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    "title": "Continuous output coupling from a Bose–Einstein condensate",
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        "description": "Continuous output was finite in duration and depended on a stable trap and a finite initial condensate; it was not a continuously replenished steady-state source. The 100-millisecond duration was inferred from remaining condensate counts rather than direct beam imaging over that entire interval. Beam divergence was below the imaging resolution, and brightness estimates used assumptions about velocity spreads. The spectroscopy comparison used a Thomas–Fermi approximation and displayed a broader measured response. First- and second-order coherence were not fully characterized by these measurements. Earlier pulsed atom output coupling is a separate contribution.",
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      "statement": "# Continuous output coupling from a Bose–Einstein condensate\n\nBloch, Hänsch and Esslinger used a weak radio-frequency field to transfer atoms from a magnetically trapped rubidium condensate into an untrapped state, forming a collimated falling atomic beam. They directly imaged continuous output over up to 40 milliseconds and monitored condensate depletion over up to 100 milliseconds. Varying radio frequency also provided spatially selective spectroscopy of the trapped condensate.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nContinuous output was finite in duration and depended on a stable trap and a finite initial condensate; it was not a continuously replenished steady-state source. The 100-millisecond duration was inferred from remaining condensate counts rather than direct beam imaging over that entire interval. Beam divergence was below the imaging resolution, and brightness estimates used assumptions about velocity spreads. The spectroscopy comparison used a Thomas–Fermi approximation and displayed a broader measured response. First- and second-order coherence were not fully characterized by these measurements. Earlier pulsed atom output coupling is a separate contribution.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nImmanuel Bloch; Theodor W. Hänsch; Tilman Esslinger\n\nThese are the listed authors of the cited contribution sources. Paper authorship does not quantify individual effort. An incomplete list is explicitly marked; same names are not automatically merged.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [An Atom Laser with a cw Output Coupler](https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9812258v1)\n",
      "summary": "Bloch, Hänsch and Esslinger used a weak radio-frequency field to transfer atoms from a magnetically trapped rubidium condensate into an untrapped state, forming a collimated falling atomic beam. They directly imaged continuous output over up to 40 milliseconds and monitored condensate depletion over up to 100 milliseconds. Varying radio frequency also provided spatially selective spectroscopy of the trapped condensate.",
      "title": "Continuous output coupling from a Bose–Einstein condensate"
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    "entry_id": "bloch-haensch-esslinger-continuous-atom-laser-coupler-1998",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Continuous output coupling from a Bose–Einstein condensate",
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    "what_changed": "Bloch, Hänsch and Esslinger used a weak radio-frequency field to transfer atoms from a magnetically trapped rubidium condensate into an untrapped state, forming a collimated falling atomic beam. They directly imaged continuous output over up to 40 milliseconds and monitored condensate depletion over up to 100 milliseconds. Varying radio frequency also provided spatially selective spectroscopy of the trapped condensate.",
    "scope": "Bloch, Hänsch and Esslinger used a weak radio-frequency field to transfer atoms from a magnetically trapped rubidium condensate into an untrapped state, forming a collimated falling atomic beam. They directly imaged continuous output over up to 40 milliseconds and monitored condensate depletion over up to 100 milliseconds. Varying radio frequency also provided spatially selective spectroscopy of the trapped condensate. Continuous output was finite in duration and depended on a stable trap and a finite initial condensate; it was not a continuously replenished steady-state source. The 100-millisecond duration was inferred from remaining condensate counts rather than direct beam imaging over that entire interval. Beam divergence was below the imaging resolution, and brightness estimates used assumptions about velocity spreads. The spectroscopy comparison used a Thomas–Fermi approximation and displayed a broader measured response. First- and second-order coherence were not fully characterized by these measurements. Earlier pulsed atom output coupling is a separate contribution.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked original works support the scoped statement and contribution attribution. WRS has not independently replayed experiments or reconstructed a full mathematical proof. Continuous output was finite in duration and depended on a stable trap and a finite initial condensate; it was not a continuously replenished steady-state source. The 100-millisecond duration was inferred from remaining condensate counts rather than direct beam imaging over that entire interval. Beam divergence was below the imaging resolution, and brightness estimates used assumptions about velocity spreads. The spectroscopy comparison used a Thomas–Fermi approximation and displayed a broader measured response. First- and second-order coherence were not fully characterized by these measurements. Earlier pulsed atom output coupling is a separate contribution.",
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