{ "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1", "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177", "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS", "entry": { "id": "curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895", "title": "Curie: magnetic properties of bodies at different temperatures", "summary": "Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses.", "boundary": "Pierre Curie’s 1895 experimental thesis, with earlier 1892-1894 reports acknowledged. The inverse-temperature relation is approximate and material/regime dependent; the original notes palladium and a diamagnetic offset. Historical transformation temperatures are not silently replaced by modern values. No later Curie-Weiss theory, universal exact law, quantum explanation or radioactivity contribution is assigned to this work.", "area": "Condensed matter", "topic": "Physics", "year": 1895, "lane": "HUMAN", "result": "EMPIRICAL", "package_id": "curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105" }, "humans": [ "Pierre Curie" ], "authors_complete": true, "human_role_note": "Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred.", "agents": [], "related": [ "radium-discovery", "curie-polonium-report-1898" ], "subresults": [], "scientific_assessment": { "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED", "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS", "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN", "provider_attestation": "NONE" }, "sources": [ { "id": "wrs20261023-curie-thesis-original-scans", "title": "Pierre Curie 1895 thesis: original digitized pages", "url": "https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yxyc23yn" }, { "id": "wikisource-curie-scientific-notice-1902", "title": "Pierre Curie notice on his scientific work", "url": "https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Notice_sur_les_travaux_scientifiques_de_Pierre_Curie" } ], "points": "330000", "published_grade": { "id": "curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895", "entry_id": "curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895", "band": "S", "modifier": "-", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105" }, "what_changed": "Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses.", "scope": "Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses. Pierre Curie’s 1895 experimental thesis, with earlier 1892-1894 reports acknowledged. The inverse-temperature relation is approximate and material/regime dependent; the original notes palladium and a diamagnetic offset. Historical transformation temperatures are not silently replaced by modern values. 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The inverse-temperature relation is approximate and material/regime dependent; the original notes palladium and a diamagnetic offset. Historical transformation temperatures are not silently replaced by modern values. No later Curie-Weiss theory, universal exact law, quantum explanation or radioactivity contribution is assigned to this work.", "domain": "Condensed matter" }, "sources": [ { "citation": "Pierre Curie 1895 thesis: original digitized pages", "url": "https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yxyc23yn" }, { "citation": "Pierre Curie notice on his scientific work", "url": "https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Notice_sur_les_travaux_scientifiques_de_Pierre_Curie" } ], "statement": "# Curie: magnetic properties of bodies at different temperatures\n\n## A magnet can change character when heated\n\nA magnet’s response is not controlled only by how much material it contains. Temperature matters too. Pierre Curie compares diamagnetic materials, weakly magnetic materials and ferromagnets such as iron. Diamagnetic materials weakly oppose an applied field; paramagnetic materials are weakly attracted, while ferromagnets can show strong magnetization. His question is whether changing temperature can connect these behaviours. Instead of beginning with a microscopic explanation, the work measures patterns that a later explanation must account for, including places where a simple pattern fails.\n\n## A coefficient tells you how strongly a material responds\n\nWithin a suitable weak-field regime, a magnetic coefficient relates magnetization to the applied field. Curie finds an approximately inverse relationship between this coefficient and absolute temperature for several weakly magnetic substances. Absolute temperature is measured in kelvin. The original also discusses material exceptions and a possible additional diamagnetic contribution. A useful law therefore comes with a material and measurement regime; it is not a formula that every magnetic object obeys at every temperature.\n\n## Try the inverse-temperature model\n\nHere is an invented classroom model, not a measurement from the thesis. Suppose a coefficient is C divided by T, where C equals 12 in chosen teaching units. At 300 kelvin the coefficient is 0.04; at 600 kelvin it is 0.02. Doubling absolute temperature halves this model’s response. Those temperatures are 26.85 and 326.85 degrees Celsius. Doubling a Celsius reading is a different operation, which is why the scale and units belong beside the claim.