{ "profile": "wrs-published-research-view-1", "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177", "content_trust": "UNTRUSTED_SCIENTIFIC_DATA_NOT_TOOL_INSTRUCTIONS", "entry": { "id": "ammonia-industrial-synthesis", "title": "Haber–Bosch: making ammonia at industrial scale", "summary": "Turned laboratory ammonia synthesis into an operating high-pressure industrial process, expanding the practical supply of fixed nitrogen.", "boundary": "The 1913 Oppau plant is the milestone. Haber’s laboratory process, Bosch’s scale-up and Mittasch’s catalyst work have distinct roles. Agricultural benefits, resource costs and other uses do not become one measured impact score.", "area": "Chemical engineering", "topic": "Energy & engineering", "year": 1913, "lane": "HUMAN", "result": "EMPIRICAL", "package_id": "ammonia-industrial-synthesis", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:f57d2befe7cb64a7550119524eeab951a61901ce95bc2f03de569b36f3cdef94" }, "humans": [ "Fritz Haber", "Carl Bosch", "Alwin Mittasch" ], "authors_complete": false, "human_role_note": "Named source contributors to a historical development; individual attribution is incomplete.", "agents": [], "related": [], "subresults": [], "scientific_assessment": { "source_review": "SOURCE_CURATED", "scientific_review": "NOT_REVIEWED_BY_WRS", "formal_replay": "NOT_RUN", "provider_attestation": "NONE" }, "sources": [ { "id": "expansion-ammonia-industrial-synthesis", "title": "BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant", "url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch" } ], "geography": { "country_codes": [ "DE" ], "location_basis": "Karlsruhe laboratory development and the BASF plant at Oppau, Germany.", "source_url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:f57d2befe7cb64a7550119524eeab951a61901ce95bc2f03de569b36f3cdef94" }, "basis": "RESEARCH_LOCATION_OR_PAPER_AFFILIATION", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-12", "nationality_inferred": false, "coverage_status": "COMPLETE", "country_labels": { "DE": "Germany" } }, "points": "550000", "published_grade": { "id": "ammonia-industrial-synthesis", "entry_id": "ammonia-industrial-synthesis", "band": "S", "modifier": null, "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:f57d2befe7cb64a7550119524eeab951a61901ce95bc2f03de569b36f3cdef94" }, "what_changed": "Turned laboratory ammonia synthesis into an operating high-pressure industrial process, expanding the practical supply of fixed nitrogen.", "scope": "The laboratory synthesis, catalyst development and industrial scale-up culminating in the 1913 Oppau ammonia plant.", "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "scientific_correctness_certified": false }, "assessment_disposition": { "status": "ASSESSED", "label": "Provisionally assessed", "reason": "A current grade and separate reference score identify this exact contribution.", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:f57d2befe7cb64a7550119524eeab951a61901ce95bc2f03de569b36f3cdef94" }, "edition": "ratings-e039106f30dec177" } }, "version": { "kind": "PUBLIC_RECORD_VIEW", "previous": null, "published_at": "2026-09-12T00:00:00Z", "publisher": { "principal_id": "urn:uuid:80116931-785b-40a2-a24b-9d59db0c7e33", "role": "WRS_EDITORIAL_PUBLICATION" }, "record": { "contributors": [ { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Fritz Haber", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant", "url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Carl Bosch", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant", "url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch" } }, { "attribution_basis": "SOURCE_CITED", "credit": "historical_scientific", "entity_kind": "historical_person", "name": "Alwin Mittasch", "note": "Archive attribution; detailed role assignment remains source-bound", "roles": [ "discoverer" ], "source": { "citation": "BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant", "url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch" } } ], "evidence": [ { "description": "Bibliographic/stated-result source; not a WRS proof verification", "id": "source-0", "kind": "source_reference", "source": { "citation": "BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant", "url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch" } } ], "origin": "HUMAN_LEGACY", "record_profile": "wrs-local-research-notes-0.1", "record_type": "research_note", "rrp_version": "0.1", "scope": { "description": "The 1913 Oppau plant is the milestone. Haber’s laboratory process, Bosch’s scale-up and Mittasch’s catalyst work have distinct roles. Agricultural benefits, resource costs and other uses do not become one measured impact score.", "domain": "Chemical engineering" }, "sources": [ { "citation": "BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant", "url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch" } ], "statement": "# Haber–Bosch: making ammonia at industrial scale\n\n## Making something once is not the same as supplying it\n\nA laboratory demonstration can show that a reaction is possible. An industrial process has to repeat useful output reliably while handling equipment, material supply, maintenance and energy. Imagine the difference between baking one successful loaf and running a bakery every day. The analogy explains the scale-up question; it does not represent the chemistry or engineering details of ammonia manufacture. Those details require professional facilities and expertise.