{ "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1", "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177", "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS", "entry": { "id": "chowdhery-et-al-palm-2022", "title": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways", "summary": "Trained and evaluated the dense 540-billion-parameter PaLM language model using the Pathways system, reporting few-shot performance across language and reasoning tasks.", "boundary": "PaLM's benchmark findings and compute configuration are paper-specific; this record is not PaLM 2 or a claim that scaling alone solves general reasoning.", "area": "Large language models", "topic": "Artificial intelligence", "year": 2022, "lane": "HUMAN", "result": "EMPIRICAL", "package_id": "chowdhery-et-al-palm-2022", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:c66cf524-2856-479c-a158-0338b21f38da", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:b506d27ec531cf72182077d8d6ecd3fb4f66f415a4511b5f78b24ab494aea2f2" }, "humans": [ "Aakanksha Chowdhery", "Sharan Narang", "Jacob Devlin", "Maarten Bosma", "Gaurav Mishra", "Adam Roberts", "Paul Barham", "Hyung Won Chung", "Charles Sutton", "Sebastian Gehrmann", "Parker Schuh", "Kensen Shi", "Sasha Tsvyashchenko", "Joshua Maynez", "Abhishek Rao", "Parker Barnes", "Yi Tay", "Noam Shazeer", "Vinodkumar Prabhakaran", "Emily Reif", "Nan Du", "Ben Hutchinson", "Reiner Pope", "James Bradbury", "Jacob Austin", "Michael Isard", "Guy Gur-Ari", "Pengcheng Yin", "Toju Duke", "Anselm Levskaya", "Sanjay Ghemawat", "Sunipa Dev", "Henryk Michalewski", "Xavier Garcia", "Vedant Misra", "Kevin Robinson", "Liam Fedus", "Denny Zhou", "Daphne Ippolito", "David Luan", "Hyeontaek Lim", "Barret Zoph", "Alexander Spiridonov", "Ryan Sepassi", "David Dohan", "Shivani Agrawal", "Mark Omernick", "Andrew M. 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detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Gaurav Mishra", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Adam Roberts", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Paul Barham", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Hyung Won Chung", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Charles Sutton", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Sebastian Gehrmann", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Parker Schuh", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Kensen Shi", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Sasha Tsvyashchenko", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Joshua Maynez", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Abhishek Rao", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Parker Barnes", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Yi Tay", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Noam Shazeer", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Vinodkumar Prabhakaran", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Emily Reif", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Nan Du", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Ben Hutchinson", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Reiner Pope", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "James Bradbury", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Jacob Austin", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Michael Isard", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Guy Gur-Ari", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Pengcheng Yin", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Toju Duke", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Anselm Levskaya", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Sanjay Ghemawat", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "formulator" ], "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } } ], "evidence": [ { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-0", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" } }, { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-1", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — company research page", "url": "https://research.google/pubs/palm-scaling-language-modeling-with-pathways/" } } ], "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY", "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1", "record_type": "research_note", "rrp_version": "0.1", "scope": { "description": "PaLM's benchmark findings and compute configuration are paper-specific; this record is not PaLM 2 or a claim that scaling alone solves general reasoning.", "domain": "Large language models" }, "sources": [ { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5" }, { "citation": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — company research page", "url": "https://research.google/pubs/palm-scaling-language-modeling-with-pathways/" } ], "statement": "# Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways\n\nTrained and evaluated the dense 540-billion-parameter PaLM language model using the Pathways system, reporting few-shot performance across language and reasoning tasks.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nPaLM's benchmark findings and compute configuration are paper-specific; this record is not PaLM 2 or a claim that scaling alone solves general reasoning.