": "elgamal-encryption-signature-construction-1985",
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    "title": "ElGamal: discrete-logarithm encryption and signature constructions",
    "context": "Public-key cryptography and digital signatures",
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    "what_changed": "The original conference work provides randomized encrypted-message pairs based on inherited key exchange and a distinct publicly verifiable signature relation with signing/verification procedures.",
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    "evidence_summary": "Source-linked, scoped account of the original work. The published scope states the scientific assumptions and remaining verification limits. WRS has not independently certified the full proof, experimental result or system benchmark.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Taher El Gamal, A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms, Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO'84, LNCS 196,10–18 (1985)",
        "url": "https://people.csail.mit.edu/alinush/6.857-spring-2015/papers/elgamal.pdf",
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