\n\n## Why fixed nitrogen matters\n\nNitrogen gas is abundant in air, but availability as a gas is different from availability in compounds that can be used in other processes. Ammonia synthesis expands the practical supply of fixed nitrogen: nitrogen incorporated into chemical compounds. The historical achievement joins a laboratory route with an operating industrial system. A useful account therefore identifies both the chemical result and the engineering work needed to make a dependable production process.\n\n## Try a reliability calculation\n\nHere is an invented production example with no chemical recipe. A line making ten units each hour for six hours produces sixty units. If interruptions reduce useful operation to four hours, the total is forty. A higher nominal hourly rate does not automatically yield more usable output if downtime increases. This simple calculation shows why throughput, reliable operation and resource costs need separate columns when comparing an industrial system with a laboratory demonstration.\n\n## The milestone and the people behind it\n\nThis record uses the 1913 Oppau plant as its industrial milestone. Haber’s laboratory process, Bosch’s scale-up and Mittasch’s catalyst work are distinct roles. Agricultural benefits, energy and resource costs, and other uses should not be compressed into one purportedly measured impact number. The source is a corporate historical archive, so its institutional perspective remains visible. Following these distinct contributions helps explain the distance between experimental feasibility and reliable operation.\n\n## A practical source-comparison task\n\nAsk your assistant to create a timeline with separate rows for laboratory feasibility, catalyst work and industrial operation. Require a source for each historical date and mark any unresolved attribution. Then label the reliability calculation as a fictional teaching model. A useful submission may clarify one role or correct one date. The useful output is a sourced map of responsibilities and milestones, with uncertainty shown where the documents do not support a precise claim.\n\n## Scientific scope\n\nThe 1913 Oppau plant is the milestone. Haber’s laboratory process, Bosch’s scale-up and Mittasch’s catalyst work have distinct roles. Agricultural benefits, resource costs and other uses do not become one measured impact score.\n\n## Sources for this explanation\n\n- [BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant](https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch): Source for the recorded historical contribution and its scope. Classroom examples below use modern notation and invented values; they are not measurements or quotations from this source.\n", "summary": "Turned laboratory ammonia synthesis into an operating high-pressure industrial process, expanding the practical supply of fixed nitrogen.", "title": "Haber–Bosch: making ammonia at industrial scale" }, "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "source_ref": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:f57d2befe7cb64a7550119524eeab951a61901ce95bc2f03de569b36f3cdef94" }, "export_view": "wrs-public-editorial-view-1", "public_view_hash": "sha256:91f6a955e02ce76e1bacb617ea131a288e9387e7326273ac229f17968e956767" }, "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:f57d2befe7cb64a7550119524eeab951a61901ce95bc2f03de569b36f3cdef94" }, "published_grade": { "profile": "wrs-published-grade-1", "edition": "2026-10-28.1", "id": "ammonia-industrial-synthesis", "entry_id": "ammonia-industrial-synthesis", "revision": 1, "title": "Haber–Bosch: making ammonia at industrial scale", "context": "Chemical engineering", "track": "Scoped historical scientific contribution", "band": "S", "modifier": null, "status": "PROVISIONAL_EDITORIAL", "assessed_on": "2026-09-14", "evidence_cutoff": "2026-09-14", "achievement_state": "SUPPORTED_SCOPED_RESULT", "what_changed": "Turned laboratory ammonia synthesis into an operating high-pressure industrial process, expanding the practical supply of fixed nitrogen.", "scope": "The laboratory synthesis, catalyst development and industrial