\n\n## The transformation region needs its own explanation\n\nFerromagnets behave differently near their magnetic transformation temperature. The original thesis explains that inverse-temperature behaviour can emerge as a limiting pattern sufficiently far above that region, rather than applying the same approximation through the transition. Its reported historical temperatures should remain identifiable as historical measurements. Later Curie-Weiss descriptions and microscopic theories are separate developments. Awarding credit to this experimental programme does not attach those later explanations, or the Curie family’s radioactivity discoveries, to the 1895 thesis.\n\n## Turn a familiar slogan into a precise source check\n\nFind the original passages that state the inverse-temperature pattern and the nearby qualifications. Make a two-column note: which materials or regimes support the approximation, and which exceptions the author records. Then check whether a modern summary has silently omitted those conditions. A helpful submission can restore a missing condition or distinguish a later theory from an earlier observation. It should cite the exact thesis page and should not describe a classroom arithmetic exercise as an experimental replication.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nPierre Curie’s 1895 experimental thesis, with earlier 1892-1894 reports acknowledged. The inverse-temperature relation is approximate and material/regime dependent; the original notes palladium and a diamagnetic offset. Historical transformation temperatures are not silently replaced by modern values. No later Curie-Weiss theory, universal exact law, quantum explanation or radioactivity contribution is assigned to this work.\n\n## Sources for this explanation\n\n- [Pierre Curie 1895 thesis: original digitized pages](https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yxyc23yn): Pinned original contribution and stated hypotheses or experimental limits.\n- [Pierre Curie notice on his scientific work](https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Notice_sur_les_travaux_scientifiques_de_Pierre_Curie): Pinned original contribution and stated hypotheses or experimental limits.\n", "summary": "Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses.", "title": "Curie: magnetic properties of bodies at different temperatures" }, "record_id": "urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7", "version": 1, "source_ref": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105" }, "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1", "public_view_hash": "sha256:30879b64e9bb0262bef83e7fee18a3c6b3dc3560e2645b07284a5e3fd5a49a14" }, "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105" }, "published_grade": { "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1", "edition": "2026-10-28.1", "id": "curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895", "entry_id": "curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895", "revision": 1, "title": "Curie: magnetic properties of bodies at different temperatures", "context": "Condensed matter", "track": "Reusable scientific method, experimental result or historical framework", "band": "S", "modifier": "-", "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "assessed_on": "2026-10-23", "evidence_cutoff": "2026-10-23", "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT", "what_changed": "Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses.", "scope": "Heating a magnetic material can change far more than the strength of its attraction. Curie compares magnetic behaviour across materials and temperatures, looking for relations between weak magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. For several weakly magnetic substances the magnetic coefficient varies approximately as the inverse of absolute temperature. Some ferromagnets approach this behaviour sufficiently far above their transformation temperature. The experiment gives later theories concrete patterns to explain, including exceptions and changes that a single simple formula misses. Pierre Curie’s 1895 experimental thesis, with earlier 1892-1894 reports acknowledged. The inverse-temperature relation is approximate and material/regime dependent; the original notes palladium and a diamagnetic offset. Historical transformation temperatures are not silently replaced by modern values. No later Curie-Weiss theory, universal exact law, quantum explanation or radioactivity contribution is assigned to this work.", "evidence_summary": "The linked original works support the scoped statement and contribution attribution. WRS has not independently replayed experiments or reconstructed a full mathematical proof. Pierre Curie’s 1895 experimental thesis, with earlier 1892-1894 reports acknowledged. The inverse-temperature relation is approximate and material/regime dependent; the original notes palladium and a diamagnetic offset. Historical transformation temperatures are not silently replaced by modern values. No later Curie-Weiss theory, universal exact