{
  "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1",
  "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177",
  "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS",
  "entry": {
    "id": "bitcoin-consensus-2008",
    "title": "Nakamoto: Bitcoin peer-to-peer electronic cash",
    "summary": "Combined a public transaction chain, proof-of-work timestamping, longest-chain consensus and economic incentives to specify a peer-to-peer electronic cash system without a central transaction processor.",
    "boundary": "The record is the 2008 paper under the Satoshi Nakamoto pseudonym. Component precedents, the identity behind the pseudonym, the 2009 implementation, later contributors and economic outcomes are not collapsed into this authorship claim.",
    "area": "Distributed systems and cryptography",
    "year": 2008,
    "lane": "HUMAN",
    "result": "ALGORITHM",
    "package_id": "bitcoin-consensus-2008",
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:2a5f923f-3ee1-4067-a21b-c80a4822a5bf",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:d22b05654cc818c2ec3f9a85a19044b5c1a0a0c61380b16f42b90e9da817ac65"
    },
    "humans": [
      "Satoshi Nakamoto"
    ],
    "authors_complete": true,
    "human_role_note": "The named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.",
    "agents": [],
    "related": [],
    "subresults": [],
    "scientific_assessment": {
      "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED",
      "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS",
      "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN",
      "provider_attestation": "NONE"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "bitcoin-original-paper-page",
        "title": "Bitcoin.org: Bitcoin, A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
        "url": "https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-paper"
      },
      {
        "id": "bitcoin-original-paper",
        "title": "Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
        "url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "points": "270000",
    "published_grade": {
      "id": "bitcoin-consensus-2008",
      "entry_id": "bitcoin-consensus-2008",
      "band": "A",
      "modifier": "+",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:2a5f923f-3ee1-4067-a21b-c80a4822a5bf",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:d22b05654cc818c2ec3f9a85a19044b5c1a0a0c61380b16f42b90e9da817ac65"
      },
      "what_changed": "A coherent open-participation electronic-cash design linked consensus, economic incentives and transaction verification.",
      "scope": "2008 pseudonymous paper; actual identity unknown, 2009 code and later economic/social results excluded.",
      "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
      "scientific_correctness_certified": false
    },
    "assessment_disposition": {
      "status": "ASSESSED",
      "label": "Provisionally assessed",
      "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.",
      "target": {
        "record_id": "urn:uuid:2a5f923f-3ee1-4067-a21b-c80a4822a5bf",
        "version": 1,
        "content_hash": "sha256:d22b05654cc818c2ec3f9a85a19044b5c1a0a0c61380b16f42b90e9da817ac65"
      },
      "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177"
    }
  },
  "version": {
    "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW",
    "previous": null,
    "published_at": "2026-09-25T00:00:00Z",
    "publisher": {
      "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33",
      "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION"
    },
    "record": {
      "contributors": [
        {
          "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED",
          "credit": "historical_scientific",
          "entity_kind": "historical_person",
          "name": "Satoshi Nakamoto",
          "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound",
          "roles": [
            "formulator"
          ],
          "source": {
            "citation": "Bitcoin.org: Bitcoin, A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
            "url": "https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-paper"
          }
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-0",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Bitcoin.org: Bitcoin, A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
            "url": "https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-paper"
          }
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification",
          "id": "source-1",
          "kind": "source_reference",
          "source": {
            "citation": "Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
            "url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf"
          }
        }
      ],
      "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY",
      "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1",
      "record_type": "research_note",
      "rrp_version": "0.1",
      "scope": {
        "description": "The record is the 2008 paper under the Satoshi Nakamoto pseudonym. Component precedents, the identity behind the pseudonym, the 2009 implementation, later contributors and economic outcomes are not collapsed into this authorship claim.",