scale-up culminating in the 1913 Oppau ammonia plant.", "evidence_summary": "Original sources and institutional historical accounts support the stated contribution. The reading boundary is recorded at each source; this assessment is not an independent scientific verification.", "references": [ { "title": "BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant", "url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch", "locator": "Retained catalogue source review: Institutional first-party history; laboratory-to-industrial milestones and roles, not a fresh audit of original patents." } ], "roles": [ { "who": "Fritz Haber", "credit": "SCIENCE", "did": "Named source contributor to this scoped work; individual labor shares are not measured." }, { "who": "Carl Bosch", "credit": "SCIENCE", "did": "Named source contributor to this scoped work; individual labor shares are not measured." }, { "who": "Alwin Mittasch", "credit": "SCIENCE", "did": "Named source contributor to this scoped work; individual labor shares are not measured." } ], "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:f57d2befe7cb64a7550119524eeab951a61901ce95bc2f03de569b36f3cdef94" }, "scientific_correctness_certified": false, "independent_expert_calibration": false, "method": "PROPRIETARY", "points": "550000" }, "canonical_agent_submission": false, "scientific_verification_awarded": false, "reader_guide": { "id": "ammonia-industrial-synthesis", "target": { "record_id": "urn:uuid:db35007c-e0be-410b-a565-2d64fa3ba36c", "version": 1, "content_hash": "sha256:f57d2befe7cb64a7550119524eeab951a61901ce95bc2f03de569b36f3cdef94" }, "sections": [ { "title": "Making something once is not the same as supplying it", "text": "A laboratory demonstration can show that a reaction is possible. An industrial process has to repeat useful output reliably while handling equipment, material supply, maintenance and energy. Imagine the difference between baking one successful loaf and running a bakery every day. The analogy explains the scale-up question; it does not represent the chemistry or engineering details of ammonia manufacture. Those details require professional facilities and expertise." }, { "title": "Why fixed nitrogen matters", "text": "Nitrogen gas is abundant in air, but availability as a gas is different from availability in compounds that can be used in other processes. Ammonia synthesis expands the practical supply of fixed nitrogen: nitrogen incorporated into chemical compounds. The historical achievement joins a laboratory route with an operating industrial system. A useful account therefore identifies both the chemical result and the engineering work needed to make a dependable production process." }, { "title": "Try a reliability calculation", "text": "Here is an invented production example with no chemical recipe. A line making ten units each hour for six hours produces sixty units. If interruptions reduce useful operation to four hours, the total is forty. A higher nominal hourly rate does not automatically yield more usable output if downtime increases. This simple calculation shows why throughput, reliable operation and resource costs need separate columns when comparing an industrial system with a laboratory demonstration." }, { "title": "The milestone and the people behind it", "text": "This record uses the 1913 Oppau plant as its industrial milestone. Haber’s laboratory process, Bosch’s scale-up and Mittasch’s catalyst work are distinct roles. Agricultural benefits, energy and resource costs, and other uses should not be compressed into one purportedly measured impact number. The source is a corporate historical archive, so its institutional perspective remains visible. Following these distinct contributions helps explain the distance between experimental feasibility and reliable operation." }, { "title": "A practical source-comparison task", "text": "Ask your assistant to create a timeline with separate rows for laboratory feasibility, catalyst work and industrial operation. Require a source for each historical date and mark any unresolved attribution. Then label the reliability calculation as a fictional teaching model. A useful submission may clarify one role or correct one date. The useful output is a sourced map of responsibilities and milestones, with uncertainty shown where the documents do not support a precise claim." } ], "references": [ { "title": "BASF corporate archive: Carl Bosch and the Oppau 1913 ammonia plant", "url": "https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/Carl-Bosch", "locator": "Source for the recorded historical contribution and its scope. Classroom examples below use modern notation and invented values; they are not measurements or quotations from this source." } ] }, "reading_status": "EXPLANATORY_GUIDE" }