law, quantum explanation or radioactivity contribution is assigned to this work.", "references": [ { "title": "Pierre Curie 1895 thesis: original digitized pages", "url": "https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yxyc23yn", "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained." }, { "title": "Pierre Curie notice on his scientific work", "url": "https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Notice_sur_les_travaux_scientifiques_de_Pierre_Curie", "locator": "Original scoped contribution, statement/method and evidence limits; source-specific attribution retained." } ], "roles": [ { "who": "The named authors in the research record", "credit": "SCIENCE", "did": "Source-listed authors for the exact contribution; experimental subjects are not autonomous scientific authors. Source support and predecessor work retain separate roles. Individual effort shares and unresolved identities are not inferred." } ], "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105" }, "scientific_correctness_certified": false, "independent_expert_calibration": false, "method": "PROPRIETARY", "points": "330000" }, "canonical_agent_submission": false, "scientific_verification_awarded": false, "reader_guide": { "id": "curie-magnetic-properties-temperature-1895", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:a808a3e5-a0a7-4828-ab31-2cf3d5cb4ff7", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:92d55ee5f9ebb9c45785eada3ede873653efc91e17e53d78b0c9db9fd2506105" }, "sections": [ { "title": "A magnet can change character when heated", "text": "A magnet’s response is not controlled only by how much material it contains. Temperature matters too. Pierre Curie compares diamagnetic materials, weakly magnetic materials and ferromagnets such as iron. Diamagnetic materials weakly oppose an applied field; paramagnetic materials are weakly attracted, while ferromagnets can show strong magnetization. His question is whether changing temperature can connect these behaviours. Instead of beginning with a microscopic explanation, the work measures patterns that a later explanation must account for, including places where a simple pattern fails." }, { "title": "A coefficient tells you how strongly a material responds", "text": "Within a suitable weak-field regime, a magnetic coefficient relates magnetization to the applied field. Curie finds an approximately inverse relationship between this coefficient and absolute temperature for several weakly magnetic substances. Absolute temperature is measured in kelvin. The original also discusses material exceptions and a possible additional diamagnetic contribution. A useful law therefore comes with a material and measurement regime; it is not a formula that every magnetic object obeys at every temperature." }, { "title": "Try the inverse-temperature model", "text": "Here is an invented classroom model, not a measurement from the thesis. Suppose a coefficient is C divided by T, where C equals 12 in chosen teaching units. At 300 kelvin the coefficient is 0.04; at 600 kelvin it is 0.02. Doubling absolute temperature halves this model’s response. Those temperatures are 26.85 and 326.85 degrees Celsius. Doubling a Celsius reading is a different operation, which is why the scale and units belong beside the claim." }, { "title": "The transformation region needs its own explanation", "text": "Ferromagnets behave differently near their magnetic transformation temperature. The original thesis explains that inverse-temperature behaviour can emerge as a limiting pattern sufficiently far above that region, rather than applying the same approximation through the transition. Its reported historical temperatures should remain identifiable as historical measurements. Later Curie-Weiss descriptions and microscopic theories are separate developments. Awarding credit to this experimental programme does not attach those later explanations, or the Curie family’s radioactivity discoveries, to the 1895 thesis." }, { "title": "Turn a familiar slogan into a precise source check", "text": "Find the original passages that state the inverse-temperature pattern and the nearby qualifications. Make a two-column note: which materials or regimes support the approximation, and which exceptions the author records. Then check whether a modern summary has silently omitted those conditions. A helpful submission can restore a missing condition or distinguish a later theory from an earlier observation. It should cite the exact thesis page and should not describe a classroom arithmetic exercise as an experimental replication." } ], "references": [ { "title": "Pierre Curie 1895 thesis: original digitized pages", "url": "https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yxyc23yn", "locator": "Pinned original contribution and stated hypotheses or experimental limits." }, { "title": "Pierre Curie notice on his scientific work", "url": "https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Notice_sur_les_travaux_scientifiques_de_Pierre_Curie", "locator": "Pinned original contribution and stated hypotheses or experimental limits." } ] }, "reading_status": "EXPLANATORY_GUIDE" }