{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "c-language-1973",
    "title": "Ritchie: development and early specification of C",
    "summary": "Developed C during 1969–1973 as a typed systems language derived through B and BCPL and used it to reimplement substantial parts of Unix while retaining low-level control.",
    "boundary": "The record is Ritchie’s language-development contribution and early manual. Unix, B, BCPL, the later Kernighan–Ritchie book, standardization and compiler engineering remain distinct.",
    "area": "Programming languages and compilers",
    "year": 1973,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "ALGORITHM",
    "package_id": "c-language-1973",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:b5d9cdb1-34fb-4474-a6b9-385ad86a32a5",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:b9409d5a3025381fcf32ab5b755d9882582f8e53ff012e79fd3a5e13d01a07b9"
    },
    "humans": [
      "Dennis M. Ritchie"
    ],
    "human_identities": [
      {
        "author_position": 0,
        "source_name": "Dennis M. Ritchie",
        "person_id": "wrs-person-2b2fb8fcccc19aa040bf7665",
        "display_name": "Dennis M. Ritchie",
        "status": "SOURCE_LINKED_IDENTITY",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Attribution source",
            "url": "https://computerhistory.org/profile/dennis-ritchie/"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "The named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "ritchie-c-development",
        "title": "Ritchie, The Development of the C Language",
        "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf"
      },
      {
        "id": "ritchie-c-reference-manual",
        "title": "Ritchie, C Reference Manual",
        "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "geography": {
      "country_codes": [
        "US"
      ],
      "location_basis": "Documented research locations or paper affiliations for this contribution. Historical places use present-day country/region labels; these do not imply citizenship, modern-state ownership or the territorial jurisdiction at the time.",
      "source_url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman.pdf",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:b5d9cdb1-34fb-4474-a6b9-385ad86a32a5",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:b9409d5a3025381fcf32ab5b755d9882582f8e53ff012e79fd3a5e13d01a07b9"
      },
      "basis": "RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION",
      "reviewed_on": "2026-09-26",
      "nationality_inferred": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Attribution source",
          "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Attribution source",
          "url": "https://www.nokia.com/bell-labs/about/dennis-m-ritchie/chist.html"
        }
      ],
      "coverage_status": "COMPLETE",
      "country_labels": {
        "US": "United States"
      }
    },
    "points": "270000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "c-language-1973",
      "entry_id": "c-language-1973",
      "band": "A",
      "modifier": "+",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:b5d9cdb1-34fb-4474-a6b9-385ad86a32a5",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:b9409d5a3025381fcf32ab5b755d9882582f8e53ff012e79fd3a5e13d01a07b9"
      },
      "what_changed": "A practical typed systems language enabled substantial operating-system implementation above assembly level.",
      "scope": "Ritchie's 1969–1973 language development and early specification; Unix system, K&R book, ANSI C and later compilers separate.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:b5d9cdb1-34fb-4474-a6b9-385ad86a32a5",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:b9409d5a3025381fcf32ab5b755d9882582f8e53ff012e79fd3a5e13d01a07b9"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-09-25T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "Dennis M. Ritchie",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "formulator"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "Ritchie, The Development of the C Language",
            "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Ritchie, The Development of the C Language",
            "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-1",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Ritchie, C Reference Manual",
            "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman.pdf"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The record is Ritchie’s language-development contribution and early manual. Unix, B, BCPL, the later Kernighan–Ritchie book, standardization and compiler engineering remain distinct.",
        "domain": "Programming languages and compilers"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Ritchie, The Development of the C Language",
          "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Ritchie, C Reference Manual",
          "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Ritchie: development and early specification of C\n\nDeveloped C during 1969–1973 as a typed systems language derived through B and BCPL and used it to reimplement substantial parts of Unix while retaining low-level control.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe record is Ritchie’s language-development contribution and early manual. Unix, B, BCPL, the later Kernighan–Ritchie book, standardization and compiler engineering remain distinct.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nDennis M. Ritchie\n\nThe named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Ritchie, The Development of the C Language](https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf)\n- [Ritchie, C Reference Manual](https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman.pdf)\n",
      "summary": "Developed C during 1969–1973 as a typed systems language derived through B and BCPL and used it to reimplement substantial parts of Unix while retaining low-level control.",
      "title": "Ritchie: development and early specification of C"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:b5d9cdb1-34fb-4474-a6b9-385ad86a32a5",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:b5d9cdb1-34fb-4474-a6b9-385ad86a32a5",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:b9409d5a3025381fcf32ab5b755d9882582f8e53ff012e79fd3a5e13d01a07b9"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:01d667b545639f09c27f1bfae1b0e00ffbd6d1432dd460f5ab2168002755c08d"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:b5d9cdb1-34fb-4474-a6b9-385ad86a32a5",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:b9409d5a3025381fcf32ab5b755d9882582f8e53ff012e79fd3a5e13d01a07b9"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "c-language-1973",
    "entry_id": "c-language-1973",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Ritchie: development and early specification of C",
    "context": "Computer science",
    "track": "Systems programming language",
    "band": "A",
    "modifier": "+",
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-09-25",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-25",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "A practical typed systems language enabled substantial operating-system implementation above assembly level.",
    "scope": "Ritchie's 1969–1973 language development and early specification; Unix system, K&R book, ANSI C and later compilers separate.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is Ritchie’s language-development contribution and early manual. Unix, B, BCPL, the later Kernighan–Ritchie book, standardization and compiler engineering remain distinct.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Ritchie, The Development of the C Language",
        "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      },
      {
        "title": "Ritchie, C Reference Manual",
        "url": "https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman.pdf",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "Dennis M. Ritchie",
        "credit": "SCIENCE",
        "did": "Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured."
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:b5d9cdb1-34fb-4474-a6b9-385ad86a32a5",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:b9409d5a3025381fcf32ab5b755d9882582f8e53ff012e79fd3a5e13d01a07b9"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "270000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": null,
  "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE"
}