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nAakanksha Chowdhery; Sharan Narang; Jacob Devlin; Maarten Bosma; Gaurav Mishra; Adam Roberts; Paul Barham; Hyung Won Chung; Charles Sutton; Sebastian Gehrmann; Parker Schuh; Kensen Shi; Sasha Tsvyashchenko; Joshua Maynez; Abhishek Rao; Parker Barnes; Yi Tay; Noam Shazeer; Vinodkumar Prabhakaran; Emily Reif; Nan Du; Ben Hutchinson; Reiner Pope; James Bradbury; Jacob Austin; Michael Isard; Guy Gur-Ari; Pengcheng Yin; Toju Duke; Anselm Levskaya; Sanjay Ghemawat; Sunipa Dev; Henryk Michalewski; Xavier Garcia; Vedant Misra; Kevin Robinson; Liam Fedus; Denny Zhou; Daphne Ippolito; David Luan; Hyeontaek Lim; Barret Zoph; Alexander Spiridonov; Ryan Sepassi; David Dohan; Shivani Agrawal; Mark Omernick; Andrew M. Dai; Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai; Marie Pellat; Aitor Lewkowycz; Erica Moreira; Rewon Child; Oleksandr Polozov; Katherine Lee; Zongwei Zhou; Xuezhi Wang; Brennan Saeta; Mark Diaz; Orhan Firat; Michele Catasta; Jason Wei; Kathy Meier-Hellstern; Douglas Eck; Jeff Dean; Slav Petrov; Noah Fiedel\n\nComplete named paper byline. Human research, source-reported system execution and experimental validation are distinct; individual effort shares are not measured.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5)\n- [Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — company research page](https://research.google/pubs/palm-scaling-language-modeling-with-pathways/)\n", "summary": "Trained and evaluated the dense 540-billion-parameter PaLM language model using the Pathways system, reporting few-shot performance across language and reasoning tasks.", "title": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways" }, "record_id": "urn:uuid:c66cf524-2856-479c-a158-0338b21f38da", "version": 1, "source_ref": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:c66cf524-2856-479c-a158-0338b21f38da", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:b506d27ec531cf72182077d8d6ecd3fb4f66f415a4511b5f78b24ab494aea2f2" }, "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1", "public_view_hash": "sha256:38b0e9f9ca2edeb5ba7292daca94c4d1a49df748cd59506a3ec9309ba072a627" }, "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:c66cf524-2856-479c-a158-0338b21f38da", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:b506d27ec531cf72182077d8d6ecd3fb4f66f415a4511b5f78b24ab494aea2f2" }, "published_grade": { "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1", "edition": "2026-10-28.1", "id": "chowdhery-et-al-palm-2022", "entry_id": "chowdhery-et-al-palm-2022", "revision": 1, "title": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways", "context": "Large language models", "track": "Human-designed AI research method or resource", "band": "B", "modifier": null, "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "assessed_on": "2026-09-27", "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-27", "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT", "what_changed": "Trained and evaluated the dense 540-billion-parameter PaLM language model using the Pathways system, reporting few-shot performance across language and reasoning tasks.", "scope": "Trained and evaluated the dense 540-billion-parameter PaLM language model using the Pathways system, reporting few-shot performance across language and reasoning tasks. Scope limitation: PaLM's benchmark findings and compute configuration are paper-specific; this record is not PaLM 2 or a claim that scaling alone solves general reasoning.", "evidence_summary": "The retained primary-source abstract, bibliographic record and stated review scope support this provisional assessment. No independent experimental replication by WRS is claimed. PaLM's benchmark findings and compute configuration are paper-specific; this record is not PaLM 2 or a claim that scaling alone solves general reasoning.", "references": [ { "title": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — original paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311v5", "locator": "Abstract and complete bibliographic byline for 2204.02311v5; not an independent proof or experimental replication." }, { "title": "Chowdhery and colleagues: PaLM language-model scaling with Pathways — company research page", "url": "https://research.google/pubs/palm-scaling-language-modeling-with-pathways/", "locator": "Source-linked contribution and stated scientific limits; not an independent replication." } ], "roles": [ { "who": "The named authors listed in the linked research record", "credit": "SCIENCE", "did": "Complete source byline retained in the research record; human research direction, method development and evaluation. Individual labor shares are not measured." } ], "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:c66cf524-2856-479c-a158-0338b21f38da", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:b506d27ec531cf72182077d8d6ecd3fb4f66f415a4511b5f78b24ab494aea2f2" }, "scientific_correctness_certified": false, "independent_expert_calibration": false, "method": "PROPRIETARY", "points": "28000" }, "canonical_agent_submission": false, "scientific_verification_awarded": false, "reader_guide": null, "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE" }