{ "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1", "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177", "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS", "entry": { "id": "diddams-femtosecond-frequency-comb-2000", "title": "Diddams and colleagues: direct microwave–optical link with a femtosecond frequency comb", "summary": "Demonstrated a phase-coherent link between microwave and optical frequencies using a 300 THz femtosecond laser frequency comb.", "boundary": "The record is the exact 2000 Physical Review Letters paper. Parallel carrier-envelope work, optical-frequency-synthesizer papers, later comb technologies, clocks and metrological applications remain separate.", "area": "Precision measurement and instruments", "year": 2000, "lane": "HUMAN", "result": "EMPIRICAL", "package_id": "diddams-femtosecond-frequency-comb-2000", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:b3f38cf6-8802-4bbd-a728-95c72bacbbfa", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:af6ee10405e5d92f02a2f9ef29056940768642a6849e176406d24915a6926105" }, "humans": [ "Scott A. Diddams", "David J. Jones", "Jun Ye", "Steven T. Cundiff", "John L. Hall", "Jinendra K. Ranka", "Robert S. Windeler", "Ronald Holzwarth", "Thomas Udem", "Theodor W. Hänsch" ], "authors_complete": true, "human_role_note": "The named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.", "agents": [], "related": [], "subresults": [], "scientific_assessment": { "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED", "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS", "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN", "provider_attestation": "NONE" }, "sources": [ { "id": "aps-diddams-frequency-comb-2000", "title": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" }, { "id": "crossref-diddams-frequency-comb-2000", "title": "Crossref record for femtosecond frequency-comb paper", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.84.5102" } ], "geography": { "country_codes": [ "US", "DE" ], "location_basis": "Documented research locations or paper affiliations for this contribution. Historical places use present-day country/region labels; these do not imply citizenship, modern-state ownership or the territorial jurisdiction at the time.", "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=104899", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:b3f38cf6-8802-4bbd-a728-95c72bacbbfa", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:af6ee10405e5d92f02a2f9ef29056940768642a6849e176406d24915a6926105" }, "basis": "RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-26", "nationality_inferred": false, "sources": [ { "title": "Attribution source", "url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=104899" }, { "title": "Attribution source", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/publications/direct-link-between-microwave-and-optical-frequencies-300-thz-femtosecond-laser-comb" } ], "coverage_status": "COMPLETE", "country_labels": { "US": "United States", "DE": "Germany" } }, "points": "235000", "published_grade": { "id": "diddams-femtosecond-frequency-comb-2000", "entry_id": "diddams-femtosecond-frequency-comb-2000", "band": "A", "modifier": "+", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:b3f38cf6-8802-4bbd-a728-95c72bacbbfa", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:af6ee10405e5d92f02a2f9ef29056940768642a6849e176406d24915a6926105" }, "what_changed": "Optical frequencies became directly countable against microwave references with a comb.", "scope": "Exact ten-author 2000 PRL; parallel carrier-envelope work, later clock technology and syntheses separate.", "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "scientific_correctness_certified": false }, "assessment_disposition": { "status": "ASSESSED", "label": "Provisionally assessed", "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:b3f38cf6-8802-4bbd-a728-95c72bacbbfa", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:af6ee10405e5d92f02a2f9ef29056940768642a6849e176406d24915a6926105" }, "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177" } }, "version": { "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW", "previous": null, "published_at": "2026-09-25T00:00:00Z", "publisher": { "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33", "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION" }, "record": { "contributors": [ { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Scott A. Diddams", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "David J. Jones", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Jun Ye", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Steven T. Cundiff", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "John L. Hall", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Jinendra K. Ranka", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Robert S. Windeler", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Ronald Holzwarth", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Thomas Udem", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Theodor W. Hänsch", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } } ], "evidence": [ { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-0", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" } }, { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-1", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "Crossref record for femtosecond frequency-comb paper", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.84.5102" } } ], "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY", "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1", "record_type": "research_note", "rrp_version": "0.1", "scope": { "description": "The record is the exact 2000 Physical Review Letters paper. Parallel carrier-envelope work, optical-frequency-synthesizer papers, later comb technologies, clocks and metrological applications remain separate.", "domain": "Precision measurement and instruments" }, "sources": [ { "citation": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102" }, { "citation": "Crossref record for femtosecond frequency-comb paper", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.84.5102" } ], "statement": "# Diddams and colleagues: direct microwave–optical link with a femtosecond frequency comb\n\nDemonstrated a phase-coherent link between microwave and optical frequencies using a 300 THz femtosecond laser frequency comb.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe record is the exact 2000 Physical Review Letters paper. Parallel carrier-envelope work, optical-frequency-synthesizer papers, later comb technologies, clocks and metrological applications remain separate.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nScott A. Diddams; David J. Jones; Jun Ye; Steven T. Cundiff; John L. Hall; Jinendra K. Ranka; Robert S. Windeler; Ronald Holzwarth; Thomas Udem; Theodor W. Hänsch\n\nThe named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link](https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102)\n- [Crossref record for femtosecond frequency-comb paper](https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.84.5102)\n", "summary": "Demonstrated a phase-coherent link between microwave and optical frequencies using a 300 THz femtosecond laser frequency comb.", "title": "Diddams and colleagues: direct microwave–optical link with a femtosecond frequency comb" }, "record_id": "urn:uuid:b3f38cf6-8802-4bbd-a728-95c72bacbbfa", "version": 1, "source_ref": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:b3f38cf6-8802-4bbd-a728-95c72bacbbfa", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:af6ee10405e5d92f02a2f9ef29056940768642a6849e176406d24915a6926105" }, "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1", "public_view_hash": "sha256:ef818f04e7f548f63a72b651a82f3cc74fa6601f460fb86a57807738b9a03941" }, "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:b3f38cf6-8802-4bbd-a728-95c72bacbbfa", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:af6ee10405e5d92f02a2f9ef29056940768642a6849e176406d24915a6926105" }, "published_grade": { "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1", "edition": "2026-10-28.1", "id": "diddams-femtosecond-frequency-comb-2000", "entry_id": "diddams-femtosecond-frequency-comb-2000", "revision": 1, "title": "Diddams and colleagues: direct microwave–optical link with a femtosecond frequency comb", "context": "Precision metrology", "track": "Experimental instrument", "band": "A", "modifier": "+", "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "assessed_on": "2026-09-25", "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-25", "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT", "what_changed": "Optical frequencies became directly countable against microwave references with a comb.", "scope": "Exact ten-author 2000 PRL; parallel carrier-envelope work, later clock technology and syntheses separate.", "evidence_summary": "The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is the exact 2000 Physical Review Letters paper. Parallel carrier-envelope work, optical-frequency-synthesizer papers, later comb technologies, clocks and metrological applications remain separate.", "references": [ { "title": "Diddams et al., direct microwave–optical link", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102", "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work." }, { "title": "Crossref record for femtosecond frequency-comb paper", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.84.5102", "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work." } ], "roles": [ { "who": "The named authors listed in the linked research record", "credit": "SCIENCE", "did": "Complete source byline retained in the research record; this collective display does not merge person identities or measure labor shares." } ], "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:b3f38cf6-8802-4bbd-a728-95c72bacbbfa", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:af6ee10405e5d92f02a2f9ef29056940768642a6849e176406d24915a6926105" }, "scientific_correctness_certified": false, "independent_expert_calibration": false, "method": "PROPRIETARY", "points": "235000" }, "canonical_agent_submission": false, "scientific_verification_awarded": false, "reader_guide": null, "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE" }