        "domain": "Distributed systems and cryptography"
      },
      "sources": [
        {
          "citation": "Bitcoin.org: Bitcoin, A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
          "url": "https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-paper"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
          "url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "statement": "# Nakamoto: Bitcoin peer-to-peer electronic cash\n\nCombined a public transaction chain, proof-of-work timestamping, longest-chain consensus and economic incentives to specify a peer-to-peer electronic cash system without a central transaction processor.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe record is the 2008 paper under the Satoshi Nakamoto pseudonym. Component precedents, the identity behind the pseudonym, the 2009 implementation, later contributors and economic outcomes are not collapsed into this authorship claim.\n\n## Reading status\n\nThis is a source-linked WRS catalogue note. A full explanatory guide and independent scientific reconstruction have not been completed for this entry. Read the identified original work for its complete narrative and arguments.\n\n## People and systems\n\nSatoshi Nakamoto\n\nThe named authors contributed to this scoped work; individual effort shares and later applications are not assigned by the byline.\n\n\n\n## Original sources\n\n- [Bitcoin.org: Bitcoin, A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System](https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-paper)\n- [Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf)\n",
      "summary": "Combined a public transaction chain, proof-of-work timestamping, longest-chain consensus and economic incentives to specify a peer-to-peer electronic cash system without a central transaction processor.",
      "title": "Nakamoto: Bitcoin peer-to-peer electronic cash"
    },
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:2a5f923f-3ee1-4067-a21b-c80a4822a5bf",
    "version": 1,
    "source_ref": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:2a5f923f-3ee1-4067-a21b-c80a4822a5bf",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:d22b05654cc818c2ec3f9a85a19044b5c1a0a0c61380b16f42b90e9da817ac65"
    },
    "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1",
    "public_view_hash": "sha256:298f3cf545e4abcd54a669421bcdd37b841f322fc83556c70209f6363db75a26"
  },
  "target": {
    "record_id": "urn:uuid:2a5f923f-3ee1-4067-a21b-c80a4822a5bf",
    "version": 1,
    "content_hash": "sha256:d22b05654cc818c2ec3f9a85a19044b5c1a0a0c61380b16f42b90e9da817ac65"
  },
  "published_grade": {
    "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1",
    "edition": "2026-10-28.1",
    "id": "bitcoin-consensus-2008",
    "entry_id": "bitcoin-consensus-2008",
    "revision": 1,
    "title": "Nakamoto: Bitcoin peer-to-peer electronic cash",
    "context": "Distributed systems and cryptography",
    "track": "Open-participation transaction consensus",
    "band": "A",
    "modifier": "+",
    "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL",
    "assessed_on": "2026-09-25",
    "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-25",
    "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT",
    "what_changed": "A coherent open-participation electronic-cash design linked consensus, economic incentives and transaction verification.",
    "scope": "2008 pseudonymous paper; actual identity unknown, 2009 code and later economic/social results excluded.",
    "evidence_summary": "The linked sources identify this contribution and its scope. WRS has not independently reconstructed the scientific claims. The record is the 2008 paper under the Satoshi Nakamoto pseudonym. Component precedents, the identity behind the pseudonym, the 2009 implementation, later contributors and economic outcomes are not collapsed into this authorship claim.",
    "references": [
      {
        "title": "Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
        "url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      },
      {
        "title": "Bitcoin.org: Bitcoin, A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
        "url": "https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-paper",
        "locator": "Source for the stated contribution; scientific claims remain bounded to the linked work."
      }
    ],
    "roles": [
      {
        "who": "Satoshi Nakamoto",
        "credit": "SCIENCE",
        "did": "Named source author of the scoped work; individual effort shares are not measured."
      }
    ],
    "target": {
      "record_id": "urn:uuid:2a5f923f-3ee1-4067-a21b-c80a4822a5bf",
      "version": 1,
      "content_hash": "sha256:d22b05654cc818c2ec3f9a85a19044b5c1a0a0c61380b16f42b90e9da817ac65"
    },
    "scientific_correctness_certified": false,
    "independent_expert_calibration": false,
    "method": "PROPRIETARY",
    "points": "270000"
  },
  "canonical_agent_submission": false,
  "scientific_verification_awarded": false,
  "reader_guide": null,
  "reading_status": "SOURCE_LINKED_NOTE"
}
