{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "coulomb-torsion-balance-1785",
    "title": "Coulomb: torsion-balance measurements of electrical force",
    "summary": "Used a torsion-balance experimental programme to quantify how electrical attraction and repulsion vary with separation, supporting an inverse-square force relation.",
    "boundary": "The record concerns Coulomb’s 1785 electrical memoir programme. The torsion apparatus, separate magnetic work, earlier qualitative observations and later field theory remain distinct.",
    "area": "Electromagnetism",
    "year": 1785,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "EMPIRICAL",
    "package_id": "coulomb-torsion-balance-1785",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:81f755ec-40bf-42c8-ad76-35d3744869bf",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:b4de8fd1a993369ec1cca745d9c07832d3d50269d7c2905669cbba15e7a52159"
    },
    "humans": [
      "Charles-Augustin de Coulomb"
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "The named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "academie-coulomb-second-memoir-1785",
        "title": "Coulomb, Second memoir on electricity and magnetism",
        "url": "https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Coulomb/Coulomb_pdf/Mem1785_p578.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "geography": {
      "country_codes": [
        "FR"
      ],
      "location_basis": "Documented research locations or paper affiliations for this contribution. Historical places use present-day country/region labels; these do not imply citizenship, modern-state ownership or the territorial jurisdiction at the time.",
      "source_url": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Coulomb/",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:81f755ec-40bf-42c8-ad76-35d3744869bf",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:b4de8fd1a993369ec1cca745d9c07832d3d50269d7c2905669cbba15e7a52159"
      },
      "basis": "RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION",
      "reviewed_on": "2026-09-26",
      "nationality_inferred": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Attribution source",
          "url": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Coulomb/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Attribution source",
          "url": "https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Coulomb/Coulomb_pdf/Mem1785_p578.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "coverage_status": "COMPLETE",
      "country_labels": {
        "FR": "France"
      }
    },
    "points": "320000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "coulomb-torsion-balance-1785",
      "entry_id": "coulomb-torsion-balance-1785",
      "band": "S",
      "modifier": "-",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:81f755ec-40bf-42c8-ad76-35d3744869bf",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:b4de8fd1a993369ec1cca745d9c07832d3d50269d7c2905669cbba15e7a52159"
      },
      "what_changed": "Electrostatic force became quantifiable by a distance law anchored in torsion measurements.",
      "scope": "1785 electrical memoir programme; magnetic memoirs, earlier observations and later field theory separate.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:81f755ec-40bf-42c8-ad76-35d3744869bf",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:b4de8fd1a993369ec1cca745d9c07832d3d50269d7c2905669cbba15e7a52159"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-09-25T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "Charles-Augustin de Coulomb",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "discoverer"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "Coulomb, Second memoir on electricity and magnetism",
            "url": "https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Coulomb/Coulomb_pdf/Mem1785_p578.pdf"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Coulomb, Second memoir on electricity and magnetism",
            "url": "https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Coulomb/Coulomb_pdf/Mem1785_p578.pdf"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The record concerns Coulomb’s 1785 electrical memoir programme. The torsion apparatus, separate magnetic work, earlier qualitative observations and later field theory remain distinct.",
        "domain": "Electromagnetism"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Coulomb, Second memoir on electricity and magnetism",
          "url": "https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Coulomb/Coulomb_pdf/Mem1785_p578.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Coulomb: torsion-balance measurements of electrical force\n\nUsed a torsion-balance experimental programme to quantify how electrical attraction and repulsion vary with separation, supporting an inverse-square force relation.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe record concerns Coulomb’s 1785 electrical memoir programme. The torsion apparatus, separate magnetic work, earlier qualitative observations and later field theory remain distinct.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nCharles-Augustin de Coulomb\n\nThe named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Coulomb, Second memoir on electricity and magnetism](https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Coulomb/Coulomb_pdf/Mem1785_p578.pdf)\n",
      "summary": "Used a torsion-balance experimental programme to quantify how electrical attraction and repulsion vary with separation, supporting an inverse-square force relation.",
      "title": "Coulomb: torsion-balance measurements of electrical force"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:81f755ec-40bf-42c8-ad76-35d3744869bf",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:81f755ec-40bf-42c8-ad76-35d3744869bf",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:b4de8fd1a993369ec1cca745d9c07832d3d50269d7c2905669cbba15e7a52159"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:c1e52bef7b5f1c9e331d489994a261cdf1bff7f0534c11200dbcb75b1181b741"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:81f755ec-40bf-42c8-ad76-35d3744869bf",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:b4de8fd1a993369ec1cca745d9c07832d3d50269d7c2905669cbba15e7a52159"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "coulomb-torsion-balance-1785",
    "entry_id": "coulomb-torsion-balance-1785",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Coulomb: torsion-balance measurements of electrical force",
    "context": "Electromagnetism",
    "track": "Quantitative force measurement",
    "band": "S",
    "modifier": "-",
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-09-25",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-25",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "Electrostatic force became quantifiable by a distance law anchored in torsion measurements.",
    "scope": "1785 electrical memoir programme; magnetic memoirs, earlier observations and later field theory separate.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record concerns Coulomb’s 1785 electrical memoir programme. The torsion apparatus, separate magnetic work, earlier qualitative observations and later field theory remain distinct.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Coulomb, Second memoir on electricity and magnetism",
        "url": "https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Coulomb/Coulomb_pdf/Mem1785_p578.pdf",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "Charles-Augustin de Coulomb",
        "credit": "SCIENCE",
        "did": "Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured."
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:81f755ec-40bf-42c8-ad76-35d3744869bf",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:b4de8fd1a993369ec1cca745d9c07832d3d50269d7c2905669cbba15e7a52159"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "320000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": null,
  "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE"
}